@article{overcash_li_griffing_rice_2007, title={A life cycle inventory of carbon dioxide as a solvent and additive for industry and in products}, volume={82}, ISSN={["0268-2575"]}, DOI={10.1002/jctb.1747}, abstractNote={AbstractLife cycle inventories of four industrial carbon dioxide production processes are reported. The inventory data were calculated using design‐based methodology. Energy consumptions and critical emissions of the four processes are compared. Quasi‐microscopic allocation was applied to processes with multiple products. The inventory data of this study are transparent and can be used in other life cycle studies. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Overcash, Michael and Li, Yong and Griffing, Evan and Rice, Gareth}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={1023–1038} }
 @misc{griffing_overcash_westerman_2007, title={A review of gaseous ammonia emissions from slurry pits in pig production systems}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1537-5110"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2007.02.012}, abstractNote={Twenty-six experimental studies of ammonia emissions from pig buildings that utilise some form of pit/slurry system have been analysed and compared. Using standard values for pig weight and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) content in the waste when these quantities were unspecified, experimental ammonia emissions were compared on a per cent loss (of excreted TKN) basis. Correction factors were determined for measurements made during specific parts of the year, with corresponding differences in temperature, or time of day, and adjustments were made to put emission data on an annual average basis, when applicable. When corrected in this way, measurements made in the United States and in Europe were 22% and 21%, respectively. The standard deviation and standard error of the mean were 9% and 1.8%, respectively. The 95% confidence interval of the mean was 17.6–24.9%. The proposed emission factor data are reasonably consistent and emission factors higher or lower must be critically compared to the existing experimental base.}, number={3}, journal={BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING}, author={Griffing, E. M. and Overcash, M. and Westerman, P.}, year={2007}, month={Jul}, pages={295–312} }
 @misc{barker_overcash_2007, title={Swine waste characterization: A review}, volume={50}, number={2}, journal={Transactions of the ASABE}, author={Barker, J. C. and Overcash, M. R.}, year={2007}, pages={651–657} }
 @article{li_griffing_higgins_overcash_2006, title={Life cycle assessment of soybean oil production}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0145-8876"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1745-4530.2006.00069.x}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT A life cycle assessment (LCA) case study was conducted on the processing of soybeans to soybean oil. Three stages of soybean oil processing are studied in detail: preprocessing, extraction and separation, and postprocessing. For extraction, hexane (current industrial process) and supercritical CO2 (research and development [R & D
          ] laboratory‐scale process) methods are compared in detail. The initial life cycle comparison found that the laboratory‐scale CO2 system was not as good in life cycle impacts as the hexane system. However, reasonable engineering improvements typical of scale‐up practices would make the CO2 technology better than hexane and eliminate the hexane emissions. Utilization of membrane techniques to separate the small molecular CO2 from the soybean oil hydrocarbon appears to be a much better R & D direction for development. This article illustrates the ability to use life cycle as an aid to R & D to select more advantageous directions for process improvement. }, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING}, author={Li, Yong and Griffing, Evan and Higgins, Matthew and Overcash, Michael}, year={2006}, month={Aug}, pages={429–445} }
 @article{overcash_sims_sims_nieman_2005, title={Beneficial reuse and sustainability: The fate of organic compounds in land-applied waste}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1537-2537"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2005.0029}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTLand application systems, also referred to as beneficial reuse systems, are engineered systems that have defined and permitted application areas based on site and waste characteristics to determine the land area size requirement. These terrestrial systems have orders of magnitude greater microbial capability and residence time to achieve decomposition and assimilation compared with aquatic systems. In this paper we focus on current information and information needs related to terrestrial fate pathways in land treatment systems. Attention is given to conventional organic chemicals as well as new estrogenic and pharmaceutical chemicals of commerce. Specific terrestrial fate pathways addressed include: decomposition, bound residue formation, leaching, runoff, and crop uptake. Molecular decomposition and formation of bound residues provide the basis for the design and regulation of land treatment systems. These mechanisms allow for assimilation of wastes and nondegradation of the environment and accomplish the goal of sustainable land use. Bound residues that are biologically produced are relatively immobile, degrade at rates similar to natural soil materials, and should present a significantly reduced risk to the environment as opposed to parent contaminants. With regard to leaching and runoff pathways, no comprehensive summary or mathematical model of organic chemical migration from land treatment systems has been developed. For the crop uptake pathway, a critical need exists to develop information for nonagricultural chemicals and to address full‐scale performance and monitoring at more land application sites. The limited technology choices for treatment of biosolids, liquids, and other wastes implies that acceptance of some risks and occurrence of some benefits will continue to characterize land application practices that contribute directly to the goal of beneficial reuse and sustainability.