@article{schachar_bocage_nelson_early_mariani_olby_munana_2024, title={Clinical and imaging findings in dogs with nerve root signature associated with cervical intervertebral disc herniation}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16982}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16982}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundIntervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) is the most common spinal cord disease in dogs. Little information is available regarding the clinical presentation of nerve root signature (NRS) associated with cervical IVDH.Hypothesis/ObjectiveTo detail the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in dogs with NRS associated with cervical IVDH.AnimalsForty‐seven client‐owned dogs presenting with thoracic limb NRS and MRI confirmed IVDH.MethodsMedical records from 2010 to 2020 were retrospectively reviewed for dogs that met inclusion criteria. Imaging studies were evaluated by 2 individuals to characterize location and severity of neural tissue compression.ResultsChondrodystrophoid dogs comprised the majority of the study cohort, with dachshund the most common breed (n = 10). Three‐quarters of dogs were ≥7 years of age. Interobserver agreement was moderate or good for all of the imaging variables evaluated. The C6‐C7 intervertebral disc space was significantly overrepresented (P = .01), comprising 32% (15/47) of the affected discs. However, 42% (20/47) of cases involved C2‐C3 though C4‐C5 disc sites. Disc material was more frequently located laterally compared to medially within the vertebral canal (P = .0005), and to be associated with compression of the nerve root at the level of the intervertebral foramen (P = .012).Conclusion/Clinical ImportanceNRS is most commonly associated with lateralized or foraminal cervical disc herniations. It is most prevalent with C6‐C7 intervertebral disc involvement, suggesting that there might be unique anatomic factors that contribute to development of NRS at this site, but can be a clinical manifestation of IVDH occurring anywhere along the cervical spine.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Schachar, Jordan and Bocage, Alan and Nelson, Nathan C. and Early, Peter J. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Olby, Natasha J. and Munana, Karen R.}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{ripplinger_crespo_pullin_carnaccini_nelson_trindade_reichelt_pairis-garcia_2024, title={Efficacy of a novel cervical dislocation tool for humane euthanasia of broilers and broiler breeders}, volume={103}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.103449}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2024.103449}, abstractNote={Euthanasia is an essential task performed daily on commercial poultry farms around the world to safeguard animal welfare. Manual cervical dislocation (MCD) is the most common euthanasia method but can be challenging to perform given the physical strength required to implement this technique. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a Novel Cervical Dislocation Tool (NCDT) compared to MCD. A total of 60 Ross 308 chickens (6-weeks old) and 60 Ross 706 parent stock breeders (21-weeks old) were enrolled in the study. Birds were sexed, blocked by body weight, and allocated to one of two treatments: 1) MCD and 2) NCDT. Immediately following euthanasia application, insensibility and death was monitored. Once death was confirmed, gross evaluation, radiograph and macroscopic/microscopic scoring was performed. Both euthanasia methods were 100% effective in achieving insensibility followed by cardiac and respiratory arrest in both age groups. In six-week-old broilers, there were no differences in insensibility measures or location and severity of the dislocation site by treatment. The NCDT treatment group showed an increased frequency of fractures located at the tooth-like process that projects from the cranial aspect of the centrum of the axis (dens) but had no impact on bird insensibility. For parent stock, differences in Nictitating Membrane Reflex (NMR) and laceration scores for birds euthanized with NCDT were found and likely associated with additional force exerted with the tool. The NCDT is a promising replacement for manual cervical dislocation (MCD) and future work should address the development of free and accessible training materials for on-farm use.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Ripplinger, Eliza N. and Crespo, Rocio and Pullin, Allison N. and Carnaccini, Silvia and Nelson, Nathan C. and Trindade, Pedro Henrique Esteves and Reichelt, Sara and Pairis-Garcia, Monique}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{lewis_early_bergman_love_nelson_2024, title={Quantification of metallic artifact on CT associated with titanium pedicle screws}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2024.1448188}, abstractNote={In dogs undergoing vertebral column stabilization, post-operative computed tomography (CT) evaluates implant placement. The impact on the interpretation of metallic artifact associated with titanium implants in dogs remains to be established. Our objective was to quantify metallic artifact on CT associated with titanium pedicle screws.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Lewis, M. J. and Early, P. J. and Bergman, R. and Love, K. and Nelson, N.}, year={2024}, month={Jul} }
 @article{yang_yap_wu_zidan_fefer_nelson_gruen_olby_2024, title={Voxelwise analysis of the central hearing pathway in senior dogs reveals changes associated with fractional lifespan}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2045-2322"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-024-68828-3}, abstractNote={Presbycusis, or age-related hearing loss, affects both elderly humans and dogs, significantly impairing their social interactions and cognition. In humans, presbycusis involves changes in peripheral and central auditory systems, with central changes potentially occurring independently. While peripheral presbycusis in dogs is well-documented, research on central changes remains limited. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a useful tool for detecting and quantifying cerebral white matter abnormalities. This study used DTI to explore the central auditory pathway of senior dogs, aiming to enhance our understanding of canine presbycusis. Dogs beyond 75% of their expected lifespan were recruited and screened with brainstem auditory evoked response testing to select dogs without severe peripheral hearing loss. Sixteen dogs meeting the criteria were scanned using a 3 T magnetic resonance scanner. Tract-based spatial statistics was used to analyze the central auditory pathways. A significant negative correlation between fractional lifespan and fractional anisotropy was found in the acoustic radiation, suggesting age-related white matter changes in the central auditory system. These changes, observed in dogs without severe peripheral hearing loss, may contribute to central presbycusis development.}, number={1}, journal={SCIENTIFIC REPORTS}, author={Yang, Chin-Chieh and Yap, Pew-Thian and Wu, Ye and Zidan, Natalia and Fefer, Gilad and Nelson, Nathan C. and Gruen, Margaret E. and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2024}, month={Aug} }
