@article{ripplinger_gruber_correa_martin_crespo_2023, title={Evaluation and establishment of reference intervals using the i-STAT1 blood chemistry analyzer in turkeys}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.102806}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2023.102806}, abstractNote={In veterinary medicine, point-of-care testing techniques have become popular, since they provide immediate results and only small amounts of blood are needed. The handheld i-STAT1 blood analyzer is used by poultry researchers and veterinarians; however, no studies have evaluated the accuracy of this analyzer determined reference intervals in turkey blood. The objectives of this study were to 1) investigate the effect of storage time on turkey blood analytes, 2) compare the results obtained by the i-STAT1 analyzer to those obtained by the GEM Premier 3000, a conventional laboratory analyzer, and 3) establish reference intervals for blood gases and chemistry analytes in growing turkeys using the i-Stat. For the first and second objectives, we used the CG8+ i-STAT1 cartridges to test blood from 30 healthy turkeys in triplicate and once with the conventional analyzer. To establish the reference intervals, we tested a total 330 blood samples from healthy turkeys from 6 independent flocks during a 3-yr period. Blood samples were then divided into brooder (<1 wk) and growing (1-12 wk of age). Friedman's test demonstrated significant time-dependent changes in blood gas analytes, but not for electrolytes. Bland-Altman analysis revealed that there was agreement between the i-STAT1 and the GEM Premier 300 for most of the analytes. However, Passing-Bablok regression analysis identified constant and proportional biases in the measurement of multiple analytes. Tukey's test revealed significant differences in the whole blood analytes between the means of brooding and growing birds. The data presented in the present study provide a basis for measuring and interpreting blood analytes in the brooding and growing stages of the turkey lifecycle, offering a new approach to health monitoring in growing turkeys.}, number={8}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Ripplinger, Eliza N. and Gruber, Erika J. and Correa, Maria T. and Martin, Michael P. and Crespo, Rocio}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{jones_rives_fletcher_martin_2020, title={Histomoniasis outbreaks in commercial turkeys in the southeastern United States: Proximity of broiler breeder farms as a potential risk factor in disease development}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.japr.2019.12.006}, abstractNote={Histomoniasis, an infectious disease of turkeys and other gallinaceous birds, has significant impacts on the health and welfare of infected turkey flocks. No preventatives or treatments for the disease are available. In the current study, the proximity of broiler breeder farms as a potential risk factor for histomoniasis in grow-out tom flocks was assessed using 2015 retrospective data provided by a commercial turkey integrator located in North and South Carolina. Company grow-out tom farms were grouped into potential “at risk” categories based on distance from broiler breeder farms. Presence of a broiler breeder flock within 1 mile of a grow-out tom farm placed that tom farm at a higher relative risk (RR) (RR = 3.45; 95% CI = 1.7519–6.8121; P-value = 0.0196) for occurrence of histomoniasis. There was no increased RR of histomoniasis at tom farms in distance categories beyond 1 mile from a broiler breeder flock. These results are consistent with variable transmission of Heterakis eggs harboring Histomonas from broiler breeder houses to susceptible turkey farms based on distance between farms.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Jones, R. E. and Rives, D. V. and Fletcher, O. J. and Martin, M. P.}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={496–501} }
 @article{eberle-krish_martin_malheiros_shah_livingston_anderson_2018, title={Evaluation of Ventilation Shutdown in a Multi-level Caged System}, volume={27}, ISSN={1056-6171 1537-0437}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfy036}, DOI={10.3382/japr/pfy036}, abstractNote={SUMMARY In 2015, the United States experienced an extensive outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza resulting in the depopulation of 42.1 million commercial egg‐laying hens. Existing mass depopulation methods in multilevel caged systems utilized throughout the egg industry provide a challenge for producers and emergency personnel. An alternative depopulation method with potential for use in the egg industry is ventilation shutdown (VSD), which uses a combination of increasing heat and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels to promote death by hyperthermia and hypoxia. This proof‐of concept study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of VSD, VSD with supplemental heat (VSDH), and VSD with CO2 (VSDCO2) as alternative mass depopulation methods in a multilevel caged system. Assessment parameters included ambient and core body temperatures, time to death, and survivability. Time to death for VSD, VSDH, and VSDCO2 were 3.75, 2, and 1.5 h, respectively. Survivability in VSD did not meet the flock depopulation standard of 100% lethality. Based on 100% lethality and time to death, VSDH and VSDCO2 are equivalent in their ability to effectively depopulate hens in a multi‐level caged system. Air mixing should be used to prevent stratification of heat or CO2 concentrations between the top and bottom levels of a caged system. While the data emulate a commercial layer environment, application of the techniques in this study still need to be evaluated in a commercial setting.