@article{korobkina_berkutov_golub_huffman_hickman_leung_medlin_morano_rao_teander_et al._2022, title={Growing solid deuterium for UCN production}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1477-2655"]}, DOI={10.3233/JNR-220010}, abstractNote={We have experimentally studied growing a large (about 1 liter) solid ortho-deuterium crystal in a real UCN source cryostat and recorded the growing process optically using a camera. The best quality was observed when growing the crystal directly from a vapor phase. The crystal was grown at different mass flows of deuterium and annealed at different temperatures. Optimum conditions were found for both, obtaining an optically transparent crystal and cooling it down with minimal damage. We found that the quality, final shape and changes during annealing of the crystal are very much dependent on the temperature profile of the cryostat walls.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEUTRON RESEARCH}, author={Korobkina, Ekaterina and Berkutov, Igor and Golub, Robert and Huffman, Paul and Hickman, Clark and Leung, Kent and Medlin, Graham and Morano, Matthew J. and Rao, Thomas and Teander, Cole and et al.}, year={2022}, pages={179–191} }
 @article{ahmed_alarcon_aleksandrova_baeßler_barron-palos_bartoszek_beck_behzadipour_berkutov_bessuille_et al._2019, title={A new cryogenic apparatus to search for the neutron electric dipole moment}, volume={14}, ISSN={1748-0221}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/14/11/P11017}, DOI={10.1088/1748-0221/14/11/P11017}, abstractNote={A cryogenic apparatus is described that enables a new experiment, nEDM@SNS, with a major improvement in sensitivity compared to the existing limit in the search for a neutron Electric Dipole Moment (EDM). This apparatus uses superfluid 4He to produce a high density of Ultra-Cold Neutrons (UCN) which are contained in a suitably coated pair of measurement cells. The experiment, to be operated at the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, uses polarized 3He from an Atomic Beam Source injected into the superfluid 4He and transported to the measurement cells where it serves as a co-magnetometer. The superfluid 4He is also used as an insulating medium allowing significantly higher electric fields, compared to previous experiments, to be maintained across the measurement cells. These features provide an ultimate statistical uncertainty for the EDM of 2−3× 10−28 e-cm, with anticipated systematic uncertainties below this level.}, number={11}, journal={Journal of Instrumentation}, publisher={IOP Publishing}, author={Ahmed, M.W. and Alarcon, R. and Aleksandrova, A. and Baeßler, S. and Barron-Palos, L. and Bartoszek, L.M. and Beck, D.H. and Behzadipour, M. and Berkutov, I. and Bessuille, J. and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={P11017–P11017} }
 @article{musgrave_baessler_balascuta_barron-palos_blyth_bowman_chupp_cianciolo_crawford_graycraft_et al._2018, title={Measurement of the absolute neutron beam polarization from a supermirror polarizer and the absolute efficiency of a neutron spin rotator for the NPDGamma experiment using a polarized He-3 neutron spin-filter}, volume={895}, journal={Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors, and Associated Equipment}, author={Musgrave, M. M. and Baessler, S. and Balascuta, S. and Barron-Palos, L. and Blyth, D. and Bowman, J. D. and Chupp, T. E. and Cianciolo, V. and Crawford, C. and Graycraft, K. and et al.}, year={2018}, pages={19–28} }
 @article{musgrave_baeßler_balascuta_barrón-palos_blyth_bowman_chupp_cianciolo_crawford_craycraft_et al._2018, title={Measurement of the absolute neutron beam polarization from a supermirror polarizer and the absolute efficiency of a neutron spin rotator for the NPDGamma experiment using a polarized  3He neutron spin-filter}, volume={895}, ISSN={0168-9002}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.NIMA.2018.03.055}, DOI={10.1016/J.NIMA.2018.03.055}, abstractNote={Accurately measuring the neutron beam polarization of a high flux, large area neutron beam is necessary for many neutron physics experiments. The Fundamental Neutron Physics Beamline (FnPB) at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is a pulsed neutron beam that was polarized with a supermirror polarizer for the NPDGamma experiment. The polarized neutron beam had a flux of $\sim10^9$ neutrons per second per cm$^2$ and a cross sectional area of 10$\times$12~cm$^2$. The polarization of this neutron beam and the efficiency of a RF neutron spin rotator installed downstream on this beam were measured by neutron transmission through a polarized $^{3}$He neutron spin-filter. The pulsed nature of the SNS enabled us to employ an absolute measurement technique for both quantities which does not depend on accurate knowledge of the phase space of the neutron beam or the $^{3}$He polarization in the spin filter and is therefore of interest for any experiments on slow neutron beams from pulsed neutron sources which require knowledge of the absolute value of the neutron polarization. The polarization and spin-reversal efficiency measured in this work were done for the NPDGamma experiment, which measures the parity violating $\gamma$-ray angular distribution asymmetry with respect to the neutron spin direction in the capture of polarized neutrons on protons. The experimental technique, results, systematic effects, and applications to neutron capture targets are discussed.}, journal={Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Musgrave, M.M. and Baeßler, S. and Balascuta, S. and Barrón-Palos, L. and Blyth, D. and Bowman, J.D. and Chupp, T.E. and Cianciolo, V. and Crawford, C. and Craycraft, K. and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={19–28} }
 @article{anghel_bailey_bison_blau_broussard_clayton_cude-woods_daum_hawari_hild_et al._2018, title={Solid deuterium surface degradation at ultracold neutron sources}, volume={54}, ISSN={1434-6001 1434-601X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2018-12594-2}, DOI={10.1140/epja/i2018-12594-2}, abstractNote={Solid deuterium (sD_2) is used as an efficient converter to produce ultracold neutrons (UCN). It is known that the sD_2 must be sufficiently cold, of high purity and mostly in its ortho-state in order to guarantee long lifetimes of UCN in the solid from which they are extracted into vacuum. Also the UCN transparency of the bulk sD_2 material must be high because crystal inhomogeneities limit the mean free path for elastic scattering and reduce the extraction efficiency. Observations at the UCN sources at Paul Scherrer Institute and at Los Alamos National Laboratory consistently show a decrease of the UCN yield with time of operation after initial preparation or later treatment (`conditioning') of the sD_2. We show that, in addition to the quality of the bulk sD_2, the quality of its surface is essential. Our observations and simulations support the view that the surface is deteriorating due to a build-up of D_2 frost-layers under pulsed operation which leads to strong albedo reflections of UCN and subsequent loss. We report results of UCN yield measurements, temperature and pressure behavior of deuterium during source operation and conditioning, and UCN transport simulations. This, together with optical observations of sD_2 frost formation on initially transparent sD_2 in offline studies with pulsed heat input at the North Carolina State University UCN source results in a consistent description of the UCN yield decrease.}, number={9}, journal={The European Physical Journal A}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Anghel, A. and Bailey, T. L. and Bison, G. and Blau, B. and Broussard, L. J. and Clayton, S. M. and Cude-Woods, C. and Daum, M. and Hawari, A. and Hild, N. and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Sep} }
 @article{mumm_huber_bauder_abrams_deibel_huffer_huffman_schelhammer_janssens_jiang_et al._2016, title={High-sensitivity measurement of He-3-He-4 isotopic ratios for ultracold neutron experiments}, volume={93}, number={6}, journal={Physical Review C}, author={Mumm, H. P. and Huber, M. G. and Bauder, W. and Abrams, N. and Deibel, C. M. and Huffer, C. R. and Huffman, P. R. and Schelhammer, K. W. and Janssens, R. and Jiang, C. L. and et al.}, year={2016} }