 @article{osmond_kleinman_coale_nelson_bolster_mcgrath_2024, title={A short history of the phosphorus index and Andrew Sharpley's contributions from inception through development and implementation}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1537-2537"]}, DOI={10.1002/jeq2.20535}, abstractNote={AbstractIn the 1980s, growing recognition of agricultural phosphorus (P) sources to surface water eutrophication led to scrutiny of animal feeding operations. In 1990, the USDA‐Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) invited prominent scientists to find a solution. It was at an initial meeting that Dr. Andrew Sharpley suggested that P assessment could be modeled after the Universal Soil Loss Equation, where a matrix of factors influencing P loss would be associated with farm nutrient management recommendations. After codifying the P assessment into the USDA‐NRCS 590 Nutrient Management Standard some 10 years later, 48 states chose to develop their own P Index. Sharpley, working with many others, helped develop several state P Indices. In 2000, Sharpley secured funding from the USDA‐Agricultural Research Service to support the National P Research Project, which conducted in‐field P runoff assessments using standardized rainfall simulated studies across 20 states; this allowed individual trials to be aggregated for agroecological regions that were then incorporated into specific state P Indices. Eventually, comparison of P Indices across state boundaries led to a white paper at the behest of USDA‐NRCS that resulted in three regional projects evaluating modeling approaches to support or replace P Indices. Sharpley's national umbrella project pointed to shortcomings in water quality models, such as APEX or TBET, as a replacement for state P Indices, which remain a key part of the USDA‐590 standard. As a selfless leader, capable of attracting and assembling diverse, productive interdisciplinary teams, Sharpley was essential to the inception, development, and implementation of the P Index.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Osmond, Deanna L. and Kleinman, Peter J. A. and Coale, Frank and Nelson, Nathan O. and Bolster, Carl H. and Mcgrath, Josh}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{hinkle_nelson_duke_harrison_2024, title={Calculation of body surface area of corn snakes (<i>Pantherophis guttatus</i>) utilizing computed tomography}, volume={85}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.23.09.0217}, abstractNote={Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To determine the K-constant for body surface area calculation from body weight in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) through the use of computed tomography (CT) measurements.


ANIMALS
12 adult corn snakes held by North Carolina State University for research purposes underwent CT between November 2022 and January 2023.


METHODS
Each snake had a CT scan, physical examination, and body weight measurement. CT images were uploaded into software able to perform 3-D reconstruction and measure body surface area. The species-specific K-constant was determined using nonlinear regression analysis between body surface area and (body weight in grams)2/3.


RESULTS
The mean body weight of the 12 adult corn snakes was 228 g, with a mean body surface area of 505.1 cm2. The calculated K-constant was 13.6 (P < .001). The resulting formula for body surface area in corn snakes is BSA in cm2 = 13.6 X (body weight in grams)2/3.


CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The body surface area formula developed for corn snakes will allow for improved dosing accuracy for medications with low therapeutic safety margins. Additional pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies are necessary to determine the safety and efficacy of individual medications.
}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Hinkle, Daria G. and Nelson, Nathan C. and Duke, Elizabeth G. and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{calcagno_nelson_duke_harrison_2023, title={Defining a species-specific K constant in American Bullfrogs<i> (Lithobates</i><i> catesbeianus)</i> through use of computed tomography}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.23.06.0131}, abstractNote={Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To use CT measurements to define the body surface area (BSA) formula in American bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) and calculate the species-specific shape constant (K) to suggest chemotherapeutic doses.


ANIMALS
12 American bullfrogs owned by the North Carolina State College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Laboratory Animal Resources underwent CT scans without anesthesia or sedation in November 2022.


METHODS
As part of this prospective study, each American bullfrog underwent a complete physical exam and CT scan. 3-D surface models were created using CT data, and the resulting measurements were used for BSA calculations. Animals were grouped by sex. Nonlinear regression analysis of BSA versus body weight was performed, and a species-specific formula was derived for calculating BSA in American bullfrogs.


RESULTS
The mean body weight of the bullfrogs was 354 grams. The mean CT-derived BSA was 414.92 cm2. The calculated K constant was 8.28 for the 12 American bullfrogs, and the CT-derived BSA formula was BSA in cm2 = 8.28 X (body weight in g)2/3. The K constant was 8.07 for females and 8.44 for males and was not significantly different between sexes (P = .5).


CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results indicated that the species-specific K constant for American bullfrogs is 8.28. This is the first calculated K constant that exists for amphibians to our knowledge.
