@article{eaton_breininger_nichols_fackler_mcgee_smurl_demeyer_baker_zondervan_2021, title={Integrated hierarchical models to inform management of transitional habitat and the recovery of a habitat specialist}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2150-8925"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85099856834&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/ecs2.3306}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={ECOSPHERE}, author={Eaton, Mitchell J. and Breininger, David R. and Nichols, James D. and Fackler, Paul L. and McGee, Samantha and Smurl, Michelle and DeMeyer, David and Baker, Jonny and Zondervan, Maria B.}, year={2021}, month={Jan} }
 @article{katherine m. o'donnell_fackler_johnson_bonneau_martin_walls_2020, title={Category count models for adaptive management of metapopulations: Case study of an imperiled salamander}, volume={2}, ISSN={["2578-4854"]}, DOI={10.1111/csp2.180}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE}, author={Katherine M. O'Donnell and Fackler, Paul L. and Johnson, Fred A. and Bonneau, Mathieu N. and Martin, Julien and Walls, Susan C.}, year={2020}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{fackler_2020, title={Gambling with extinction: comments on Chauvenet et al. (2010)}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1939-5582"]}, DOI={10.1002/eap.1872}, abstractNote={The question of how a fixed budget to address a conservation problem should be allocated among alternative activities was addressed in Chauvenet, Baxter, McDonald-Madden & Possingham (2010) (henceforth CBMP). The specific context for their inquiry was the allocation of a budget for conservation of an endangered species that currently is present on a set of isolated patches. The patches differ in terms of their habitat quality and the effectiveness of management actions to prevent local extinction. A case study focused on the Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) which is threatened by loss of habitat, poaching, prey depletion and conflict with livestock owners. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, number={1}, journal={ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS}, author={Fackler, Paul L.}, year={2020}, month={Jan} }
 @article{fackler_2019, title={Algorithm 993: Efficient Computation with Kronecker Products}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1557-7295"]}, DOI={10.1145/3291041}, abstractNote={An algorithm for multiplying a chain of Kronecker products by a matrix is described. The algorithm does not require that the Kronecker chain actually be computed and the main computational work is a series of matrix-matrix multiplications. Use of the algorithm can lead to substantial savings in both memory requirements and computational speed. Although similar algorithms have been described before, this article makes two novel contributions. First, it shows how shuffling of data can be (largely) avoided. Second, it provides a simple method to determine the optimal ordering of the workflow.}, number={2}, journal={ACM TRANSACTIONS ON MATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE}, author={Fackler, Paul L.}, year={2019}, month={Jun} }
 @article{collazo_terando_engman_fackler_kwak_2019, title={Toward a Resilience-Based Conservation Strategy for Wetlands in Puerto Rico: Meeting Challenges Posed by Environmental Change}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1943-6246"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-018-1080-z}, DOI={10.1007/s13157-018-1080-z}, number={6}, journal={WETLANDS}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Collazo, Jaime A. and Terando, Adam J. and Engman, Augustin C. and Fackler, Paul F. and Kwak, Thomas J.}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={1255–1269} }
 @article{maclachlan_springborn_fackler_2017, title={LEARNING ABOUT A MOVING TARGET IN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: OPTIMAL BAYESIAN DISEASE CONTROL}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1467-8276"]}, DOI={10.1093/ajae/aaw033}, abstractNote={Resource managers must often make difficult choices in the face of imperfectly observed and dynamically changing systems (e.g., livestock, fisheries, water, and invasive species). A rich set of techniques exists for identifying optimal choices when that uncertainty is assumed to be understood and irreducible. Standard optimization approaches, however, cannot address situations in which reducible uncertainty applies to either system behavior or environmental states. The adaptive management literature overcomes this limitation with tools for optimal learning, but has been limited to highly simplified models with state and action spaces that are discrete and small. We overcome this problem by using a recently developed extension of the Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) framework to allow for learning about a continuous state. We illustrate this methodology by exploring optimal control of bovine tuberculosis in New Zealand cattle. Disease testing—the control variable—serves to identify herds for treatment and provides information on prevalence, which is both imperfectly observed and subject to change due to controllable and uncontrollable factors. We find substantial efficiency losses from both ignoring learning (standard stochastic optimization) and from simplifying system dynamics (to facilitate a typical, simple learning model), though the latter effect dominates in our setting. We also find that under an adaptive management approach, simplifying dynamics can lead to a belief trap in which information gathering ceases, beliefs become increasingly inaccurate, and losses abound.}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={Maclachlan, Matthew J. and Springborn, Michael R. and Fackler, Paul L.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={140–162} }