}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Applied Poultry Research}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Eberle-Krish, Krista N and Martin, Michael P and Malheiros, Ramon D and Shah, Sanjay B and Livingston, Kimberly A and Anderson, Kenneth E}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={555–563} }
 @article{borst_suyemoto_sarsour_harris_martin_strickland_oviedo_barnes_2016, title={Pathogenesis of Enterococcal Spondylitis Caused by Enterococcus cecorum in Broiler Chickens}, volume={54}, ISSN={0300-9858 1544-2217}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985816658098}, DOI={10.1177/0300985816658098}, abstractNote={ Enterococcal spondylitis (ES) is a disease of commercial broiler chickens, with a worldwide distribution. Symmetrical hind limb paralysis typical of ES results from infection of the free thoracic vertebra (FTV) by pathogenic strains of Enterococcus cecorum . To determine the pathogenesis of ES, birds with natural and experimental ES were studied over time. In natural disease, case birds (n = 150) from an affected farm and control birds (n = 100) from an unaffected farm were evaluated at weeks 1–6. In control birds, intestinal colonization by E. cecorum began at week 3. In case birds, E. cecorum was detected in intestine and spleen at week 1, followed by infection of the FTV beginning at week 3. E. cecorum isolates recovered from intestine, spleen, and FTV of case birds had matching genotypes, confirming that intestinal colonization with pathogenic strains precedes bacteremia and infection of the FTV. Clinical intestinal disease was not required for E. cecorum bacteremia. In 1- to 3-week-old case birds, pathogenic E. cecorum was observed within osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) lesions in the FTV. To determine whether OCD of the FTV was a risk factor for ES, 214 birds were orally infected with E. cecorum, and the FTV was evaluated histologically at weeks 1–7. Birds without cartilage clefts of OCD in the FTV did not develop ES; while birds with OCD scores ≥3 were susceptible to lesion development. These findings suggest that intestinal colonization, bacteremia, and OCD of the FTV in early life are crucial to the pathogenesis of ES. }, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Pathology}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Borst, L. B. and Suyemoto, M. M. and Sarsour, A. H. and Harris, M. C. and Martin, M. P. and Strickland, J. D. and Oviedo, E. O. and Barnes, H. J.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={61–73} }
 @article{robbins_suyemoto_lyman_martin_barnes_borst_2012, title={An Outbreak and Source Investigation of Enterococcal Spondylitis in Broilers Caused by Enterococcus cecorum}, volume={56}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.1637/10253-052412-case.1}, abstractNote={SUMMARY. Enterococcus cecorum was isolated from spondylitis lesions in broilers from two flocks in North Carolina that were experiencing increased mortality. Affected birds showed paresis and paralysis, clinical signs characteristic of enterococcal spondylitis (ES). Affected birds rested on their hocks and caudal abdomens with legs extended forward and were unable to stand or walk. Necropsy examination of affected birds revealed firm to hard inflammatory masses involving the vertebral bodies at the level of the free thoracic vertebra that bulged dorsally and compressed the spinal cord. When opened, lesions contained pale, tan to yellow caseonecrotic material. Microscopically, necrosis and fibrinoheterophilic spondylitis with intralesional gram-positive bacteria were seen. Heavy growth of E. cecorum recovered from vertebral lesions confirmed the diagnosis of ES. To investigate possible sources of the organism for one of the flocks bacterial cultures were made from the environment, water lines, mice trapped on the farm, cecal/cloacal swabs from one of the parent broiler breeder flocks, egg residue, hatching eggs, and the hatchery environment. Except for cecal/cloacal swabs from the breeders, E. cecorum was not isolated from any of these samples. When compared phenotypically and genotypically, cecal/cloacal isolates of E. cecorum from the breeders differed from isolates from spondylitis lesions in the broilers. The source of E. cecorum for the broiler flocks was not determined, but vertical transmission appears unlikely.}, number={4}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Robbins, Kabel M. and Suyemoto, M. Mitsu and Lyman, Roberta L. and Martin, Michael P. and Barnes, H. John and Borst, Luke B.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={768–773} }