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Overcash, M and Sims, RC and Sims, JL and Nieman, JKC}, year={2005}, pages={29–41} }
 @article{hochschorner_hagvall_finnveden_griffing_overcash_2006, title={Environmental life cycle assessment of a pre-fragmented high explosive grenade}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0268-2575"]}, DOI={10.1002/jctb.1446}, abstractNote={AbstractOrganisations today face increasing environmental constraints, e.g. in the form of legal and customer requirements; the defence sector is no exception. There is a need to evaluate and limit environmental effects of defence activities and materiel. In this study we used quantitative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and a method for simplified LCA (the Material, Energy, Chemicals and Others (MECO) method) to assess the environmental impacts of a grenade. The aims of the study are to identify aspects in the grenade's life‐cycle that have the largest environmental impact, suggest improvement possibilities, make a comparison between different approaches for waste management of munitions, and to perform a demonstrative case for the application of LCA to munitions. Significant environmental aspects of the grenade's life‐cycle include use of metals, use of fossil fuels, and detonation outdoors. The study shows that an LCA can be used to analyse environmental impacts from munitions. The simplified LCA gave information that is complementary to the quantitative LCA. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Hochschorner, E and Hagvall, J and Finnveden, G and Griffing, E and Overcash, M}, year={2006}, month={Mar}, pages={461–475} }
 @article{bras_isaacs_overcash_2006, title={Environmentally benign manufacturing - A workshop report}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0959-6526"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jclepro.2005.03.019}, abstractNote={In this paper, the organization, results, and lessons learned from a workshop on Environmentally Benign Manufacturing (EBM) are presented. A multidisciplinary group representing industry, academia, and government discussed issues related to design, supply chain issues, process technologies, decision-making and education in a one and a half day workshop. Plenary speakers from the US, Europe and Japan gave overviews of the higher level linkages and complexities in the area of environmentally benign manufacturing. Some of the overarching findings included the need for better assessment methods and tools, better knowledge about the true cost of resources, continuous effort in developing new process technologies. Increased active understanding of not only multidisciplinary, but also international research efforts was deemed as a fundamental necessity in the area of EBM.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION}, author={Bras, B and Isaacs, JA and Overcash, M}, year={2006}, pages={527–535} }
 @book{griffing_overcash_kim_2004, title={Environmental analysis of swine waste management technologies using the life-cycle method}, number={350}, journal={Report (Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina)}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina}, author={Griffing, E. M. and Overcash, M. R. and Kim, S.}, year={2004} }
 @article{kim_overcash_2003, title={Energy in chemical manufacturing processes: gate-to-gate information for life cycle assessment}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0268-2575"]}, DOI={10.1002/jctb.821}, abstractNote={AbstractGate‐to‐gate process energy for 86 chemical manufacturing processes is presented. The estimation of the process energy follows design‐based methodology. Results show that the gate‐to‐gate process energy for half of organic chemicals ranges from 0 to 4 MJ per kg, and for half of inorganic chemicals ranges from −1 to 3 MJ per kg. The main energy source in both organic and inorganic processes is steam energy followed by potential recovered energy. In organic chemicals, the fractions of heating oil and electricity use are relatively low, but these fractions are higher in the inorganic chemicals than in the organic chemicals. Furthermore, about 50% of the energy consumed in chemical processes is used for purifying the product, byproduct or recycled stream, which indicates that there are large opportunities for improving the process energy in chemical processes. The information presented in this study is very important for those in the life cycle assessment community in order for them to identify inaccurate information or information not based on actual process design. However, the range for the entire range of chemicals is very substantial and thus reflects the need of the life cycle inventory to separately evaluate the chemistry and degree of purity for chemical products. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Kim, S and Overcash, M}, year={2003}, month={Sep}, pages={995–1005} }
