Mary Schweitzer

Ayala, J. D., Schroeter, E. R., & Schweitzer, M. H. (2024). [Review of Porphyrin-Based Molecules in the Fossil Record Shed Light on the Evolution of Life]. MINERALS, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/min14020201

Ullmann, P. V., & Schweitzer, M. H. (2023). A STATISTICAL META-ANALYSIS OF LITHOLOGIC AND OTHER POTENTIAL CONTROLS ON FOSSIL BONE CELLULAR AND SOFT TISSUE PRESERVATION. PALAIOS, 38(5), 246–257. https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2022.026

Anne, J., Canoville, A., Edwards, N. P., Schweitzer, M. H., & Zanno, L. E. (2023). Independent Evidence for the Preservation of Endogenous Bone Biochemistry in a Specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex. BIOLOGY-BASEL, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12020264

Schweitzer, M. H. (2023, March). Paleontology in the 21st Century. BIOLOGY-BASEL, Vol. 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12030487

Garza, R. G., Madsen, H., Sjoevall, P., Osbaeck, F., Zheng, W., Jarenmark, M., … Lindgren, J. (2022). An ancestral hard-shelled sea turtle with a mosaic of soft skin and scutes. SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26941-1

Schweitzer, M. H., Zheng, W., & Equall, N. (2022). Environmental Factors Affecting Feather Taphonomy. BIOLOGY-BASEL, 11(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11050703

Schroeter, E. R., Ullmann, P. V., Macauley, K., Ash, R. D., Zheng, W., Schweitzer, M. H., & Lacovara, K. J. (2022). Soft-Tissue, Rare Earth Element, and Molecular Analyses of Dreadnoughtus schrani, an Exceptionally Complete Titanosaur from Argentina. BIOLOGY-BASEL, 11(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11081158

Schroeter, E. R., Cleland, T. P., & Schweitzer, M. H. (2021, December 17). Deep Time Paleoproteomics: Looking Forward. JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH, Vol. 12. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00755

Schweitzer, M. H., Schroeter, E. R., & Czajka, C. D. (2020). Dinosaurs. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429466717

Bailleul, A. M., Zheng, W., Horner, J. R., Hall, B. K., Holliday, C. M., & Schweitzer, M. H. (2020). Evidence of proteins, chromosomes and chemical markers of DNA in exceptionally preserved dinosaur cartilage. NATIONAL SCIENCE REVIEW, 7(4), 815–822. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz206

Canoville, A., Schweitzer, M. H., & Zanno, L. (2020). Identifying medullary bone in extinct avemetatarsalians: challenges, implications and perspectives. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 375(1793). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0133

Ullmann, P. V., Voegele, K. K., Grandstaff, D. E., Ash, R. D., Zheng, W., Schroeter, E. R., … Lacovara, K. J. (2020). Molecular tests support the viability of rare earth elements as proxies for fossil biomolecule preservation. SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72648-6

Bailleul, A. M., O’Connor, J., & Schweitzer, M. H. (2019). Dinosaur paleohistology: review, trends and new avenues of investigation. PeerJ, 7, e7764. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7764

Boatman, E. M., Goodwin, M. B., Holman, H.-Y. N., Fakra, S., Zheng, W., Gronsky, R., & Schweitzer, M. H. (2019). Mechanisms of soft tissue and protein preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex. Scientific Reports, 9, 15678. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51680-1

Schweitzer, M. H., Schroeter, E. R., Cleland, T. P., & Zheng, W. (2019). Paleoproteomics of Mesozoic Dinosaurs and Other Mesozoic Fossils. PROTEOMICS, 19(16), 1800251. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201800251

Schroeter, E. R., Blackburn, K., Goshe, M. B., & Schweitzer, M. H. (2019). Proteomic method to extract, concentrate, digest and enrich peptides from fossils with coloured (humic) substances for mass spectrometry analyses. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE, 6(8). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181433