 @article{kling_sanchirico_fackler_2017, title={Optimal monitoring and control under state uncertainty: Application to lionfish management}, volume={84}, ISSN={0095-0696}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEEM.2017.01.001}, DOI={10.1016/J.JEEM.2017.01.001}, abstractNote={State variables in many renewable resource management problems, such as the abundance of a fish stock, are imperfectly observed over time. In systems characterized by state uncertainty, decision makers often invest in monitoring to learn about the level of a stock. We develop a stochastic bioeconomic model of marine invasive species management under state uncertainty. The decision maker in our model simultaneously evaluates optimal investment in monitoring and population control. Using a recently-devised method for solving continuous-state Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs), we find that the ability to learn through monitoring can alter the role of population control in the optimal policy function, for example by reducing control intensity in favor of monitoring. Optimal monitoring depends on the management context, including in our application lionfish population structure. The rich transient dynamics of our model depend critically on the relationship between the initial conditions for information and invader abundance.}, journal={Journal of Environmental Economics and Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kling, David M. and Sanchirico, James N. and Fackler, Paul L.}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={223–245} }
 @article{smith_fackler_eyler_ortiz_welsh_2017, title={Optimization of decision rules for hydroelectric operation to reduce both eel mortality and unnecessary turbine shutdown: A search for a win-win solution}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1535-1467"]}, DOI={10.1002/rra.3182}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={RIVER RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS}, author={Smith, D. R. and Fackler, P. L. and Eyler, S. M. and Ortiz, L. Villegas and Welsh, S. A.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={1279–1285} }
 @article{baggio_fackler_2016, title={Optimal management with reversible regime shifts}, volume={132}, ISSN={["1879-1751"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jebo.2016.04.016}, abstractNote={In this paper we examine the management of a natural resource, a fishery, subject to regime shifting dynamics. A regime shift is defined as an episode in which the dynamics of the resource can switch between two alternative regimes at random times. Specifically, we study the impact of reversible regime switching, both observed and unobserved, on optimal harvesting policy. The case in which the regime is not directly observed, i.e., observational uncertainty, is addressed by using the extended POMDP approach developed in Fackler and Pacifici (2014). We illustrate the performance of the model under different assumptions on the underlying stochastic growth variability, the biological structure of the stock in different regimes, and the resilience of the regimes. When the regime is known optimal policies depend on the population level and which regime is currently active. When the regime is unobserved, on the other hand, the optimal policy depends on the population level and a belief distribution about the current regime. In general when the probability of regime change is fixed, and hence is not affected by harvesting policy, the optimal policy is of the constant-escapement variety. When the probability of switching regime is endogenous the optimal policy is no longer of the constant-escapement type. Optimal policies when the regime is uncertain are approximately equal to a weighted average of the policies when the regime is certain, with the weights equal to the beliefs in the associated regimes, but there are differences.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR & ORGANIZATION}, author={Baggio, Michele and Fackler, Paul L.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={124–136} }