 @misc{overcash_2002, title={The evolution of US pollution prevention, 1976-2001: a unique chemical engineering contribution to the environment - a review}, volume={77}, ISSN={["0268-2575"]}, DOI={10.1002/jctb.701}, abstractNote={AbstractThe importance of pollution prevention or cleaner production has been substantial in changing the environmental approach within advanced industrialized countries. Since the critical factors for pollution prevention success relate to fundamental understanding of diverse industrial processes, chemical engineering has had a major and unique role in this environmental field. Expanding this new and evolutionary topic into the undergraduate curriculum of chemical engineering has also been vital to improving the sustainability of cleaner production. This article describes the fundamental concepts that led to active pollution prevention progress and then the historical progress toward this new paradigm.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Overcash, M}, year={2002}, month={Nov}, pages={1197–1205} }
 @article{jimenez-gonzalez_curzons_constable_overcash_cunningham_2001, title={How do you select the `greenest? technology? Development of guidance for the pharmaceutical industry}, volume={3}, DOI={10.1007/pl00011310}, number={2001}, journal={Clean Products and Processes}, author={Jimenez-Gonzalez, C. and Curzons, A. and Constable, D. and Overcash, M. and Cunningham, V.}, year={2001}, pages={35–41} }
 @article{kim_hwang_overcash_2001, title={Life cycle assessment study of color computer monitor}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1614-7502"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF02977594}, number={1}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT}, author={Kim, S and Hwang, T and Overcash, M}, year={2001}, pages={35–43} }
 @article{jimenez-gonzalez_overcash_curzons_2001, title={Waste treatment modules - a partial life cycle inventory}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0268-2575"]}, DOI={10.1002/jctb.426}, abstractNote={AbstractIn the cases in which the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data available in the literature only include pretreatment information, there is a need to use a model for waste treatment to estimate the post‐treatment data. In other cases, it is desirable to back calculate pretreatment information from final environmental emissions. This paper presents treatment modules for Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), Solvent Incinerator, and Solvent Recovery. The modules were developed based on design equations and average literature data. The methodology and basis for the models are presented and results are shown for the three modules. The modules developed present an easy and scientifically‐based method to obtain post‐treatment LCI data. The modules are expected to be particularly useful in the instances when process design techniques are employed for the estimation of LCI data, especially in chemical, biochemical and pharmaceutical industries.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Jimenez-Gonzalez, C and Overcash, MR and Curzons, A}, year={2001}, month={Jul}, pages={707–716} }
 @article{jimenez-gonzalez_overcash_2000, title={Energy optimization during early drug development and the relationship with environmental burdens}, volume={75}, ISSN={["0268-2575"]}, DOI={10.1002/1097-4660(200011)75:11<983::AID-JCTB307>3.0.CO;2-E}, abstractNote={Process development in the pharmaceutical industry is oriented to several key objectives, like yield or purity; and energy usage is normally given only a secondary consideration. On the other hand, there is a growing interest to give a greater weight to environmental factors as an integral part of the decision-making process at the Research and Development (R&D) stages of design for drug manufacturing. Therefore, there is a need to assess the energy usage throughout the development stage, to be able to quantify the changes in the development phases and evaluate the total environmental benefits due to energy optimization. In the present work, energy life cycle information is developed to provide environmental input into process selection and development within the pharmaceutical industry. The evaluation and comparison of energy requirements and energy-related emissions at various stages of the development process for a pharmaceutical product was conducted. It was found that the main optimization in energy usage for this specific system takes place during the pilot scale stage in the process developments (about 70% energy reduction). The reductions in energy usage are translated in even higher reduction of total energy-related emissions (for the full-scale processes, around 80%). It could be clearly seen that energy optimization in the early stages of process design translates into a lower level of emissions related to the use of energy.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Jimenez-Gonzalez, C and Overcash, MR}, year={2000}, month={Nov}, pages={983–990} }
 @article{jimenez-gonzalez_overcash_2000, title={Energy sub-modules applied in life cycle inventory of processes}, volume={2}, DOI={10.1007/s100980050051}, number={2000}, journal={Clean Products and Processes}, author={Jimenez-Gonzalez, C. and Overcash, M.}, year={2000}, pages={57–66} }