Canoville, A., Schweitzer, M. H., & Zanno, L. E. (2019). Systemic distribution of medullary bone in the avian skeleton: ground truthing criteria for the identification of reproductive tissues in extinct Avemetatarsalia. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-019-1402-7

Pan, Y., Zheng, W., Sawyer, R. H., Pennington, M. W., Zheng, X., Wang, X., … Schweitzer, M. H. (2019). The molecular evolution of feathers with direct evidence from fossils. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(8), 3018–3023. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1815703116

Schweitzer, M. H., Zheng, W., Moyer, A. E., Sjövall, P., & Lindgren, J. (2018). Preservation potential of keratin in deep time. PLOS ONE, 13(11), e0206569. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206569

Long, B., Zheng, W., Schweitzer, M., & Hallen, H. (2018). Resonance Raman Imagery of Semi-Fossilized Soft Tissues. ULTRAFAST NONLINEAR IMAGING AND SPECTROSCOPY VI, Vol. 10753. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2321298

Lindgren, J., Sjövall, P., Thiel, V., Zheng, W., Ito, S., Wakamatsu, K., … Schweitzer, M. H. (2018). Soft-tissue evidence for homeothermy and crypsis in a Jurassic ichthyosaur. Nature, 564(7736), 359–365. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0775-x

Lindgren, J., Kuriyama, T., Madsen, H., Sjövall, P., Zheng, W., Uvdal, P., … Schweitzer, M. H. (2017). Biochemistry and adaptive colouration of an exceptionally preserved juvenile fossil sea turtle. Scientific Reports, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/S41598-017-13187-5

Schroeter, E. R., DeHart, C. J., Cleland, T. P., Zheng, W., Thomas, P. M., Kelleher, N. L., … Schweitzer, M. H. (2017). Expansion for the Brachylophosaurus canadensis Collagen I Sequence and Additional Evidence of the Preservation of Cretaceous Protein. JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH, 16(2), 920–932. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00873

Schroeter, E. R., DeHart, C. J., Schweitzer, M. H., Thomas, P. M., & Kelleher, N. L. (2016). Bone protein “extractomics”: comparing the efficiency of bone protein extractions of Gallus gallus in tandem mass spectrometry, with an eye towards paleoproteomics. PeerJ, 4, e2603. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2603

Schweitzer, M. H., Zheng, W., Zanno, L., Werning, S., & Sugiyama, T. (2016). Chemistry supports the identification of gender-specific reproductive tissue in Tyrannosaurus rex. Scientific Reports, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23099

Moyer, A. E., Zheng, W., & Schweitzer, M. H. (2016). Keratin Durability Has Implications for the Fossil Record: Results from a 10 Year Feather Degradation Experiment. PLOS ONE, 11(7), e0157699. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157699

Moyer, A. E., Zheng, W. X., & Schweitzer, M. H. (2016). Microscopic and immunohistochemical analyses of the claw of the nesting dinosaur, Citipati osmolskae. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, 283(1842).

Pan, Y., Zheng, W., Moyer, A. E., Jingmai K. O'Connor, Wang, M., Zheng, X., … Schweitzer, M. H. (2016). Molecular evidence of keratin and melanosomes in feathers of the Early Cretaceous bird Eoconfuciusornis. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 113(49), E7900–E7907. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1617168113

Schweitzer, M. H., Moyer, A. E., & Zheng, W. (2016). Testing the Hypothesis of Biofilm as a Source for Soft Tissue and Cell-Like Structures Preserved in Dinosaur Bone. PLOS ONE, 11(2), e0150238. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150238

Dacke, C. G., Elsey, R. M., Trosclair, P. L., III, Sugiyama, T., Nevarez, J. G., & Schweitzer, M. H. (2015). Alligator osteoderms as a source of labile calcium for eggshell formation. JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, 297(4), 255–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12272

Cleland, T. P., Schroeter, E. R., & Schweitzer, M. H. (2015). Biologically and diagenetically derived peptide modifications in moa collagens. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282(1808), 20150015. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0015

