@article{seidu_abudulai_dzomeku_mahama_nboyine_appaw_akromah_arthur_bolfrey-arku_mochiah_et al._2024, title={Evaluation of Production and Pest Management Practices in Peanut (<i>Arachis hypogaea</i>) in Ghana}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2073-4395"]}, DOI={10.3390/agronomy14050972}, abstractNote={The economic return for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Ghana is often low due to limitations in the availability of inputs or their adoption, which are needed to optimize yield. Six experiments were conducted in Ghana in 2020 and 2021 to determine the impact of planting date, cultivar, fertilization, pest management practices, and harvest date on peanut yield, financial return, and pest reaction. A wide range of interactions among these treatment factors were often observed for infestations of aphids (Aphis gossypii Glover); groundnut rosette disease (Umbravirus: Tombusviridaee); millipedes (Peridontopyge spp.); white grubs (Schyzonicha spp.); wireworms (Conoderus spp.); termites (Microtermes and Odontotermes spp.); canopy defoliation as a result of early leaf spot disease caused by Passalora arachidicola (Hori) and late leaf spot caused by Nothopassalora personata (Berk. and M. A. Curtis); and the scarification and boring of pods caused by arthropod feeding. Pod yield and economic return increased for the cultivar Chitaochi and Sarinut 2 when fertilizer was applied and when fertilizer was applied at early, mid-, and late planting dates. Pod yield and economic return increased when a combination of locally derived potassium soaps was used for aphid suppression and one additional hand weeding was used in the improved pest management practice compared with the traditional practice without these inputs. Pearson correlations for yield and economic return were negatively correlated for all pests and damage caused by pests. The results from these experiments can be used by farmers and their advisors to develop production packages for peanut production in Ghana.}, number={5}, journal={AGRONOMY-BASEL}, author={Seidu, Ahmed and Abudulai, Mumuni and Dzomeku, Israel K. and Mahama, Georgie Y. and Nboyine, Jerry A. and Appaw, William and Akromah, Richard and Arthur, Stephen and Bolfrey-Arku, Grace and Mochiah, M. Brandford and et al.}, year={2024}, month={May} }
 @article{zuza_araya_maseyk_bhagwat_brandenburg_emmott_rawes_phiri_mkengala_kenamu_2024, title={Farmer preference for macadamia varieties and constraints to production in Malawi}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0293488}, abstractNote={Macadamia nuts constitute a vital component of both nutrition and livelihoods for smallholder producers in Malawi. We conducted a comprehensive mixed-methods study, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses, to explore varietal preferences and production challenges among these farmers. Leveraging cross-sectional data from 144 members of the Highlands Macadamia Cooperative Union Limited, our study underscores several significant findings. Our findings reveal that the majority of smallholder macadamia farmers (62%) are aged over 50, with farming as their primary occupation. Varied preferences are driven by yield-related traits, including high yield potential (38%), nut quality (29%), and extended flowering patterns (15%). Among the macadamia varieties, the top five choices, grown by over half of the farmers, include HAES 660 (18%), 800 (10%), 791 (9%), 816 (8%), and 246 (7%). Additionally, our study identifies five primary constraints faced by smallholder macadamia farmers: insect pests (81%), diseases (34%), limited market access (33%), wind damage (25%), and inadequate agricultural advisory services (17%). Based on these findings, we propose two policy recommendations to enhance smallholder macadamia production and productivity in Malawi and other regions. Specifically, we advocate for informed breeding programs that align with farmer preferences to promote greater adoption of macadamia varieties. Additionally, we emphasize the crucial role of the Malawian government in the macadamia value chain, suggesting active participation in providing extension services and marketing support, akin to its support for other cash crops.}, number={2}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Zuza, Emmanuel Junior and Araya, Yoseph N. and Maseyk, Kadmiel and Bhagwat, Shonil and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Emmott, Andrew and Rawes, Will and Phiri, Patrick and Mkengala, Ken and Kenamu, Edwin}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{foote_jordan_gorny_dunne_lux_ahumada_shew_brandenburg_ye_2024, title={Influence of Cropping Sequence and Tillage System on Plant-Parasitic Nematodes and Peanut (<i>Arachis hypogaea</i>) Response to Fluopyram Applied at Planting}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2073-4395"]}, DOI={10.3390/agronomy14040875}, abstractNote={Crop sequence and tillage can affect the yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and other crops. Research was conducted from 2006 through 2022 to determine the response of peanut to previous crop sequences including corn (Zea mays L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) planted in continuous conventional tillage (e.g., disking, field cultivating, and bedding with in-row sub-soiling) or strip tillage (e.g., tilling a 45 cm section on rows spaced 91 cm apart using fluted coulters, rolling baskets, and in-row sub-soiling). In 2013, 2019, and 2022, the entire test area was planted with peanut. In 2019 and 2022, peanut was planted without or with fluopyram applied in the seed furrow at planting. Decreasing the number of years between peanut planting resulted in lower peanut yields compared with fewer years of peanut planting in the rotation sequence. Continuous conventional tillage and strip tillage resulted in similar peanut yields at one location, while the yield was lower at a second location when peanut was planted in continuous strip tillage. Fluopyram did not affect peanut yield regardless of previous crop rotation sequence, the number of years separating peanut plantings, or the tillage system. However, minor differences in the populations of plant-parasitic nematodes in soil were noted when comparing fluopyram treatment. The results from these experiments indicate that while fluopyram can reduce the populations of some plant-parasitic nematodes in soil, the magnitude of reduction does not translate into increases in peanut yield.}, number={4}, journal={AGRONOMY-BASEL}, author={Foote, Ethan and Jordan, David and Gorny, Adrienne and Dunne, Jeffrey and Lux, Leann and Ahumada, Daisy and Shew, Barbara and Brandenburg, Rick and Ye, Weimin}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{jordan_anco_balota_brandenburg_2024, title={Farmer insights on harvesting peanut: A survey from the Virginia-Carolina region of the United States}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.1002/cft2.20262}, abstractNote={Plain Language Summary Peanut harvest is a two‐step process that requires digging pods and inverting vines and threshing after pods and vines have dried for an adequate amount time. Weather patterns, including temperature and soil moisture, can affect the pod maturation process. Additionally, inclement weather, soil moisture conditions, farm logistics, balance of equipment and acreage, plant health and disease incidence, and equipment setting and operation can affect harvest efficiency and yield. A survey of 166 farmers in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia, representing 25% of acreage, was administered to determine their perceptions of challenges they face at harvest and how they address those challenges. The majority of growers indicated that they would dig pods and invert vines prior to a storm. Peanut maturity was as important as soil conditions and concerns over tropical weather when deciding when to dig peanut.}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Jordan, David L. and Anco, Dan and Balota, Maria and Brandenburg, Rick L.}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{jordan_shew_brandenburg_anco_balota_2023, title={Summary of tillage practices in peanut in the Virginia-Carolina region of the United States}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.1002/cft2.20222}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Deep tillage in the form of moldboard plow decreased in peanut in North Carolina from 1998 to 2018.
Reduced tillage was adopted by more peanut farmers in South Carolina and Virginia than in North Carolina.
More farmers strip‐tilled peanut across all states rather than no till.
}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Jordan, David L. and Shew, Barbara B. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Anco, Dan and Balota, Maria}, year={2023}, month={Jun} }
 @article{jordan_anco_balota_langston_lux_shew_brandenburg_2024, title={Survey of herbicide and fungicide use in peanut in North Carolina and Virginia in the United States}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.1002/cft2.20263}, abstractNote={Plain Language Summary Diseases and weeds can reduce yield of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) if effective control measures including fungicides and herbicides are not used. A survey of 76 farmers in North Carolina and Virginia at Cooperative Extension Service meetings was completed relative to fungicide and herbicide use in 2021. Eighty‐two percent of farmers made between three and five herbicide applications, while 68% of farmers made between four and five fungicide applications. 2,4‐DB was the herbicide applied most frequently. The fungicide chlorothalonil was applied the most often. Pydiflumetofen was applied by 61% of farmers. Results from this survey can be used to inform regulatory agencies on pesticide use patterns by defining the relative importance of individual or groups of pesticides currently used to suppress pests and prevent or mitigate associated economic losses.}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Jordan, David L. and Anco, Dan and Balota, Maria and Langston, David and Lux, Leann and Shew, Barbara and Brandenburg, Rick L.}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{jordan_buol_brandenburg_shew_wilkerson_lassiter_dunne_gorny_washburn_hoisington_et al._2022, title={A Risk Tool and Production Log Created using Microsoft Excel to Manage Pests in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2155-7470"]}, DOI={10.1093/jipm/pmac006}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growers and their advisors need to address a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses to maximize yield and financial return. Mitigating risk to yield and financial investment requires knowledge of interactions among pests and strategies to manage pests, including chemical inputs, crop rotation, cultivar selection, field pest history, planting pattern and population, planting date, and tillage systems. Using Microsoft Excel, a comprehensive peanut risk tool was developed to assist growers and advisors in identifying and selecting production strategies to minimize risk to yield based on empirical data and practical experience while providing cost estimates of production practices. Initially, the risk tool was developed for North Carolina (USA) peanut production. However, the current platform is designed to facilitate the development of similar tools for other USA peanut regions, peanut production systems in other countries, and with the capability to develop risk tools for other crops. This article discusses components of the risk management tool developed for North Carolina peanut production. Benefits of the risk tool to practitioners, extension services, genetics and breeding programs, and formal classroom instruction will be discussed. One goal of this paper is to provide an example of how the Microsoft Excel framework used for peanut in North Carolina can be used for peanut in other regions of the USA and other countries.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT}, author={Jordan, David L. and Buol, Greg S. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Shew, Barbara B. and Wilkerson, Gail G. and Lassiter, Bridget R. and Dunne, Jeff and Gorny, Adrienne and Washburn, Derek and Hoisington, David and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{jordan_buol_brandenburg_reisig_nboyine_abudulai_oteng-frimpong_mochiah_asibuo_arthur_et al._2022, title={Examples of Risk Tools for Pests in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Developed for Five Countries Using Microsoft Excel}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2155-7470"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jipm/pmac017}, DOI={10.1093/jipm/pmac017}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Suppressing pest populations below economically-damaging levels is an important element of sustainable peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production. Peanut farmers and their advisors often approach pest management with similar goals regardless of where they are located. Anticipating pest outbreaks using field history and monitoring pest populations are fundamental to protecting yield and financial investment. Microsoft Excel was used to develop individual risk indices for pests, a composite assessment of risk, and costs of risk mitigation practices for peanut in Argentina, Ghana, India, Malawi, and North Carolina (NC) in the United States (US). Depending on pests and resources available to manage pests, risk tools vary considerably, especially in the context of other crops that are grown in sequence with peanut, cultivars, and chemical inputs. In Argentina, India, and the US where more tools (e.g., mechanization and pesticides) are available, risk indices for a wide array of economically important pests were developed with the assumption that reducing risk to those pests likely will impact peanut yield in a positive manner. In Ghana and Malawi where fewer management tools are available, risks to yield and aflatoxin contamination are presented without risk indices for individual pests. The Microsoft Excel platform can be updated as new and additional information on effectiveness of management practices becomes apparent. Tools can be developed using this platform that are appropriate for their geography, environment, cropping systems, and pest complexes and management inputs that are available. In this article we present examples for the risk tool for each country.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT}, author={Jordan, David L. and Buol, Greg S. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Reisig, Dominic and Nboyine, Jerry and Abudulai, Mumuni and Oteng-Frimpong, Richard and Mochiah, Moses Brandford and Asibuo, James Y. and Arthur, Stephen and et al.}, editor={Taylor, SallyEditor}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{monfort_culbreath_abney_brandenburg_royals_jordan_herbert_taylor_malone_2021, title={Effect of thiamethoxam seed treatment in peanut}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.1002/cft2.20135}, abstractNote={AbstractTobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca) and tomato spotted wilt (TSW) orthotospovirus (family Tospoviridae, genus Orthotospovirus) can reduce peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yield. Systemic insecticides are applied in the seed furrow at planting and to peanut foliage to reduce injury from tobacco thrips and decrease incidence of TSW. Research was conducted in Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia in 2013 and 2014 to compare the effect of the following treatments on tobacco thrips feeding injury and expression of TSW in peanut: thiamethoxam seed treatment, thiamethoxam seed treatment followed by acephate 3 weeks after planting, phorate applied in the seed furrow at planting, and a nontreated check. Tobacco thrips feeding injury and TSW incidence were significantly higher in thiamethoxam and thiamethoxam followed by acephate‐treated peanut than peanut treated with phorate. Thiamethoxan seed treatment followed by acephate resulted in significantly lower tobacco thrips feeding injury compared to thiamethoxam seed treatment alone. Yield of Virginia market type cultivars was greater when thiamethoxam was followed by acephate applied to peanut foliage or when phorate was applied compared with nontreated peanut or the seed treatment alone. Runner market type cultivars yielded higher when phorate was applied compared with nontreated peanut while peanut treated with thiamethoxam with or with acephate yielded similar to both of these treatments.}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Monfort, Scott and Culbreath, Albert and Abney, Mark and Brandenburg, Rick and Royals, Brian and Jordan, David and Herbert, Ames, Jr. and Taylor, Sally and Malone, Sean}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{brandenburg_royals_taylor_malone_jordan_hare_2021, title={Responses of tobacco thrips and peanut to imidacloprid and fluopyram}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.1002/cft2.20116}, abstractNote={AbstractTobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca Hinds) can reduce peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yield if not controlled in many instances in North Carolina and Virginia. Systemic insecticides are often applied in the seed furrow at planting to suppress tobacco thrips and protect peanut yield. Foliar sprays of acephate [N‐(methoxy[methylsulfanyl]phosphoryl)acetamide] are often made regardless of the insecticide applied at planting. Imidacloprid [(NE)‐N‐[1‐([6‐chloropyridin‐3‐yl]methyl)imidazolidin‐2‐ylidene)nitramide] plus fluopyram [N‐(2‐[3‐chloro‐5‐(trifluoromethyl)pyridin‐2‐yl]ethyl)‐2‐(trifluoromethyl)benzamide])] is registered for use in peanut but information in the peer‐reviewed literature is limited regarding its effectiveness in suppressing tobacco thrips and whether or not a foliar application of acephate is needed when this product is used. Peanut injury caused by tobacco thrips was lower when phorate [diethoxy‐(ethylsulfanylmethylsulfanyl)‐sulfanylidene‐λ5‐phosphane] or imidacloprid were applied alone compared with imidacloprid plus fluopyram in 16 trials conducted in North Carolina and Virginia from 2014 to 2020. However, all insecticides applied at planting protected peanut from injury caused by tobacco thrips well enough to prevent yield loss compared with nontreated peanut. Although acephate decreased visible injury caused by tobacco thrips, yield was not affected by acephate regardless of the systemic insecticide applied at planting. The results from these trials indicate that imidacloprid plus fluopyram offers adequate suppression of tobacco thrips to protect yield. Although acephate suppressed tobacco thrips, yield was not affected by acephate.}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Brandenburg, Rick and Royals, Brian and Taylor, Sally and Malone, Sean and Jordan, David and Hare, Andrew}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{royals_brandenburg_hare_jordan_taylor_malone_2020, title={Efficacy of chlorantraniliprole on southern corn rootworm in peanut}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.1002/cft2.20045}, abstractNote={The authors report no conflicts of interest.}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Royals, Brian and Brandenburg, Rick and Hare, Andrew and Jordan, David and Taylor, Sally and Malone, Sean}, year={2020} }
 @article{kaufman_jordan_reberg-horton_dean_shew_brandenburg_anco_mehl_taylor_balota_et al._2020, title={Identifying interest, risks, and impressions of organic peanut production: A survey of conventional farmers in the Virginia-Carolina region}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.1002/cft2.20042}, abstractNote={Crop, Forage & Turfgrass ManagementVolume 6, Issue 1 e20042 CROP MANAGEMENT—BRIEFS Identifying interest, risks, and impressions of organic peanut production: A survey of conventional farmers in the Virginia–Carolina region Amanda A. Kaufman, Amanda A. Kaufman Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorDavid L. Jordan, Corresponding Author David L. Jordan david_jordan@ncsu.edu orcid.org/0000-0003-4786-2727 Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USA Correspondence Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC 27695 Email: david_jordan@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorChris Reberg-Horton, Chris Reberg-Horton Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorLisa L. Dean, Lisa L. Dean Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, ARS, SEA, USDA, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorBarbara B. Shew, Barbara B. Shew Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorRick L. Brandenburg, Rick L. Brandenburg Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorDan Anco, Dan Anco Edisto Research and Extension Center, Clemson University, 64 Research Road, Blackville, SC, 29817 USASearch for more papers by this authorHillary Mehl, Hillary Mehl Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 6321 Holland Road, Suffolk, VA, 23437 USASearch for more papers by this authorSally Taylor, Sally Taylor Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 6321 Holland Road, Suffolk, VA, 23437 USASearch for more papers by this authorMaria Balota, Maria Balota orcid.org/0000-0003-4626-0193 Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 6321 Holland Road, Suffolk, VA, 23437 USASearch for more papers by this authorL. Suzanne Goodell, L. Suzanne Goodell Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorJonathan Allen, Jonathan Allen Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this author Amanda A. Kaufman, Amanda A. Kaufman Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorDavid L. Jordan, Corresponding Author David L. Jordan david_jordan@ncsu.edu orcid.org/0000-0003-4786-2727 Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USA Correspondence Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC 27695 Email: david_jordan@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorChris Reberg-Horton, Chris Reberg-Horton Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorLisa L. Dean, Lisa L. Dean Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, ARS, SEA, USDA, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorBarbara B. Shew, Barbara B. Shew Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorRick L. Brandenburg, Rick L. Brandenburg Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorDan Anco, Dan Anco Edisto Research and Extension Center, Clemson University, 64 Research Road, Blackville, SC, 29817 USASearch for more papers by this authorHillary Mehl, Hillary Mehl Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 6321 Holland Road, Suffolk, VA, 23437 USASearch for more papers by this authorSally Taylor, Sally Taylor Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 6321 Holland Road, Suffolk, VA, 23437 USASearch for more papers by this authorMaria Balota, Maria Balota orcid.org/0000-0003-4626-0193 Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 6321 Holland Road, Suffolk, VA, 23437 USASearch for more papers by this authorL. Suzanne Goodell, L. Suzanne Goodell Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorJonathan Allen, Jonathan Allen Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 14 June 2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/cft2.20042Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume6, Issue12020e20042 RelatedInformation}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Kaufman, Amanda A. and Jordan, David L. and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Dean, Lisa L. and Shew, Barbara B. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Anco, Dan and Mehl, Hillary and Taylor, Sally and Balota, Maria and et al.}, year={2020} }
 @article{jordan_hare_johnson_alston_alston_ambrose_callis_corbett_hoggard_stevens_et al._2020, title={Peanut and soybean response to cropping systems including corn, cotton, and grain sorghum}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.1002/cft2.20041}, abstractNote={The authors declare no conflict of interest.}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Jordan, David and Hare, Andrew and Johnson, Dewayne and Alston, Joel and Alston, Trevor and Ambrose, Derek and Callis, David and Corbett, Tommy and Hoggard, Riley and Stevens, Brian and et al.}, year={2020} }
 @article{jordan_dunne_stalker_shew_brandenburg_anco_mehl_taylor_balota_2020, title={Risk to sustainability of pest management tools in peanut}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2471-9625"]}, DOI={10.1002/ael2.20018}, abstractNote={AbstractA diversity of pests can adversely affect peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yield, quality, and financial return. Farmers rely heavily on applied chemicals to suppress many of the economically important pests present in peanut. The effectiveness of this approach to pest management may not be sustainable, however, due to evolved resistance in pests to chemicals, reluctance of basic chemical manufacturers to invest in product development because of the relatively small market for peanut compared with other crops, cost to initially register or re‐register chemicals, and the desire for peanut buyers and processors to capture international markets that may have varying agrochemical residue restrictions for peanut. Heavy reliance on chemical control could leave peanut production systems vulnerable to yield loss; thus, a more concerted research effort is needed to increase the number and availability of nonchemical tools that protect peanut from pests in order to ensure long‐term sustainability of peanut production systems.}, number={1}, journal={AGRICULTURAL & ENVIRONMENTAL LETTERS}, author={Jordan, David L. and Dunne, Jeffrey and Stalker, H. Thomas and Shew, Barbara B. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Anco, Dan and Mehl, Hillary and Taylor, Sally and Balota, Maria}, year={2020} }
 @article{jordan_hare_roberson_ward_shew_brandenburg_anco_thomas_balota_mehl_et al._2019, title={Survey of Practices by Growers in the Virginia-Carolina Region Regarding Digging and Harvesting Peanut}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.2134/cftm2019.07.0057}, abstractNote={Core Ideas Harvesting peanut requires approximately twice as much time to complete as the time required for digging peanut. Fifty-six percent of growers predicted when optimum yield would occur based on the sample provided within the recommended timeframe. Reported yield was positively correlated with the use of prohexadione calcium.}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Jordan, David L. and Hare, Andrew T. and Roberson, Gary T. and Ward, Jason and Shew, Barbara B. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Anco, Dan and Thomas, James and Balota, Maria and Mehl, Hillary and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Nov} }
 @article{seth carley_jordan_dharmasri_shew_sutton_brandenburg_2018, title={Examples of Differences in Red Edge Reflectance and Normalized Difference Vegetative Index caused by Stress in Peanut}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.2134/cftm2018.06.0042}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Canopy reflectance is a potential tool for peanut management.
Lesions caused by disease decreased red edge reflectance and NDVI.
Leaves expressing nitrogen deficiency and drought stress decreased red edge reflectance and NDVI.
}, number={1}, journal={Crop, Forage & Turfgrass Management}, author={Seth Carley, D. and Jordan, D.L. and Dharmasri, C.L. and Shew, B.B. and Sutton, T.B. and Brandenburg, R.L.}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={1–2} }
 @article{jordan_brandenburg_payne_hoisington_magnan_rhoads_abudulai_adhikari_chen_akromah_et al._2018, title={Preventing mycotoxin contamination in groundnut cultivation}, volume={36}, ISBN={["978-1-78676-140-8"]}, ISSN={["2059-6944"]}, DOI={10.19103/AS.2017.0023.28}, journal={ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE CULTIVATION OF GRAIN LEGUMES, VOL 2: IMPROVING CULTIVATION OF PARTICULAR GRAIN LEGUMES}, author={Jordan, David and Brandenburg, Rick and Payne, Gary and Hoisington, David and Magnan, Nick and Rhoads, James and Abudulai, Mumuni and Adhikari, Koushik and Chen, Jinru and Akromah, Richard and et al.}, year={2018}, pages={181–211} }
 @article{jordan_hare_roberson_shew_brandenburg_anco_balota_mehl_taylor_2018, title={Summary of Variables Associated with Application of Plant Protection Products in Peanut}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.2134/cftm2018.05.0034}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Peanut acreage was positively correlated with tank size, boom width, and ground speed.
Peanut acreage was not correlated with peanut yield, spray volume, and spray pressure.
Co‐applying three or more products in the same tank was common among growers.
Flat‐fan nozzles were the most commonly used spray nozzles among peanut growers.
Growers spend approximately 18% of their time applying crop protection products.
