@article{kleist_lancia_doerr_2007, title={Using video surveillance to estimate wildlife use of a highway underpass}, volume={71}, ISSN={["1937-2817"]}, DOI={10.2193/2007-070}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT  Roads pose many threats to wildlife including wildlife‐vehicle collisions, which are a danger to humans as well as wildlife. Bridges built with provisions for wildlife can function as important corridors for wildlife passage. We used video surveillance to record wildlife passage under a bridge near Durham, North Carolina, USA, to determine whether it functioned as a wildlife underpass. This is particularly important for white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) because forests associated with the bridge created a corridor between 2 natural areas. We calculated detection probabilities and estimated the number of crossings as observed crossings divided by detection probability. We observed 126 crossings by >10 species of mammals. Detection probability was 42%; therefore, an estimated 299 wildlife crossings occurred. We observed 75 deer: 17 deer approached the underpass and retreated. We estimated sighting 40% of deer crossings and 92% of deer approaches. Thus, an estimated 185 deer crossings and 18 approaches occurred. As an index of road mortality, we conducted weekly surveys of vehicle‐killed animals on a 1.8‐km section containing the underpass. We discovered only 5 incidences of animals killed by vehicles. The size and design of the bridge promoted wildlife use of the underpass, providing landscape connectivity between habitats on opposite sides of the highway and likely increasing motorist safety. Thus, bridges in the appropriate landscape context and with a design conducive to wildlife use, can function as a corridor to reduce the effects of fragmentation.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={Kleist, Andrea M. and Lancia, Richard A. and Doerr, Phillip D.}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={2792–2800} }
 @article{case_lewbart_doerr_2005, title={The physiological and behavioural impacts of and preference for an enriched environment in the eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina)}, volume={92}, ISSN={["1872-9045"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.applanim.2004.11.011}, abstractNote={The physiological and behavioural impact of, as well as preference for, enriched versus barren environments was determined for captive eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina). Thirty-eight box turtles were randomized to either barren (flat newspaper substrate) or enriched (cypress mulch substrate, shredded paper and a hide box) enclosures for a 1-month period. Complete blood counts, fecal corticosterone, and body weights were measured at the beginning and end of the test period. Activities performed within the two environments were also compared. Turtles in enriched enclosures had a significantly lower heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (H/L) at the end of the treatment period (p = 0.01). Enriched-housed turtles also spent significantly less time engaged in escape behaviour (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in fecal corticosterone or body weight change between the two treatment groups. At the beginning of the study, each turtle was placed in a preference test system in which it could move freely between a barren and enriched environment. Relative-dwelling time (RDT) was determined for each environment. Turtles showed a distinct preference for the enriched environment (90.9% median RDT, p < 0.01). After the 1-month housing experiment turtles were revaluated for preference to determine if previous housing experience affected choice. Turtles continued to prefer an enriched environment regardless of prior housing conditions (97.6% median RDT, p < 0.01). Results of this study demonstrate that the captive housing environment impacts the physiology and behaviour of box turtles, and suggest housing modifications that encourage typical species-specific behaviour should be provided.}, number={4}, journal={APPLIED ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR SCIENCE}, author={Case, BC and Lewbart, GA and Doerr, PD}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={353–365} }
 @article{walters_daniels_carter_doerr_2002, title={Defining quality of red-cockaded woodpecker foraging habitat based on habitat use and fitness}, volume={66}, ISSN={["0022-541X"]}, DOI={10.2307/3802938}, abstractNote={Accurate understanding of habitat quality is a critical component of wildlife management. We developed a definition of high-quality foraging habitat for the red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis), a federally endangered, cooperatively breeding bird species, from analyses of resource selection and habitat use, relationships between fitness measures and habitat features, and an extensive literature review. In the North Carolina Sandhills, use of foraging habitat at the level of individual trees, habitat patches, and forest stands was strongly and positively related to age and size of pines (Pinus spp.). Use of habitat patches and forest stands was greatest at intermediate densities of medium-sized and large pines and was negatively associated with hardwood and pine midstory. Size of red-cockaded woodpecker groups, an important fitness measure for this species, was positively related to density of old-growth pines within the home range and negatively related to density of medium-sized pines and height of hardwood midstory. Similar results were reported by 2 other studies. High-quality foraging habitat for red-cockaded woodpeckers, therefore, contains sparse or no midstory, intermediate densities of medium-sized and large pines, and old-growth pines in at least low densities. Although we documented a relationship between group size and the amount of habitat meeting our definition of high quality, we were unable to identify the optimum amount of high-quality habitat to provide per group because most study groups had relatively little high-quality foraging habitat. Both fitness and habitat selection in our study population may be constrained by quality and quantity of foraging habitat. James et al. (2001) recommended, and we strongly agree, that foraging habitat be managed for abundant herbaceous ground cover, low densities of small and medium-sized pines, and moderate densities of large pines. We also stress the importance of old-growth pines in foraging habitat. Because the structure of high-quality foraging habitat is similar to that of high-quality nesting habitat, we recommend that management of these 2 be increasingly integrated.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={Walters, JR and Daniels, SJ and Carter, JH and Doerr, PD}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={1064–1082} }
 @article{davenport_lancia_walters_doerr_2000, title={Red-cockaded woodpeckers: a relationship between reproductive fitness and habitat in the North Carolina Sandhills}, volume={28}, number={2}, journal={Wildlife Society Bulletin}, author={Davenport, D. E. and Lancia, R. A. and Walters, J. R. and Doerr, P. D.}, year={2000}, pages={426–434} }
 @article{cobb_doerr_1997, title={Eastern wild turkey reproduction in an area subjected to flooding}, volume={61}, ISSN={["0022-541X"]}, DOI={10.2307/3802586}, abstractNote={We used cohort analyses and population cohort matrices to model a wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) population under perturbed (i.e., man-induced flooding on 3-yr intervals) and unperturbed (i.e., non-flood) conditions. The net reproductive rate (R o ) of a cohort in which reproduction in the hatching-year (HY) age class was perturbed by flooding dropped to 0.460 from R o = 1.383 for unperturbed cohorts. The R o of cohorts in which only after-hatching-year (AHY) age classes were exposed to flooding was >1.0. Cohort analyses demonstrated the importance to the population of nesting by HY hens and the significant effects on cohort reproductive potential of exposing the HY age class to flooding. Evaluation of population cohort matrices also suggested that flooding on a 3-year interval precludes sufficient reproduction to maintain this wild turkey population.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={Cobb, DT and Doerr, PD}, year={1997}, month={Apr}, pages={313–317} }