Lindgren, J., Moyer, A., Schweitzer, M. H., Sjovall, P., Uvdal, P., Nilsson, D. E., … Kear, B. P. (2015). [Review of Interpreting melanin-based coloration through deep time: A critical review]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, 282(1813), 20150614. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0614

Cleland, T. P., Schroeter, E. R., Zamdborg, L., Zheng, W., Lee, J. E., Tran, J. C., … Schweitzer, M. H. (2015). Mass Spectrometry and Antibody-Based Characterization of Blood Vessels from Brachylophosaurus canadensis. JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH, 14(12), 5252–5262. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00675

Schweitzer, M. H., Lindgren, J., & Moyer, A. E. (2015). Melanosomes and ancient coloration re-examined: A response to Vinther 2015. BioEssays, 37(11), 1174–1183. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201500061

Cadena, E. A., & Schweitzer, M. H. (2014). A Pelomedusoid Turtle from the Paleocene-Eocene of Colombia Exhibiting Preservation of Blood Vessels and Osteocytes. JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY, 48(4), 461–465. https://doi.org/10.1670/13-046

Schweitzer, M. H., Zheng, W. X., Cleland, T. P., Goodwin, M. B., Boatman, E., Theil, E., … Fakra, S. C. (2014). A role for iron and oxygen chemistry in preserving soft tissues, cells and molecules from deep time. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, 281(1775).

Schweitzer, M. H. (2014). Blood from Stone. Scientific American, 23(2s), 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamericandinosaurs0514-104

Schweitzer, M. H. (2014, June). Dinosaurs are important. Scientific American, 310(6), 12. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0614-12

Schweitzer, M. H. (2014). Dinosaurs are important yesterday's big reptiles can help us figure out how the human era is shaping up. Scientific American, 310(6), 12–12.

Moyer, A. E., Zheng, W., Johnson, E. A., Lamanna, M. C., Li, D.-qing, Lacovara, K. J., & Schweitzer, M. H. (2014). Melanosomes or Microbes: Testing an Alternative Hypothesis for the Origin of Microbodies in Fossil Feathers. Scientific Reports, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04233

Schweitzer, M. H., Schroeter, E. R., & Goshe, M. B. (2014). Protein Molecular Data from Ancient (>1 million years old) Fossil Material: Pitfalls, Possibilities and Grand Challenges. Analytical Chemistry, 86(14), 6731–6740. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac500803w

Boatman, E. M., Goodwin, M. B., Holman, H.-Y., Fakra, S., Schweitzer, M. H., Gronsky, R., & Horner, J. R. (2014). Synchrotron Chemical and Structural Analysis of Tyrannosaurus rex Blood Vessels: The Contribution of Collagen Hypercrosslinking to Tissue Longevity. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 20(S3), 1430–1431. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927614008885

Schweitzer, M. H., Zheng, W., Cleland, T. P., & Bern, M. (2013). Molecular analyses of dinosaur osteocytes support the presence of endogenous molecules. BONE, 52(1), 414–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2012.10.010

Hertzog, L., Schweitzer, M. H., & Zanno, L. (2013). Willo’s change of heart. The Naturalist, 6–7.

Zheng, W., & Schweitzer, M. H. (2012). Chemical Analyses of Fossil Bone. In Methods in Molecular Biology (pp. 153–172). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-977-8_10

Schweitzer, M. H., & Marshall, M. (2012). Claws, scales, beaks and feathers: Molecular traces in the fossil record. In M. K. Brett-Surman, T. R. Holtz, & J. O. Farlow (Eds.), The Complete Dinosaur (2nd ed., pp. 273–284). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

Cleland, T. P., Voegele, K., & Schweitzer, M. H. (2012). Empirical Evaluation of Bone Extraction Protocols. PLoS ONE, 7(2), e31443. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031443

Cadena, E. A., & Schweitzer, M. H. (2012). [Review of Variation in osteocytes morphology vs bone type in turtle shell and their exceptional preservation from the Jurassic to the present]. BONE, 51(3), 614–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2012.05.002

Antonio, J. D. S., Schweitzer, M. H., Jensen, S. T., Kalluri, R., Buckley, M., & Orgel, J. P. R. O. (2011). Dinosaur peptides suggest mechanisms of protein survival. PLoS One, 6(6).