}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Jordan, David L. and Hare, Andrew T. and Roberson, Gary T. and Shew, Barbara B. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Anco, Dan and Balota, Maria and Mehl, Hillary and Taylor, Sally}, year={2018}, month={Oct} }
 @article{abudulai_naab_seini_dzomeku_boote_brandenburg_jordan_2018, title={Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) response to weed and disease management in northern Ghana}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1366-5863"]}, DOI={10.1080/09670874.2017.1371806}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Weeds and diseases can reduce peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yield or increase cost of production to maintain acceptable yield. While herbicides and fungicides have limited availability in many areas of Ghana and currently are too expensive for resource-poor farmers, control by these pesticides can have a major positive impact on peanut yield. Field experiments were conducted during the rainy seasons of 2009 and 2010 in northern Ghana to determine the effects of herbicide and hand weeding in combination with fungicides on pest management and peanut yield. Peanut pod yield was often more highly correlated with disease severity and canopy defoliation resulting from early leaf spot (caused by Cercospora arachidicola Hori) and late leaf spot (caused by Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Deighton) than weed biomass. In some instances, less disease and canopy defoliation were observed when weeds were not controlled effectively compared with increased weed management through hand weeding or herbicide. Two hand weedings or applying pendimethalin preemergence with one hand weeding in combination with 4 applications of triadimefon and chlorothalonil resulted in the lowest weed density and canopy defoliation and often resulted in the highest peanut yield.}, number={3}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEST MANAGEMENT}, author={Abudulai, Mumuni and Naab, Jesse and Seini, Shaibu Seidu and Dzomeku, Israel and Boote, Kenneth and Brandenburg, Rick and Jordan, David}, year={2018}, pages={204–209} }
 @article{dunne_miller_arellano_brandenburg_schoeman_milla-lewis_2017, title={Shade response of bermudagrass accessions under different management practices}, volume={26}, ISSN={1618-8667}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.UFUG.2017.02.011}, DOI={10.1016/J.UFUG.2017.02.011}, abstractNote={The development of cultivars ‘TifGrand’ and ‘Celebration’ has shown potential increases in shade tolerance compared to previous industry standards of bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.). Based on the literature, further improvements in shade tolerance can be attained through changes in nitrogen fertility rates, mowing heights, and the application of plant growth regulators. In this study, two South African hybrid (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy) bermudagrass accessions (‘WIN10F’ and ‘STIL03’) and three standard cultivars (Celebration, Tifgrand, and ‘Tifway’) were compared for their ability to persist under 63% shade, two mowing heights, two trinexapac-ethyl (TE) treatments, and two nitrogen fertility rates. The experimental design was a strip-strip-split plot and digital image analysis was used to measure percent turfgrass cover, percent turfgrass spread after cup-cutter removal, and percent turfgrass re-growth after divot formation. Turf quality was measured using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Differences among genotypes, TE treatments, and mowing heights were observed across all response variables in 2014 and 2015. Differences in fertility treatments were observed in NDVI, percent turfgrass growth, and percent turfgrass recovery within and across years. Significant differences were observed for the interactions between entry by plant growth regulator (PGR) treatments, entry by mowing height, and mowing height by PGR. These results suggest shade management recommendations should be dependent on genotype and site-specific considerations. The development and implementation of specific management plans for certain bermudagrass varieties will contribute to the more widespread use of Cynodon spp. in shaded environments.}, journal={Urban Forestry & Urban Greening}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Dunne, Jeffrey C. and Miller, Grady L. and Arellano, Consuelo and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Schoeman, A. and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={169–177} }
 @article{brill_brandenburg_abney_2016, title={Effect of soil moisture on Plectris aliena (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) oviposition}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1938-5102"]}, DOI={10.1653/024.099.0342}, abstractNote={Summary The effect of 3 soil moisture regimes (dry, normal, and wet) on oviposition was studied for the invasive soil pest Plectris aliena Chapin (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in North Carolina agroecosystems. In laboratory cages, there was a significant increase of 20 more eggs deposited by females in wet soil compared with the dry soil (2% moisture) treatment. When the beetles were tested under field conditions, there were no significant differences in oviposition.}, number={3}, journal={FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST}, author={Brill, Nancy L. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Abney, Mark R.}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={574–575} }
 @article{billeisen_brandenburg_2016, title={Efficacy of five insecticides targeting spring and fall populations of sugarcane beetle adults}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1938-5102"]}, DOI={10.1653/024.099.0338}, abstractNote={Summary Sugarcane beetle (Euetheola rugiceps LeConte; Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is a pest of turfgrass in the southeastern United States. This study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of 5 products for sugarcane beetle pest management in managed bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.; Poaceae). Spring and fall populations of sugarcane beetle adults were exposed to 4 active ingredients and combinations (bifenthrin, bifenthrin plus clothianidin, carbaryl, clothianidin, and dinotefuran) under greenhouse conditions. At 7 d after treatment, there were no significant differences among insecticide treatments applied to spring beetles at either a low or a high field rate, although all insecticides caused a significant increase in beetle mortality relative to untreated (control) beetles. In contrast, bifenthrin caused significantly greater control of fall populations at the low field rate compared with other treatments. Target population (spring or fall) appears to have more impact on pesticide efficacy than either product selection or application rate.}, number={3}, journal={FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST}, author={Billeisen, Terri and Brandenburg, Rick}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={563–565} }
 @article{billeisen_brandenburg_2016, title={Seasonal Flight Activity of the Sugarcane Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in North Carolina Using Black Light Traps}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvw008}, abstractNote={Abstract Seasonal flight activity, adult beetle sex count, and egg production were examined in sugarcane beetles Euetheola rugiceps (LeConte) caught in light traps in North Carolina from the fall of 2009 through the summer of 2014. A regression model using variable environmental conditions as predictive parameters was developed to examine the impact of these conditions on flight activity. Depending on flight trap location and sampling years, beetles exhibited an inconsistent flight pattern, with the majority of adults flying in the spring (April–June) and intermittently in the fall (September–October). Our model indicated that larger numbers of adults collected from traps coincided with an increase in average soil temperature. Sugarcane beetles also exhibit a synchronous emergence during both periods of flight activity. Eggs were detected in females collected from light traps every week throughout the entire sampling period. The majority of females produced 7–12 eggs, with most egg production occurring between 15 May and 1 August. The findings of this research provide adult sugarcane beetle emergence and flight behavior information necessary to determine optimal pesticide application timing.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Billeisen, T. L. and Brandenburg, R. L.}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={465–471} }
 @article{narh_boote_naab_jones_tillman_abudulai_sankara_bertin_burow_brandenburg_et al._2015, title={Genetic Improvement of Peanut Cultivars for West Africa Evaluated with the CSM-CROPGRO-Peanut Model}, volume={107}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj15.0047}, abstractNote={Crop models are valuable tools for evaluating past genetic improvement as well as guiding future breeding strategies for target regions. The objective of this study was to use the CSM‐CROPGRO‐Peanut model to evaluate traits responsible for genetic improvement of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes grown in West Africa. Data on19 cultivars were obtained from performance trials in 2010 and 2011 at two sites in Ghana and two sites in Burkina Faso. For all sites and years, pod yield, seed yield, shelling percentage, and seed size were determined at harvest, and leaf spot disease was recorded. Time‐series data on crop biomass, pod mass, and pod harvest index were measured at two Ghana sites in 2 yr. Data on phenology, e.g., first flower, first pod, and harvest maturity were observed at one site in Ghana in 2010. Optimization and calibration procedures were used with the CROPGRO‐Peanut model to estimate cultivar coefficients from the data. The derived cultivar coefficients simulated pod yields that agreed well with observed pod yields. Solved cultivar coefficients varied considerably among cultivars. With the derived cultivar coefficients, the CROPGRO‐Peanut model was able to simulate much of the genetic variation in pod yield among the 19 cultivars within eight site‐year combinations (d statistic of 0.90 and RMSE of 299 kg ha−1). The derived cultivar coefficients illustrated that yield improvement leading to nearly twofold higher pod yield resulted from a combination of improved partitioning (leading to higher pod harvest index), higher photosynthesis, longer life cycle, longer seed‐filling duration, and improved leaf spot resistance.}, number={6}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Narh, Stephen and Boote, Kenneth J. and Naab, Jesse B. and Jones, J. W. and Tillman, Barry L. and Abudulai, Munnuni and Sankara, Philippe and Bertin, Zagre M'Bi and Burow, Mark D. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and et al.}, year={2015}, pages={2213–2229} }
 @article{cardoza_drake_jordan_schroeder-moreno_arellano_brandenburg_2015, title={Impact of Location, Cropping History, Tillage, and Chlorpyrifos on Soil Arthropods in Peanut}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvv074}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Demand for agricultural production systems that are both economically viable and environmentally conscious continues to increase. In recent years, reduced tillage systems, and grass and pasture rotations have been investigated to help maintain or improve soil quality, increase crop yield, and decrease labor requirements for production. However, documentation of the effects of reduced tillage, fescue rotation systems as well as other management practices, including pesticides, on pest damage and soil arthropod activity in peanut production for the Mid-Atlantic US region is still limited. Therefore, this project was implemented to assess impacts of fescue-based rotation systems on pests and other soil organisms when compared with cash crop rotation systems over four locations in eastern North Carolina. In addition, the effects of tillage (strip vs. conventional) and soil chlorpyrifos application on pod damage and soil-dwelling organisms were also evaluated. Soil arthropod populations were assessed by deploying pitfall traps containing 50% ethanol in each of the sampled plots. Results from the present study provide evidence that location significantly impacts pest damage and soil arthropod diversity in peanut fields. Cropping history also influenced arthropod diversity, with higher diversity in fescue compared with cash crop fields. Corn rootworm damage to pods was higher at one of our locations (Rocky Mount) compared with all others. Cropping history (fescue vs. cash crop) did not have an effect on rootworm damage, but increased numbers of hymenopterans, acarina, heteropterans, and collembolans in fescue compared with cash crop fields. Interestingly, there was an overall tendency for higher number of soil arthropods in traps placed in chlorpyrifos-treated plots compared with nontreated controls.}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Cardoza, Yasmin J. and Drake, Wendy L. and Jordan, David L. and Schroeder-Moreno, Michelle S. and Arellano, Consuelo and Brandenburg, Rick L.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={951–959} }
 @article{reynolds_verburgt_schoeman_brandenburg_2015, title={Mole cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) mating calls: Characteristics in recently expanded geographic areas}, volume={50}, DOI={10.18474/jes14-23.1}, abstractNote={Mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) damage warm-season turfgrasses throughout the southeastern United States. The two most destructive species are the southern mole cricket, Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos, and the tawny mole cricket, S. vicinus Scudder. Both species use mating calls to attract and locate potential mates. Male mating calls have often been used to distinguish among different species of crickets. Calling characteristics can vary within a species due to numerous factors, including climate. There has been no research conducted on the call characteristics of mole crickets as they have expanded their range of inhabitance to North Carolina. Male calls of southern and tawny mole crickets were recorded at night in 2009 and 2010. Analysis of the calls indicated that there was little change in the calling characteristics from previous research. This allows us to continue to expand our management plans for this pest and coordinate our efforts with other regions where mole crickets are located.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Entomological Science}, author={Reynolds, D. S. and Verburgt, L. and Schoeman, A. S. and Brandenburg, R. L.}, year={2015}, pages={106–109} }