 @article{coakley_dewey_huber_huffer_huffman_marley_mumm_o'shaughnessy_schelhammer_thompson_et al._2016, title={Survival analysis approach to account for non-exponential decay rate effects in lifetime experiments}, volume={813}, ISSN={["1872-9576"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.12.064}, DOI={10.1016/j.nima.2015.12.064}, abstractNote={In a variety of neutron lifetime experiments, in addition to $\beta-$decay, neutrons can be lost by other mechanisms including wall losses. Failure to account for these other loss mechanisms produces systematic measurement error and associated systematic uncertainties in neutron lifetime measurements. In this work, we develop a physical model for neutron wall losses and construct a competing risks survival analysis model to account for losses due to the joint effect of $\beta-$decay losses, wall losses of marginally trapped neutrons, and an additional absorption mechanism. We determine the survival probability function associated with the wall loss mechanism by a Monte Carlo method. Based on a fit of the competing risks model to a subset of the NIST experimental data, we determine the mean lifetime of trapped neutrons to be approximately 700 s -- considerably less than the current best estimate of (880.1 $\pm$ 1.1) s promulgated by the Particle Data Group [1]. Currently, experimental studies are underway to determine if this discrepancy can be explained by neutron capture by ${}^3$He impurities in the trapping volume. Analysis of the full NIST data will be presented in a later publication.}, journal={NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Coakley, K. J. and Dewey, M. S. and Huber, M. G. and Huffer, C. R. and Huffman, P. R. and Marley, D. E. and Mumm, H. P. and O'Shaughnessy, C. M. and Schelhammer, K. W. and Thompson, A. K. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Mar}, pages={84–95} }
 @article{fomin_greene_allen_cianciolo_crawford_tito_huffman_iverson_mahurin_snow_et al._2015, title={Fundamental neutron physics beamline at the spallation neutron source at ORNL}, volume={773}, ISSN={["1872-9576"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.nima.2014.10.042}, abstractNote={We describe the Fundamental Neutron Physics Beamline (FnPB) facility located at the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The FnPB was designed for the conduct of experiments that investigate scientific issues in nuclear physics, particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology using a pulsed slow neutron beam. We present a detailed description of the design philosophy, beamline components, and measured fluxes of the polychromatic and monochromatic beams.}, journal={NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT}, author={Fomin, N. and Greene, G. L. and Allen, R. R. and Cianciolo, V. and Crawford, C. and Tito, T. M. and Huffman, P. R. and Iverson, E. B. and Mahurin, R. and Snow, W. M. and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={45–51} }
 @article{fomin_greene_allen_cianciolo_crawford_ito_huffman_iverson_mahurin_snow_et al._2015, title={Fundamental neutron physics beamline at the spallation neutron source at ORNL (vol 773, pg 45, 2015)}, volume={788}, ISSN={["1872-9576"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.nima.2015.03.029}, journal={NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT}, author={Fomin, N. and Greene, G. L. and Allen, R. R. and Cianciolo, V. and Crawford, C. and Ito, T. M. and Huffman, P. R. and Iverson, E. B. and Mahurin, R. and Snow, W. M. and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={203–203} }
 @article{huffman_coakley_doyle_huffer_mumm_o'shaughnessy_schelhammer_seo_yang_2014, title={Design and performance of a cryogenic apparatus for magnetically trapping ultracold neutrons}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1879-2235"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cryogenics.2014.09.008}, abstractNote={The cryogenic design and performance of an apparatus used to magnetically confine ultracold neutrons (UCN) is presented. The apparatus is part of an effort to measure the beta-decay lifetime of the free neutron and is comprised of a high-current superconducting magnetic trap that surrounds ∼21 l of isotopically pure 4He cooled to approximately 250 mK. A 0.89 nm neutron beam can enter the apparatus from one end of the magnetic trap and a light collection system allows visible light generated within the helium by decays to be transported to detectors at room temperature. Two cryocoolers are incorporated to reduce liquid helium consumption.}, journal={CRYOGENICS}, author={Huffman, P. R. and Coakley, K. J. and Doyle, J. M. and Huffer, C. R. and Mumm, H. P. and O'Shaughnessy, C. M. and Schelhammer, K. W. and Seo, P-N. and Yang, L.}, year={2014}, pages={40–50} }
 @article{korobkina_medlin_wehring_hawari_huffman_young_beaumont_palmquist_2014, title={Ultracold neutron source at the PULSTAR reactor: Engineering design and cryogenic testing}, volume={767}, ISSN={1872-9576}, DOI={10.1016/j.nima.2014.08.016}, abstractNote={Construction is completed and commissioning is in progress for an ultracold neutron (UCN) source at the PULSTAR reactor on the campus of North Carolina State University. The source utilizes two stages of neutron moderation, one in heavy water at room temperature and the other in solid methane at ~40K, followed by a converter stage, solid deuterium at 5 K, that allows a single down scattering of cold neutrons to provide UCN. The UCN source rolls into the thermal column enclosure of the PULSTAR reactor, where neutrons will be delivered from a bare face of the reactor core by streaming through a graphite-lined assembly. The source infrastructure, i.e., graphite-lined assembly, heavy-water system, gas handling system, and helium liquefier cooling system, has been tested and all systems operate as predicted. The research program being considered for the PULSTAR UCN source includes the physics of UCN production, fundamental particle physics, and material surface studies of nanolayers containing hydrogen. In the present paper we report details of the engineering and cryogenic design of the facility as well as results of critical commissioning tests without neutrons.}, journal={NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT}, author={Korobkina, E. and Medlin, G. and Wehring, B. and Hawari, A. I. and Huffman, P. R. and Young, A. R. and Beaumont, B. and Palmquist, G.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={169–175} }
 @article{huffman_mckinsey_2013, title={Detecting scintillations in liquid helium}, volume={8}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84885612806&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1088/1748-0221/8/09/C09008}, abstractNote={We review our work in developing a tetraphenyl butadiene (TPB)-based detection system for a measurement of the neutron lifetime using magnetically confined ultracold neutrons (UCN). As part of the development of the detection system for this experiment, we studied the scintillation properties of liquid helium itself, characterized the fluorescent efficiencies of different fluors, and built and tested three detector geometries. We provide an overview of the results from these studies as well as references for additional information.}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Instrumentation}, author={Huffman, Paul and McKinsey, D.N.}, year={2013} }
 @article{courtois_menthonnex_hehn_andersen_nesvizhevsky_zimmer_piegsa_geltenbort_greene_allen_et al._2011, title={Production and characterization of intercalated graphite crystals for cold neutron monochromators}, volume={634}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79952993516&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.nima.2010.06.222}, abstractNote={The preparation of intercalated graphite compounds is now well established at the Institut Laue Langevin (ILL). We are able to manufacture several types of intercalated crystals, such as KC8, RbC8, KC24 and RbC24 compounds, in large quantities and in a reproducible manner. Even though the mosaic distribution is large, these compounds exhibit a high neutron peak reflectivity of about 70% at a neutron wavelength of 9.8 Å. The production of such intercalated graphite crystals allows us to build efficient neutron monochromators for wavelengths in the range 6–15 Å.}, number={1 SUPPL.}, journal={Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment}, author={Courtois, P. and Menthonnex, C. and Hehn, R. and Andersen, K.H. and Nesvizhevsky, V. and Zimmer, O. and Piegsa, F. and Geltenbort, P. and Greene, G. and Allen, R. and et al.}, year={2011} }
 @inproceedings{hawaii_zhou_huffman_2009, title={Measurement of the total inelastic scattering cross section of graphite using 9 angstrom neutrons}, volume={100}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-72749101476&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={Transactions of the American Nuclear Society}, author={Hawaii, A.I. and Zhou, T. and Huffman, P.R.}, year={2009}, pages={591–592} }