 @article{jimenez-gonzalez_overcash_2000, title={Life cycle inventory of refinery products: Review and comparison of commercially available databases}, volume={34}, ISSN={["0013-936X"]}, DOI={10.1021/es991140f}, abstractNote={Refinery products serve as the source for a significant portion of energy use and industrial chemicals. Assessing the variability and reliability of the life cycle inventory (LCI) data for the refinery process is an important issue for the acceptance of life cycle studies. The purpose of this research is to review and compare the LCI results for refinery products among several available databases, evaluating the level of variability and technical consistency among data sets. Another objective is to highlight the need for greater transparency and standardization in LCI databases. We found important links between the type or media of emissions and the unit processes found in typical refineries. The variability of estimated emissions to the atmosphere is approximately 50−150%, while variability in aqueous discharges is higher, approaching 1000%. Variability for solid emissions is on the order of 30%. This variability is believed to be related to the preparation and summary use of individual practitioner data...}, number={22}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Jimenez-Gonzalez, C and Overcash, M}, year={2000}, month={Nov}, pages={4789–4796} }
 @book{miner_humenik_overcash_2000, title={Managing livestock wastes to preserve environmental quality}, ISBN={0813826357}, publisher={Ames: Iowa State University Press}, author={Miner, J. R. and Humenik, F. J. and Overcash, M. R.}, year={2000} }
 @article{jimenez-gonzalez_kim_overcash_2000, title={Methodology of developing gate-to-gate life cycle analysis information}, volume={5}, DOI={10.1007/bf02978615}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment}, author={Jimenez-Gonzalez, C. and Kim, S. and Overcash, M.}, year={2000}, pages={153–159} }
 @article{logan_henry_schnoor_overcash_mcavoy_1999, title={An assessment of health and environmental risks of trace elements and toxic organics in land-applied municipal solid waste compost}, volume={7}, number={3}, journal={Compost Science & Utilization}, author={Logan, T. J. and Henry, C. L. and Schnoor, J. L. and Overcash, M. and McAvoy, D. C.}, year={1999}, pages={38–53} }
 @article{overcash_1997, title={Environmental management for the future}, volume={355}, ISSN={["1364-503X"]}, DOI={10.1098/rsta.1997.0057}, abstractNote={The field of cleaner technology continues to represent the major new direction for environmental management. Defining cleaner technology or pollution prevention is difficult because the context for use is very diverse. However, a typical definition is ‘All efforts closely related to or influencing manufacturing, that also reduce chemical loss or waste generation.’ Other definitions are described in this paper, as well as a history of pollution prevention in the United States. Economics remain a major driving force for the development and use of pollution prevention alternatives in industries providing goods and services. The tools for achieving cleaner technology are discussed to better understand the challenges to industry in implementing cleaner technology concepts.}, number={1728}, journal={PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES}, author={Overcash, M}, year={1997}, month={Jul}, pages={1299–1307} }
 @article{overcash_versteeg_koerwer_li_li_1994, title={Plant growth response to Olestra as related to beneficial use of municipal sludge}, volume={26}, number={3}, journal={Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology}, author={Overcash, M. R. and Versteeg, D. J. and Koerwer, J. and Li, Y. and Li, P.}, year={1994}, pages={408} }
 @article{perka_grant_overcash_1993, title={WASTE MINIMIZATION IN BATCH VESSEL CLEANING}, volume={119}, ISSN={["0098-6445"]}, DOI={10.1080/00986449308936114}, abstractNote={Although the cleaning of processing vessels has always been a significant source of waste, only recently have fundamental studies been undertaken to understand the cleaning process. The study described here began with a review of the literature on industrial cleaning practices. The literature was found to be mainly empirical. In order to provide a practical direction for research into the cleaning process, observations were made of a commercial batch processing facility. Based on these observations, short-term process improvements are suggested, and a new area for fundamental research is identified. @KEYWORDS Waste minimization Reflux cleaning Reactor Batch vessel.}, journal={CHEMICAL ENGINEERING COMMUNICATIONS}, author={PERKA, AT and GRANT, CS and OVERCASH, MR}, year={1993}, pages={167–177} }
 @book{michael r. overcash_duke translations services_1981, title={Decomposition of toxic and nontoxic organic compounds in soils}, publisher={Ann Arbor, Mich: Ann Arbor Science Publishers}, author={Michael R. Overcash and Duke Translations Services}, year={1981} }
 @book{environmental impact of nonpoint source pollution_1980, publisher={Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Science}, year={1980} }
 @inproceedings{axtell_rutz_overcash_humenik_1975, title={Mosquito production and control in animal waste lagoons}, booktitle={Managing Livestock Wastes: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Livestock Wastes, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (ASAE Pub. PROC-275)}, publisher={St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural Engineers}, author={Axtell, R. C. and Rutz, D. A. and Overcash, M. R. and Humenik, F. J.}, year={1975}, pages={15–1821} }