 @article{reynolds_reynolds_brandenburg_2016, title={Overwintering, Oviposition, and Larval Survival of Hunting Billbugs (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Implications for Adult Damage in North Carolina Turfgrass}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/tov290}, abstractNote={Abstract The hunting billbug, Sphenophorus venatus vestitus Chittenden, is one of the most widely recognized billbug turfgrass pests. Since 2000, damage to warm-season turfgrass caused by hunting billbugs has increased and a need for information on hunting billbug biology is necessary for the development of management plans. Field and laboratory studies were conducted to collect data on overwintering, oviposition behavior, larval survival at various levels of soil moisture, and adult damage. Turfgrass samples from ‘Tifway 419’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers × Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt Davy) on golf courses were collected to determine overwintering behavior, and 10 female adult billbugs were collected weekly to determine oviposition behavior. Survival of medium-sized larvae (head capsule width: 1.0 and 1.7 mm) was evaluated in containers with 20, 40, 60, or 80% of the total pore space occupied by water. Zero, two, four, or six adult billbugs were placed in bermudagrass, zoysiagrass, or tall fescue containers and images were collected for 4 weeks to determine adult damage. We observed that hunting billbugs overwinter as adults and all larval sizes. Adults became active in March and began to oviposit, which continued through October. Larval mortality was lowest with 20% of the total pore space occupied by water, while increases in moisture caused significant mortality. Adults caused a greater reduction in warm-season turfgrass cover than cool-season turfgrass cover. This research builds on the existing biological information for the hunting billbug biology in transition zones and will be pivotal in developing practical and sustainable management plans.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Reynolds, Diane Silcox and Reynolds, William Casey and Brandenburg, Rick L.}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={240–248} }
 @article{drake_jordan_johnson_shew_brandenburg_corbett_2014, title={Peanut Response to Planting Date, Tillage, and Cultivar in North Carolina}, volume={106}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2013.0340}, abstractNote={Production of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in reduced tillage is an effective alternative to conventional tillage in the southeastern United States under some conditions. Research was conducted to determine interactions of planting date, tillage system, and cultivar with respect to disease reaction and pod yield of peanut. The cultivars Bailey, CHAMPS, Gregory, Perry, and Phillips were planted in early or late May in reduced or conventional tillage systems from 2008 through 2011 at one location in North Carolina. The interaction of year, tillage system, and cultivar was significant for plant condition rating (PCR), a visible estimate of disease, within 3 d before digging from late September through mid‐October. Pod yield was correlated with PCR in mid‐September (P = 0.0001, R2 = –0.22) and PCR just before digging (P ≤ 0.0001, R2 = –0.31). Disease was less prevalent for the cultivar Bailey and most prevalent for the cultivar Phillips, with disease for the other cultivars intermediate between Bailey and Phillips. Pod yield was influenced independently by cultivar, planting date, and tillage system although each of these factors was affected by year of the experiment. Pod yield was similar in strip tillage and conventional tillage in 3 of 4 yr with yield in strip tillage exceeding conventional tillage in 1 yr. Peanut planted in early May yielded more than peanut planted in late May in 2 of 4 yr. Results indicate that while some differences in disease reaction will occur when comparing cultivars, planting dates, and tillage systems, pod yield will be affected independently by these cultural practices.}, number={2}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Drake, W. L. and Jordan, D. L. and Johnson, P. D. and Shew, B. B. and Brandenburg, R. L. and Corbett, T.}, year={2014}, pages={486–490} }
 @article{youngs_milla-lewis_brandenburg_cardoza_2014, title={St. Augustinegrass Germplasm Resistant to Blissus insularis (Hemiptera: Blissidae)}, volume={107}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/ec14044}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze) is an economically important turfgrass in the southeastern United States. However, this turf species is prone to southern chinch bug, Blissus insularis Barber (Heteroptera: Blissidae) outbreaks. This insect is the most destructive pest of St. Augustinegrass wherever this turfgrass is grown. Host plant resistance has historically been an effective management tool for southern chinch bug. Since 1973, the ‘Floratam’ St. Augustinegrass cultivar effectively controlled southern chinch bug in the southeast. However, southern chinch bug populations from Florida and Texas have now circumvented this resistance, through mechanisms still unknown. Therefore, identifying and deployingnewcultivars with resistance to the southern chinch bug is imperative to combat this pest in an economically and environmentally sustainable manner. Currently, the number of cultivars with resistance against southern chinch bug is limited, and their efficacy, climatic adaptability, and aesthetic characters are variable. Hence, the main focus of this study is the identification of alternative sources of resistance to southern chinch bugs in previously uncharacterized St. Augustinegrass plant introductions (PIs) and its closely related, crossbreeding species, Pembagrass (Stenotaphrum dimidiatum (L.) Brongniart). The PIs exhibited a wide range of responses to southern chinch bug feeding, as indicated by damage ratings. Damage ratings for seven PIs grouped with our resistant reference cultivars. Moreover, nine PIs exhibited antibiosis, based on poor development of southern chinch bug neonates, when compared with our susceptible reference cultivars. Altogether our study has produced strong support to indicate these materials are good candidates for future southern chinch bug resistance breeding in St. Augustinegrass.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Youngs, Katharine M. and Milla-Lewis, Susana R. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Cardoza, Yasmin J.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={1688–1694} }
 @article{narh_boote_naab_abudulai_bertin_sankara_burow_tillman_brandenburg_jordan_2014, title={Yield Improvement and Genotype x Environment Analyses of Peanut Cultivars in Multilocation Trials in West Africa}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2013.10.0657}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTYield trials are used in plant breeding programs to evaluate the yield potential and stability of selected lines. The objectives of this study were to evaluate yield potential, genotype × environment interactions, and stability of peanut genotypes for the savannah region of West Africa. Twenty peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes were tested at two sites in Ghana and two sites in Burkina Faso in 2010 and 2011. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Genotype, location, and genotype × environment interactions were highly significant, indicating genetic variability among genotypes across changing environments. Stability analyses showed that genotypes ICGV‐IS 96814, ICGV (FDRS)‐20 × F‐MIX 39, Gusie Balin (92099), ICGV‐IS 92093, and ICGV‐IS 92101 had broad adaptability, with above‐average yield across sites and a regression coefficient close to 1.0. Genotype ICGV‐IS 96814 produced the highest pod yield (1760 kg ha−1) across all environments and had a regression coefficient close to unity (b = 1.06). Therefore, genotype ICGV‐IS 96814 is less responsive to varied environmental and soil conditions. However, the released cultivar Nkatesari was considered equivalent in some respects because it had pod yield equal to ICGV‐IS 96814 but with a higher regression coefficient. High‐yielding cultivars, mostly from ICRISAT‐derived crosses, yielded nearly 80% more than the three farmer check cultivars TS 32–1, Doumbala, and Chinese, which had pod yields from 890 to 980 kg ha−1. The higher‐yielding cultivars had longer life cycle, greater leaf spot resistance, and higher partitioning than the farmer check cultivars.}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Narh, Stephen and Boote, Kenneth J. and Naab, Jesse B. and Abudulai, Mumuni and Bertin, Zagre M'Bi and Sankara, Philippe and Burow, Mark D. and Tillman, Barry L. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Jordan, David L.}, year={2014}, pages={2413–2422} }
 @article{abudulai_salifu_opare-atakora_haruna_baba_dzomeku_brandenburg_jordan_2013, title={Field Efficacy of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) for Managing Soil Arthropods and Cercospora Leaf Spots Damage for Increased Yield in Peanut}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1805-9341"]}, DOI={10.17221/48/2012-pps}, abstractNote={Field efficacy of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) for managing soil arthropods and Cercospora leaf spots damage to peanut was studied in Ghana from 2008 to 2010. Treatments consisted of neem kernel water extract (NKWE) and neem kernel powder (NKP) applied separately as soil drench at the rates of 10.5 and 21.0 kg/ha at either planting or pegging. Untreated control and chlorpyrifos treatment at pegging were included as checks. Results showed generally that the neem products at the concentrations tested were efficacious and comparable to chlorpyrifos in lowering populations of soil arthropods and severity of leaf spot diseases, leaf defoliation, and scarified and bored pod damage, resulting in increased pod yield in 2008 and 2009}, number={2}, journal={PLANT PROTECTION SCIENCE}, author={Abudulai, Mumuni and Salifu, Abdulai B. and Opare-Atakora, Danial and Haruna, Mohammed and Baba, Inusah I. Y. and Dzomeku, Israel K. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Jordan, David L.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={65–72} }
 @article{hertl_brandenburg_2013, title={First record of Larra bicolor (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) in North Carolina}, volume={96}, DOI={10.1653/024.096.0359}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Here we report on the first record of the mole cricket parasitoid Larra bicolor F. (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) in North Carolina. The presence of larvae and adults was documented at a mole-cricket-infested golf course near the South Carolina border. The means of arrival is not known, and may have occurred at the same time the hosts arrived or as the result of natural dispersal and range expansion. Evidence suggests that the parasitoids were able to survive through at least one severe winter.}, number={3}, journal={Florida Entomologist}, author={Hertl, P. T. and Brandenburg, R. L.}, year={2013}, pages={1175–1176} }
 @article{mochiah_owusu-akyaw_bolfrey-arku_osei_lamptey_adama_amoabeng_brandenburg_jordan_2013, title={The use of sugar baits for the integrated management of soil arthropod pests in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Ghana, West Africa}, volume={21}, DOI={10.4001/003.021.0210}, abstractNote={Soil arthropods cause kernel and pod damage and can lower yields of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Ghana, West Africa. On-station and on-farm experiments were conducted during 2007 and 2008 at Kwadaso and Hiawoannwu, respectively, using an improved peanut cultivar/line RRR-ICGU 88709 in a soil arthropod pests management trial. The trial included four treatments, i.e. chlorpyrifos (Dursban™) insecticide as a standard, three levels of granulated sugar as baits, and an untreated control. Soil arthropod pests observed in peanut plots during both years from the two locations were white grubs, millipedes, symphilids, termites, earwigs, and red ants while predators included centipedes and black ants. Termites and red ants were the predominant arthropod pests and predatory black ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) exceeded that of centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) in the two trial locations. The proportion of unfilled pods was high in the two locations during both years. Generally, the population of centipedes was lower than that of black ants. Damage caused by arthropods to pods or kernels in the sugar-baited plots across the two locations were low and differed significantly from the non-baited plots. Chlorpyrifos-treated plots recorded the highest yield followed by the high rate of sugar baits and the lowest yield being the low rate of sugar among the treatment plots. Data generated in this study have shown that sugar-baits may be effective in suppressing pest populations of peanut and may provide a better refuge for the natural enemies and could be recommended as an option for pest management in peanut production.}, number={2}, journal={African Entomology}, author={Mochiah, M. B. and Owusu-Akyaw, M. and Bolfrey-Arku, G. and Osei, K. and Lamptey, J. N. L. and Adama, I. and Amoabeng, B. W. and Brandenburg, R. L. and Jordan, D. L.}, year={2013}, pages={267–272} }
 @article{doskocil_brandenburg_2012, title={Hunting Billbug (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Life Cycle and Damaging Life Stage in North Carolina, With Notes on Other Billbug Species Abundance}, volume={105}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1603/ec12110}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 In the southeastern United States, hunting billbug, Sphenophorus venatus vestitus Chittenden, adults are often observed in turfgrass, but our knowledge of their biology and ecology is limited. Field surveys and experiments were conducted to determine the species composition, life cycle, damaging life stage, and distribution of billbugs within the soil profile in turfgrass in North Carolina. Linear pitfall trapping revealed six species of billbug, with the hunting billbug making up 99.7% of all beetles collected. Data collected from turf plus soil sampling suggest that hunting billbugs have two overlapping generations per year in North Carolina and that they overwinter as both adults and larvae. Field experiments provided evidence that adult hunting billbugs are capable of damaging warm season turfgrasses.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Doskocil, J. P. and Brandenburg, R. L.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={2045–2051} }
 @article{chahal_jordan_shew_brandenburg_york_burton_danehower_2012, title={Interactions of agrochemicals applied to peanut; part 1: Effects on herbicides}, volume={41}, ISSN={0261-2194}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2012.05.014}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2012.05.014}, abstractNote={Numerous agrochemicals are applied in peanut production systems. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted in North Carolina to characterize biological and physicochemical interactions when the herbicides clethodim, imazapic, imazethapyr, lactofen, sethoxydim, and 2,4-DB were applied in combination with adjuvants, fungicides, insecticides, and micronutrients. A wide range of interactions was noted when comparing across herbicides, weed species, and agrochemical combinations. There was little consistency across weed species for a herbicide or across herbicides for a weed species when comparing significant main effects and interactions. In most instances, when compared with the standard herbicide treatment and adjuvant applied alone, herbicide efficacy was not affected in the presence of other agrochemicals. Changes in solution pH and formation of precipitates varied according to the herbicide combinations used. Boron, manganese, and 2,4-DB often caused dramatic changes in solution pH.}, journal={Crop Protection}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Chahal, Gurinderbir S. and Jordan, David L. and Shew, Barbara B. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and York, Alan C. and Burton, James D. and Danehower, David}, year={2012}, month={Nov}, pages={134–142} }
