@article{feng_deng_lau_cauffman_johnson_cunningham_kaber_2023, title={Age differences in driver visual behavior and vehicle control when driving with in-vehicle and on-road deliveries of service logo signs}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1872-8219"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ergon.2022.103386}, abstractNote={With the advances in vehicle technologies, more information is communicated in real-time to the driver via an in-vehicle interface. In-vehicle messaging may deliver safety-related information such as warnings as well as non-safety-related information such as an upcoming lodging place. While much research has focused on the design of messaging safety-related information, little is known about the best practice in in-vehicle messaging of non-safety-related information. This study investigated the effects of information source and load on driver signage logo identification, glance behavior, and vehicle control among younger, middle-aged and older drivers. The logos were presented on: (1) an on-road sign panel, (2) an in-vehicle display, or (3) a combination of both, with half of the drives showing logo only, and the other half of the drives showing logo plus additional text. The general findings support the use of in-vehicle displays, especially when it is presented simultaneously with on-road signs. In-vehicle displays did not lead to a higher workload or more visual distraction, and simultaneous presentations resulted in slightly better speed control. The findings also showed minimal negative impacts on logo identification from increased information load. Older drivers performed less well in signage identification and vehicle control, and they made longer glances to logo information suggesting design considerations should be made to accommodate specific driver characteristics.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS}, author={Feng, Jing and Deng, Yulin and Lau, Mei Y. and Cauffman, Stephen J. and Johnson, Ebony and Cunningham, Christopher and Kaber, David B.}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{lau_liu_kaber_2023, title={Consequence severity-probability importance measure for fault tree analysis}, ISSN={["0976-4348"]}, DOI={10.1007/s13198-023-02162-1}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEM ASSURANCE ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Lau, Mei Y. and Liu, Yunmei and Kaber, David B.}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @article{cauffman_lau_deng_cunningham_kaber_feng_2022, title={Research and Design Considerations for Presentation of Non-Safety Related Information via In-Vehicle Displays during Automated Driving}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2076-3417"]}, DOI={10.3390/app122010538}, abstractNote={As automated vehicles become more prevalent on roadways, it is necessary to study driver behaviors in interacting with such systems. With higher levels of vehicle automation, drivers may become less engaged with the roadway environment. As a result, how to effectively bring non-safety related information (e.g., guide and service sign content) to a driver’s attention is an open research question. In this review, we summarize current literature on three domains of research, including: (1) the design and effectiveness of traditional road signage, (2) human factors considerations in vehicle automation design, and (3) current design guidelines for in-vehicle information presentation. Based on the review, including empirical studies, we identify knowledge relevant to communicating road signage information in automated vehicles. We propose a framework highlighting various factors that could determine the effectiveness of in-vehicle messaging. The framework is intended to motivate future research on development of in-vehicle interfaces for highly automated driving.}, number={20}, journal={APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL}, author={Cauffman, Stephen J. and Lau, Mei and Deng, Yulin and Cunningham, Christopher and Kaber, David B. and Feng, Jing}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{lau_kaber_2018, title={Driving Performance, Adaptation, and Cognitive Workload Costs of Logo Panel Detection as Mediated by Driver Age}, volume={597}, ISBN={["978-3-319-60440-4"]}, ISSN={["2194-5365"]}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-60441-1_74}, abstractNote={This study investigated the effect of on-road visual sign usage on young (≤22 years), middle-aged (23–64 years), and elderly (65+ years) driver performance, adaptive vehicle control behavior and mental workload. Eight simulated highway driving scenarios (the primary task) were presented along with an embedded secondary task of familiar business logo sign identification. Driver workload was manipulated by varying logo panel counts on service signs, including 6- and 9-panels. Results revealed comparable driving performance among the 9- and 6-logo conditions but significant differences in sign identification among age groups. Elderly drivers produced significantly lower sign identification accuracy than other age groups (at 54–57%). Both elderly and young drivers demonstrated significantly higher cognitive workload (reduced blink duration) in response to secondary task demands as compared to middle-aged drivers. The workload during sign identification led to significantly greater elderly adaptation behaviors (higher speed reductions) and performance degradations (greater lane deviations).}, journal={ADVANCES IN HUMAN ASPECTS OF TRANSPORTATION}, author={Lau, Mei Ying and Kaber, David}, year={2018}, pages={775–786} }