 @article{johnson_fackler_boomer_zimmerman_williams_nichols_dorazio_2016, title={State-Dependent Resource Harvesting with Lagged Information about System States}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0157373}, abstractNote={Markov decision processes (MDPs), which involve a temporal sequence of actions conditioned on the state of the managed system, are increasingly being applied in natural resource management. This study focuses on the modification of a traditional MDP to account for those cases in which an action must be chosen after a significant time lag in observing system state, but just prior to a new observation. In order to calculate an optimal decision policy under these conditions, possible actions must be conditioned on the previous observed system state and action taken. We show how to solve these problems when the state transition structure is known and when it is uncertain. Our focus is on the latter case, and we show how actions must be conditioned not only on the previous system state and action, but on the probabilities associated with alternative models of system dynamics. To demonstrate this framework, we calculated and simulated optimal, adaptive policies for MDPs with lagged states for the problem of deciding annual harvest regulations for mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in the United States. In this particular example, changes in harvest policy induced by the use of lagged information about system state were sufficient to maintain expected management performance (e.g. population size, harvest) even in the face of an uncertain system state at the time of a decision.}, number={6}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Johnson, Fred A. and Fackler, Paul L. and Boomer, G. Scott and Zimmerman, Guthrie S. and Williams, Byron K. and Nichols, James D. and Dorazio, Robert M.}, year={2016}, month={Jun} }
 @article{fackler_pacifici_2014, title={Addressing structural and observational uncertainty in resource management}, volume={133}, ISSN={["1095-8630"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.11.004}, abstractNote={Most natural resource management and conservation problems are plagued with high levels of uncertainties, which make good decision making difficult. Although some kinds of uncertainties are easily incorporated into decision making, two types of uncertainty present more formidable difficulties. The first, structural uncertainty, represents our imperfect knowledge about how a managed system behaves. The second, observational uncertainty, arises because the state of the system must be inferred from imperfect monitoring systems. The former type of uncertainty has been addressed in ecology using Adaptive Management (AM) and the latter using the Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDP) framework. Here we present a unifying framework that extends standard POMDPs and encompasses both standard POMDPs and AM. The approach allows any system variable to be observed or not observed and uses any relevant observed variable to update beliefs about unknown variables and parameters. This extends standard AM, which only uses realizations of the state variable to update beliefs and extends standard POMDP by allowing more general stochastic dependence among the observable variables and the state variables. This framework enables both structural and observational uncertainty to be simultaneously modeled. We illustrate the features of the extended POMDP framework with an example.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Fackler, Paul and Pacifici, Krishna}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={27–36} }
 @article{fackler_pacifici_martin_mcintyre_2014, title={Efficient Use of Information in Adaptive Management with an Application to Managing Recreation near Golden Eagle Nesting Sites}, volume={9}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102434}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0102434}, abstractNote={It is generally the case that a significant degree of uncertainty exists concerning the behavior of ecological systems. Adaptive management has been developed to address such structural uncertainty, while recognizing that decisions must be made without full knowledge of how a system behaves. This paradigm attempts to use new information that develops during the course of management to learn how the system works. To date, however, adaptive management has used a very limited information set to characterize the learning that is possible. This paper uses an extension of the Partial Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) framework to expand the information set used to update belief in competing models. This feature can potentially increase the speed of learning through adaptive management, and lead to better management in the future. We apply this framework to a case study wherein interest lies in managing recreational restrictions around golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) nesting sites. The ultimate management objective is to maintain an abundant eagle population in Denali National Park while minimizing the regulatory burden on park visitors. In order to capture this objective, we developed a utility function that trades off expected breeding success with hiker access. Our work is relevant to the management of human activities in protected areas, but more generally demonstrates some of the benefits of POMDP in the context of adaptive management.}, number={8}, journal={PLoS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Fackler, Paul L. and Pacifici, Krishna and Martin, Julien and McIntyre, Carol}, editor={Margalida, AntoniEditor}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={e102434} }