 @article{chahal_jordan_shew_brandenburg_burton_danehower_york_2012, title={Interactions of agrochemicals applied to peanut; part 2: Effects on fungicides}, volume={41}, ISSN={0261-2194}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2012.05.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2012.05.008}, abstractNote={Field and laboratory experiments were conducted during 2008 and 2009 to study biological and physicochemical compatibility when fungicides were applied in combination with herbicides, insecticides, and micronutrients for the control of leaf spot disease and Sclerotinia blight. In both years, the program with three fungicide sprays was more effective in preventing canopy defoliation caused by early and late leaf spot disease than single fungicide spray irrespective of agrochemical combinations. Although several interactions were noted among agrochemical combinations, most combinations did not affect fungicide efficacy against canopy defoliation or Sclerotinia blight. In some instances, fungicide combinations protected peanut more effectively from canopy defoliation or Sclerotinia blight than standard fungicide treatment. Regardless of the other agrochemicals applied, boscalid was more effective than fluazinam in controlling Sclerotinia blight. Boscalid, boron, clethodim plus crop oil concentrate, chlorothalonil plus tebuconazole, manganese, and 2,4-DB had large effects on solution pH, whereas fluazinam, lambda-cyhalothrin, and pyraclostrobin had little effect on solution pH. Precipitates formed with all fungicide combinations and in most cases permanent precipitates were formed.}, journal={Crop Protection}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Chahal, Gurinderbir S. and Jordan, David L. and Shew, Barbara B. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Burton, James D. and Danehower, David and York, Alan C.}, year={2012}, month={Nov}, pages={143–149} }
 @article{chahal_jordan_brandenburg_shew_burton_danehower_york_2012, title={Interactions of agrochemicals applied to peanut; part 3: Effects on insecticides and prohexadione calcium}, volume={41}, ISSN={0261-2194}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2012.05.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2012.05.006}, abstractNote={A wide range of agrochemicals can be applied in a peanut production system to control various stresses and manage crop growth and development. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted in North Carolina to define biological and physicochemical interactions when insecticides (fenpropathrin and lambda-cyhalothrin) or plant growth regulator (prohexadione calcium) were applied in combination with other agrochemicals including fungicides, herbicides, and micronutrients. Fenpropathrin or lambda-cyhalothrin combinations did not injure peanut in 2008 and 2009. Two sprays of prohexadione calcium improved row visibility and reduced main stem height compared with one prohexadione calcium spray irrespective of agrochemical combinations. In many instances, applying prohexadione calcium with other agrochemicals resulted in lower main stem height compared to prohexadione calcium alone. In one of the experiments, prohexadione calcium with prothioconazole plus tebuconazole lowered fall army worm population compared with prohexadione calcium alone. Addition of boron, manganese, and 2,4-DB to fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and prohexadione calcium combinations changed solution pH dramatically. Prohexadione calcium had the least effect on pH of the carrier.}, journal={Crop Protection}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Chahal, Gurinderbir S. and Jordan, David L. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Shew, Barbara B. and Burton, James D. and Danehower, David and York, Alan C.}, year={2012}, month={Nov}, pages={150–157} }
 @article{silcox_sorenson_brandenburg_2012, title={QUANTIFYING EFFICACY AND AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR BY TAWNY MOLE CRICKETS (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLOTALPIDAE: SCAPTERISCUS VICINUS) TO THREE SYNTHETIC INSECTICIDES}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1938-5102"]}, DOI={10.1653/024.095.0111}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) are among the most economically important turf-grass insect pests in the southeastern United States. The tawny mole cricket Scapteriscus vicinus (Scudder) causes damage by feeding on the roots and shoots of turfgrass and by creating surface tunnels. Previous research on mole cricket control showed behavior modification, including reduced surface tunneling and avoidance of the treated soil, when a control agent was applied. The objectives of these studies were: a) to determine the mortality of 3 synthetic insecticides and their residues against small and large mole cricket nymphs in 2 bioassays and b) to monitor mole cricket behavioral responses to these insecticides. We used 3 synthetic insecticides (bifenthrin, chlorantraniliprole, and fipronil) to conduct 2 mortality bioassays and 2 behavioral studies, where we quantified surface tunneling, to determine the scope of this modified behavior. We found that, in general, the greater the efficacy of the product to mole crickets, the greater the likelihood of reduced surface tunneling and avoidance of the treated area. These studies confirm that mole crickets avoid an area treated with insecticide and emphasize the importance of appropriate timing of insecticides to achieve effective control of mole crickets.}, number={1}, journal={FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST}, author={Silcox, D. E. and Sorenson, C. E. and Brandenburg, R. L.}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={63–74} }
 @article{silcox_brandenburg_2011, title={GUT CONTENT ANALYSIS OF SOUTHERN AND TAWNY MOLE CRICKETS (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLOTALPIDAE: SCAPERTISCUS)}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1938-5102"]}, DOI={10.1653/024.094.0118}, abstractNote={Two introduced species of mole crickets, Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos, the southern mole cricket and S. vicinus Scudder, the tawny mole cricket cause economic damage to turfgrass in North Carolina and throughout the southeastern U.S. Previous studies indicate that Scapteriscus borellii primarily feed on insect material and Scapteriscus vicinus feed on plant material (Ulagaraj 1975; Taylor 1979; Matheny 1981; Fowler et al. 1985). There have been no additional research efforts to examine the gut content of these 2 pests as their range has expanded over the past 25 years to their northern-most habitat (North Carolina) with changes in ecology, host range, or diet. This research was conducted to determine the current feeding preferences of North and South Carolina populations of these 2 mole cricket species. Nymph and adult S. borellii and S. vicinus were collected during the spring and summer of 2009 with soapy water flushing (Short & Koehler 1979) and individual crickets were immediately preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol. Scapteriscus borellii nymphs were collected from Belvedere Country Club (Pender Co., NC, 34.3675, 77.710833) on 15 Sep and adults were collected from Olde Fort Golf Course (Brunswick Co., NC, 34.0857, 78.0536) on 5 May. Scapteriscus vicinus nymphs were collected from Scotch Meadows Country Club (Scotland Co., NC, 34.4553, 79.2813) on 8 Oct and adults were collected from High Tech Turf (Horry Co., SC, 33.5097, 79.322) on 6 May and 12 May. All collected individuals were examined for species characteristics to ensure proper identification (Potter 1998). The alimentary canals (crop, proventriculous, and hindgut) of 25 late instars (large nymphs) and 25 adults for each species were removed and examined. Each cricket was placed in a petri dish (8.89 cm diameter, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA) ventral side up, and an X-Acto knife (x3201, Elmer’s Products Inc., Columbus, OH) was used to remove the sterna to expose the alimentary canal. A pair of forceps was used to remove the alimentary canal. The cricket body cavity was placed into a plastic vial filled with 70% ethyl alcohol and labeled to identify each specimen. The alimentary canal remaining in the petri dish was covered with 70% ethyl alcohol to prevent desiccation. Forceps were used to tease open the crop, proventriculous, and hindgut. All gut content was noted for each cricket. The content was examined under a binocular microscope used in the 7X-30X power range and the contents were categorized as presence of plant material only, presence of insect material only, or presence of plant and insect material. Content was determined to be plant material if it was fibrous, green, or light brown in color and if it had a blade-like appearance (Castner & Fowler 1984). Content was determined to be animal material if it was dark brown or black, obviously sclerotized, or if they were a recognizable structure such as, tarsi, antennae, legs, etc (Castner & Fowler 1984). The gut content was thoroughly examined and analyzed until all pieces were identified and categorized. The contents were then removed from the petri dish with a bulb-pipette and placed in the vial with the cricket from which it was extracted. Data were analyzed by Chi-square analysis through use of Statistical Analysis System version 9.1 program (SAS Institute 2003). Of the 25 S. borellii nymph alimentary canals examined 28% ± 0.46% contained only plant material, 4% ± 0.20% contained only insect material, and 68% ± 0.48% contained plant material and insect material (Fig. 1). Of the 25 S. borellii adult alimentary canals examined 56% ± 0.51% contained only plant material, 20% ± 0.41% contained only insect material, and 24% ± 0.44% contained plant material and insect material (Fig. 1). There is significant difference in the overall gut contents between S. borellii nymphs and S. borellii adults (Chi-square = 10.2609, P = 0.0059). Of the 25 S. vicinus nymph alimentary canals examined 60% ± 0.5% contained only plant material, 4% ± 0.2% contained only insect material and 36% ± 0.49% contained plant material and insect material (Fig. 1). Of the 25 S. vicinus adult alimentary canals examined, 96% ± 0.2% contained only plant material, 0% contained only insect material, and 4% ± 0.2% contained plant material and insect material (Fig. 1). There is significant difference in the overall gut content between adult S. vicinus and nymph S. vicinus (Chi-square = 9.4769, P = 0.0088). There is}, number={1}, journal={FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST}, author={Silcox, D. E. and Brandenburg, R. L.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={117–118} }
 @article{lassiter_jordan_wilkerson_shew_brandenburg_2011, title={Influence of Cover Crops on Weed Management in Strip Tillage Peanut}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/wt-d-11-00064.1}, abstractNote={Experiments were conducted in North Carolina during 2005, 2006, and 2007 to determine peanut and weed response when peanut was planted in strip tillage after desiccation of cereal rye, Italian ryegrass, oats, triticale, wheat, and native vegetation by glyphosate and paraquat before planting with three in-season herbicide programs. Control of common ragweed and yellow nutsedge did not differ among cover crop treatments when compared within a specific herbicide program. Applying dimethenamid orS-metolachlor plus diclosulam PRE followed by imazapic POST was more effective than a chloroacetamide herbicide PRE followed by acifluorfen, bentazon, and paraquat POST. Incidence of spotted wilt in peanut (caused by aTospovirus) did not differ when comparing cover crop treatments, regardless of herbicide program. Peanut yield increased in all 3 yr when herbicides were applied POST, compared with clethodim only. Peanut yield was not affected by cover crop treatment. Response to cover crop treatments was comparable, suggesting that growers can select cereal rye, Italian ryegrass, oats, or triticale as an alternative to wheat as a cover crop in peanut systems without experiencing differences associated with in-season weed management.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Lassiter, Bridget R. and Jordan, David L. and Wilkerson, Gail G. and Shew, Barbara B. and Brandenburg, Rick L.}, year={2011}, pages={568–573} }
 @article{tu_wang_duan_hertl_tradway_brandenburg_lee_snell_hu_2011, title={Effects of fungicides and insecticides on feeding behavior and community dynamics of earthworms: Implications for casting control in turfgrass systems}, volume={47}, ISSN={0929-1393}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2010.11.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.apsoil.2010.11.002}, abstractNote={Earthworms play important roles in sustaining turfgrass systems through enhancing soil aeration, water filtration, and thatch mixing and decomposition. However, high surface activities of earthworms can lead to uneven playing surfaces, soil erosion and new niches favorable to weed invasion in the playing area of a golf course. Shifts from highly toxic and persistent to less toxic and easily degradable pesticides have been suggested to be largely responsible for high earthworm activities observed in turf systems worldwide. In this study, we examined the impact of fungicides and insecticides on earthworm behavior in controlled environments and on the dynamics of earthworm community in the field. Single application of insecticides Sevin (carbaryl) and Merit (imidacloprid) at the manufactures' suggested doses significantly inhibited earthworm feeding activity for at least three weeks without leading to any earthworm death. Fungicides did not show significant toxicity to earthworms when applied only once, but their toxicities increased as application frequency increased. Consecutive weekly applications of Sevin, Merit and T-methyl for four times led to earthworm mortality of 35, 45 and 80%, respectively. In the field, six consecutive weekly applications of T-methyl and Sevin significantly reduced the abundance and biomass of earthworms with suppressive effects lasting for at least 6 weeks after the chemical application was terminated. Taken together, these findings suggest that the surface activities of earthworms in turfgrass systems may be managed through moderate application of pesticides at peak periods of earthworm activities.}, number={1}, journal={Applied Soil Ecology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Tu, Cong and Wang, Yi and Duan, Wenxia and Hertl, Peter and Tradway, Lane and Brandenburg, Rick and Lee, David and Snell, Mark and Hu, Shuijin}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={31–36} }
 @article{osei_gowen_pembroke_brandenburg_jordan_2010, title={Potential of leguminous cover crops in management of a mixed population of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.)}, volume={42}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Nematology}, author={Osei, K. and Gowen, S. R. and Pembroke, B. and Brandenburg, R. L. and Jordan, D. L.}, year={2010}, pages={173–178} }