 @article{o'shaughnessy_golub_schelhammer_swank_seo_huffman_dzhosyuk_mattoni_yang_doyle_et al._2009, title={Measuring the neutron lifetime using magnetically trapped neutrons}, volume={611}, ISSN={["1872-9576"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-71549134894&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.nima.2009.07.054}, abstractNote={The neutron beta-decay lifetime plays an important role both in understanding weak interactions within the framework of the Standard Model and in theoretical predictions of the primordial abundance of 4He in Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. In previous work, we successfully demonstrated the trapping of ultracold neutrons (UCN) in a conservative potential magnetic trap. A major upgrade of the apparatus is nearing completion at the National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research (NCNR). In our approach, a beam of 0.89 nm neutrons is incident on a superfluid 4He target within the minimum field region of an Ioffe-type magnetic trap. A fraction of the neutrons is downscattered in the helium to energies <200 neV, and those in the appropriate spin state become trapped. The inverse process is suppressed by the low phonon density of helium at temperatures less than 200 mK, allowing the neutron to travel undisturbed. When the neutron decays the energetic electron ionizes the helium, producing scintillation light that is detected using photomultiplier tubes. Statistical limitations of the previous apparatus will be alleviated by significant increases in field strength and trap volume resulting in twenty times more trapped neutrons.}, number={2-3}, journal={NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT}, author={O'Shaughnessy, C. M. and Golub, R. and Schelhammer, K. W. and Swank, C. M. and Seo, P. -N. and Huffman, P. R. and Dzhosyuk, S. N. and Mattoni, C. E. H. and Yang, L. and Doyle, J. M. and et al.}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={171–175} }
 @article{ye_gao_zheng_dutta_dubose_golub_huffman_swank_korobkina_2009, title={Relaxation of spin-polarized He-3 in mixtures of He-3 and He-4 at about 330 mK}, volume={80}, ISSN={["1094-1622"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-68949158555&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1103/physreva.80.023403}, abstractNote={We report the measurements of depolarization probabilities of polarized $^3$He in a rectangular acrylic cell with a deuterated tetraphenyl butadiene-doped deuterated polystyrene coating filled with superfluid $^4$He at $\sim$330 mk with a magnetic holding field of $\sim$7.3 G. We achieve a wall depolarization probability of $\sim1.0\times10^{-7}$. Such a surface will find application in a new experiment searching for the neutron electric dipole moment and other applications.}, number={2}, journal={PHYSICAL REVIEW A}, author={Ye, Q. and Gao, H. and Zheng, W. and Dutta, D. and Dubose, F. and Golub, R. and Huffman, P. and Swank, C. and Korobkina, E.}, year={2009}, month={Aug} }
 @article{yang_brome_butterworth_dzhosyuk_mattoni_mckinsey_michniak_doyle_golub_korobkina_et al._2008, title={Invited Article: Development of high-field superconducting Ioffe magnetic traps}, volume={79}, ISSN={0034-6748 1089-7623}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2897133}, DOI={10.1063/1.2897133}, abstractNote={We describe the design, construction, and performance of three generations of superconducting Ioffe magnetic traps. The first two are low current traps, built from four racetrack shaped quadrupole coils and two solenoid assemblies. Coils are wet wound with multifilament NbTi superconducting wires embedded in epoxy matrices. The magnet bore diameters are 51 and 105mm with identical trap depths of 1.0T at their operating currents and at 4.2K. A third trap uses a high current accelerator-type quadrupole magnet and two low current solenoids. This trap has a bore diameter of 140mm and tested trap depth of 2.8T. Both low current traps show signs of excessive training. The high current hybrid trap, on the other hand, exhibits good training behavior and is amenable to quench protection.}, number={3}, journal={Review of Scientific Instruments}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={Yang, L. and Brome, C. R. and Butterworth, J. S. and Dzhosyuk, S. N. and Mattoni, C. E. H. and McKinsey, D. N. and Michniak, R. A. and Doyle, J. M. and Golub, R. and Korobkina, E. and et al.}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={031301} }
 @article{yang_brome_butterworth_dzhosyuk_mattoni_mckinsey_michniak_doyle_golub_korobkina_et al._2008, title={Invited article: Development of high-field superconducting Ioffe magnetic traps}, volume={79}, number={3}, journal={Review of Scientific Instruments}, author={Yang, L. and Brome, C. R. and Butterworth, J. S. and Dzhosyuk, S. N. and Mattoni, C. E. H. and McKinsey, D. N. and Michniak, R. A. and Doyle, J. M. and Golub, R. and Korobkina, E. and et al.}, year={2008} }
 @article{korobkna_wehring_hawari_young_huffman_golub_xu_palmquist_2007, title={An ultracold neutron source at the NC state university PULSTAR reactor}, volume={579}, ISSN={0168-9002}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34547682155&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.nima.2007.04.116}, abstractNote={Research and development is being completed for an ultracold neutron (UCN) source to be installed at the PULSTAR reactor on the campus of North Carolina State University (NCSU). The objective is to establish a university-based UCN facility with sufficient UCN intensity to allow world-class fundamental and applied research with UCN. To maximize the UCN yield, a solid ortho-D2 converter will be implemented coupled to two moderators, D2O at room temperature, to thermalize reactor neutrons, and solid CH4, to moderate the thermal neutrons to cold-neutron energies. The source assembly will be located in a tank of D2O in the space previously occupied by the thermal column of the PULSTAR reactor. Neutrons leaving a bare face of the reactor core enter the D2O tank through a 45×45 cm cross-sectional area void between the reactor core and the D2O tank. Liquid He will cool the disk-shaped UCN converter to below 5 K. Independently, He gas will cool the cup-shaped CH4 cold-neutron moderator to an optimum temperature between 20 and 40 K. The UCN will be transported from the converter to experiments by a guide with an inside diameter of 16 cm. Research areas being considered for the PULSTAR UCN source include time-reversal violation in neutron beta decay, neutron lifetime determination, support measurements for a neutron electric-dipole-moment search, and nanoscience applications.}, number={1}, journal={NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT}, author={Korobkna, E. and Wehring, B. W. and Hawari, A. I. and Young, A. R. and Huffman, P. R. and Golub, R. and Xu, Y. and Palmquist, G.}, year={2007}, month={Aug}, pages={530–533} }
 @article{trabold_owejan_jacobson_arif_huffman_2006, title={In situ investigation of water transport in an operating PEM fuel cell using neutron radiography: Part 1 - Experimental method and serpentine flow field results}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1879-2189"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33750285503&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2006.07.003}, abstractNote={Effective management of liquid water produced in the cathodic reaction of a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell is essential to achieve high cell efficiency. Few experimental methods are available for in situ measurements of water transport within an operating cell. Neutron radiography is a useful tool to visualize water within a cell constructed of many common materials, including metals. The application of neutron radiography to measurements of water content within the flow field channels of an operating 50 cm2 PEM fuel cell is described. Details of the experimental apparatus, image processing procedure and quantitative analysis are provided. It is demonstrated that water tends to accumulate in the 180° bends of the serpentine anode and cathode flow fields used in this study. Moreover, the effects of both the current density and cathode stoichiometric ratio on the quantity of accumulated water are discussed.}, number={25-26}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER}, author={Trabold, T. A. and Owejan, J. P. and Jacobson, D. L. and Arif, M. and Huffman, P. R.}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={4712–4720} }
 @article{huffman_arif_black_jacobson_schoen_snow_werner_2006, title={Precision neutron interferometric measurements of the n-p, n-d, and n-He-3 zero-energy coherent neutron scattering amplitudes}, volume={385-86}, ISSN={["0921-4526"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33751315794&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.physb.2006.05.185}, abstractNote={We have performed high precision measurements of the zero-energy neutron scattering amplitudes of gas phase molecular hydrogen, deuterium, and $^{3}$He using neutron interferometry. We find $b_{\mathit{np}}=(-3.7384 \pm 0.0020)$ fm\cite{Schoen03}, $b_{\mathit{nd}}=(6.6649 \pm 0.0040)$ fm\cite{Black03,Schoen03}, and $b_{n^{3}\textrm{He}} = (5.8572 \pm 0.0072)$ fm\cite{Huffman04}. When combined with the previous world data, properly corrected for small multiple scattering, radiative corrections, and local field effects from the theory of neutron optics and combined by the prescriptions of the Particle Data Group, the zero-energy scattering amplitudes are: $b_{\mathit{np}}=(-3.7389 \pm 0.0010)$ fm, $b_{\mathit{nd}}=(6.6683 \pm 0.0030)$ fm, and $b_{n^{3}\textrm{He}} = (5.853 \pm .007)$ fm. The precision of these measurements is now high enough to severely constrain NN few-body models. The n-d and n-$^{3}$He coherent neutron scattering amplitudes are both now in disagreement with the best current theories. The new values can be used as input for precision calculations of few body processes. This precision data is sensitive to small effects such as nuclear three-body forces, charge-symmetry breaking in the strong interaction, and residual electromagnetic effects not yet fully included in current models.}, journal={PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER}, author={Huffman, P. R. and Arif, M. and Black, T. C. and Jacobson, D. L. and Schoen, K. and Snow, W. M. and Werner, S. A.}, year={2006}, month={Nov}, pages={1365–1370} }