}, number={11}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Calcagno, Jaime N. and Nelson, Nathan C. and Duke, Elizabeth G. and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{hepworth-warren_nelson_dembek_young_2023, title={General anesthesia does not induce ultrasonographic changes in the pleura of healthy adult horses anesthetized for elective magnetic resonance imaging}, volume={261}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.22.12.0550suggested.}, number={4}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Hepworth-Warren, Kate L. and Nelson, Nathan C. and Dembek, Katarzyna A. and Young, Kimberly A. S.}, year={2023}, month={Apr}, pages={500–504} }
 @article{colbath_fortin_burglass_panek_vergara-hernandez_johnson_robison_logan_nelson_nielsen_et al._2023, title={Lumbar vertebral bone density is decreased in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.1111/evj.14039}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundPathological fractures have been reported in equids with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) but their prevalence and pathogenesis is unknown.ObjectivesTo compare: (1) bone mineral density (BMD) in weight bearing and nonweight bearing bones in PPID+ equids and aged and young PPID− controls; and (2) biomechanical properties of the fourth lumbar vertebral body in PPID+ equids and aged PPID− equids.Study designCase–control study: five PPID+ equids and six aged and four young PPID− control horses.MethodsPPID status was based on clinical signs and necropsy examination of the pituitary gland (PG). The lumbar vertebral column, right front third metacarpus (MC3), left hind third metatarsus (MT3), and PG were removed after euthanasia. BMD was determined by quantitative computed tomography of regions of interest (ROI) in each bone and biomechanical testing was performed on the fourth lumbar vertebral body. Serum concentrations of parathormone (PTH), ionised Ca++, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D, and osteocalcin (OC) were also measured. Data were analysed using one‐way ANOVA and correlation analyses.ResultsBMD of trabecular and cortical regions of interest (ROI) of the third, fourth (L4), and fifth lumbar vertebrae were significantly lower in PPID+ equids as compared with aged (p < 0. 001) and young (p < 0.01) PPID− controls. In contrast, no differences were found in BMD of trabecular or cortical ROIs of MC3 and MT3 between groups. No differences were detected in force at fracture, displacement at fracture, Young's modulus or strain of L4 between PPID+ and aged PPID− horses. No differences were found in serum PTH, ionised Ca++, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D, or OC concentrations between groups.Main limitationsLimited number of equids studied and variation in test results.ConclusionsBMD of nonweight bearing bones can be decreased with PPID and could increase risk of developing pathological fractures.}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Colbath, Aimee C. and Fortin, Jessica S. and Burglass, Caroline M. and Panek, Char and Vergara-Hernandez, Fernando B. and Johnson, Tyler N. and Robison, Cara A. and Logan, Alyssa A. and Nelson, Nathan A. and Nielsen, Brian D. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{denk_mclellan_pabst_rommel_keenan_sharp_niemeyer_hunter_block_nelson_et al._2023, title={Melon and rostral muscle morphology of Gervais' beaked whale (Mesoplodon europaeus): Alternating patterns of bilateral asymmetry}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1932-8494"]}, DOI={10.1002/ar.25301}, abstractNote={AbstractToothed whales utilize specialized nasal structures such as the lipid‐rich melon to produce sound and propagate it into the aquatic environment. Very little nasal morphology of mesoplodont beaked whales has been described in the literature, and the anatomy of the melon and associated musculature of Gervais' beaked whale (Mesoplodon europaeus) remains undescribed. Heads of three (n = 3) Gervais' beaked whales were examined in detail via dissection as well as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two additional Gervais' beaked whale individuals (n = 2) were studied via archived CT and MRI scans. Representative transverse dissection sections of the melon were processed for polarized light imaging to verify the presence of tendons inserting into the melon tissue. Three‐dimensional (3D) CT reconstructions of the melon, rostral muscles, and associated structures were performed to assess morphology and spatial relationships. In all individuals, the melon's main body demonstrated a bilaterally asymmetrical, curvilinear geometry. This curvilinear shape was defined by a pattern of alternating asymmetry in the medial rostral muscles that projected into the melon's tissue. In transverse polarized light imaging, a network of tendons originating from these asymmetrical rostral muscle projections was observed permeating the melon's lipid tissue. This curvilinear melon morphology and associated asymmetrical musculature suggest a means of lengthening the lipid pathway within a relatively short dimensional footprint. In addition, the species‐specific arrangement of muscular projections suggests complex fine‐tuning of the melon's geometry during echolocation. Further studies may lend additional insight into the function of this unusual melon morphology.}, journal={ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, author={Denk, Michael and McLellan, William and Pabst, D. Ann and Rommel, Sentiel and Keenan, Tiffany and Sharp, Sarah and Niemeyer, Misty and Hunter, Nicole and Block, Gary and Nelson, Nathan and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{amirsultan_lynch_meritet_nelson_2023, title={Persistent spontaneous pneumomediastinum in a dog with pulmonary fibrosis}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2052-6121"]}, DOI={10.1002/vrc2.708}, abstractNote={AbstractA 5‐year‐old, 5.8‐kg, neutered, male, mix‐breed dog was presented to the emergency service of a university hospital for assessment of respiratory distress. Thoracic radiographs identified a moderate pneumomediastinum, mild cervical subcutaneous emphysema and moderate bilateral diffuse bronchial and unstructured interstitial pulmonary patterns. The dog had a 6‐week long history of progressive respiratory signs before presentation, culminating in acute respiratory embarrassment in the absence of a precipitating event. Three sets of radiographs were performed before presentation, which demonstrated a persistent pneumomediastinum and progressively severe pulmonary infiltrates. The dog was humanely euthanased after 24 hours of hospitalised care, with a diagnosis of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis made at postmortem examination. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is usually an acute condition, which resolves within a few weeks of diagnosis and does not recur. Persistent spontaneous pneumomediastinum has been described in people previously, and is a rare potential sequela to severe chronic pulmonary disease in dogs.}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS}, author={Amirsultan, Sophia and Lynch, Alex and Meritet, Danielle and Nelson, Nathan}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{mcparland_horne_robertson_schnabel_nelson_2022, title={Alterations to the synovial invaginations of the navicular bone are associated with pathology of both the navicular apparatus and distal interphalangeal joint when evaluated using high field MRI}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.13140}, abstractNote={AbstractLimited information exists regarding associations between distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) abnormalities and synovial invagination changes in the distal sesamoid (navicular) bone. This retrospective, analytical study aimed to measure specific characteristics of the synovial invaginations of the navicular bone to determine whether any single characteristic was associated with abnormalities in the DIPJ or navicular apparatus (NA) using high field MRI and a sample of 200 horses’ feet. The DIPJ and NA were graded independently by three scorers. The grades were averaged, creating a global pathology score for the DIPJ, NA, and synovial invaginations. Higher global scores represented more severe pathology. The number of invaginations, depth of penetration, invagination shape, and cross‐sectional area (CSA) of the largest invagination were recorded. Interobserver agreement was measured using Cohen's Kappa. Associations of global scores of the DIPJ and NA with individual invagination characteristics were assessed using linear mixed modeling. A significant relationship was found between the number of invaginations and global DIPJ score, with higher invagination numbers associated with higher DIPJ scores. For invagination depth and CSA, a significant relationship was noted with global scores of both the DIPJ and NA. Reliable relationships between the shape of synovial invaginations and global scores of DIPJ and NA were not found, likely due to poor interobserver scoring (0.305). These findings suggest that primary DIPJ disease and NA pathology should be considered when noticing alterations to navicular synovial invaginations on MRI. This contrasts traditional views that synovial invagination abnormalities are indicative solely of NA pathology.}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={McParland, Thomas J. and Horne, Caitlyn R. and Robertson, James B. and Schnabel, Lauren V. and Nelson, Nathan C.}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{hepworth-warren_nelson_dembek_young_2022, title={Comparison of thoracic ultrasonography and thoracic radiography between healthy adult horses and horses with bacterial pneumonia using a novel, objective ultrasonographic scoring system}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2022.991634}, abstractNote={BackgroundThoracic ultrasonography (TUS) is widely used in equine practice but comparison to radiography is limited in horses.ObjectivesTo validate a novel, objective scoring system for TUS in adult horses and to compare ultrasonographic and radiographic findings.Animals13 healthy horses and 9 with confirmed bacterial pneumoniaMethodsProspective study in which TUS and radiography were performed on healthy horses and those with bacterial pneumonia confirmed by clinical signs and results of transtracheal wash analysis. Ultrasonography was scored utilizing a novel scoring system evaluating number of comet tail lesions, the presence or absence of pleural effusion and/or pulmonary consolidation in each intercostal space. Eighteen horses had thoracic radiographs taken that were scored by a board-certified radiologist utilizing a previously described system. Total scores were recorded and compared between control and diseased patients.Results/FindingsUltrasonographic scores were significantly higher in the diseased group (median= 126) than in the control group (median = 20, p = 0.01). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis identified a sensitivity of 66.7% (95% CI 0.417–1) and specificity of 92.3% (95% CI 0.462–1) for the ability of ultrasonography to identify bacterial pneumonia utilizing a TUS score cutoff of 37.Conclusions and clinical importanceTUS had moderate sensitivity and high specificity for identification of bacterial pneumonia in adult horses. TUS appears to be an acceptable stand-alone imaging modality for diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia in horses when radiography is not practical.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Hepworth-Warren, Kate L. L. and Nelson, Nathan and Dembek, Katarzyna A. A. and Young, Kimberly A. S.