 @article{drake_jordan_lassiter_johnson_brandenburg_royals_2009, title={Peanut Cultivar Response to Damage from Tobacco Thrips and Paraquat}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2009.0185}, abstractNote={Virginia market‐type peanut cultivars in North Carolina vary in the number of days following emergence required to reach optimum maturity, and concern over cultivar response to interactions of tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca Hinds) damage in absence of in‐furrow insecticide and injury from paraquat exist with respect to cultivar selection. Experiments were conducted during 2007 and 2008 to determine if cultivars vary in response to interactions of the insecticide aldicarb (no aldicarb or aldicarb applied in the seed furrow at planting) and the herbicide paraquat (no paraquat or paraquat applied 24 to 28 d after peanut emergence, DAE). The cultivar VA 98R expressed more damage from tobacco thrips than the cultivars Gregory, Perry, or Phillips. Although vegetative growth parameters varied among cultivar, aldicarb, and paraquat treatments, pod yield and market grade characteristics were not affected by the interaction of experiment, cultivar, aldicarb, and paraquat or the interaction of cultivar, aldicarb, and paraquat. Damage from tobacco thrips in absence of aldicarb affected pod yield more than injury from paraquat. The combination of tobacco thrips damage in absence of aldicarb and injury from paraquat lowered pod yield compared with aldicarb‐treated peanut either with or without paraquat regardless of cultivar. These data suggest that recommendations on use of aldicarb for tobacco thrips control or paraquat for early season weed control should not vary based on cultivar selection when considering pod yield and market grade characteristics.}, number={6}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Drake, Wendy L. and Jordan, David L. and Lassiter, Bridget R. and Johnson, P. Dewayne and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Royals, Brian M.}, year={2009}, pages={1388–1393} }
 @article{thompson_brandenburg_roberson_lineberger_2008, title={A technique to monitor insect behavior utilizing infrared emitters and detectors}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-43.1.143}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Thompson, Sarah R. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Roberson, Gary T. and Lineberger, Barry}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={143–152} }
 @article{jordan_barnes_corbett_bogle_johnson_shew_koenning_ye_brandenburg_2008, title={Crop Response to Rotation and Tillage in Peanut-Based Cropping Systems}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2008.0075}, abstractNote={Production of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in reduced tillage systems has increased in the United States during the past decade. However, interactions of tillage system and crop rotation have not been thoroughly investigated for large‐seeded, Virginia market type peanut. Research was conducted at two locations in North Carolina during 1999 to 2006 to compare yield of corn (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and peanut in different rotations planted in conventional and reduced tillage. Crop rotation affected peanut yield but did not affect corn or cotton yield. Increasing the number of times corn, cotton, or a combination of these crops were planted between peanut increased peanut yields. Tillage affected cotton and peanut yield but not in every year or at both locations. Yield was similar in conventional and reduced tillage in 8 of 10 comparisons (cotton) and 6 of 8 comparisons (peanut). Crop rotation and tillage did not interact for visual estimates of plant condition of peanut as a result of disease, soil parasitic nematode populations when peanut was planted during the final year of the experiment, crop yield, cumulative net return over the duration of the experiment, or bulk density in the pegging zone during the final year of the experiment. These data suggest that variation in response to rotation and tillage should be expected based on the crop and edaphic and environmental conditions. However, response to rotation and tillage most likely will be independent.}, number={6}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Jordan, David L. and Barnes, J. Steven and Corbett, Tommy and Bogle, Clyde R. and Johnson, P. Dewayne and Shew, Barbara B. and Koenning, Stephen R. and Ye, Weimin and Brandenburg, Rick L.}, year={2008}, pages={1580–1586} }
 @article{carley_jordan_dharmasri_sutton_brandenburg_burton_2008, title={Peanut response to planting date and potential of canopy reflectance as an indicator of pod maturation}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2006.0352}, abstractNote={Determining when to dig peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) is complicated because of its indeterminate growth habit. Pod mesocarp color is often used an indicator of pod maturation. However, this process is time consuming and is usually based on a relatively small subsample of pods from peanut fields. Research was conducted during 2003–2005 to determine if reflectance of the peanut canopy, using multispectral imaging (350–2500 nm), could be used as an indicator of pod maturation. The cultivars VA 98R and NC‐V 11 were planted beginning in early May through early June during each year with reflectance and the percentage of pods at optimum maturity (percentage of pods with brown or black mesocarp color) determined in mid‐September. The highest yield observed for VA 98R across the 3 yr of the experiment was noted when peanut was planted in mid‐May rather than early or late May or when planted in early June when peanut was dug based on optimum pod maturity using pod mesocarp color. Pod yield for the cultivar NC‐V 11 did not differ when comparing planting dates. For cultivar VA 98R, Pearson's correlations were significant for all bandwidth categories except the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) when reflectance was compared with percentage of mature pods. Reflectance for NC‐V 11 was not significant for any of the correlations even though significant differences in the percentage of mature pods were noted in mid September when comparing planting dates. These data suggest that canopy reflectance could potentially aid in predicting pod maturation, but more research is needed to determine feasibility of this approach.}, number={2}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Carley, Danesha S. and Jordan, David L. and Dharmasri, L. Cecil and Sutton, Turner B. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Burton, Michael G.}, year={2008}, pages={376–380} }
 @article{thompson_brandenburg_roberson_2007, title={Entomopathogenic fungi detection and avoidance by mole crickets (Orthoptera : Gryllotalpidae)}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225X(2007)36[165:EFDAAB]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract A chamber to monitor mole cricket behavior was designed using two different soil-filled containers and photosensors constructed from infrared emitters and detectors. Mole crickets (Scapteriscus spp.) were introduced into a center tube that allowed them to choose whether to enter and tunnel in untreated soil or soil treated with Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin. Each time the cricket passed through the photosensor located near the entrance of soil-filled containers, the infrared light was blocked and the exact moment that this occurred was logged onto a computer using custom-written software. Data examined included the first photosensor trigger, total number of sensor triggers, presence of tunneling, and final location of the cricket after 18 h. These behaviors were analyzed to discern differences in mole cricket behavior in the presence of different treatments and to elucidate the mechanism that mole crickets use to detect fungal pathogens. The first study examined substrate selection and tunneling behavior of the southern mole cricket, Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos, to the presence of five strains of B. bassiana relative to a control. There were no differences between the first sensor trigger and total number of triggers, indicating the mole crickets are not capable of detecting B. bassiana at a distance of 8 cm. Changes in mole cricket tunneling and residence time in treated soil occurred for some strains of B. bassiana but not others. One of the strains associated with behavioral changes in the southern mole cricket was used in a second experiment testing behavioral responses of the tawny mole cricket, S. vicinus Scudder. In addition to the formulated product of this strain, the two separate components of that product (conidia and carrier) and bifenthrin, an insecticide commonly used to control mole crickets, were tested. There were no differences in mole cricket behavior between treatments in this study. The differences in behavioral responses between the two species could suggest a more sensitive chemosensory recognition system for southern mole crickets.}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Thompson, Sarah R. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Roberson, Gary T.}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={165–172} }
 @article{herbert_malone_aref_brandenburg_jordan_royals_johnson_2007, title={Role of insecticides in reducing thrips injury to plants and incidence of tomato spotted wilt virus in virginia market-type peanut}, volume={100}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493(2007)100[1241:ROIIRT]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Tomato spotted wilt virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Tospovirus, TSWV), transmitted by many thrips species, is a devastating pathogen of peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. TSWV has become a serious problem in the Virginia/Carolina peanut-growing region of the United States. During 2002, TSWV was present in 47% of the North Carolina hectarage and caused a 5% yield reduction in Virginia. Factors influencing levels of TSWV in runner market-type peanut cultivars, which are primarily grown in Alabama, Flordia, Georgia, and Texas, have been integrated into an advisory to help those peanut growers reduce losses. An advisory based on the southeast runner market-type version is currently under development for virginia market-type peanut cultivars that are grown primarily in the Virginia/Carolina region. A version based on preliminary field experiments was released in 2003. One factor used in both advisories relates to insecticide use to reduce the vector populations and disease incidence. This research elucidated the influence of insecticides on thrips populations, thrips plant injury, incidence of TSWV, and pod yield in virginia market-type peanut. Eight field trials from 2003 to 2005 were conducted at two locations. In-furrow application of aldicarb and phorate resulted in significant levels of thrips control, significant reductions in thrips injury to seedlings, reduced incidence of TSWV, and significant increases in pod yield. Foliar application of acephate after aldicarb or phorate applied in the seed furrow further reduced thrips plant injury and incidence of TSWV and improved yield. These findings will be used to improve the current virginia market-type TSWV advisory.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Herbert, D. Ames, Jr. and Malone, S. and Aref, S. and Brandenburg, R. L. and Jordan, D. L. and Royals, B. M. and Johnson, P. D.}, year={2007}, month={Aug}, pages={1241–1247} }
 @article{thompson_brandenburg_2006, title={Effect of combining imidacloprid and diatomaceous earth with Beauveria bassiana on mole cricket (Orthoptera : Gryllotalpidae) mortality}, volume={99}, DOI={10.1093/jee/99.6.1948}, abstractNote={Sublethal doses of three orthopteran-derived strains of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin were topically applied to adult southern mole crickets, Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae), and tested in combination with substrate treatments of diatomaceous earth (DE) and imidacloprid. Crickets treated only with the high doses (10(8) conidia per cricket) of each of the three B. bassiana strains exhibited the shortest survival times as well as the highest percentage mortality at 28 d after treatment. However, these treatments did.not differ significantly from any of the diatomaceous earth combination treatments. Two of the strains tested, 5977 and 3622, exhibited synergistic interactions with DE, whereas the third strain, GHA, was not significant for synergy. Mortality caused by the combination treatment was still greater than the expected additive effect. DE abrades the insect cuticle and absorbs cuticular lipids, aiding the entry of germinating conidia into the mole cricket hemocoel. None of the three strains exhibited synergy when combined with imidacloprid, and mortality of all combination treatments was less than additive. For strain 5977, there was an antagonistic interaction with imidacloprid. It was difficult to obtain <30% mortality for imidacloprid only treatments, which was considered the upper limit for sublethal doses. The mean percentage mortality caused by imidacloprid was 37.5%, and this high percentage made it difficult for any combination treatment to cause significantly more mortality than the expected additive effect. These results clarify the interactions of other control products with B. bassiana and provide a basis for a reduced pesticide approach to mole cricket control.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, author={Thompson, S. R. and Brandenburg, R. L.}, year={2006}, pages={1948–1954} }
 @article{cummings_brandenburg_leidy_yelverton_2006, title={Impact of fipronil residues on mole cricket (Orthoptera : Gryllotalpidae) behavior and mortality in bermudagrass}, volume={89}, ISSN={["0015-4040"]}, DOI={10.1653/0015-4040(2006)89[293:IOFROM]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract In a greenhouse experiment, fipronil was applied at 0.014 kg ai/ha to bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon L., in plastic 5-liter containers 120, 90, 60, 30, and 0 days before adding one tawny mole cricket nymph, Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder to the container. After the exposure period, soil in the containers was divided into depth increments of 0-4, 4-8, and 8-18 cm, and cricket status was recorded as dead, absent, or alive by thoroughly examining soil. Soil in the 0-4 cm-increment was analyzed for fipronil and four fipronil metabolite residues. Fipronil residue concentrations decreased with time (C = 0.00002x2 - 0.0053x + 0.3675, R2 = 0.9998 where C = fipronil concentration (μg/g of soil) and x = days after treatment). Concentrations of two metabolites, fipronil sulfone and fipronil sulfide, increased as fipronil residues decreased. Each treatment’s affect on late instar mole crickets was significantly different from the non-treated; however, there were no significant differences in nymph status among fipronil-treated containers. Fipronil and residues of its metabolites 120 days after application were 0.047 μg/g of soil and were high enough to kill or repel mole crickets to the same extent as the 0-day treatment, 0.368 μg/g of soil. Repellency of fipronil and its metabolites was significant as the majority of nymphs evacuated or died in the treated containers, but 35 of 37 nymphs were found alive in the non-treated containers.}, number={3}, journal={FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST}, author={Cummings, Hennen D. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Leidy, Ross B. and Yelverton, Fred H.}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={293–298} }