 @article{borst_suyemoto_robbins_lyman_martin_barnes_2012, title={Molecular epidemiology of Enterococcus cecorum isolates recovered from enterococcal spondylitis outbreaks in the southeastern United States}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1465-3338"]}, DOI={10.1080/03079457.2012.718070}, abstractNote={Enterococcus cecorum, a normal intestinal inhabitant, is increasingly responsible for outbreaks of arthritis and osteomyelitis in chickens worldwide. Enterococcal spondylitis (ES) is a specific manifestation of E. cecorum-associated disease in which increased flock morbidity and mortality result from chronic infection involving the free thoracic vertebra. In this study the genetic relatedness and antimicrobial resistance of isolates recovered from ES-affected flocks in the southeastern United States were determined. ES outbreaks from 2007 to 2011 were investigated in North Carolina (15 flocks, 13 farms, four integrators), South Carolina (one flock, one farm, one integrator) and Alabama (six flocks, six farms, one integrator). From these 22 epidemiologically distinct outbreaks, 326 isolates of E. cecorum were recovered. Isolates from spinal lesions and caeca of affected birds (cases) and caeca of unaffected birds (controls) were genotyped using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis; phenotyped using both GenIII MicroPlate™ (Biolog; Hayward, CA, USA) microbial identification plates and antimicrobial sensitivity testing; and compared with each other. Isolates from spinal lesions were incapable of mannitol metabolism and the majority of these isolates were genetically clonal. In contrast, caecal isolates from control birds varied in their ability to metabolize mannitol and were genetically diverse. Isolates from both case and control birds had high levels of antimicrobial resistance. These findings indicate that the increase in E. cecorum-associated disease in the southeast United States is due to the emergence of new clones with increased pathogenicity and multidrug resistance.}, number={5}, journal={AVIAN PATHOLOGY}, author={Borst, Luke B. and Suyemoto, M. Mitsu and Robbins, Kabel M. and Lyman, Roberta L. and Martin, Michael P. and Barnes, H. John}, year={2012}, pages={479–485} }
 @article{martin_martin_barnes_2011, title={Experimental Reproduction of Enterococcal Spondylitis in Male Broiler Breeder Chickens}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1938-4351"]}, DOI={10.1637/9614-121410-reg.1}, abstractNote={Abstract There has been a recent emergence of epidemic spinal infections with necrosis causing lameness and mortality in male broilers and broiler breeders. Mortality in affected flocks may be as high as 15%. The disease has been called enterococcal spondylitis (ES), based on the frequent isolation of Enterococcus cecorum from the lesions and necrosis and inflammation observed in the free thoracic vertebrae (FTV) of affected birds. Male broiler breeders in an experimental setting were challenged with pure E. cecorum isolates obtained from ES-affected commercial flocks. Challenge routes included oral gavage (108), intravenous (IV; 103), and air sac (AS; 103). Half the study birds in each group were chemically immunosuppressed with dexamethasone. Spinal lesions were observed grossly in birds challenged intravenously (2.9%) and birds challenged orally (6.1%). Microscopic spinal lesions consistent with ES were more frequently identified compared with gross lesions in the orally challenged group (30.3%). Chemical immunosuppression with dexamethasone was not associated with a greater incidence of ES in this study. By recreating the disease experimentally, the study design reported here may help in the further development of an experimental challenge model for future studies on risk factors, prevention, and therapeutic intervention of ES.}, number={2}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Martin, Leslie T. and Martin, Michael P. and Barnes, H. John}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={273–278} }
 @article{martin_wineland_fletcher_barnes_2011, title={Selected Blood Chemistry Values in Mobility-Impaired Broiler Breeder Hens with Suspected Calcium Tetany Using the i-STAT (R) Handheld Clinical Analyzer}, volume={55}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.1637/9566-100610-reg.1}, abstractNote={SUMMARY. Calcium tetany is a poorly defined disease of broiler breeder hens that results from acute hypocalcemia. It is characterized by impaired mobility, increased mortality, and absence of gross lesions that would explain the impaired mobility. To evaluate if hens with impaired mobility had calcium tetany or other abnormalities, blood values from normal and affected hens were determined using the i-STAT® handheld clinical analyzer. Three flocks were evaluated weekly prior to peak production (range 25–30 wk of age) comparing normal hens to hens with clinically apparent calcium tetany. Calcium tetany suspect (CaTS) hens from four additional flocks were also evaluated. Significant hypocalcemia (P < 0.001) was observed in CaTS hens (average  =  1.14 mmol/L ionized calcium [iCa]) compared to normal hens (average  =  1.53 mmol/L iCa) in only one of three flocks sampled weekly. Clinically affected hens from one of the other four flocks also had hypocalcemia. Blood value abnormalities in mobility-impaired hens without hypocalcemia included hypernatremia. Findings in this study indicate calcium tetany is one cause of impaired mobility in breeder hens, but mobility impairment without hypocalcemia can also occur. Calcium tetany should be confirmed by finding significantly decreased levels of iCa in the blood, as diagnosis based on clinical presentation and necropsy results can be inaccurate. The i-STAT® handheld clinical analyzer is an efficient, relatively low-cost method to determine iCa and other blood chemistry values that may be associated with impaired mobility in broiler breeder hens.}, number={3}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Martin, Michael P. and Wineland, Michael and Fletcher, Oscar J. and Barnes, H. John}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={340–345} }
 @article{alali_thakur_berghaus_martin_gebreyes_2010, title={Prevalence and Distribution of Salmonella in Organic and Conventional Broiler Poultry Farms}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1556-7125"]}, DOI={10.1089/fpd.2010.0566}, abstractNote={The objective of this cross-sectional study was to compare the prevalence of Salmonella and antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella, as well as investigate the distribution of this pathogen in organic and conventional broiler poultry farms. Fecal (n = 420), feed (n = 140), and drinking water (n = 140) samples were collected from birds at 3 and 8 weeks of age for 2-flock cycles. One house was sampled per farm at three organic and four conventional broiler farms from the same company in North Carolina. All samples were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella using selective enrichment techniques. Further phenotypic (antimicrobial susceptibility) and genotypic (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE]) testing were performed. Salmonella prevalences in fecal samples were 5.6% (10/180) and 38.8% (93/240) from organic and conventional farms, respectively. From feed, 5.0% (3/60) and 27.5% (22/80) of the samples were positive for Salmonella from organic and conventional farms, respectively. None of the water samples were positive for Salmonella. Seventy isolates were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility and PFGE types. The two most common resistance phenotypes were single resistance to streptomycin (36.2% [25/58]: conventional; 25% [3/12] organic), and multidrug resistance to six antimicrobial agents: ampicillin-streptomycin-amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-cephalothin-ceftiofur-cefoxitin (AmStAxChCfFx; 39.7%: conventional only). Genotypic analysis using PFGE showed clonality among isolates within and between the two types of farms. The results of our study suggest that within this poultry company, the prevalence of fecal Salmonella was lower in certified-organic birds than in conventionally raised birds, and the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella was also higher in conventionally raised birds than in certified-organic birds.}, number={11}, journal={FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE}, author={Alali, Walid Q. and Thakur, Siddhartha and Berghaus, Roy D. and Martin, Michael P. and Gebreyes, Wondwossen A.}, year={2010}, month={Nov}, pages={1363–1371} }
 @article{martin_wineland_barnes_2010, title={Selected Blood Chemistry and Gas Reference Ranges for Broiler Breeders Using the i-STAT (R) Handheld Clinical Analyzer}, volume={54}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.1637/9223-122209-reg.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Selected blood chemistry and gas reference ranges for clinically healthy broiler breeder hens were established using CG8+ cartridges in an i-STAT® handheld point-of-care clinical analyzer. Samples from 165 hens (25–36 wk of age), representing three broiler breeder strains reared by four integrators, were evaluated. A standardized sampling technique was developed to minimize instrument error readings. The following reference ranges and means, respectively, were determined: sodium (141.6–152.6, 147.1 [mmol/L]), potassium (4.1–5.7, 4.9 [mmol/L]), ionized calcium (1.20–1.73, 1.47 [mmol/L]), glucose (207.2–260.7, 234.0 [mg/dl]), hematocrit (21.3–30.8, 26.1 [% packed cell volume]), hemoglobin (7.3–10.5, 8.9 [g/dl]), pH (7.28–7.57, 7.42), carbon dioxide partial pressure (25.9–49.5, 37.7 [mm Hg]), oxygen partial pressure (32.0–60.5, 46.2 [mm Hg]), bicarbonate (18.9–30.3, 24.6 [mmol/L]), total carbon dioxide (19.9–31.5, 25.7 [mmol/L]), base excess (−6.8 to 7.2, 0.2), and oxygen saturation (70.6–93.3, 82.0 [%]). Wide ranges in blood gases and base excess occurred in all strains. Cobb strain hens had significantly lower glucose and higher partial and saturated oxygen values compared with two Ross strains. Significant differences in several blood parameters were found among different integrators and in older postpeak production birds. The i-STAT handheld point-of-care clinical analyzer provides rapid, relatively low cost, blood chemistry values that are useful for investigating broiler breeder flock diseases of unknown or uncertain etiology, especially those suspected of having a metabolic cause.}, number={3}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Martin, Michael P. and Wineland, Michael and Barnes, H. John}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={1016–1020} }