 @inproceedings{progress towards a precision measurement of the neutron lifetime using magnetically trapped ultracold neutrons_2006, volume={842}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33846348952&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1063/1.2220390}, abstractNote={As part of an on‐going program utilizing magnetically trapped ultracold neutrons (UCNs), we are developing a technique that offers the possibility of improving the precision of the neutron lifetime by more than an order of magnitude. The experiment works by loading an Ioffe‐type superconducting magnetic trap with UCNs through inelastic scattering of 0.89 nm neutrons with phonons in superfluid 4He. Trapped neutrons are detected when they decay; charged decay electrons ionize helium atoms in the superfluid resulting in scintillation light that is recorded in real time using photomultiplier tubes. At present, we are installing a larger and deeper superconducting magnetic trap into our apparatus, implementing techniques to reduce background events, and working to increase the neutron decay detection efficiency. We report the status of the construction of the improved apparatus.}, booktitle={AIP Conference Proceedings}, year={2006}, pages={811–813} }
 @inproceedings{micherdzinska_bass_crawford_dawkins_findley_heckel_horton_huffman_luo_markoff_et al._2006, title={Proposed measurement of the parity-violating neutron spin rotation in 4He}, volume={842}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33846336405&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1063/1.2220386}, abstractNote={Weak interactions between u and d quarks induce weak interactions between nucleons. These weak‐interaction effects can be isolated from strong interactions using parity‐violation (PV). The nucleon‐nucleon (NN) weak interaction amplitudes are constrained by neither theory nor experiment. We describe a proposed measurement of PV neutron spin rotation in liquid helium φPV(n,α) that is scheduled to run in 2006 with a sensitivity of 3×10−7 rad/m.}, booktitle={AIP Conference Proceedings}, author={Micherdzinska, A.M. and Bass, C.D. and Crawford, B.E. and Dawkins, J.M. and Findley, T.D. and Heckel, B.R. and Horton, J.C. and Huffman, P.R. and Luo, D. and Markoff, D.M. and et al.}, year={2006}, pages={799–801} }
 @article{huffman_greene_allen_cianciolo_huerto_koehler_desai_mahurin_yue_palmquist_et al._2005, title={Beamline performance simulations for the fundamental neutron physics beamline at the spallation neutron source}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1044-677X"]}, DOI={10.6028/jres.110.018}, abstractNote={Monte Carlo simulations are being performed to design and characterize the neutron optics components for the two fundamental neutron physics beamlines at the Spallation Neutron Source. Optimization of the cold beamline includes characterization of the guides and benders, the neutron transmission through the 0.89 nm monochromator, and the expected performance of the four time-of-flight choppers. The locations and opening angles of the choppers have been studied using a simple spreadsheet-based analysis that was developed for other SNS chopper instruments. The spreadsheet parameters are then optimized using Monte Carlo techniques to obtain the results presented in this paper. Optimization of the 0.89 nm beamline includes characterizing the double crystal monochromator and the downstream guides. The simulations continue to be refined as components are ordered and their exact size and performance specifications are determined.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Huffman, PR and Greene, GL and Allen, RR and Cianciolo, V and Huerto, RR and Koehler, P and Desai, D and Mahurin, R and Yue, A and Palmquist, GR and et al.}, year={2005}, pages={161–168} }
 @article{huffman_greene_allen_cianciolo_huerto_koehler_desai_mahurin_yue_palmquist_et al._2005, title={Beamline performance simulations for the fundamental neutron physics beamline at the spallation neutron source}, volume={110}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-25144458619&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology}, author={Huffman, P.R. and Greene, G.L. and Allen, R.R. and Cianciolo, V. and Huerto, R.R. and Koehler, P. and Desai, D. and Mahurin, R. and Yue, A. and Palmquist, G.R. and et al.}, year={2005}, pages={161–168} }
 @article{coakley_doyle_dzhosyuk_yang_huffman_2005, title={Chaotic scattering and escape times of marginally trapped ultracold neutrons}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1044-677X"]}, DOI={10.6028/jres.110.055}, abstractNote={We compute classical trajectories of Ultracold neutrons (UCNs) in a superconducting Ioffe-type magnetic trap using a symplectic integration method. We find that the computed escape time for a particular set of initial conditions (momentum and position) does not generally stabilize as the time step parameter is reduced unless the escape time is short (less than approximately 10 s). For energy intervals where more than half of the escape times computed for UCN realizations are numerically well determined, we predict the median escape time as a function of the midpoint of the interval.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Coakley, KJ and Doyle, JM and Dzhosyuk, SN and Yang, L and Huffman, PR}, year={2005}, pages={367–376} }
 @article{coakley_doyle_dzhosyuk_yang_huffman_2005, title={Chaotic scattering and escape times of marginally trapped ultracold neutrons}, volume={110}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-30444439055&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology}, author={Coakley, K.J. and Doyle, J.M. and Dzhosyuk, S.N. and Yang, L. and Huffman, P.R.}, year={2005}, pages={367–376} }
 @inproceedings{korobkina_wehring_hawari_young_huffman_golub_xu_2005, title={Design and applications of an ultra cold neutron source at the NC state university PULSTAR reactor}, volume={93}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33244475812&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={Transactions of the American Nuclear Society}, author={Korobkina, E. and Wehring, B.W. and Hawari, A.I. and Young, A.R. and Huffman, P.R. and Golub, R. and Xu, Y.}, year={2005}, pages={864–865} }
 @article{dzhosyuk_copete_doyle_yang_coakley_golub_korobkina_kreft_lamoreaux_thompson_et al._2005, title={Determination of the neutron lifetime using magnetically trapped neutrons}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1044-677X"]}, DOI={10.6028/jres.110.050}, abstractNote={We report progress on an experiment to measure the neutron lifetime using magnetically trapped neutrons. Neutrons are loaded into a 1.1 T deep superconducting Ioffe-type trap by scattering 0.89 nm neutrons in isotopically pure superfluid 4He. Neutron decays are detected in real time using the scintillation light produced in the helium by the beta-decay electrons. The measured trap lifetime at a helium temperature of 300 mK and with no ameliorative magnetic ramping is substantially shorter than the free neutron lifetime. This is attributed to the presence of neutrons with energies higher than the magnetic potential of the trap. Magnetic field ramping is implemented to eliminate these neutrons, resulting in an 833−63+74s trap lifetime, consistent with the currently accepted value of the free neutron lifetime.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Dzhosyuk, SN and Copete, A and Doyle, JM and Yang, L and Coakley, KJ and Golub, R and Korobkina, E and Kreft, T and Lamoreaux, SK and Thompson, AK and et al.}, year={2005}, pages={339–343} }
 @article{dzhosyuk_copete_doyle_yang_coakley_golub_korobkina_kreft_lamoreaux_thompson_et al._2005, title={Determination of the neutron lifetime using magnetically trapped neutrons}, volume={110}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-29844431628&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology}, author={Dzhosyuk, S.N. and Copete, A. and Doyle, J.M. and Yang, L. and Coakley, K.J. and Golub, R. and Korobkina, E. and Kreft, T. and Lamoreaux, S.K. and Thompson, A.K. and et al.}, year={2005}, pages={339–343} }
 @article{bass_dawkins_luo_micherdzinska_sarsour_snow_mumm_nico_huffman_markoff_et al._2005, title={Measurement of the parity-violating neutron spin rotation in 4He}, volume={110}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-25144508982&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology}, author={Bass, C.D. and Dawkins, J.M. and Luo, D. and Micherdzinska, A. and Sarsour, M. and Snow, W.M. and Mumm, H.P. and Nico, J.S. and Huffman, P.R. and Markoff, D.M. and et al.}, year={2005}, pages={205–208} }