}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{tam_hecht_mai_nelson_chen_griffin_2022, title={Cranial and vertebral osteosarcoma commonly has T2 signal heterogeneity, contrast enhancement, and osteolysis on MRI: A case series of 35 dogs}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.13093}, abstractNote={AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used to evaluate the central nervous system (CNS) in dogs; however, published studies describing the MRI appearance of cranial and vertebral osteosarcoma are scarce. In this multicenter, retrospective, case series study, MRI studies of 35 dogs with cranial or vertebral osteosarcoma were prospectively scored by consensus of two veterinary radiologists. Recorded characteristics were location, signal intensity (compared to gray matter), homogeneity, contrast enhancement, margin delineation, local invasion, osteolysis, osteosclerosis, zone of transition, periosteal proliferation, pathological fracture, meningeal/CNS involvement, and presence of metastatic disease. Locations included the parietal bone (n = 1), occipital bone (n = 2), or cervical (n = 5), thoracic (n = 17), lumbar (n = 7), or sacral vertebrae (n = 3). Common features included signal heterogeneity in T2‐weighted (T2W) images (n = 35), contrast enhancement (in all 34 dogs with postcontrast MRI), osteolysis (n = 34), compression of the CNS or cauda equina (n = 33), an associated soft tissue mass (n = 33), a long zone of transition (n = 30), osteosclerosis (n = 28), signal isointensity to normal‐appearing gray matter in T1‐weighted images (T1W, n = 26), and T2W hyperintensity of adjacent brain or spinal cord (n = 23). Other findings included periosteal proliferation (n = 18), meningeal contrast enhancement (n = 17), T1W and T2W hypointense foci in the soft tissue mass (n = 14), invasion into adjacent bones (n = 10), pathological vertebral fractures (n = 7), regional lymphadenopathy (n = 6), skip metastases (n = 2), lung nodule (n = 1), diaphragmatic nodule (n = 1), and brain invasion (n = 1). Contrast enhancement was typically strong and heterogeneous. Magnetic resonance imaging features of cranial and vertebral osteosarcoma were analogous to those previously reported for other imaging modalities. Osteosarcoma should be a differential diagnosis for compressive, contrast‐enhancing, osteolytic lesions of the cranium or vertebrae.}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Tam, Candace and Hecht, Silke and Mai, Wilfried and Nelson, Nathan and Chen, Annie V and Griffin, John F.}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{handberg_gaudette_knutson_nelson_ozawa_2022, title={MRI findings associated with clinical presentation and histopathology in a Mexican redknee tarantula (Brachypelma hamorii)}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2052-6121"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/vrc2.517}, DOI={10.1002/vrc2.517}, abstractNote={AbstractA 15‐year‐old, 9 g, female Mexican redknee tarantula (Brachypelma hamorii) presented to the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine with a history of anorexia and weight loss. Physical examination revealed an inability to extend the left chelicera, which was suspected to prevent the tarantula from prehending live prey. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed enlargement and T2 hyperintensity of the left chelicera. The patient was provided with supplemental feedings and rehydration until it was found deceased more than 8 months after the initial presentation. A postmortem examination was performed, and histopathology showed an area of chronic inflammation at the level of the left chelicera. Magnetic resonance imaging can be used as an antemortem diagnostic tool to identify lesions in tarantulas.}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS}, author={Handberg, Elizabeth and Gaudette, Chris and Knutson, Kyra and Nelson, Nathan and Ozawa, Sarah}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{hecht_anderson_castel_griffin_hespel_nelson_sun_2021, title={Agreement of Magnetic Resonance Imaging With Computed Tomography in the Assessment for Acute Skull Fractures in a Canine and Feline Cadaver Model}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2021.603775}, abstractNote={Computed tomography (CT) is the imaging modality of choice to evaluate patients with acute head trauma. However, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be chosen in select cases. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the agreement of MRI with CT in the assessment for presence or absence of acute skull fractures in a canine and feline cadaver model, compare seven different MRI sequences (T1-W, T2-W, T2-FLAIR, PD-W, T2*-W, “SPACE” and “VIBE”), and determine agreement of four different MRI readers with CT data. Pre- and post-trauma CT and MRI studies were performed on 10 canine and 10 feline cadaver heads. Agreement of MRI with CT as to presence or absence of a fracture was determined for 26 individual osseous structures and four anatomic regions (cranium, face, skull base, temporomandibular joint). Overall, there was 93.5% agreement in assessing a fracture as present or absent between MRI and CT, with a significant difference between the pre and post trauma studies (99.4 vs. 87.6%;p< 0.0001; OR 0.042; 95% CI 0.034–0.052). There was no significant difference between dogs and cats. The agreement for the different MRI sequences with CT ranged from 92.6% (T2*-W) to 94.4% (PD-W). There was higher agreement of MRI with CT in the evaluation for fractures of the face than other anatomic regions. Agreement with CT for individual MRI readers ranged from 92.6 to 94.7%. A PD-W sequence should be added to the MR protocol when evaluating the small animal head trauma patient.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Hecht, Silke and Anderson, Kimberly M. and Castel, Aude and Griffin, John F. and Hespel, Adrien-Maxence and Nelson, Nathan and Sun, Xiaocun}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @article{huguet_vilaplana grosso_lamb_sleeper_mattoon_nelson_brown_deddens_heng_knapp_et al._2021, title={Interpretation of cardiac chamber size on canine thoracic radiographs is limited and may result in the false identification of right-sided cardiomegaly in the presence of severe left-sided cardiomegaly}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.13006}, abstractNote={AbstractQualitative assessment of individual cardiac chamber enlargement on thoracic radiographs was assessed using echocardiography as the gold standard in dogs. Using this method, the presence of severe left‐sided cardiomegaly was hypothesized to contribute to the false identification of right‐sided cardiomegaly on radiographs. 