 @article{zahabi_machado_lau_deng_pankok_hummer_rasdorf_kaber_2017, title={Driver performance and attention allocation in use of logo signs on freeway exit ramps}, volume={65}, ISSN={0003-6870}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.APERGO.2017.06.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2017.06.001}, abstractNote={The objective of this research was to quantify the effects of driver age, ramp signage configuration, including number of panels, logo format and sign familiarity, on driver performance and attention allocation when exiting freeways. Sixty drivers participated in a simulator study and analysis of variance models were used to assess response effects of the controlled manipulations. Results revealed elderly drivers to demonstrate worse performance and conservative control strategies as compared to middle-aged and young drivers. Elderly drivers also exhibited lower off-road fixation frequency and shorter off-road glance durations compared to middle-aged and young drivers. In general, drivers adopted a more conservative strategy when exposed to nine-panel signs as compared to six-panel signs and were more accurate in target detection when searching six-panels vs. nine and with familiar vs. unfamiliar logos. These findings provide an applicable guide for agency design of freeway ramp signage accounting for driver demographics.}, journal={Applied Ergonomics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Zahabi, Maryam and Machado, Patricia and Lau, Mei Ying and Deng, Yulin and Pankok, Carl, Jr. and Hummer, Joseph and Rasdorf, William and Kaber, David B.}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={70–80} }
 @article{zahabi_zhang_pankok_lau_shirley_kaber_2017, title={Effect of physical workload and modality of information presentation on pattern recognition and navigation task performance by high-fit young males}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1366-5847"]}, DOI={10.1080/00140139.2017.1324115}, abstractNote={Abstract Many occupations require both physical exertion and cognitive task performance. Knowledge of any interaction between physical demands and modalities of cognitive task information presentation can provide a basis for optimising performance. This study examined the effect of physical exertion and modality of information presentation on pattern recognition and navigation-related information processing. Results indicated males of equivalent high fitness, between the ages of 18 and 34, rely more on visual cues vs auditory or haptic for pattern recognition when exertion level is high. We found that navigation response time was shorter under low and medium exertion levels as compared to high intensity. Navigation accuracy was lower under high level exertion compared to medium and low levels. In general, findings indicated that use of the haptic modality for cognitive task cueing decreased accuracy in pattern recognition responses. Practitioner Summary: An examination was conducted on the effect of physical exertion and information presentation modality in pattern recognition and navigation. In occupations requiring information presentation to workers, who are simultaneously performing a physical task, the visual modality appears most effective under high level exertion while haptic cueing degrades performance.}, number={11}, journal={ERGONOMICS}, author={Zahabi, Maryam and Zhang, Wenjuan and Pankok, Carl and Lau, Mei Ying and Shirley, James and Kaber, David}, year={2017}, pages={1516–1527} }
 @article{white_morejon_liu_lau_nam_kaber_2017, title={Muscle loading in exoskeletal orthotic use in an activity of daily living}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1872-9126"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2016.06.010}, abstractNote={Strokes are the leading cause of major adult disability with up to 85% of U.S. survivors experiencing hemiparesis. Physical characteristics of upper-extremity exoskeletal orthotics, used in stroke rehabilitation, were evaluated in terms of performance of activities of daily living (ADL), perceived exertion, and muscle load. Simulated orthotic weight distributions, with total extremity loads of 0.81 kg, 1.25 kg and 2.27 kg, were evaluated along with a 0 kg control condition. Response measures included average shoulder/elbow muscle surface electromyography (sEMG) signal amplitude, quality of task completion and total rest time during performance, and Borg CR-10 scale ratings. Device weight distribution, or imposed shoulder moment, was found to have a significant effect on biceps brachii and anterior deltoid activation levels, percent task completion, total rest time, and perceived exertion ratings. Results suggest that heavier upper-extremity orthotics could cause undesirable effects in terms of muscle loading, performance and exertion; such adverse effects could potentially lead to lack of use during patient’s rehabilitation.}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, author={White, Melissa M. and Morejon, Olivia N. and Liu, Shijing and Lau, Mei Y. and Nam, Chang S. and Kaber, David B.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={190–197} }