 @article{bass_dawkins_luo_micherdzinska_sarsour_snow_mumm_nico_huffman_markoff_et al._2005, title={Measurement of the parity-violating neutron spin rotation in He-4}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1044-677X"]}, DOI={10.6028/jres.110.025}, abstractNote={In the meson exchange model of weak nucleon-nucleon (NN) interactions, the exchange of virtual mesons between the nucleons is parameterized by a set of weak meson exchange amplitudes. The strengths of these amplitudes from theoretical calculations are not well known, and experimental measurements of parity-violating (PV) observables in different nuclear systems have not constrained their values. Transversely polarized cold neutrons traveling through liquid helium experience a PV spin rotation due to the weak interaction with an angle proportional to a linear combination of these weak meson exchange amplitudes. A measurement of the PV neutron spin rotation in helium (φPV (n,α)) would provide information about the relative strengths of the weak meson exchange amplitudes, and with the longitudinal analyzing power measurement in the p + α system, allow the first comparison between isospin mirror systems in weak NN interaction. An earlier experiment performed at NIST obtained a result consistent with zero: φPV (n,α) = (8.0 ±14(stat) ±2.2(syst)) ×10−7 rad / m[1]. We describe a modified apparatus using a superfluid helium target to increase statistics and reduce systematic effects in an effort to reach a sensitivity goal of 10−7 rad/m.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Bass, CD and Dawkins, JM and Luo, D and Micherdzinska, A and Sarsour, M and Snow, WM and Mumm, HP and Nico, JS and Huffman, PR and Markoff, DM and et al.}, year={2005}, pages={205–208} }
 @article{hussey_jacobson_arif_huffman_williams_cook_2005, title={New neutron imaging facility at the NIST}, volume={542}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-17644387515&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.nima.2005.01.004}, abstractNote={The design objective of the thermal neutron radiography facility at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Center for Neutron Research was to provide a large beam diameter and a high fluence rate in order to produce images of dynamic systems. A thermal neutron beam with a 14 cm diameter thimble was chosen. The beam was initially filtered by a 10 cm thick single crystal bismuth filter cooled with liquid nitrogen. The beam exiting the port is shaped using either a 1 cm or 2 cm diameter pinhole to form a uniform high fluence rate beam at the sample. The resulting neutron beam at the sample has an L/D ratio of 280 with a fluence rate of 1.84×107 cm−2 s−1 and 560 with a fluence rate of 4.75×106 cm−2 s−1 uniformly spread over a 26 cm diameter beam. To capture the neutron beam image a scintillator and CCD camera is used. The current neutron camera system is limited to a 2.5 s frame rate; however, a high frame rate detector system based on amorphous silicon will allow frame rates to meet the design goal. Samples can be rotated and translated in situ for radiography and tomography applications. This facility became operational in early 2003. Since then the facility has been translated backwards by ≈2.13 m and 5 cm of bismuth was added to the filter. The design of this facility and the impact of the later changes are discussed.}, number={1-3}, journal={Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment}, author={Hussey, D.S. and Jacobson, D.L. and Arif, M. and Huffman, P.R. and Williams, R.E. and Cook, J.C.}, year={2005}, pages={9–15} }
 @article{arif_dewey_gentile_huffman_nico_2005, title={Papers and posters presented at the April 2004 International Conference on Precision Measurements with Slow Neutrons at the National Institute of Standards and Technology}, volume={110}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-25144475560&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology}, author={Arif, M. and Dewey, M.S. and Gentile, T. and Huffman, P. and Nico, J.}, year={2005} }
 @article{golub_huffman_2005, title={Search for a neutron electric dipole moment}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1044-677X"]}, DOI={10.6028/jres.110.019}, abstractNote={The possible existence of a nonzero electric dipole moment (EDM) of the neutron is of great fundamental interest in itself and directly impacts our understanding of the nature of electro-weak and strong interactions. The experimental search for this moment has the potential to reveal new sources of T and CP violation and to challenge calculations that propose extensions to the Standard Model. The goal of the current experiment is to significantly improve the measurement sensitivity to the neutron EDM over what is reported in the literature. The experiment has the potential to either measure the magnitude of the neutron EDM or to lower the current experimental limit by two orders of magnitude. Achieving these objectives will have a major impact on our understanding of the physics of both weak and strong interactions.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Golub, R and Huffman, PR}, year={2005}, pages={169–172} }
 @article{golub_huffman_2005, title={Search for a neutron electric dipole moment}, volume={110}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-25144465612&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology}, author={Golub, R. and Huffman, P.R.}, year={2005}, pages={169–172} }
 @article{greene_cianciolo_koehler_allen_snow_huffman_gould_bowman_cooper_doyle_2005, title={The fundamental neutron physics beamline at the spallation neutron source}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1044-677X"]}, DOI={10.6028/jres.110.015}, abstractNote={The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), currently under construction at Oak Ridge National Laboratory with an anticipated start-up in early 2006, will provide the most intense pulsed beams of cold neutrons in the world. At a projected power of 1.4 MW, the time averaged fluxes and fluences of the SNS will approach those of high flux reactors. One of the flight paths on the cold, coupled moderator will be devoted to fundamental neutron physics. The fundamental neutron physics beamline is anticipated to include two beam-lines; a broad band cold beam, and a monochromatic beam of 0.89 nm neutrons for ultracold neutron (UCN) experiments. The fundamental neutron physics beamline will be operated as a user facility with experiment selection based on a peer reviewed proposal process. An initial program of five experiments in neutron decay, hadronic weak interaction and time reversal symmetry violation have been proposed.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Greene, G and Cianciolo, V and Koehler, P and Allen, R and Snow, WM and Huffman, P and Gould, C and Bowman, D and Cooper, M and Doyle, J}, year={2005}, pages={149–152} }
 @article{greene_cianciolo_koehler_allen_snow_huffman_gould_bowman_cooper_doyle_2005, title={The fundamental neutron physics beamline at the spallation neutron source}, volume={110}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-25144460083&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology}, author={Greene, G. and Cianciolo, V. and Koehler, P. and Allen, R. and Snow, W.M. and Huffman, P. and Gould, C. and Bowman, D. and Cooper, M. and Doyle, J.}, year={2005}, pages={149–152} }
 @article{nico_arif_dewey_gentile_gilliam_huffman_jacobson_thompson_2005, title={The fundamental neutron physics facilities at NIST}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1044-677X"]}, DOI={10.6028/jres.110.013}, abstractNote={The program in fundamental neutron physics at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) began nearly two decades ago. The Neutron Interactions and Dosimetry Group currently maintains four neutron beam lines dedicated to studies of fundamental neutron interactions. The neutrons are provided by the NIST Center for Neutron Research, a national user facility for studies that include condensed matter physics, materials science, nuclear chemistry, and biological science. The beam lines for fundamental physics experiments include a high-intensity polychromatic beam, a 0.496 nm monochromatic beam, a 0.89 nm monochromatic beam, and a neutron interferometer and optics facility. This paper discusses some of the parameters of the beam lines along with brief presentations of some of the experiments performed at the facilities.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Nico, JS and Arif, M and Dewey, MS and Gentile, TR and Gilliam, DM and Huffman, PR and Jacobson, DL and Thompson, AK}, year={2005}, pages={137–144} }
 @article{nico_arif_dewey_gentile_gilliam_huffman_jacobson_thompson_2005, title={The fundamental neutron physics facilities at NIST}, volume={110}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-25144506706&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology}, author={Nico, J.S. and Arif, M. and Dewey, M.S. and Gentile, T.R. and Gilliam, D.M. and Huffman, P.R. and Jacobson, D.L. and Thompson, A.K.}, year={2005}, pages={137–144} }