175 dogs with three‐view thoracic radiographs were retrospectively included in this diagnostic accuracy study if echocardiography was done within 24 h, and no rescue therapy was provided in the interim. All radiographic studies were reviewed by two groups of five board‐certified veterinary radiologists with greater and less than 10 years of experience for grading of cardiac chamber enlargement as normal or mildly, moderately, or severely enlarged. The agreement, sensitivity, and specificity of the radiologists’ interpretation of cardiac chamber size on thoracic radiographs to measured echocardiographic grades were evaluated. A total of 147 cases had complete echocardiographic data available for analysis. Intragroup agreement was moderate for the evaluation of left atrial enlargement and slight to fair for all other cardiac chambers. Between the mode of the radiologists’ responses in the two groups and the echocardiographic grades, there was slight agreement for all cardiac chambers with higher severity grades reported using echocardiography. When moderate to severe left‐sided cardiomegaly was identified on echocardiography, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of radiographs were low, identifying dogs with radiographic evidence of right‐sided cardiomegaly in the absence of corresponding right‐sided cardiomegaly on echocardiography. Therefore, thoracic radiographs should be used with caution for the evaluation of cardiac chamber enlargement, particularly in the presence of severe left‐sided cardiomegaly.}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Huguet, Elodie E. and Vilaplana Grosso, Federico and Lamb, Whitney R. and Sleeper, Margaret M. and Mattoon, John and Nelson, Nathan and Brown, James and Deddens, Bennett and Heng, Hock Gan and Knapp, Stephanie and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{dickson_scharf_nelson_petrovitch_keenihan_mathews_2020, title={Computed tomography in two recumbencies aides in the identification of pulmonary bullae in dogs with spontaneous pneumothorax}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.12905}, abstractNote={AbstractSpontaneous pneumothorax presents a unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in veterinary medicine, specifically with regard to accurate identification of bullous lesions. Positioning of dogs with spontaneous pneumothorax during CT has not previously been evaluated. This retrospective, diagnostic accuracy study was performed to evaluate the sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), and interobserver variability for detection of pulmonary bullae with dogs positioned in multiple recumbencies. Dogs underwent CT in sternal and dorsal recumbency followed by thoracic exploration via median sternotomy. Three American College of Veterinary Radiology‐certified veterinary radiologists blinded to surgical findings reviewed dorsal and sternal images simultaneously. Severity of pneumothorax, degree of atelectasis, lesion location and size, and view in which lesions were most confidently identified were compared to surgical and histologic findings. Sensitivities and PPVs for bulla detection ranged from 57.7% to 69.2% and 62.1% to 78.9%, respectively. For two of the 3 radiologists, the location of bullae in the thorax was significantly associated with the recumbency in which the lesion was best identified. Degree of atelectasis was found to be associated with the ability to identify lesions (P ≤ .02). The interobserver variability for identification was good (κ = 0.670). The sensitivity of CT when performed in both sternal and dorsal recumbency is similar to that previously reported. Because the distribution of bullae is unknown prior to advanced imaging and bulla location affects which recumbency is most useful for identification, acquisition of CT images in both sternal and dorsal recumbency may improve detection of bullous lesions and aid surgical planning.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Dickson, Rachel and Scharf, Valery F. and Nelson, Nathan C. and Petrovitch, Nicholas and Keenihan, Erin K. and Mathews, Kyle G.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={641–648} }
 @article{feeman_wendt_salas_nelson_lehman_2020, title={What Is Your Diagnosis?}, volume={256}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.256.7.767}, number={7}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Feeman, William E., III and Wendt, Jennifer A. and Salas, Elisa N. and Nelson, Nathan C. and Lehman, Kathleen M.}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={767–769} }
 @article{langlois_querubin_schall_nelson_smedley_2019, title={Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate treatment of copper-associated hepatopathy in dogs}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15474}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundCopper‐associated hepatopathy (CAH) is a common cause of liver disease in dogs. Although d‐penicillamine can be an effective treatment, some dogs fail treatment or develop adverse effects. Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (TTM) has been used to treat pathologic copper accumulation in other species, but its therapeutic potential for CAH is unknown.ObjectivesTo investigate short‐term safety and efficacy of TTM for treatment of CAH.AnimalsTen dogs with CAH.MethodsProspective study. All dogs were treated with TTM PO for 6 weeks, and hepatic biopsies were performed after the treatment course. Dog experiencing initial decreases in hepatic copper concentrations ([Cu]H) received 6 additional weeks of TTM treatment and underwent 1 additional biopsy. Physical and laboratory examinations were performed every 2 weeks for study duration.ResultsEight of 10 dogs had decreases in [Cu]H. Compared to baseline (median, 1606 μg/g; range, 572‐5158 μg/g), [Cu]H were decreased at 6 weeks (1033 μg/g, 450‐2975 μg/g; P = .04) and 12 weeks (931 μg/g, 218‐1677 μg/g; P = .02). Hepatic molybdenum concentrations increased >50‐fold (P < 0.001). Changes in histologic scores and hematologic and biochemical test results were variable and not significantly different from baseline. One dog developed presumed immune‐mediated anemia and thrombocytopenia, but it was unclear if this was related to TTM administration.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceResults suggest that TTM can effectively decrease [Cu]H in some dogs with CAH. Larger studies are needed to determine the overall safety and efficacy of TTM for treating CAH and how it compares with current treatments.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Langlois, Daniel K. and Querubin, Janice R. and Schall, William D. and Nelson, Nathan C. and Smedley, Rebecca C.}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={1336–1343} }