Cleland, T. P., Stoskopf, M. K., & Schweitzer, M. H. (2011). Histological, chemical, and morphological reexamination of the "heart" of a small Late Cretaceous Thescelosaurus. NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN, 98(3), 203–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-010-0760-1

Schweitzer, M. H. (2011). [Review of Soft tissue preservation in terrestrial mesozoic vertebrates]. Annual review of earth and planetary sciences, vol 39, 39(1), 187–216. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133502

Schweitzer, M. H. (2010). BLOOD FROM STONE. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, 303(6), 62–69. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1210-62

Green, J. L., Schweitzer, M. H., & Lamm, E. T. (2010). Limb bone histology and growth in Placerias hesternus (Therapsida: Anomodontia) from the upper triassic of North America. Palaeontology, 53, 347–364.

Schweitzer, M. H., Zheng, W., Organ, C. L., Avci, R., Suo, Z., Freimark, L. M., … Asara, J. M. (2009). Biomolecular characterization and protein sequences of the Campanian hadrosaur Brachylophosaurus canadensis. Science, 324(5927), 626–631. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1165069

Schweitzer, M. H., Avci, R., Collier, T., & Goodwin, M. B. (2008). Microscopic, chemical and molecular methods for examining fossil specimens. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 7(2-3), 159–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2008.02.005

Organ, C. L., Schweitzer, M. H., Zheng, W., Freimark, L. M., Cantley, L. C., & Asara, J. M. (2008). Molecular phylogenetics of mastodon and Tyrannosaurus rex. SCIENCE, 320(5875), 499–499. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1154284

Asara, J. M., & Schweitzer, M. H. (2008). Response to comment on "protein sequences from mastodon and Tyrannosaurus rex revealed by mass spectrometry". Science, 319(5859).

Asara, J. M., Schweitzer, M. H., Cantley, L. C., & Cottrell, J. S. (2008). Response to comment on "protein sequences from mastodon and Tyrannosaurus rex revealed by mass spectrometry". Science, 321(5892).

Schweitzer, M. H., Suo, Z., Avci, R., Asara, J. M., Allen, M. A., Arce, F. T., & Horner, J. R. (2007). Analyses of soft tissue from Tyrannosaurus rex suggest the presence of protein. SCIENCE, 316(5822), 277–280. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1138709

Schweitzer, M. H., Elsey, R. M., Dacke, C. G., Horner, J. R., & Lamm, E.-T. (2007). Do egg-laying crocodilian (Alligator mississippiensis) archosaurs form medullary bone? BONE, 40(4), 1152–1158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2006.10.029

Asara, J. M., Garavelli, J. S., Slatter, D. A., Schweitzer, M. H., Freimark, L. M., Phillips, M., & Cantley, L. C. (2007, September 7). Interpreting sequences from mastodon and T-rex. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.317.5843.1324

Schweitzer, M. H. (2007). New Avenues of Investigation for Old Bones. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 13(S02). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927607079160

Suo, Z., Avci, R., Schweitzer, M. H., & Deliorman, M. (2007). Porphyrin as an ideal biomarker in the search for extraterrestrial life. ASTROBIOLOGY, 7(4), 605–615. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2006.0120

Asara, J. M., Schweitzer, M. H., Freimark, L. M., Phillips, M., & Cantley, L. C. (2007). Protein sequences from mastodon and Tyrannosaurus rex revealed by mass spectrometry. SCIENCE, 316(5822), 280–285. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1137614

Schweitzer, M. H., Wittmeyer, J. L., & Horner, J. R. (2007). Soft tissue and cellular preservation in vertebrate skeletal elements from the Cretaceous to the present. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 274(1607), 183–197. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3705

Schweitzer, M. H. (2007). The Sauropods [Review of The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology, by K. A. C. Rogers & J. A. Wilson]. Copeia, 2007(1), 234–237. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[234:TSEAP]2.0.CO;2