 @article{fackler_haight_2014, title={Monitoring as a partially observable decision problem}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1873-0221"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.reseneeco.2013.12.005}, abstractNote={Monitoring is an important and costly activity in resource management problems such as containing invasive species, protecting endangered species, preventing soil erosion, and regulating contracts for environmental services. Recent studies have viewed optimal monitoring as a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP), which provides a framework for sequential decision making under stochastic resource dynamics and uncertainty about the resource state. We present an overview of the POMDP framework and its applications to resource monitoring. We discuss the concept of the information content provided by monitoring systems and illustrate how information content affects optimal monitoring strategies. Finally, we demonstrate how the timing of monitoring in relation to resource treatment and transition can have substantial effects on optimal monitoring strategies.}, journal={RESOURCE AND ENERGY ECONOMICS}, author={Fackler, Paul L. and Haight, Robert G.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={226–241} }
 @article{nichols_fackler_pacifici_murphy_nichols_2014, title={Reducing fatigue damage for ships in transit through structured decision making}, volume={38}, ISSN={0951-8339}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2014.04.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.marstruc.2014.04.002}, abstractNote={Research in structural monitoring has focused primarily on drawing inference about the health of a structure from the structure’s response to ambient or applied excitation. Knowledge of the current state can then be used to predict structural integrity at a future time and, in principle, allows one to take action to improve safety, minimize ownership costs, and/or increase the operating envelope. While much time and effort has been devoted toward data collection and system identification, research to-date has largely avoided the question of how to choose an optimal maintenance plan. This work describes a structured decision making (SDM) process for taking available information (loading data, model output, etc.) and producing a plan of action for maintaining the structure. SDM allows the practitioner to specify his/her objectives and then solves for the decision that is optimal in the sense that it maximizes those objectives. To demonstrate, we consider the problem of a Naval vessel transiting a fixed distance in varying sea-state conditions. The physics of this problem are such that minimizing transit time increases the probability of fatigue failure in the structural supports. It is shown how SDM produces the optimal trip plan in the sense that it minimizes both transit time and probability of failure in the manner of our choosing (i.e., through a user-defined cost function). The example illustrates the benefit of SDM over heuristic approaches to maintaining the vessel.}, journal={Marine Structures}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Nichols, J.M. and Fackler, P.L. and Pacifici, K. and Murphy, K.D. and Nichols, J.D.}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={18–43} }
 @misc{marescot_chapron_chades_fackler_duchamp_marboutin_gimenez_2013, title={Complex decisions made simple: a primer on stochastic dynamic programming}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2041-2096"]}, DOI={10.1111/2041-210x.12082}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={9}, journal={METHODS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION}, author={Marescot, Lucile and Chapron, Guillaume and Chades, Iadine and Fackler, Paul L. and Duchamp, Christophe and Marboutin, Eric and Gimenez, Olivier}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={872–884} }
 @article{collazo_fackler_pacifici_white_llerandi-roman_dinsmore_2013, title={Optimal allocation of captive-reared Puerto Rican parrots: Decisions when divergent dynamics characterize managed populations}, volume={77}, ISSN={0022-541X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/JWMG.569}, DOI={10.1002/JWMG.569}, abstractNote={Reintroduction programs often face the challenge of sustaining multiple populations, each with unique demographic rates. Decision makers must determine how to allocate afinite number of captive-reared animals among these populations to achieve the fundamental objective of the program. We explored the optimal allocation of captive-reared Puerto Rican parrots (Amazona vittata) to 3 distinct populations: a struggling relict (population 1), a successfully reintroduced population (population 2), and a potential (new) population (population 3). We illustrate decision tradeoffs using 4 hypothetical scenarios of demographic performance created using the parrot literature and expert opinion and find the optimal decision by formulating the problem as a Markov decision process. Across all scenarios, our analysis favored releasing parrots into population 2 first when population sizes were small, followed by releases into population 3, and subsequently to population 1. The point in the decision space at which these transitions occurred was a function of location demographic rates. Releasing parrots in a location harboring an extant population versus a location that does not is advisable if differences in environmental conditions that promote population growth between locations are small. If management actions cannot ameliorate limiting factors in a location, decisions will favor translocations from such locations and allocations to locations where growth is more likely. When the cost of conducting a release is considered, managers should occasionally postpone releases to avoid these costs. This is optimal whenever the weighted contribution of the additional parrots to the sum of the discounted additional expected future population levels is less than the size of the fixed costs. This was most often the case for population 1 as costs increased. 