 @article{wylie_langlois_carey_nelson_williams_2019, title={Constrictive Bronchiolitis Obliterans in a Dog}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1547-3317"]}, DOI={10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6821}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTA 2 yr old, neutered male rottweiler was evaluated for a chronic cough that had acutely worsened. Computed tomographic examination revealed a diffuse alveolar pattern in the right, middle, and left cranial lung lobes. Aerated parenchymal tissue was not observed in the left cranial lung lobe, and both lobes were markedly decreased in volume. Lobectomy of the right middle and left cranial lung lobes was performed. Histopathologic examination of both lungs identified alveolar collapse associated with marked chronic bronchial and bronchiolar luminal concentric fibrosis leading to reduced airway lumen diameter and bronchiolar destruction. The clinical signs and airway pathology were consistent with constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans. The dog remained stable for over 2 yr with glucocorticoid therapy and intermittent antimicrobics. Although the polypoid form of bronchiolitis obliterans has been described in cattle and occasionally in dogs, constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans has not been reported previously in veterinary species.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Wylie, Stacey Lynn and Langlois, Daniel and Carey, Stephan and Nelson, Nathan C. and Williams, Kurt J.}, year={2019} }
 @article{kawalilak_pease_nelson_2019, title={Evaluation of ultrasonographically determined ratios of kidney length to aorta diameter for assessment of kidney size in healthy young dogs}, volume={80}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.80.8.764}, abstractNote={Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether previously described cutoffs for ultrasonographically determined kidney length-to-aorta diameter ratio (KL:Ao) for evaluation of kidney size in adult dogs are applicable to healthy dogs 1 to 18 months of age and to assess interobserver and intraobserver variability for ultrasonographic kidney and aorta measurements in these dogs grouped according to age.


ANIMALS
82 dogs.


PROCEDURES
41 university-owned dogs and 41 client- or staff-owned dogs of 3 age groups (approx 1, 6, and 12 to 18 months of age) underwent ultrasonographic examination by 3 observers. Kidney length, kidney width, and diameter of the aorta were measured by each observer 3 times, and KL:Ao and kidney length-to-body weight ratio were calculated for each dog. Measurements and calculated ratios for the 3 age groups were compared by statistical methods; interobserver and intraobserver variability were calculated.


RESULTS
Mean kidney length, kidney width, and aorta diameter were smaller, and calculated KL:Ao and kidney length-to-body weight ratio were larger, for dogs of the 1-month age group than for dogs of the 6-month and 12 to 18–month age groups. There were significant interobserver differences for ultrasonographic measurements in all age groups; these were most frequent in the youngest group of dogs and affected KL:Ao for that group only.


CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results revealed that 1-month-old dogs have larger kidneys relative to body weight and aorta diameter than do older dogs. Interobserver variability for the youngest group of dogs indicated limited usefulness of these measurements and related ratios for neonatal dogs in clinical practice. The KL:Ao values for dogs ≥ 6 months of age in this study were similar to values previously described for dogs > 12 months of age.
}, number={8}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Kawalilak, Lukas T. and Pease, Anthony P. and Nelson, Nathan C.}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={764–770} }
 @article{jones_stanley_nelson_2020, title={The impact of tongue dimension on air volume in brachycephalic dogs}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.13302}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveTo compare the dimensions and density of the tongue in brachycephalic and mesaticephalic dog breeds and to document the relative extents of the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal airways occupied by the tongue and palatal tissues.Study designCase control study.AnimalsSixteen brachycephalic dogs and 12 mesaticephalic dogs.MethodsThe volume of the tongue was measured with computed tomography in all dogs. Cross‐sectional areas of tongue, oropharynx, nasopharynx, and palatal soft tissue were evaluated at two levels, the caudal aspect of the hard palate and the level of the hamulae of the pterygoid. Density of the tongue and soft palate were measured. All variables were compared between brachycephalic and mesaticephalic dogs (P≤ .05).ResultsAbsolute tongue volumes did not differ between groups, the volume of the tongue was greater in brachycephalic dogs than in mesaticephalic dogs when expressed relative to (a) body weight (median 5650, interquartile range [IQR] 4833‐6522 vs median 4454, IQR 4309‐4743, respectively), (b) ratio between skull length/width (70 833, IQR 62490‐126 209 vs 48 064, IQR 22984‐64 279, respectively), and (c) skull length (689.93, IQR 618.55‐970.61 vs 460.04, IQR 288.77‐561.69, respectively). The proportion of air (oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal)/soft tissue (tongue and palatal tissue) in brachycephalic dogs was decreased by approximately 60%, and the tongue was approximately 10 times denser in brachycephalic dogs than in mesaticephalic dogs.ConclusionA relative macroglossia was detected in brachycephalic dogs along with reduced air volume in the upper airway. Tongues of brachycephalic dogs were denser than those of mesaticephalic dogs.Clinical significanceThe relative macroglossia in brachycephalic breeds may contribute to upper airway obstruction.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Jones, Brittani A. and Stanley, Bryden J. and Nelson, Nathan C.}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={512–520} }