 @article{monleon_martin_barnes_2008, title={Bacterial orchitis and epididymo-orchitis in broiler breeders}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0307-9457"]}, DOI={10.1080/03079450802499134}, abstractNote={Two cases of orchitis and epididymo-orchitis in broiler breeders are described. The first case occurred in a 62-week-old rooster showing signs of breeding inactivity. Grossly, the left testis was abnormally shaped and had multiple yellow foci, prominent blood vessels, and a gelatinous mass on the surface. The right testis and other tissues appeared normal. A pure, heavy growth of Staphylococcus aureus was obtained on bacterial culture, and intralesional Gram-positive cocci were numerous on histopathology. The second case occurred in a 28-week-old rooster that was found dead. Both testes were abnormally shaped, swollen, firm, and had irregular, dark, depressed areas, prominent vessels, and multiple petechial haemorrhages. Epididymides were enlarged and nodular. Other lesions in this rooster included poor nutritional condition, distended cloaca, and urate scalding of the abdominal skin below the vent. Microscopically, there was extensive, severe heterophilic intratubular orchitis and epididymitis with intralesional Gram-negative bacteria. A heavy, pure growth of Escherichia coli was obtained from the testes and epididymides. In both cases, the findings suggested that the most probable route of infection was ascending via the ductus deferens.}, number={6}, journal={AVIAN PATHOLOGY}, author={Monleon, Rafael and Martin, Michael P. and Barnes, H. John}, year={2008}, pages={613–617} }
 @article{martin_bouck_helm_dykstra_wages_barnes_2007, title={Disseminated Aspergillus flavus infection in broiler breeder pullets}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1938-4351"]}, DOI={10.1637/0005-2086(2007)51[626:DAFIIB]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Increased morbidity and mortality occurred in a 5-wk-old broiler breeder replacement pullet flock. The affected broiler pullet flock was housed on the first floor of a two-story confinement building. Mortality increased to 0.1%/day compared to the flock on the second floor, which had mortality levels of less than 0.01%/day. Clinical signs in the affected chickens included inactivity, decreased response to stimuli, and anorexia. No respiratory or neurologic signs were observed. On necropsy, affected pullets were dehydrated and emaciated and had disseminated variably sized single or multiple heterophilic granulomas that contained intralesional septate and branching fungal hyphae. Lesions were extensive around the base of the heart in the thoracic inlet and in the kidneys. Other affected organs included eyelid, muscle, proventriculus, ventriculus, intestine, liver, spleen, lung, and heart. Aspergillus flavus was cultured from the visceral granulomas. The source of flock exposure to the organism was not determined.}, number={2}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Martin, Michael P. and Bouck, Karla Pecelunas and Helm, Julie and Dykstra, Michael J. and Wages, Dennis P. and Barnes, H. John}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={626–631} }
 @article{martin_wakenell_woolcock_b. o'connor_2007, title={Evaluation of the effectiveness of two infectious bronchitis virus vaccine programs for preventing disease caused by a California IBV field isolate}, volume={51}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.1637/0005-2086(2007)51[584:EOTEOT]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Infectious bronchitis virus CA99 serotype was isolated from several broiler flocks in Northern California. The virus caused late-onset respiratory disease and increased airsacculitis condemnation in affected flocks despite the use of an established infectious bronchitis virus vaccination program. An experimental study compared Holland/Arkansas and Massachusetts/Arkansas vaccination protocols to determine the efficacy of commercial infectious bronchitis virus vaccines in reducing respiratory disease and airsacculitis lesions found at processing that were associated with a CA99 field isolate. All vaccination groups were given Massachusetts/Connecticut strains of infectious bronchitis virus vaccines at age 1 day followed by vaccination with either Holland/Arkansas or Massachusetts/Arkansas vaccine strains at 18 days of age. Birds were challenged at age 31 days with a CA99 field isolate. Gross pathology, histopathology, and virus isolation were evaluated. Chickens vaccinated with Holland/Arkansas had marginally better protection against CA99 challenge than chickens vaccinated with Massachusetts/Arkansas, although differences were not statistically significant.}, number={2}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Martin, Michael P. and Wakenell, P. S. and Woolcock, P. and B. O'Connor}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={584–589} }