 @article{thompson_brandenburg_arends_2006, title={Impact of moisture and UV degradation on Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin conidial viability in turfgrass}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1049-9644"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.biocontrol.2006.08.004}, abstractNote={Beauveria bassiana conidial viability in turfgrass was evaluated using a two-component nucleic acid stain and fluorescence microscopy. Turfgrass samples along with the top 5 cm of soil were used for conidial extraction and viability evaluation on 1, 2, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment. There were no differences in conidial viability between two Orthoptera strains, 3622 and 5977, and both strains were able to persist in a sandy loam soil for up to three weeks after application. High and low irrigation levels were applied to each of the two strains and results show that higher irrigation (5.1 cm/week) maintains conidial viability better than a low irrigation level (2.5 cm/week). Mean conidial viability was approximately 8–12% greater in plots with the high irrigation regime. Rather than significantly increase soil moisture levels, it is hypothesized that the greater amount of irrigation helps to move the conidia deeper into the thatch layer and soil profile, an area that provides protection from damaging surface temperatures and UV exposure. Rainfall that occurred during the beginning of the 2005 test minimized the irrigation effect, and the irrigation treatment differences were more pronounced after 48 h. Four different UV protectants were evaluated for an impact on conidial viability of strain 3622. Two protectants, an optical brightener and magnesium silicate clay, when added to an emulsifiable oil formulation, significantly increased conidial viability on all evaluation dates. The clay particles act as a sunlight blocker while the optical brightener absorbs UV light. The combined protection from the oil and the additive increased conidial viability by approximately 10% on all evaluation dates. Results from this study provide insight into ways to increase entomopathogenic fungal viability under field conditions.}, number={3}, journal={BIOLOGICAL CONTROL}, author={Thompson, Sarah R. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Arends, Jim J.}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={401–407} }
 @article{nagoshi_meagher_adamczyk_braman_brandenburg_nuessly_2006, title={New restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the cytochrome oxidase I gene facilitate host strain identification of fall armyworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) populations in the southeastern United States}, volume={99}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-99.3.671}, abstractNote={Abstract Several restriction sites in the cytochrome oxidase I gene of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), were identified by sequence analysis as potentially being specific to one of the two host strains. Strain specificity was demonstrated for populations in Florida, Texas, Mississippi, Georgia, and North Carolina, with an AciI and SacI site specific to the rice (Oryza spp.)-strain and a BsmI and HinfI site joining an already characterized MspI site as diagnostic of the corn (Zea mays L.)-strain. All four of these sites can be detected by digestion of a single 568-bp polymerase chain reaction-amplified fragment, but the use of two enzymes in separate digests was found to provide accurate and rapid determination of strain identity. The effectiveness of this method was demonstrated by the analysis of almost 200 adult and larval specimens from the Mississippi delta region. The results indicated that the corn-strain is likely to be the primary strain infesting cotton (Gossypium spp.) and that an unexpected outbreak of fall armyworm on the ornamental tree Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc. ex Steud. was due almost entirely to the rice-strain.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Nagoshi, RN and Meagher, RL and Adamczyk, JJ and Braman, SK and Brandenburg, RL and Nuessly, G}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={671–677} }
 @article{robbins_alm_armstrong_averill_baker_bauernfiend_baxendale_braman_brandenburg_cash_et al._2006, title={Trapping Phyllophaga spp. (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae : Melolonthinae) in the United States and Canada using sex attractants}, volume={6}, journal={Journal of Insect Science (Ludhiana, India)}, author={Robbins, P. S. and Alm, S. R. and Armstrong, C. D. and Averill, A. L. and Baker, T. C. and Bauernfiend, R. J. and Baxendale, F. P. and Braman, S. K. and Brandenburg, R. L. and Cash, D. B. and et al.}, year={2006} }
 @article{brandenburg_xia_watson_2005, title={Comparative toxicity and efficacy of selected insecticides in field and greenhouse assays against tawny and southern mole crickets (Orthoptera : Gryllotalpidae)}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-40.2.115}, abstractNote={The toxicity of thiamethoxam against nymphs and adults of the tawny mole cricket, Scaptericus vicinus Scudder, and the southern mole cricket, S. borellii Giglio-Tos, was evaluated in the field and greenhouse. Thiamethoxam demonstrated varying levels of mole cricket control in the field studies. The performance of the insecticide appeared to be related to the application timing and formulation. Applications made in late June 1998 provided the best mole cricket control compared to the other two field studies. The LC50 and LC90 values of thiamethoxam against adult southern mole crickets were 1,816 and 9,978 ppm, respectively, using a greenhouse bioassay technique. Another greenhouse study indicated that thiamethoxam at application rates ranging from 154 to 616 g (ai)/ha did not provide acceptable control against medium sized nymphs (third to six instars) of tawny and southern mole crickets. An additional study with fipronil, bifenthrin, and deltamethrin compared mortality of the two species of mole crickets in greenhouse bioassays. In these assays, all insecticides resulted in different levels of mole cricket mortality between the two species. The use of bifenthrin resulted in significantly higher mortality of tawny than southern mole crickets.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Brandenburg, RL and Xia, Y and Watson, B}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={115–125} }
 @article{thompson_brandenburg_arends_2005, title={Conidial viability and pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin for mole cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) control in turfgrass}, volume={10}, journal={International Turfgrass Society Research Journal}, author={Thompson, S. R. and Brandenburg, R. L. and Arends, J. J.}, year={2005}, pages={784} }
 @article{flight activity of scapteriscus vicinus scudder and s. borellii giglio-tos (orthoptera: gryllotalpidae) in southeastern north carolina_2005, volume={10}, journal={International Turfgrass Society Research Journal}, year={2005}, pages={723} }
 @article{lancaster_jordan_york_wilcut_monks_brandenburg_2005, title={Interactions of clethodim and sethoxydim with selected agrichemicals applied to peanut}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-04-232R}, abstractNote={Experiments were conducted in North Carolina during 2002 and 2003 to evaluate broadleaf signalgrass and large crabgrass control by clethodim and sethoxydim applied in two-, three-, or four-way mixtures with fungicides, insecticides, and foliar fertilizer–plant growth regulator treatments. Broadleaf signalgrass and large crabgrass control by clethodim and sethoxydim was not reduced by the insecticides esfenvalerate, indoxacarb, or lambda-cyhalothrin. The fungicides azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, pyraclostrobin, and tebuconazole reduced large crabgrass control by clethodim or sethoxydim in one or more of three experiments for each herbicide. Disodium octaborate and the plant growth regulator prohexadione calcium plus urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) mixed with clethodim and fungicides improved large crabgrass control in some experiments. In contrast, prohexadione calcium plus UAN and disodium octaborate did not affect broadleaf signalgrass or large crabgrass control by sethoxydim.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Lancaster, SH and Jordan, DL and York, AC and Wilcut, JW and Monks, DW and Brandenburg, RL}, year={2005}, pages={456–461} }
 @article{lancaster_jordan_york_wilcut_brandenburg_monks_2005, title={Interactions of late-season morningglory (Ipomoea spp.) management practices in peanut (Arachis hypogaea)}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-04-229R.1}, abstractNote={Experiments were conducted in North Carolina during 2002 and 2003 to evaluate entireleaf morningglory control by 2,4-DB applied alone or with seven fungicides. In a separate group of experiments, tall morningglory control by 2,4-DB was evaluated when applied in four-way mixtures with the following: the fungicides azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, pyraclostrobin, or tebuconazole; the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin; and the foliar fertilizer disodium octaborate or the plant growth regulator (PGR) prohexadione calcium plus urea ammonium nitrate. Pyraclostrobin, but not azoxystrobin, boscalid, chlorothalonil, fluazinam, propiconazole plus trifloxystrobin, or tebuconazole, reduced entireleaf morningglory control by 2,4-DB. Mixtures of fungicides, insecticides, and foliar fertilizer/ PGR did not affect tall morningglory control by 2,4-DB. Placing artificial morningglory in the peanut canopy when fungicides were applied did not intercept enough fungicide to increase peanut defoliation by early leaf spot and web blotch or reduce pod yield compared with fungicide applied without artificial morningglory. Nomenclature: 2,4-DB; azoxystrobin; boscalid; chlorothalonil; fluazinam; lambda-cyhalothrin; prohexadione calcium; propiconazole; pyraclostrobin; tebuconazole; trifloxystrobin; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacaea var integriuscula Gray #3 IPOHG; tall morningglory, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth # PHBPU; early leaf spot, Cercospora arachidicola S. Hori; web blotch, Phoma arachidicola (Marsas et al.); peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. ‘NC-V 11’, ‘VA 98R’. Additional index words: Fungicide deposition, pesticide interactions, weed interference. Abbreviations: PGR, plant growth regulator; UAN, urea ammonium nitrate.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Lancaster, SH and Jordan, DL and York, AC and Wilcut, JW and Brandenburg, RL and Monks, DW}, year={2005}, pages={803–808} }
 @article{hurt_brandenburg_jordan_kennedy_bailey_2005, title={Management of spotted wilt vectored by Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in Virginia market-type peanut}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-98.5.1435}, abstractNote={Abstract Field tests were conducted during 2001 and 2002 in northeastern North Carolina to evaluate the impact of cultural practices and in-furrow insecticides on the incidence of Tomato spotted wilt virus (genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae, TSWV), which is transmitted to peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., primarily by tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca Hinds (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Treatments included in row plant populations of 7, 13, and 17 plants per meter; the virginia market-type ‘NC V-11’ and ‘Perry’; planting dates of early and late May; and phorate and aldicarb insecticide applied in-furrow. The incidence of plants expressing visual symptoms of spotted wilt was recorded from mid-June through mid-September. Treatment factors that reduced the incidence of symptoms of plants expressing spotted wilt symptoms included establishing higher plant densities, delaying planting from early May until late May, and applying the in-furrow insecticide phorate. Peanut cultivar did not have a consistent, significant effect on the incidence of symptomatic plants in this experiment.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Hurt, CA and Brandenburg, RL and Jordan, DL and Kennedy, GG and Bailey, JE}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={1435–1440} }
 @article{lancaster_jordan_spears_york_wilcut_monks_batts_brandenburg_2005, title={Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) control and seed production after 2,4-DB applied alone and with fungicides or insecticides}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-04-227R}, abstractNote={Experiments were conducted during 1999, 2002, and 2003 to evaluate sicklepod control by 2,4-DB applied alone or in mixture with selected fungicides and insecticides registered for use in peanut. The fungicides boscalid, chlorothalonil, fluazinam, propiconazole plus trifloxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, or tebuconazole and the insecticides acephate, carbaryl, esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, methomyl, or indoxacarb applied in mixtures with 2,4-DB did not reduce sicklepod control by 2,4-DB compared with 2,4-DB alone. The fungicide azoxystrobin reduced control in some but not all experiments. Sicklepod control was highest when 2,4-DB was applied before flowering regardless of fungicide treatment. Seed production and germination were reduced when 2,4-DB was applied 81 to 85 d after emergence when sicklepod was flowering. Applying 2,4-DB before flowering and at pod set and pod fill did not affect seed production.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Lancaster, SH and Jordan, DL and Spears, JE and York, AC and Wilcut, JW and Monks, DW and Batts, RB and Brandenburg, RL}, year={2005}, pages={451–455} }
 @article{de graaf_schoeman_brandenburg_2005, title={Stridulation of Gryllotalpa africana (Orthoptera : Gryllotalpidae) on turf grass in South Africa}, volume={88}, ISSN={["0015-4040"]}, DOI={10.1653/0015-4040(2005)088[0292:SOGAOG]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract During spring to autumn, Gryllotalpa africana males stridulate and produce phonotactic calling songs from specially constructed acoustical burrows. Songs start just after dusk and continue for several hours. The characteristics of the trilling song and sound pressure levels produced were investigated by near field digital recordings made during autumn 2002 and spring 2002 with soil temperatures noted by measuring sound pressures beyond the near field with a sound level meter in spring 2002, respectively. The carrier frequency (2.161-2.477 kHz) and syllable duration (7.340-12.078 ms) of calls showed no significant relationship with soil temperature and no significant differences between autumn and spring with soil temperature constant. Syllable period (10.455-17.221 ms) and inter syllable interval (1.912-9.607 ms) were significantly negatively correlated with soil temperature, and with the latter constant, significantly longer in spring than in autumn. The syllable repetition rate (0.058-0.096 syllables/ms) and duty cycle (43.31-81.72%) showed a significant positive relationship with soil temperature and significant decrease in values with soil temperature constant in spring relative to autumn. Sound pressure levels (re. 20 μPa) at 200 mm from the burrow varied from 77.6 to 89.8 dB.}, number={3}, journal={FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST}, author={De Graaf, J and Schoeman, AS and Brandenburg, RL}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={292–299} }