 @article{zahabi_pankok_kaber_machado_lau_hummer_rasdorf_2017, title={On-Road Visual Sign Salience, Driver Attention Allocation, and Target Detection Accuracy}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, DOI={10.3141/2663-06}, abstractNote={Previous studies have empirically assessed the effect of on-road signage on driver distraction and attention allocation through eye-tracking measures and driving simulations. However, state and federal agencies might be able to make use of simpler approaches to determining the potential visual load of on-road signs. This study compared different on-road signage (food, gas and attraction, and distance guide signs) with respect to visual salience, assessed the effect of the number of panels and logo format on signage salience, and analyzed associations between salience values for different sign types with target detection accuracy and off-road glance duration. Visual salience of signs was measured with the salience using the natural statistics (SUNs) method. For correlation analyses between sign salience, attention allocation, and detection accuracy, a sample of 120 drivers participated in two driving simulation studies. Results revealed food business signs, containing all pictorial logos, to be more salient than gas and attraction and distance guide signs. In addition, results revealed that increasing the number of sign panels from six to nine significantly increased visual salience. It was also found that attraction signs including all pictorial logos were more salient than signs with text-based logos. Results did not reveal statistically significant relationships between visual salience and attention allocation. In addition, there was no significant correlation between target detection accuracy and visual salience for various sign types. Future work with a higher sign-sampling rate is needed to assess whether the SUNs method is a useful measure for determining if roadway sign salience is a driving factor in distraction.}, number={2663}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={Zahabi, Maryam and Pankok, Carl, Jr. and Kaber, David B. and Machado, Patricia and Lau, Mei Ying and Hummer, Joseph E. and Rasdorf, William}, year={2017}, pages={40–47} }
 @article{zahabi_machado_pankok_lau_liao_hummer_rasdorf_kaber_2017, title={The role of driver age in performance and attention allocation effects of roadway sign count, format and familiarity}, volume={63}, ISSN={0003-6870}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.APERGO.2017.04.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2017.04.001}, abstractNote={White-on-blue logo signs are used to inform drivers of food, gas, lodging, and attraction businesses at highway interchanges. In this study, 60 drivers were asked to look for food and attraction targets on logo signs while driving in a realistic freeway simulation. The objective of the study was to quantify effects of the number of sign panels (six vs. nine), logo familiarity (familiar vs. unfamiliar), logo format (text vs. pictorial), and driver age (young, middle, and elderly) on performance, attention allocation and target identification accuracy. Results revealed elderly drivers to exhibit worse performance in comparison to middle-age and young groups even though they adopted a more conservative driving strategy. There was no significant effect of the number of panels, logo familiarity, and logo format on driver performance or attention allocation. In target identification, drivers were more accurate with familiar or text-based panels appearing in six-panel signs.}, journal={Applied Ergonomics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Zahabi, Maryam and Machado, Patricia and Pankok, Carl, Jr. and Lau, Mei Ying and Liao, Yi-Fan and Hummer, Joseph and Rasdorf, William and Kaber, David B.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={17–30} }
 @inproceedings{zahabi_zhang_pankok_lau_shirley_kaber_2016, title={Effect of physical workload on navigation task performance by high-fit young males}, DOI={10.1109/smc.2016.7844265}, abstractNote={Many occupations require both physical exertion and the ability to navigate in an environment, simultaneously. This study investigated how intensity of physical activity influences direction determination and distance estimation. Thirty high fit young males participated in a lab study. Results showed that while high fit young males were accurate in determining direction across levels of physical exertion, they were significantly less accurate in distance estimation under high exertion intensity. Although physical activity level did not influence direction determination accuracy, response time was significantly shorter when participants were subject to low physical loading in comparison to medium and high loading. In addition, we found that distance estimation response time increased as physical workload increased. Findings of this study can be used to enhance presentation of navigation information in occupations that require concurrent physical activity and navigation.}, booktitle={Ieee international conference on systems man and cybernetics conference}, author={Zahabi, M. and Zhang, W. J. and Pankok, C. and Lau, M. Y. and Shirley, J. and Kaber, D. B.}, year={2016}, pages={350–354} }