 @article{mattoni_adams_alvine_doyle_dzhosyuk_golub_korobkina_mckinsey_thompson_yang_et al._2004, title={A long wavelength neutron monochromator for superthermal production of ultracold neutrons}, volume={344}, ISSN={0921-4526}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2003.10.023}, DOI={10.1016/j.physb.2003.10.023}, abstractNote={Production of ultracold neutrons (UCN) by single-phonon downscattering of cold neutrons from superfluid helium (the “superthermal process”) utilizes input neutrons only in a narrow wavelength band around 0.89nm. Delivering a monochromatic 0.89nm neutron beam to a superfluid helium target reduces backgrounds in the UCN production region with minimal loss in the UCN production rate. The design, construction, and testing of a 0.89nm neutron monochromator is reported herein. This monochromator is constructed from nine tiled pieces of stage 2 potassium-intercalated graphite with mosaics between 1.1° and 2.1° and reflectivities of (73–91)% at 0.89nm. In addition to stage 2 potassium-intercalated graphite, fluorophlogopite and stage 1 potassium-intercalated graphite are also characterized.}, number={1-4}, journal={Physica B: Condensed Matter}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Mattoni, C.E.H and Adams, C.P and Alvine, K.J and Doyle, J.M and Dzhosyuk, S.N and Golub, R and Korobkina, E and McKinsey, D.N and Thompson, A.K and Yang, L and et al.}, year={2004}, month={Feb}, pages={343–357} }
 @article{mckinsey_brome_butterworth_dzhosyuk_golub_habicht_huffman_mattoni_yang_doyle_2004, title={Detecting ionizing radiation in liquid helium using wavelength shifting light collection}, volume={516}, ISSN={0168-9002}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.NIMA.2003.08.152}, DOI={10.1016/j.nima.2003.08.152}, abstractNote={Detectors for counting low energy (less than 1MeV) ionizing events in liquid helium are developed and characterized. These devices employ wavelength shifting fluors to convert extreme ultraviolet (EUV) helium scintillation light to the visible, allowing transport of signal light to room temperature. Three technological approaches are developed and tested: wavelength shifting fiber, composite acrylic tube, and diffuse reflecting tube of expanded teflon. The tube-based detectors have been used to detect magnetically trapped neutrons. All of the technological approaches have utility in other experiments, such as a more sensitive measurement of the neutron electric dipole moment and the monitoring of the low-energy solar neutrino flux.}, number={2-3}, journal={Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={McKinsey, D.N and Brome, C.R and Butterworth, J.S and Dzhosyuk, S.N and Golub, R and Habicht, K and Huffman, P.R and Mattoni, C.E.H and Yang, L and Doyle, J.M}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={475–485} }
 @article{dzhosyuk_mattoni_mckinsey_thompson_yang_doyle_huffman_2004, title={Neutron-induced luminescence and activation in neutron shielding and scintillation detection materials at cryogenic temperatures}, volume={217}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1842739974&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.nimb.2003.11.086}, abstractNote={Abstract The neutron-induced low temperature (below 5 K) luminescence of neutron shielding and scintillation detection materials is studied. Strong luminescence is observed for the neutron absorbing materials boron nitride (BN) and lithium fluoride (LiF). A measurable, but substantially smaller luminescence is observed from boron oxide (B2O3). An upper bound of 10−3 was determined for the fraction of the luminescence due to time-correlated multiphoton events in the BN. Other materials tested – boron carbide (B4C), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA or acrylic), expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with an evaporated coating of the downconverting fluor tetraphenyl butadiene (TPB) and a boron/lithium loaded glass – displayed no detectable luminescence. The boron/lithium loaded glass was determined to activate, by the secondary reaction 16O(T,n)18F, with the triton produced in the neutron capture reaction 6Li(n,T)4He.}, number={3}, journal={Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms}, author={Dzhosyuk, S.N. and Mattoni, C.E.H. and McKinsey, D.N. and Thompson, A.K. and Yang, L. and Doyle, J.M. and Huffman, P.R.}, year={2004}, pages={457–470} }
 @article{huffman_jacobson_schoen_arif_black_snow_werner_2004, title={Precision neutron interferometric measurement of the n-3He coherent neutron scattering length}, volume={70}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-19344369400&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1103/PhysRevC.70.014004}, abstractNote={A measurement of the n-{sup 3}He coherent scattering length using neutron interferometry is reported. The result, b{sub c}=(5.8572{+-}0.0072) fm, improves the measured precision of any single measurement of b{sub c} by a factor of eight; the previous world average, b{sub c}=(5.74{+-}0.04) fm, now becomes b{sub c}=(5.853{+-}0.007) fm. Measurements of the n-p, n-d, and n-{sup 3}He coherent scattering lengths have now been performed using the same technique, thus allowing one to extract the scattering length ratios: parameters that minimize systematic errors. We obtain values of b{sub n{sup 3}}{sub He}/b{sub np}=(-1.5668{+-}0.0021) and b{sub nd}/b{sub np}=(-1.7828{+-}0.0014). Using the new world average value of b{sub c} and recent high-precision spin-dependent scattering length data also determined by neutron optical techniques, we extract new values for the bound singlet and triple scattering lengths of b{sub 0}=(9.949{+-}0.027) fm and b{sub 1}=(4.488{+-}0.017) fm for the n-{sup 3}He system. The free nuclear singlet and triplet scattering lengths are a{sub 0}=(7.456{+-}0.020) fm and a{sub 1}=(3.363{+-}0.013) fm. The coherent scattering cross section is {sigma}{sub c}=(4.305{+-}0.007) b and the total scattering cross section is {sigma}{sub s}=(5.837{+-}0.014) b. Comparisons of a{sub 0} and a{sub 1} to the only existing high-precision theoretical predictions for the n-{sup 3}He system, calculated using a resonating group techniquemore » with nucleon-nucleon potentials incorporating three-nucleon forces, have been performed. Neutron scattering length measurements in few-body systems are now sensitive enough to probe small effects not yet adequately treated in present theoretical models.« less}, number={1}, journal={Physical Review C - Nuclear Physics}, author={Huffman, Paul and Jacobson, D.L. and Schoen, K. and Arif, M. and Black, T.C. and Snow, W.M. and Werner, S.A.}, year={2004}, pages={014004} }
 @article{schleier-smith_van buuren_doyle_dzhosyuk_gilliam_mattoni_mckinsey_yang_huffman_2004, title={The production of nitrogen-13 by neutron capture in boron compounds}, volume={215}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0942289565&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.nimb.2003.09.022}, abstractNote={Abstract The 10 B(α,n) 13 N reaction is studied as an activation process in a variety of solid boron-containing neutron shielding materials. The source of α-particles is the neutron capture reaction 10 B(n,α) 7 Li. Samples of boron carbide, boron oxide, and boron nitride are irradiated with thermal neutrons and the rate of 13 N production is determined. 13 N promptly decays, emitting a positron. This positron efficiently annihilates with electrons in the material and the resultant 511 keV gamma ray is detected. For each of the above-mentioned materials, the rate of 13 N production is (1–2) × 10 −10 per captured neutron.}, number={3-4}, journal={Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms}, author={Schleier-Smith, M.H. and Van Buuren, L.D. and Doyle, J.M. and Dzhosyuk, S.N. and Gilliam, D.M. and Mattoni, C.E.H. and McKinsey, D.N. and Yang, L. and Huffman, P.R.}, year={2004}, pages={531–536} }
 @article{yang_dzhosyuk_gabrielse_huffman_mattoni_maxwell_mckinsey_doyle_2003, title={Performance of a large-area avalanche photodiode at low temperature for scintillation detection}, volume={508}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0041743957&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/S0168-9002(03)01665-6}, abstractNote={We investigate the performance of a large-area (13mm×13mm) avalanche photodiode at temperatures ranging from 4.2 to 77K. We find that the gain, at a given bias voltage, increases with decreasing temperature down to 40K, below which a premature breakdown phenomenon occurs. The quantum efficiency of the device decreases with decreasing temperature until approximately 40K, at which point it drops abruptly to <15% of its room temperature value. The sensitivity of the device above 40K makes it a good candidate for detection of scintillation light in low-temperature systems.}, number={3}, journal={Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment}, author={Yang, L. and Dzhosyuk, S.N. and Gabrielse, J.M. and Huffman, P.R. and Mattoni, C.E.H. and Maxwell, S.E. and McKinsey, D.N. and Doyle, J.M.}, year={2003}, pages={388–393} }
 @article{black_huffman_jacobson_snow_schoen_arif_kaiser_lamoreaux_werner_2003, title={Precision neutron interferometric measurement of the nd coherent neutron scattering length and consequences for models of three-nucleon forces}, volume={90}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037595594&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={19}, journal={Physical Review Letters}, author={Black, T.C. and Huffman, P.R. and Jacobson, D.L. and Snow, W.M. and Schoen, K. and Arif, M. and Kaiser, H. and Lamoreaux, S.K. and Werner, S.A.}, year={2003} }