 @article{reinero_jutkowitz_nelson_masseau_jennings_williams_2019, title={Clinical features of canine pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15351}, abstractNote={BackgroundHistologic features of pulmonary veno‐occlusive disease (PVOD) and pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH) have been described in dogs but without a thorough clinical description.ObjectivesTo report the clinical features, diagnostics, treatment, and outcome of dogs with histologic evidence of PVOD and PCH.AnimalsFifteen pet dogs meeting histopathologic criteria of PVOD (occlusive remodeling of small‐sized to medium‐sized pulmonary veins) or PCH (alveolar capillary proliferation and congestion), or both.MethodsMedical records of dogs with PVOD and PCH identified based on histopathologic features between 2003 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsFifteen dogs met inclusion criteria of a histologic diagnosis of PVOD or PCH or both. Dogs were older (median 11 years) with no apparent breed or sex predisposition. Dogs presented with acute clinical signs (median 3 days), usually respiratory distress. Thoracic radiography (available in 10 dogs) revealed right cardiomegaly and patchy or diffuse interstitial to alveolar patterns, with 9 dogs having a normal left cardiac silhouette. In 5 dogs tested, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) was documented. In all 3 dogs, thoracic computed tomography scans showed pulmonary arterial enlargement and perivascular diffuse nodular ground‐glass opacities. Ten of 15 dogs died within 1 day; median survival was 3 days.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceIn dogs with PAH, the inability to document left‐sided congestive heart failure and failure to identify another cause of signs of respiratory disease should increase suspicion for PVOD and PCH. With increased awareness of PVOD and PCH by clinicians and pathologists, dogs with compatible clinicopathologic features should be evaluated for these pulmonary vascular disorders.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Reinero, Carol R. and Jutkowitz, L. Ari and Nelson, Nathan and Masseau, Isabelle and Jennings, Samuel and Williams, Kurt}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={114–123} }
 @article{smith_koenigshof_smith_strom_nelson_2018, title={Influence of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia on flow velocities in the portal vein and caudal vena cava measured by use of pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonography in dogs}, volume={79}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.79.5.518}, abstractNote={Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare blood flow velocities of the portal vein (PV) and caudal vena cava (CVC) measured by use of pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonography in clinically normal dogs and dogs with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA).
ANIMALS 11 client-owned dogs admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital for management of primary IMHA and 21 staff- or student-owned clinically normal dogs.
PROCEDURES Flow velocities in the PV and CVC at the porta hepatis were evaluated in conscious unsedated dogs with concurrent ECG monitoring; evaluations were performed before dogs with IMHA received heparin or blood transfusions. Three measurements of peak velocity at end expiration were obtained for each vessel, and the mean was calculated. Results were compared between IMHA and control groups.
RESULTS Mean ± SD blood flow velocity in the CVC differed between control (63.0 ± 18.6 cm/s) and IMHA (104 ± 36.9 cm/s) groups. Variance in dogs with IMHA was significantly greater than that for the clinically normal dogs. No significant difference in blood flow velocity in the PV was detected between IMHA and control dogs.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Higher blood flow velocities were detected by use of pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonography in the CVC of dogs with naturally occurring IMHA and may be used to predict anemia in patients suspected of having IMHA.}, number={5}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Smith, R. P. and Koenigshof, A. M. and Smith, D. J. and Strom, P. R. and Nelson, N. C.}, year={2018}, pages={518–524} }
 @article{oberstadt_nelson_claude_refsal_scott-moncrieff_petroff_langlois_2018, title={Radioactive iodine uptake in hyperthyroid cats after administration of recombinant human thyroid stimulating hormone}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15295}, abstractNote={BackgroundRadioactive iodine therapy is considered the treatment of choice for hyperthyroidism in cats, but the availability of this modality is limited by costs and hospitalization requirements. Administration of recombinant human thyroid stimulating hormone (rh‐TSH) to humans with thyroid neoplasia or nodular goiter can increase thyroidal iodine uptake, thereby allowing the use of lower radioactive iodine doses for treatment. Veterinary studies of this subject are limited, and results are conflicting.ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of rh‐TSH administration on thyroidal iodine uptake in hyperthyroid cats.AnimalsTen client‐owned hyperthyroid cats.MethodsIn this prospective clinical study, cats were administered saline (placebo), 50 μg rh‐TSH (low‐dose), and 100 μg rh‐TSH (high‐dose) in randomized crossover design with treatments separated by 7‐10 days. After each treatment, thyroid scintigraphy was performed by administering 300 μCi 123I and assessing radionuclide uptake 8 and 24 hours later. Serum thyroid hormone concentrations were measured at each visit.ResultsThyroidal percent iodine uptakes (mean ± SD at 8 and 24 hours) in cats treated with placebo (25.2 ± 13.4%, 30.0 ± 12.8%), low‐dose (24.1 ± 12.5%, 29.4 ± 13.7%), and high‐dose rh‐TSH (24.2 ± 16.3%, 30.8 ± 15.3%) were not different (P = .76). Independent of rh‐TSH administration, percent iodine uptakes were positively correlated with serum thyroid hormone concentrations.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceOne‐time administration of rh‐TSH, even at high doses, would not be expected to lower radioactive iodine doses needed for treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats. Investigations of alternate strategies to increase thyroidal uptake of radioactive iodine are warranted.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Oberstadt, Amy E. and Nelson, Nathan C. and Claude, Andrew K. and Refsal, Kent R. and Scott-Moncrieff, J. Catharine and Petroff, Brian K. and Langlois, Daniel K.}, year={2018}, pages={1891–1896} }