2013 The Wildlife Society.}, number={6}, journal={The Journal of Wildlife Management}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Collazo, Jaime A. and Fackler, Paul L. and Pacifici, Krishna and White, Thomas H., Jr. and Llerandi-Roman, Ivan and Dinsmore, Stephen J.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={1124–1134} }
 @article{collazo_fackler_pacifici_white_llerandi-roman_dinsmore_2013, title={Sophia title}, volume={77}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Management}, author={Collazo, J. A. and Fackler, P. L. and Pacifici, K. and White, T. H. and Llerandi-Roman, I. and Dinsmore, S. J.}, year={2013}, pages={1124–1134} }
 @article{fackler_2012, title={Category count models for resource management}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2041-210X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.2041-210x.2012.00191.x}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={3}, journal={METHODS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION}, author={Fackler, Paul L.}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={555–563} }
 @article{martin_fackler_nichols_runge_mcintyre_lubow_mccluskie_schmutz_2011, title={An Adaptive-Management Framework for Optimal Control of Hiking Near Golden Eagle Nests in Denali National Park}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0888-8892"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01644.x}, abstractNote={Abstract:  Unintended effects of recreational activities in protected areas are of growing concern. We used an adaptive‐management framework to develop guidelines for optimally managing hiking activities to maintain desired levels of territory occupancy and reproductive success of Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in Denali National Park (Alaska, U.S.A.). The management decision was to restrict human access (hikers) to particular nesting territories to reduce disturbance. The management objective was to minimize restrictions on hikers while maintaining reproductive performance of eagles above some specified level. We based our decision analysis on predictive models of site occupancy of eagles developed using a combination of expert opinion and data collected from 93 eagle territories over 20 years. The best predictive model showed that restricting human access to eagle territories had little effect on occupancy dynamics. However, when considering important sources of uncertainty in the models, including environmental stochasticity, imperfect detection of hares on which eagles prey, and model uncertainty, restricting access of territories to hikers improved eagle reproduction substantially. An adaptive management framework such as ours may help reduce uncertainty of the effects of hiking activities on Golden Eagles.}, number={2}, journal={CONSERVATION BIOLOGY}, author={Martin, Julien and Fackler, Paul L. and Nichols, James D. and Runge, Michael C. and McIntyre, Carol L. and Lubow, Bruce L. and McCluskie, Maggie C. and Schmutz, Joel A.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={316–323} }
 @article{balikcioglu_fackler_pindyck_2011, title={Solving optimal timing problems in environmental economics}, volume={33}, ISSN={["0928-7655"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.reseneeco.2010.12.004}, abstractNote={Two papers of Pindyck, 2000, Pindyck, 2002 that modeled the control of stock pollutants as optimal stopping problems contained closed form solutions that are incorrect. This paper discusses a subtle error in the derivation and demonstrates how solutions to these and related problems can be obtained numerically. The numerical solutions are contrasted with the ones contained in Pindyck's original papers.}, number={3}, journal={RESOURCE AND ENERGY ECONOMICS}, author={Balikcioglu, Metin and Fackler, Paul L. and Pindyck, Robert S.}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={761–768} }
 @article{martin_fackler_nichols_lubow_eaton_runge_stith_langtimm_2011, title={Structured decision making as a proactive approach to dealing with sea level rise in Florida}, volume={107}, ISSN={["1573-1480"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79958814572&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s10584-011-0085-x}, number={1-2}, journal={CLIMATIC CHANGE}, author={Martin, Julien and Fackler, Paul L. and Nichols, James D. and Lubow, Bruce C. and Eaton, Mitchell J. and Runge, Michael C. and Stith, Bradley M. and Langtimm, Catherine A.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={185–202} }
