@misc{smith_hashem_hauser_2007, title={Product and method for treating cotton}, volume={7,166,135}, number={2007 Jan. 23}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Smith, C. B. and Hashem, M. M. and Hauser, P. J.}, year={2007} }
 @article{hauser_hashem_smith_2003, title={Ionic crosslinking of cotton}, volume={7}, DOI={10.1108/rjta-07-01-2003-b001}, abstractNote={Cellulose crosslinking is a very important textile chemical process, and is the basis for a vast array of durable press and crease-resistant finished textile products. Formaldehydecontaining N-methylol crosslinkers give fabrics desirable properties of mechanical stability (e.g., crease resistance, anti-curl, shrinkage resistance, durable-press), but also impart a loss of strength and the potential to release formaldehyde, a known human carcinogen. Other systems, such as polycarboxylic acids, have been tested with varying degrees of success. We have developed methods of forming ionic crosslinks that provide outstanding performance in crease angle recovery while completely retaining the strength of treated goods, without the potential to release any reactive materials of low molecular weight, such as formaldehyde.

Our work is based on the reactions of cellulose with materials that impart an ionic character to the cellulose; e.g., chloroacetic acid for negative charges or 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride for positive charges. These reactions produce ionic celluloses that can then absorb a polyionic material of opposite charge to form crosslinks.

Cellulose treated with cationized chitosan after carboxymethylation showed significant increases in crease recovery angles without a loss of strength.}, number={1}, journal={Research Journal of Textile & Apparel}, author={Hauser, P. J. and Hashem, M. and Smith, C. B.}, year={2003}, pages={1–7} }
 @article{hashem_hauser_smith_2003, title={Reaction efficiency for cellulose cationization using 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051750307301113}, abstractNote={A major cost factor of cationizing cellulose with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CHTAC) is the reaction efficiency, which is less than perfect due to a competing hydrolysis reaction. The efficiency of the cationization reaction sequence is analyzed in terms of chemical kinetics, and experimental results are presented for several reaction methods including pad-batch, pad-steam, pad-dry-steam, exhaust, and pad-dry- cure. The effects of CHTAC and alkali concentrations, additives to the treatment bath, pretreatments, time, temperature, reaction method, and sequence of events are investigated in terms of percent fixation of CHTAC. In addition, data are presented for the reaction in non-aqueous solvents.}, number={11}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Hashem, M and Hauser, P and Smith, B}, year={2003}, month={Nov}, pages={1017–1023} }
 @article{hashem_hauser_smith_2003, title={Wrinkle recovery for cellulosic fabric by means of ionic crosslinking}, volume={73}, DOI={10.1177/004051750307300903}, abstractNote={Methods are developed for imparting crease angle recovery performance to cellulosic fabrics based on durable ionic crosslinks. These methods, which avoid the formaldehyde release of conventional finishes, include treating cellulose with chloroacetic acid (or an other reactive anion) and cationized chitosan (or another polycation). Alternative methods include treating cellulose with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride or another cationization reagent) and a polyanion, or with chloroacetic acid and 3-chloro- 2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. A method for producing highly cationic chitosan is also presented. Crease angle recovery and strength data are correlated to the amount of polyelectrolyte add-on.}, number={9}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, author={Hashem, A. and Hauser, P. and Smith, B.}, year={2003}, pages={762–766} }