 @article{roza_martin_barnes_2006, title={Litter impaction of the lower intestinal tract in male broiler breeders}, volume={50}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.1637/7500-010906R.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Increased mortality occurred among males in a house of 26-wk-old broiler breeders. A severe impaction of the lower intestinal tract, because of litter, was found on necropsy in two of three recently dead cockerels. Litter could be seen in the markedly distended vent of the most affected bird. This bird also had feces and litter in the body cavity because of a ruptured small intestine. Both birds had extensive urate and fecal soiling of feathers around the vent. Other visceral organs were normal except for lack of fat around the base of the heart and decreased myocardial tone. Impaction of the lower intestinal tract in these birds most likely resulted from eating litter because of a change in feeding regimen, which caused confusion and feed competition among male birds.}, number={3}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Roza, Kristen and Martin, Michael and Barnes, H. John}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={460–462} }
 @article{martin_anderson_johnson_wakenell_2006, title={Predation as a cause of neurologic signs and acute mortality in a pheasant flock}, volume={50}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.1637/7522-030306R.1}, abstractNote={Abstract A flock of approximately 15,000 ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) was evaluated for a sudden increase in mortality and acute neurological signs after having been previously diagnosed 3 wk earlier with a chronic respiratory disease of undetermined etiology. Approximately 25 live birds were displaying neurological signs including circling, ataxia, and obtunded behavior and 50 birds were dead. Three birds with neurological signs were submitted for evaluation. Extensive subcutaneous hemorrhage over the head and penetrating puncture wounds through the skull and into the brain were found. Trauma from a wild predatory mammal, most likely the long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata) that had invaded the pheasant house and expressed surplus killing behavior was determined to be the cause of the acute neurological signs and mortality. The relationship of the chronic respiratory disease to the predation episode was not determined but it is possible that pheasants with severe respiratory disease may have had increased susceptibility to predation.}, number={3}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Martin, M. P. and Anderson, M. and Johnson, B. and Wakenell, P. S.}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={463–466} }
 @article{martin_didion_markert_1989, title={EFFECT OF GONADOTROPIN ADMINISTRATION ON ESTRUS SYNCHRONIZATION AND OVULATION RATE FOLLOWING INDUCED-ABORTION IN SWINE}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1879-3231"]}, DOI={10.1016/0093-691X(89)90502-5}, abstractNote={The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) alone or in combination with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on synchronization of estrus and the ovulation rate following prostaglandin F2α-induced abortion. Twenty-seven pregnant gilts were aborted between Days 20 and 40 of gestation by the administration of PGF2α (10 mg/injection) at 0700 and 1600 h. Control gilts (C; n = 9) received an injection of physiological saline (2 ml) immediately following the second injection of PGF2α, while PMSG1 (n = 11) and PMSG2 (n = 7) gilts received an injection of PMSG (1250 IU) from lots #1 and #2, respectively. Gilts which failed to exhibit estrus within 80 h following PMSG were given 500 IU hCG (PMSG1+hCG: n = 5; PMSG2+hCG: n = 4). Gilts were bred at 12 and 24 h after the onset of estrus (Day 0) by natural or artificial insemination. Embryos were recovered between Days 1 and 6 of gestation. Because the source of PMSG had no effect on the interval from PGF2α to estrus, PMSG1 and PMSG2 gilts were pooled into two groups: PMSG (n = 9) and PMSG+hCG (n = 9). Mean interval from PGF2α to estrus and its variance were greater for C than PMSG and PMSG+hCG gilts. Mean ovulation rate was greater for PMSG2 as compared with PMSG1 and C gilts (26.0 ± 2.0 vs 15.6 ± 1.6 and 13.2 ± 1.8, respectively). The embryo recovery rate was lower for PMSG2 than for PMSG1 and C gilts. These results indicate that administration of PMSG alone or in conjunction with hCG increases synchronization of estrus following induced abortion. Finally, the ovulatory response to a commercial preparation of PMSG may vary greatly between lots.}, number={6}, journal={THERIOGENOLOGY}, author={MARTIN, MJ and DIDION, BA and MARKERT, CL}, year={1989}, month={Dec}, pages={929–937} }