Smejkal, G. B., & Schweitzer, M. H. (2007). Will current technologies enable dinosaur proteomics? Expert Review of Proteomics, 4(6), 695–699. https://doi.org/10.1586/14789450.4.6.695

Jackson, F. D., Schweitzer, M. H., & Schmitt, J. G. (2006). Dinosaur eggshell study using scanning electron microscopy. Scanning, 24(5), 217–223. https://doi.org/10.1002/sca.4950240501

Channing, A., Schweitzer, M. H., Horner, JR, & McEneaney, T. (2005). A silicified bird from Quaternary hot spring deposits. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 272(1566), 905–911. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2989

Schweitzer, M. H., Wittmeyer, J., Avci, R., & Pincus, S. (2005). Experimental support for an immunological approach to the search for life on other planets. ASTROBIOLOGY, 5(1), 30–47. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2005.5.30

Schweitzer, M. H., Wittmeyer, J. L., & Horner, JR. (2005). Gender-specific reproductive tissue in ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex. SCIENCE, 308(5727), 1456–1460. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1112158

Schweitzer, M. H., Chiappe, L., Garrido, A. C., Lowenstein, J. M., & Pincus, S. H. (2005). Molecular preservation in Late Cretaceous sauropod dinosaur eggshells. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 272(1565), 775–784. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2876

Schweitzer, M. H., & Wittmeyer, J. L. (2005). One pretty amazing T.rex : A presentation for "100 years of tyrannosaurus rex (K. Carpenter & P. Larson, Eds.).

Avci, R., Schweitzer, M. H., Boyd, R. D., Wittmeyer, J. L., Arce, F. T., & Calvo, J. O. (2005). Preservation of bone collagen from the late cretaceous period studied by immunological techniques and atomic force microscopy. LANGMUIR, 21(8), 3584–3590. https://doi.org/10.1021/la047682e

Schweitzer, M. H., Wittmeyer, J. L., Horner, JR, & Toporski, J. K. (2005). Soft-tissue vessels and cellular preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex. SCIENCE, 307(5717), 1952–1955. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1108397

Schweitzer, M. H. (2005). Warm-blooded. Natural History Magazine, 114(4), 50–51.

Avci, R., Schweitzer, M., Boyd, R. D., Wittmeyer, J., Steele, A., Toporski, J., … McKay, D. S. (2004). Comparison of antibody-antigen interactions on collagen measured by conventional immunological techniques and atomic force microscopy. LANGMUIR, 20(25), 11053–11063. https://doi.org/10.1021/la036376i

Higby Schweitzer, M. (2004). Molecular paleontology: some current advances and problems. Annales De Paléontologie, 90(2), 81–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annpal.2004.02.001

Chin, K., Eberth, D. A., Schweitzer, M. H., Rando, T. A., Sloboda, W. J., & Horner, J. R. (2003). Remarkable Preservation of Undigested Muscle Tissue Within a Late Cretaceous Tyrannosaurid Coprolite from Alberta, Canada. PALAIOS, 18(3), 286–294. https://doi.org/10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0286:rpoumt>2.0.co;2

Schweitzer, M. H. (2003). The future of molecular paleontology. Paleontologica Electronica, 5(2), editorial 2.

Chapman, R. E., Matthews, N. A., Schweitzer, M. H., & Horner, C. C. (2002). Applying 21st century technology to very old animals. In J. G. Scotchmoor, D. A. Springer, B. H. Breithaupt, & T. Fiorillo (Eds.), Dinosaurs: The Science Behind the Stories (pp. 137–144). Alexandria, VA: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, The Paleontological Society, American Geological Institute.