 @article{fackler_tastan_2008, title={Estimating the degree of market integration}, volume={90}, ISSN={["0002-9092"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-8276.2007.01058.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={Fackler, Paul L. and Tastan, Hueseyin}, year={2008}, month={Feb}, pages={69–85} }
 @article{polasky_nelson_camm_csuti_fackler_lonsdorf_montgomery_white_arthur_garber-yonts_et al._2008, title={Where to put things? Spatial land management to sustain biodiversity and economic returns}, volume={141}, ISSN={["1873-2917"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.biocon.2008.03.022}, abstractNote={Expanding human population and economic growth have led to large-scale conversion of natural habitat to human-dominated landscapes with consequent large-scale declines in biodiversity. Conserving biodiversity, while at the same time meeting expanding human needs, is an issue of utmost importance. In this paper we develop a spatially explicit landscape-level model for analyzing the biological and economic consequences of alternative land-use patterns. The spatially explicit biological model incorporates habitat preferences, area requirements and dispersal ability between habitat patches for terrestrial vertebrate species to predict the likely number of species that will be sustained on the landscape. The spatially explicit economic model incorporates site characteristics and location to predict economic returns for a variety of potential land uses. We apply the model to search for efficient land-use patterns that maximize biodiversity conservation objectives for given levels of economic returns, and vice versa. We apply the model to the Willamette Basin, Oregon, USA. By thinking carefully about the arrangement of activities, we find land-use patterns that sustain high levels of biodiversity and economic returns. Compared to the 1990 land-use pattern, we show that both biodiversity conservation and the value of economic activity could be increased substantially.}, number={6}, journal={BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION}, author={Polasky, Stephen and Nelson, Erik and Camm, Jeff and Csuti, Blair and Fackler, Paul and Lonsdorf, Eric and Montgomery, Claire and White, Denis and Arthur, Jeff and Garber-Yonts, Brian and et al.}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={1505–1524} }
 @article{fackler_2007, title={Comment on Conrad and Kotani}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0928-7655"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.reseneeco.2006.08.001}, abstractNote={This comment discusses some shortcomings of the recent paper by Conrad and Kotani on the issue of drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Specifically examined are the impacts of the oil price model specification, the discount rate and the value of drilling.}, number={2}, journal={RESOURCE AND ENERGY ECONOMICS}, author={Fackler, Paul L.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={159–164} }
 @article{fackler_2005, title={A MATLAB Solver for Nonlinear Rational Expectations Models}, volume={26}, ISSN={0927-7099 1572-9974}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10614-005-1784-z}, DOI={10.1007/s10614-005-1784-z}, number={2}, journal={Computational Economics}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Fackler, Paul L.}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={173–181} }
 @article{polasky_nelson_lonsdorf_fackler_starfield_2005, title={Conserving species in a working landscape: Land use with biological and economic objectives}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1051-0761"]}, DOI={10.1890/03-5423}, abstractNote={Habitat loss and fragmentation are major threats to biodiversity. Establishing formal protected areas is one means of conserving habitat, but socio‐economic and political constraints limit the amount of land in such status. Addressing conservation issues on lands outside of formal protected areas is also necessary. In this paper we develop a spatially explicit model for analyzing the consequences of alternative land‐use patterns on the persistence of various species and on market‐oriented economic returns. The biological model uses habitat preferences, habitat area requirements, and dispersal ability for each species to predict the probability of persistence of that species given a land‐use pattern. The economic model uses characteristics of the land unit and location to predict the value of commodity production given a land‐use pattern. We use the combined biological and economic model to search for efficient land‐use patterns in which the conservation outcome cannot be improved without lowering the value of commodity production. We illustrate our methods with an example that includes three alternative land uses, managed forestry, agriculture, and biological reserve (protected area), for a modeled landscape whose physical, biological, and economic characteristics are based on conditions found in the Willamette Basin in Oregon (USA). We find that a large fraction of conservation objectives can be achieved at little cost to the economic bottom line with thoughtful land‐use planning. The degree of conflict between conservation and economic returns appears much less using our joint biological and economic modeling approach than using a reserve‐site selection approach, which assumes that species survive only inside of reserves and economic activity occurs only outside of reserves.}, number={4}, journal={ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS}, author={Polasky, S and Nelson, E and Lonsdorf, E and Fackler, P and Starfield, A}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={1387–1401} }