 @article{schoen_jacobson_arif_huffman_black_snow_lamoreaux_kaiser_werner_2003, title={Precision neutron interferometric measurements and updated evaluations of the n-p and n-d coherent neutron scattering lengths}, volume={67}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038131804&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={4}, journal={Physical Review C - Nuclear Physics}, author={Schoen, K. and Jacobson, D.L. and Arif, M. and Huffman, P.R. and Black, T.C. and Snow, W.M. and Lamoreaux, S.K. and Kaiser, H. and Werner, S.A.}, year={2003}, pages={440051–4400521} }
 @article{mckinsey_brome_dzhosyuk_golub_habicht_huffman_korobkina_lamoreaux_mattoni_thompson_et al._2003, title={Time dependence of liquid-helium fluorescence}, volume={67}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-5044229331&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={6}, journal={Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics}, author={McKinsey, D.N. and Brome, C.R. and Dzhosyuk, S.N. and Golub, R. and Habicht, K. and Huffman, P.R. and Korobkina, E. and Lamoreaux, S.K. and Mattoni, C.E.H. and Thompson, A.K. and et al.}, year={2003}, pages={627161–6271610} }
 @article{brome_butterworth_dzhosyuk_mattoni_mckinsey_doyle_huffman_dewey_wietfeldt_golub_et al._2001, title={Magnetic trapping of ultracold neutrons}, volume={63}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-17044451704&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1103/PhysRevC.63.055502}, abstractNote={Three-dimensional magnetic confinement of neutrons is reported. Neutrons are loaded into an Ioffe-type superconducting magnetic trap through inelastic scattering of cold neutrons with ${}^{4}\mathrm{He}.$ Scattered neutrons with sufficiently low energy and in the appropriate spin state are confined by the magnetic field until they decay. The electron resulting from neutron decay produces scintillations in the liquid helium bath that results in a pulse of extreme ultraviolet light. This light is frequency downconverted to the visible and detected. Results are presented in which $500\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}155$ neutrons are magnetically trapped in each loading cycle, consistent with theoretical predictions. The lifetime of the observed signal, ${660}_{\ensuremath{-}170}^{+290} \mathrm{s},$ is consistent with the neutron beta-decay lifetime.}, number={5}, journal={Physical Review C - Nuclear Physics}, author={Brome, C.R. and Butterworth, J.S. and Dzhosyuk, S.N. and Mattoni, C.E.H. and McKinsey, D.N. and Doyle, J.M. and Huffman, P.R. and Dewey, M.S. and Wietfeldt, F.E. and Golub, R. and et al.}, year={2001}, pages={555021–5550215} }
 @article{huffman_brome_butterworth_dzhosyuk_golub_lamoreaux_mattoni_mckinsey_doyle_2001, title={Magnetically stabilized luminescent excitations in hexagonal boron nitride}, volume={92}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-11144356658&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Luminescence}, author={Huffman, P.R. and Brome, C.R. and Butterworth, J.S. and Dzhosyuk, S.N. and Golub, R. and Lamoreaux, S.K. and Mattoni, C.E.H. and McKinsey, D.N. and Doyle, J.M.}, year={2001}, pages={291–296} }
 @article{huffman_brome_butterworth_coakley_dewey_dzhosyuk_golub_greene_hablcht_lamoreaux_et al._2000, title={Magnetic trapping of neutrons}, volume={403}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034610761&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1038/47444}, abstractNote={Accurate measurement of the lifetime of the neutron (which is unstable to beta decay) is important for understanding the weak nuclear force1 and the creation of matter during the Big Bang2. Previous measurements of the neutron lifetime have mainly been limited by certain systematic errors3; however, these could in principle be avoided by performing measurements on neutrons stored in a magnetic trap. Neutral-particle and charged-particle traps are widely used for studying both composite and elementary particles, because they allow long interaction times and isolation of particles from perturbing environments4. Here we report the magnetic trapping of neutrons. The trapping region is filled with superfluid 4He, which is used to load neutrons into the trap and as a scintillator to detect their decay. Neutrons in the trap have a lifetime of 750+330-200 seconds, mainly limited by their beta decay rather than trap losses. Our experiment verifies theoretical predictions regarding the loading process and magnetic trapping of neutrons. Further refinement of this method should lead to improved precision in the neutron lifetime measurement.}, number={6765}, journal={Nature}, author={Huffman, P.R. and Brome, C.R. and Butterworth, J.S. and Coakley, K.J. and Dewey, M.S. and Dzhosyuk, S.N. and Golub, R. and Greene, G.L. and Hablcht, K. and Lamoreaux, S.K. and et al.}, year={2000}, pages={62–64} }
 @article{huffman_brome_butterworth_coakley_dewey_dzhosyuk_gilliam_golub_greene_habicht_et al._2000, title={Progress towards magnetic trapping of ultra-cold neutrons}, volume={440}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033886915&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/S0168-9002(99)01030-X}, abstractNote={We report progress towards magnetic trapping of ultra-cold neutrons (UCN) in preparation for a neutron lifetime measurement. UCN will be produced by inelastic scattering of cold (0.89 nm) neutrons in a reservoir of superfluid 4He and confined in a three-dimensional magnetic trap. As the trapped neutrons decay, recoil electrons will generate scintillations in the liquid He, which should be detectable with nearly 100% efficiency. This direct measure of the number of UCN decays vs. time can be used to determine the neutron beta-decay lifetime.}, number={3}, journal={Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment}, author={Huffman, P.R. and Brome, C.R. and Butterworth, J.S. and Coakley, K.J. and Dewey, M.S. and Dzhosyuk, S.N. and Gilliam, D.M. and Golub, R. and Greene, G.L. and Habicht, K. and et al.}, year={2000}, pages={522–527} }
 @article{mckinsey_brome_butterworth_dzhosyuk_huffman_mattoni_doyle_golub_habicht_1999, title={Radiative decay of the metastable He2(a 3∑u +) molecule in liquid helium}, volume={59}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0003327035&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={1}, journal={Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics}, author={McKinsey, D.N. and Brome, C.R. and Butterworth, J.S. and Dzhosyuk, S.N. and Huffman, P.R. and Mattoni, C.E.H. and Doyle, J.M. and Golub, R. and Habicht, K.}, year={1999}, pages={200–204} }
 @article{butterworth_brome_huffman_mattoni_mckinsey_doyle_1998, title={A demountable cryogenic feedthrough for plastic optical fibers}, volume={69}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032184658&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1063/1.1149161}, abstractNote={A superfluid-helium-tight optical fiber feedthrough has been developed. Heat shrinkable Kynar provides a removable seal around a plastic optical fiber. The seal preserves the continuity of the fiber and is reliable after repeated thermal cycles.}, number={10}, journal={Review of Scientific Instruments}, author={Butterworth, J.S. and Brome, C.R. and Huffman, P.R. and Mattoni, C.E.H. and McKinsey, D.N. and Doyle, J.M.}, year={1998}, pages={3697–3698} }
 @article{butterworth_brome_huffman_mattoni_mckinsey_doyle_1998, title={A removable cryogenic window for transmission of light and neutrons}, volume={69}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0007059316&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={11}, journal={Review of Scientific Instruments}, author={Butterworth, J.S. and Brome, C.R. and Huffman, P.R. and Mattoni, C.E.H. and McKinsey, D.N. and Doyle, J.M.}, year={1998}, pages={3998–3999} }
 @article{wilburn_gould_hale_huffman_keith_roberson_tornow_1998, title={Measurements at low energies of the polarization-transfer coefficient Ky′ yfor the reaction 3H(p→,n→)3He at 0°}, volume={24}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0007082598&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={1}, journal={Few-Body Systems}, author={Wilburn, W.S. and Gould, C.R. and Hale, G.M. and Huffman, P.R. and Keith, C.D. and Roberson, N.R. and Tornow, W.}, year={1998}, pages={27–38} }
 @article{huffman_gould_haase_1998, title={The deformation effect and time-reversal violation in neutron resonances}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0954-3899"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032385772&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1088/0954-3899/24/4/008}, abstractNote={We describe how the deformation effect in nuclear spin aligned can be used to identify small d-wave admixtures in predominantly s-wave resonances. Using standard angular momentum penetrabilities, we estimate deformation effect cross sections for resonances below 500 eV. If d-wave admixtures are identified in a number of s-wave resonances, then a test for a parity-conserving, time-reversal violating term in the neutron-nucleus forward scattering amplitude is possible.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICS G-NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS}, author={Huffman, PR and Gould, CR and Haase, DG}, year={1998}, month={Apr}, pages={763–770} }