Schweitzer, M., Hill, C. L., Asara, J. M., Lane, W. S., & Pincus, S. H. (2002). Identification of Immunoreactive Material in Mammoth Fossils. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 55(6), 696–705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-002-2365-6

Schweitzer, M. H., Jackson, F. D., Chiappe, L. M., Schmitt, J. G., Calvo, J. O., & Rubilar, D. E. (2002). Late Cretaceous avian eggs with embryos from Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22(1), 191–195. https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0191:lcaewe]2.0.co;2

Schweitzer, M. H., & Marshall, C. L. (2001). A molecular model for the evolution of endothermy in the theropod-bird lineage. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 291(4), 317–338. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1132

Schweitzer, M. H. (2001). Evolutionary implications of possible protofeather structures associated with a specimen of Shuvuuia deserti. In J. Gauthier (Ed.), New Perspectives on the Origin and Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom (pp. 181–194). New Haven, Connecticut: Peabody Museum of Natural History Special Publication.

Steele, A., McKay, D., Allen, C., Thomas-Keprta, K., Warmflash, D., Schweitzer, M. H., … Fogel, M. (2001). Mars immunoassay life detection instrument for astrobiology (MILDI). Lunar and Planetary Science XXXII : papers presented at the thirty-second Lunar and Planetary Science Conference : March 12-16, 2001, Houston, Texas. Presented at the Thirty-second Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, TX.

Steele, A., Toporski, J., McKay, D. S., Schweitzer, M. H., Pincus, S., Pérez-Mercader, J., & Parro, V. G. (2001). Micro-array assay for solar system exploration. Exo-/astro-biology : proceedings of the first European workshop, 21-23 May 2001, ESRIN, Frascati, Italy, 91–97. Noordwijk: European Space Agency Publications Division.

Schweitzer, M. H., Watt, J. A., Avci, R., Knapp, L., Chiappe, L., Norell, M., & Marshall, M. (1999). Beta-keratin specific immunological reactivity in feather-like structures of the Cretaceous Alvarezsaurid,Shuvuuia deserti. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 285(2), 146–157. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19990815)285:2<146::aid-jez7>3.3.co;2-1

Higby Schweitzer, M., & Horner, J. R. (1999). Intravascular microstructures in trabecular bone tissues of Tyrannosaurus rex. Annales De Paléontologie, 85(3), 179–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0753-3969(99)80013-5

Schweitzer, M. H., Watt, J. A., Avci, R., Forster, C. A., Krause, D. W., Knapp, L., … Marshall, M. (1999). Keratin immunoreactivity in the Late Cretaceous bird Rahonavis ostromi. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19(4), 712–722. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1999.10011183

Hill, C. L., & Schweitzer, M. (1999). Mammoth (Mammuthus) from the Doden Gravels, Eastern Montana: biometric and molecular analyses. Current Research in the Pleistocene, 16, 120–123.

Schweitzer, M. H., Marshall, M., Barnard, D., Bohle, S., Arnold, K., & Starkey, J. R. (1997). Blood from a stone? In D. Wolberg, E. Stump, & G. D. Rosenberg (Eds.), Dinofest International : proceedings of a symposium held at Arizona State University (pp. 101–104). Philadelphia, PA: Academy of Natural Sciences.

Schweitzer, M. H., Marshall, M., Carron, K., Bohle, D. S., Busse, S. C., Arnold, E. V., … Starkey, J. R. (1997). Heme compounds in dinosaur trabecular bone. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94(12), 6291–6296. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.12.6291

Schweitzer, M. H., & Lessom, D. (1997). Jurassic Park. In P. J. Currie & K. Padian (Eds.), The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs (pp. 385–387). Academic Press.

Schweitzer, M. H. (1997). Molecular paleontology: rationale and techniques for the study of ancient molecules. In J. O. Farlow & M. K. Brett-Surman (Eds.), The Complete Dinosaur (pp. 137–149). Indiana University Press.

Schweitzer, M. H., Johnson, C., Zocco, T. G., Horner, J. R., & Starkey, J. R. (1997). Preservation of biomolecules in cancellous bone of Tyrannosaurus rex. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17(2), 349–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1997.10010979

Hedges, S., & Schweitzer, M. (1995). Detecting dinosaur DNA. Science, 268(5214), 1191–1192. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7761839