 @article{livingston_carlson_fackler_2004, title={Managing resistance evolution in two pests to two toxins with refugia}, volume={86}, ISSN={["0002-9092"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00558.x}, abstractNote={We use a regulatory model with resistance evolution in two pests to insecticidal Bt cotton and pyrethroids (a conventional insecticide) to examine non-Bt cotton (refuge) planting requirements designed to manage Bt-resistance evolution in the midsouth. Our analysis suggests that reduced refuge requirements would enhance producer profitability, sprayed refugia are more cost effective than unsprayed refugia, and producers would receive slightly higher returns under dynamic relative to static refuge policies. Pyrethroid susceptibility in one of the pests was a renewable resource, and toxin-mixture effects associated with pyrethroid use in Bt cotton were important considerations for midsouth refuge policies.}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={Livingston, MJ and Carlson, GA and Fackler, PL}, year={2004}, month={Feb}, pages={1–13} }
 @book{miranda_fackler_2002, title={Applied computational economics and finance}, ISBN={0262134209}, publisher={Cambridge, MA: MIT Press}, author={Miranda, M. J. and Fackler, P. L.}, year={2002} }
 @article{fackler_livingston_2002, title={Optimal storage by crop producers}, volume={84}, ISSN={["0002-9092"]}, DOI={10.1111/1467-8276.00325}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={Fackler, PL and Livingston, MJ}, year={2002}, month={Aug}, pages={645–659} }
 @article{livingston_carlson_fackler_2002, title={Use of mathematical models to estimate characteristics of pyrethroid resistance in tobacco budworm and bollworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) field populations}, volume={95}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-95.5.1008}, abstractNote={Abstract Genetic models have been used to examine the evolution of insecticide resistance in pest species subject to data and assumptions regarding genetic, biological, and operational parameters. We used time-series data on pyrethroid tolerance and simple genetic models to estimate underlying genetic and biological parameters associated with resistance evolution in tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), and bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), Louisiana field populations. Assuming pyrethroid resistance is conferred by one gene at one locus in both species, inheritance of pyrethroid resistance was partially dominant in the tobacco budworm and partially recessive in the bollworm. Relative fitness estimates indicated that fitness costs associated with resistance selected against resistance alleles in the absence of selection pressure in the tobacco budworm, but not in the bollworm. In addition, relative fitness estimates obtained using the indirect method outlined in this study were similar in magnitude to estimates obtained using traditional direct approaches.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Livingston, MJ and Carlson, GA and Fackler, PL}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={1008–1017} }
 @article{frechette_fackler_1999, title={What causes commodity price backwardation?}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1467-8276"]}, DOI={10.2307/1244322}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={Frechette, DL and Fackler, PL}, year={1999}, month={Nov}, pages={761–771} }
 @article{fackler_mcnew_1998, title={Experimental markets using the electronic market place (EMP)}, volume={30}, DOI={10.1017/s1074070800008130}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics}, author={Fackler, P.L. and McNew, K.}, year={1998}, pages={151–162} }
 @article{mcnew_fackler_1997, title={Testing market equilibrium: Is cointegration informative?}, volume={22}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics}, author={McNew, K. and Fackler, P. L.}, year={1997}, pages={191–207} }
 @article{fackler_1991, title={MODELING INTERDEPENDENCE - AN APPROACH TO SIMULATION AND ELICITATION}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0002-9092"]}, DOI={10.2307/1242437}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={FACKLER, PL}, year={1991}, month={Nov}, pages={1091–1097} }
 @article{fackler_king_1990, title={CALIBRATION OF OPTION-BASED PROBABILITY ASSESSMENTS IN AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY-MARKETS}, volume={72}, ISSN={["0002-9092"]}, DOI={10.2307/1243146}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={FACKLER, PL and KING, RP}, year={1990}, month={Feb}, pages={73–83} }
 @article{fackler_1989, title={A note on alternative market and governmental risk transference mechanisms}, volume={21}, DOI={10.1017/s008130520000131x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics}, author={Fackler, P. L.}, year={1989}, pages={203} }