 @article{haase_keith_gould_huffman_roberson_seely_tornow_wilburn_1998, title={The scattering of polarized neutrons from statically polarized solid He-3}, volume={402}, ISSN={["0168-9002"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031646245&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00860-7}, abstractNote={Abstract We have constructed a 0.4 mole solid 3 He target, cryogenically polarized at 12 mK in a field of 7 T. The 0.04 atoms/b target reached a polarization of 38% in 35 h. Such a target may be applied to any experiment which is tolerant of the large ambient magnetic field and which produces target heating of less than a microwatt. High energy neutron and photon scattering experiments meet these requirements. The target's figure of merit for neutron transmission measurement exceeds that of polarized gas targets by greater than 35. At the Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory we have used the target to measure the total cross section differences Δσ T and Δσ L for incident polarized neutrons of energies 2–8 MeV. The cross section difference is sensitive to the excited state structure of the n- 3 He system. The results have been compared to a recent R-matrix analysis of R = 4 scattering and reaction data, and provide support for the 4 He level scheme derived from that analysis.}, number={2-3}, journal={NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT}, author={Haase, DG and Keith, CD and Gould, CR and Huffman, PR and Roberson, NR and Seely, ML and Tornow, W and Wilburn, WS}, year={1998}, month={Jan}, pages={341–346} }
 @article{mckinsey_brome_butterworth_golub_habicht_huffman_lamoreaux_mattoni_doyle_1997, title={Fluorescence efficiencies of thin scintillating films in the extreme ultraviolet spectral region}, volume={132}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031268266&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={3}, journal={Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms}, author={McKinsey, D.N. and Brome, C.R. and Butterworth, J.S. and Golub, R. and Habicht, K. and Huffman, P.R. and Lamoreaux, S.K. and Mattoni, C.E.H. and Doyle, J.M.}, year={1997}, pages={351–358} }
 @article{huffman_roberson_wilburn_gould_haase_keith_raichle_seely_walston_1997, title={Test of parity-conserving time-reversal invariance using polarized neutrons and nuclear spin aligned holmium}, volume={55}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031502630&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={5}, journal={Physical Review C - Nuclear Physics}, author={Huffman, P.R. and Roberson, N.R. and Wilburn, W.S. and Gould, C.R. and Haase, D.G. and Keith, C.D. and Raichle, B.W. and Seely, M.L. and Walston, J.R.}, year={1997}, pages={2684–2696} }
 @article{keith_gould_haase_seely_huffman_roberson_tornow_wilburn_1996, title={Measurements of the total cross section for the scattering of polarized neutrons from polarized 3He}, volume={54}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030521282&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={2}, journal={Physical Review C - Nuclear Physics}, author={Keith, C.D. and Gould, C.R. and Haase, D.G. and Seely, M.L. and Huffman, P.R. and Roberson, N.R. and Tornow, W. and Wilburn, W.S.}, year={1996}, pages={477–486} }
 @article{huffman_frankle_gould_haase_harvey_roberson_weston_1996, title={Neutron resonances in 165-Holmium}, volume={54}, ISSN={0556-2813 1089-490X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.54.2051}, DOI={10.1103/PhysRevC.54.2051}, abstractNote={We report the results of a high-resolution study of neutron resonances below 500 eV in {sup 166}Ho. We find nine previously unreported weak resonances at energies 24.79, 75.08, 119.98, 187.94, 210.86, 227.87, 235.94, 248.60, and 264.98 eV. Bayesian probability analysis of the widths indicates they are formed primarily by {ital s}-wave capture and are therefore negative-parity resonances. If they have measurable {ital d}-wave neutron widths, they are candidates for the fivefold correlation test of time reversal. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}}, number={4}, journal={Physical Review C}, publisher={American Physical Society (APS)}, author={Huffman, P. R. and Frankle, C. M. and Gould, C. R. and Haase, D. G. and Harvey, J. A. and Roberson, N. R. and Weston, L. W.}, year={1996}, month={Oct}, pages={2051–2054} }
 @article{huffman_roberson_wilburn_gould_haase_keith_raichle_seely_walston_1996, title={Test of parity-conserving time-reversal invariance using polarized neutrons and nuclear spin aligned holmium}, volume={76}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-4243902697&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={25}, journal={Physical Review Letters}, author={Huffman, P.R. and Roberson, N.R. and Wilburn, W.S. and Gould, C.R. and Haase, D.G. and Keith, C.D. and Raichle, B.W. and Seely, M.L. and Walston, J.R.}, year={1996}, pages={4681–4684} }
 @article{keith_gould_haase_huffman_roberson_seely_tornow_wilburn_1995, title={A polarized solid 3He target for neutron transmission experiments}, volume={357}, ISSN={0168-9002}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)01522-8}, DOI={10.1016/0168-9002(94)01522-8}, abstractNote={We describe the construction and operation of a solid 3He polarized nuclear target which we have used for measurements of the spin dependence of the n-3He interaction at MeV energies. The target, which contains 0.4 mole of 3He was polarized to 38% at 12 mK in a field of 7 T. The target is suitable for nuclear physics measurements which are insensitive to the large magnetic field and produce beam heating of tenths of microwatts. We discuss refinements and paths to improved solid 3He targets at higher polarizations and lower fields.}, number={1}, journal={Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Keith, C.D. and Gould, C.R. and Haase, D.G. and Huffman, P.R. and Roberson, N.R. and Seely, M.L. and Tornow, W. and Wilburn, W.S.}, year={1995}, month={Apr}, pages={34–39} }
 @article{wilburn_gould_haase_huffman_keith_roberson_tornow_1995, title={Measurements of Δ<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">σ</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">T</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>in polarized-neutron–polarized-proton scattering}, volume={52}, ISSN={0556-2813 1089-490X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.52.2351}, DOI={10.1103/PhysRevC.52.2351}, abstractNote={The spin-dependent total cross-section difference {Delta}{sigma}{sub {ital T}} has been measured at energies of 7.43, 9.57, and 11.60 MeV for neutrons, polarized transverse to the beam momentum, transmitted through a transversely polarized proton target. In addition, the energy at which {Delta}{sigma}{sub {ital T}} crosses through zero has been determined in the energy range 3.65--6.25 MeV. The measurements were carried out with a polarized TiH{sub 2} target and polarized neutrons from the {sup 3}H(p,n){sup 3}He and {sup 2}H(d,n){sup 3}He reactions. The cross-section differences {Delta}{sigma}{sub {ital T}} are sensitive to the strength of the {sup 3}{ital S}{sub 1}--{sup 3}{ital D}{sub 1} mixing parameter {epsilon}{sub 1}. Phase-shift analyses are used to determine {epsilon}{sub 1} values from the data. The values are in good in agreement with {ital NN} potential models and do not support the low {epsilon}{sub 1} values found in previous studies around 15--20 MeV.}, number={5}, journal={Physical Review C}, publisher={American Physical Society (APS)}, author={Wilburn, W. S. and Gould, C. R. and Haase, D. G. and Huffman, P. R. and Keith, C. D. and Roberson, N. R. and Tornow, W.}, year={1995}, month={Nov}, pages={2351–2361} }
 @article{seely_gould_haase_huffman_keith_roberson_tornow_wilburn_1995, title={Polarized targets at triangle universities nuclear laboratory}, volume={356}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-25944450116&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={1}, journal={Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A}, author={Seely, M.L. and Gould, C.R. and Haase, D.G. and Huffman, P.R. and Keith, C.D. and Roberson, N.R. and Tornow, W. and Wilburn, W.S.}, year={1995}, pages={142–147} }
 @article{wilburn_gould_haase_huffman_keith_koster_roberson_tornow_1993, title={Measurements of polarized-neutron-polarized-proton scattering: Implications for the triton binding energy}, volume={71}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0002161270&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={13}, journal={Physical Review Letters}, author={Wilburn, W.S. and Gould, C.R. and Haase, D.G. and Huffman, P.R. and Keith, C.D. and Koster, J.E. and Roberson, N.R. and Tornow, W.}, year={1993}, pages={1982–1985} }