@article{tilley_jordan_heiniger_vann_crozier_gatiboni_2021, title={A survey of twin-row cropping systems in North Carolina}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.1002/cft2.20099}, abstractNote={AbstractTwin‐row (TR) cropping systems have maintained a presence in North Carolina (NC) for more than 30 years. Introduced as an alternative to the single‐row (SR) configuration, it is hypothesized individual plants arranged 7‐ to 9‐inches apart see a decrease in plant‐to‐plant competition. However, the success of TR remains elusive. Only a handful of farmers across NC have been able to increase yield through the implementation of TR. As higher yields are achieved in research using SR, the use of TR is becoming less attractive to growers looking to modernize. In order to understand future trends, two surveys were administered across the state of NC with the following objectives: (a) identify standard production practices used such as row spacing, TR spacing, starter fertilizer placement, and layby application methods, (b) evaluate grower testimonies concerning observed plant stress under diverse environmental conditions, and (c) identify the successes and limitations observed with TR production. Of the 461 farmers surveyed in the general survey, 42% stated they are planting on narrow (30 inch or less) SR with 58% still planting on 36‐inch or greater row spacing. Within the 58%, 148 farmers stated they are considering a transition from wide (>30 inches) to narrow row systems. One hundred and twenty farmers said they would remain on wide SR. In time, 74% of growers will potentially be planting on narrow rows. Twenty‐eight TR farmers (6%) were identified. Two of the 28 twin‐row growers stated they would be reverting back to single‐row production.}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Tilley, M. Scott and Jordan, David L. and Heiniger, Ronnie W. and Vann, Rachel and Crozier, Carl R. and Gatiboni, Luke}, year={2021} }
 @article{gross_vann_brown_formella_gibbs_gurganus_heiniger_hurry_jordan_leary_et al._2021, title={Agronomic management of early maturing soybeans in North Carolina}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.1002/cft2.20122}, abstractNote={AbstractInterest in producing indeterminate, early maturing soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] varieties [maturity group (MG) ≤IV] has increased in the southeastern United States as producers seek ways to increase soybean yields. The objective of this experiment was to generate agronomic management recommendations for early maturing soybean varieties across the southeastern United States and compare these management recommendations to historical recommendations for later‐maturing varieties through identification of the optimal seeding rates, row spacing, planting dates, and fertility management. Experiments were conducted across North Carolina at seven environments in 2018 and at four environments in 2019. Two MGs were used in this study: MG III and MG IV. Data on soybean yield and soybean seed quality were collected. Row spacing recommendations were similar to recommendations for later‐maturing varieties with narrow rows providing a 7.3 bu acre–1 yield advantage across environments on average, with more pronounced yield advantages in high‐yield environments. Seeding rate impacted soybean yield but not seed quality. An economic analysis was conducted for seeding rate, suggesting that 80,000 to 120,000 seeds per acre will optimize both profit and yield across environments with May planting. Planting date sometimes impacted yield and seed quality, suggesting that earlier planting with these varieties could be critical to optimizing soybean yield and seed quality. Fertility applications at R1 (beginning of flowering) did not have an impact on soybean yield or seed quality.}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Gross, MaKayla Raquel and Vann, Rachel and Brown, Austin and Formella, Adam and Gibbs, Andrea and Gurganus, Rod and Heiniger, Ryan and Hurry, Jarette and Jordan, David and Leary, Matthew and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{tilley_heiniger_crozier_2019, title={Tiller Initiation and its Effects on Yield and Yield Components in Winter Wheat}, volume={111}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2018.07.0469}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
A marking technique was used to monitor leaf and tiller development.
The earlier a tiller is formed the more kernels it produces.
Seeding rate influences tiller initiation and productivity.
ABSTRACTVegetative growth in the form of tillers is crucial to final yield in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). To understand the impact management practices have on tiller initiation, a study was conducted using two seeding rates (1.9 × 106 vs. 6.8 × 106 ha−1) and two N timing applications (single vs. split). Tillers initiated in the fall made up the majority of spikes compared to tillers initiated from 1 January to the start of jointing (GS 30). Tillers initiated in March at either seeding rate produced very few kernels spike–1, low kernel weight, and contributed little to yield. At the high seeding rate, tillers initiated prior to 1 January were responsible for more than 87% of the grain yield. Tillers produced in January– February produced 5 to 11% of the final yield, while tillers produced in March contributed less than 2%. In contrast, at the low seeding rate tillers produced in January–February made up 20 to almost 60% of the final yield. Overall, this study shows the timing and rate of leaf initiation impacts yield and yield components. Earlier tillers have an advantage in that they have shorter periods of leaf development that result in more leaf area which in turn supports more kernel spike–1 and heavier kernels, thus more grain weight per spike. Timing of N (single vs. split) application resulted in no significant impact on tiller development, spike number, kernel number, kernel weight, or grain yield.}, number={3}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Tilley, M. Scott and Heiniger, Ronnie W. and Crozier, Carl R.}, year={2019}, pages={1323–1332} }
 @article{reisig_bacheler_herbert_heiniger_kuhar_malone_philips_tilley_2017, title={Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Regional Dispersion and Relationship With Wheat Stand Denseness}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvx034}, abstractNote={Abstract Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus L., is a pest of small grains and the literature conflicts on whether it is more abundant in sparse or dense stands of wheat. Our objectives were to determine the impact of stand denseness on cereal leaf beetle abundance and to investigate the regional dispersion of cereal leaf beetles across North Carolina and Virginia. One-hundred twenty fields were sampled across North Carolina and Virginia during 2011 for stand denseness, and cereal leaf beetle eggs, larvae, and adults. Two small-plot wheat experiments were planted in North Carolina using a low and a high seeding rate. Main plots were split, with one receiving a single nitrogen application and one receiving two. Egg density, but not larva or adult density, was positively correlated with stand denseness in the regional survey. Furthermore, regional spatial patterns of aggregation were noted for both stand denseness and egg number. In the small-plot experiments, seeding rate influenced stand denseness, but not nitrogen application. In one experiment, egg densities per unit area were higher in denser wheat, while in the other experiment, egg densities per tiller were lower in denser wheat. Larvae were not influenced by any factor. Overall, there were more cereal leaf beetle eggs in denser wheat stands. Previous observations that sparse stands of wheat are more prone to cereal leaf beetle infestation can be attributed to the fact that sparser stands have fewer tillers, which increases the cereal leaf beetle to tiller ratio compared with denser stands.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reisig, Dominic D. and Bacheler, Jack S. and Herbert, D. Ames and Heiniger, Ron and Kuhar, Thomas and Malone, Sean and Philips, Chris and Tilley, M. Scott}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={425–433} }