 @article{thompson_brandenburg_2005, title={Tunneling responses of mole crickets (Orthoptera : Gryllotalpidae) to the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225X-34.1.140}, abstractNote={Abstract Greenhouse studies of mole cricket tunneling architecture were conducted with adult southern, Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos and tawny, Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder, mole crickets exposed to Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin. Three different strains of B. bassiana as well as the commercially available insecticide Talstar (bifenthrin) were evaluated for avoidance behaviors by examining tunneling characteristics. Each treated container was inspected 24 h after treatment for specific tunneling behaviors in association with the presence of a control agent and the cricket’s response to the conidia or chemical. One of the B. bassiana strains tested, DB-2, caused changes in mole cricket behavior, including significantly less new surface tunneling, fewer vertical tunnels descending into the soil, less tunneling along the perimeter of the containers, and significantly more occurrences of the crickets remaining in an area that reduced exposure to the conidia. Two of the other treatments, strain 10-22 and Talstar, produced some of these same altered behaviors in mole crickets. Mole crickets exposed to a third strain of B. bassiana, BotaniGard, as well as two carrier formulations did not exhibit these same levels of avoidance. These observations indicate that the presence of environmentally “friendly” control agents, such as entomogenous fungi, may affect pest behavior, and strain selection may be critical to eliminate detection and avoidance by the target insect.}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Thompson, SR and Brandenburg, RL}, year={2005}, month={Feb}, pages={140–147} }
 @article{thompson_brandenburg_2004, title={A modified pool design for collecting adult mole crickets (Orthoptera : Gryllotalpidae)}, volume={87}, ISSN={["0015-4040"]}, DOI={10.1653/0015-4040(2004)087[0582:AMPDFC]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Mole crickets are one of the most damaging groups of turf and pasture grass pests found in the southeastern U.S. The need to collect mole crickets for use in laboratory studies and the advantages of monitoring adult flight for the timing of insecticide applications initiated the search for effective methods for monitoring flight activity. Ulagaraj and Walker (1973) determined that mole crickets would recognize and fly to stations that utilized electronic reproductions of the male calling song. Basic requirements for developing mole cricket calling traps were outlined by Ulagaraj (1975) and Ulagaraj and Walker (1973, 1975). The three main components of these early traps included a sound source, catching device, and power controller (Walker 1982). The sound sources, which were once tape-recorded songs of the crickets, now consist of an electronic caller that synthesizes the mole cricket song, similar to that developed by Walker (1982). Over time, the electronic callers have improved so that an external controller is no longer necessary to establish the on/off periods. Since the late 1980s, photocells that detect darkness and automatically turn on the callers at sundown have been in use rather than manual controllers (Walker 1996). In this design, originally developed by Bernie Mans for the University of Florida, the callers are also outfitted with a timer that resets the photocell after a specified time (Walker 1996), in our case two h. This allows for the production of sound during the first couple of h after sunset, a time period when most female mole crickets fly (Ulagaraj 1976). We, too, use the Mans design, and emitters were built for us by Precision Technologies Co. (Raleigh, NC). Various designs for the catching devices have been utilized including funnels or pans constructed from galvanized sheet metal that direct captured mole crickets into buckets of moist sand, and also into water-filled wading pools covered with coarse netting to prevent predation (Walker 1982). Although some of these earlier sheet metal traps have now been in use at some Florida locations for over 20 years (Frank 2001), they are expensive and not easily transported. A similar funnel design that uses lightweight fiberglass instead of sheet metal was first constructed in 1989 by Parkman and Frank (1993) to inoculate adult mole crickets with Steinernema scapterisci Nguyen Smart. This modification is less expensive to construct than the sheet metal design, but still has some disadvantages. For our laboratory and greenhouse studies at North Carolina State University, it has been necessary to collect large numbers of adult mole crickets. Unfortunately, frequent collection of crickets from calling traps is problematic, if not impossible, due to the long distances between sites. Funnel traps have been used successfully in the past, but require semi-permanent establishment at a site, something that is often difficult to accomplish on golf courses (which constitute the majority of our research sites). The funnels are also difficult to handle and transport, subject to damage during coastal storms, time-consuming to assemble, and expose the crickets to overcrowded conditions in the collection buckets. Wading pools filled with water were tested in the spring of 2002 and found to be ineffective because the crickets are only able to float for 12-24 h (Walker 1982), and frequent checking of the traps was not possible. For our research purposes, we needed a design that was inexpensive, quick and easy to assemble, temporary at each site, and able to maintain the live crickets for up to a week between visits. A modified design of the wading pools that met all of our requirements was developed in 2003. Instead of one wading pool (General Foam Plastics Corp., Norfolk, VA), two are used, one suspended above the other by four wooden, evenly distributed spacers that prevent excessive sagging of the top pool. The two pools are secured to one another by inserting a bolt (with washer) through the top pool, wooden spacer, bottom pool and then fastening all components with a nut (Fig. IA). All metal pieces were sprayed with WD-40? spray (San Diego, CA) to prevent rusting and allow for easy disassembly. The top wading pool has ten to twelve holes that are 135 mm in diameter cut into it, which allows the crickets to fall through into the bottom pool as they land and walk in the pool (Fig. iB). Instead of filling the bottom pool with water, it is filled with moist sand (Fig. IC). Because sand is used, the mole crickets are in their natural habitat when they fall through the hole in the top pool and stay healthy until retrieved. The bottom of the top pool does not touch the sand layer so it is not possible for many crickets to fly back out through the holes. The cut out holes allow for rain to moisten the sand layer, and drainage holes drilled in the bottom pool prevent flooding. The electronic caller speakers are placed on wooden boards that are centered over the top pool (Fig. 1D).}, number={4}, journal={FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST}, author={Thompson, SR and Brandenburg, RL}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={582–584} }
 @article{naab_tsigbey_prasad_boote_bailey_brandenburg_2005, title={Effects of sowing date and fungicide application on yield of early and late maturing peanut cultivars grown under rainfed conditions in Ghana}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2004.09.002}, abstractNote={Late leaf spot is one of the important factors limiting peanut productivity in Ghana. It is essential to demonstrate the extent of yield losses caused by leaf spot and to develop suitable crop management practices. The objectives of this research were to study the effects of time of sowing, cultivar lifecycle, and fungicide sprays on disease incidence, biomass and pod yield of peanut crops grown under rainfed conditions in northern Ghana. Two peanut cultivars, Chinese (90 days duration) and F-mix (120 days duration) were grown for three seasons (1999–2001) at Nyankpala and for two seasons (2000, 2001) at Wa with three sowing dates (early, mid and late, relative to start of rainy season) with (+F) and without (−F) fungicide application. Disease rating, main-stem defoliation, total biomass, pod yield and seed yield were recorded at harvest maturity. Early sowings soon after onset of rains resulted in greater biomass and pod yields compared to late sowing for both cultivars. The long duration cultivar F-mix produced greater yields than short duration cultivar Chinese under both with and without fungicide treated environments. However, incidence and severity of disease, as measured by disease scores and main-stem defoliation at the end of season, were similar in both cultivars. This suggests that the greater yield obtained by the long duration cultivar was not due to disease tolerance or escape but due to its longer growing season. Application of foliar sprays of fungicide was effective in controlling leaf spot and improved peanut biomass and pod yields by 39% and 75%, respectively, when averaged across cultivars and years. Long duration cultivar F-mix, sown early and treated with fungicide under optimum and timely crop management practices, produced 4500–5000 kg ha−1 pod yield over five site years, i.e. more than three to four-fold increase over present average yields in Ghana.}, number={4}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Naab, JB and Tsigbey, FK and Prasad, PVV and Boote, KJ and Bailey, JE and Brandenburg, RL}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={325–332} }
 @article{xia_fidanza_brandenburg_2004, title={Movement and residual activity of deltamethrin in a golf course fairway under two post-treatment irrigation timings}, volume={87}, DOI={10.1653/0015-4040(2004)087[0060:MARAOD]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The impacts of two post-treatment irrigation timings on the field efficacy and residual activity of deltamethrin against nymphs of the southern mole cricket, Scaptericus vicinus Giglio-Tos, and the tawny mole cricket, S. borellii Scudder, as well as movement of deltamethrin in the turfgrass profile, were investigated in 1998. Deltamethrin followed by irrigation 24 h after treatment provided the best mole cricket control versus immediate irrigation in both field and greenhouse studies. Regardless of irrigation timing, grass clippings had the highest residual levels of deltamethrin followed by the thatch layer. Clipping residues were higher with post 24 h irrigation than immediate irrigation with few residues in the upper soil profile (top 5 cm).}, number={1}, journal={Florida Entomologist}, author={Xia, Y. L. and Fidanza, M. A. and Brandenburg, R. L.}, year={2004}, pages={60–64} }
 @article{lanier_jordan_spears_wells_johnson_barnes_hurt_brandenburg_bailey_2004, title={Peanut response to planting pattern, row spacing, and irrigation}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2004.1066}, abstractNote={Experiments were conducted from 1999 through 2002 in North Carolina to compare interactions of planting pattern, plant population, and irrigation on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) pod yield and market grade characteristics. In additional experiments, pod yield and severity of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus associated with the cultivars NC‐V 11, NC 12C, VA 98R, and Perry were compared in single row (rows spaced 91 cm apart) and standard twin row (two rows spaced 18 cm apart on 91‐cm centers) planting patterns when peanut was dug and vines inverted on two digging dates spaced 10 to 16 d apart. In a third set of experiments, pod yield, market grade characteristics, and severity of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus were compared when the cultivars NC‐V 11 and Perry were planted in single row, standard twin row, and narrow twin row (two rows spaced 18 cm apart on 46‐cm centers) planting patterns. Peanut pod yield was higher in standard twin row planting patterns than when grown in single row planting patterns in some but not all experiments. Planting peanut in the narrow twin row pattern did not increase peanut pod yield over the standard twin row planting pattern. Less tomato spotted wilt was observed in standard or narrow twin row planting patterns compared with single row planting patterns. Planting peanut in single rows spaced 46 cm apart did not improve yield over peanut planted in single rows spaced 91 cm apart or the standard twin row planting pattern, regardless of irrigation treatment.}, number={4}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Lanier, JE and Jordan, DL and Spears, JF and Wells, R and Johnson, PD and Barnes, JS and Hurt, CA and Brandenburg, RL and Bailey, JE}, year={2004}, pages={1066–1072} }
 @article{de graaf_schoeman_brandenburg_2004, title={Seasonal development of Gryllotalpa africana (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) on turfgrass in South Africa}, volume={87}, DOI={10.1653/0015-4040(2004)087[0130:SDOGAG]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The population dynamics (in terms of seasonal development) of Gryllotalpa africana Palisot de Beauvois was documented for the first time in South Africa. An irritant drench (soapy water solution) was used to quantify life stage occurrence on turfgrass over a one-year period. Oviposition took place from early October (spring), with eggs incubating for approximately three weeks. Nymphs reached the adult stage from March (late summer) and most individuals overwintered in this stage. Adult numbers peaked in early September (early spring), declining through spring. G. africana was therefore univoltine in the study area. The adult population was female biased in spring. The smallest nymphs and adults (in relation to mean length) were collected in December (early summer), while the smallest nymphs (in relation to mean length) occurred in November (late spring).}, number={2}, journal={Florida Entomologist}, author={De Graaf, J. and Schoeman, A. S. and Brandenburg, R. L.}, year={2004}, pages={130–135} }
 @article{de graaf_schoeman_brandenburg_2003, title={Ecology and control of Neosorius brevipennis (Coleoptera : Staphymnidae) on turf grass in South Africa}, volume={86}, ISSN={["0015-4040"]}, DOI={10.1653/0015-4040(2003)086[0370:EACONB]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Very little information on the ecology and pest status of the fossorial rove beetle, Neosorius brevipennis Fagel is available (Smetana 1985). These beetles tunnel underground and lay their eggs in clusters of three to ten in the blind ends of tunnels. It was found by sampling and observation that N. brevipennis were responsible for casting mounds on golf course putting greens in Johannesburg and Pretoria (Schoeman 1997). Soil castings may damage mowing equipment, interfere with play by deflecting putts, and are objectionable for aesthetic reasons. A study of a fossorial rove beetle (Osorius planifrons Leconte), responsible for casting mounds on greens at the Tucson Country Club, Tuscon, AZ, USA, was conducted in the late 1970s. That study included ecological and behavioral analysis and concluded that 0. planifrons requires high soil moisture and probably feeds on soil microbes (Smith et al. 1978). The authors discussed cultural control but no chemical or biological control methods were addressed. The objectives of this study were to determine the annual population densities and soil profile distributions of N. brevipennis on bent grass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) and kikuyu grass (Penisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex. Chiov.). The efficacy of chemical controls for N. brevipennis was also investigated. Neosorius brevipennis was sampled at the Wingate Park Country Club (WPCC) in Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa (25?44'S, 28015'E). Chemical trials were conducted at Kensington golf course in Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa (28040'S, 25010'E). The study was conducted from November 1999 to October 2000. Five random samples were taken with a putting green hole cutter (diameter: 110 mm and depth: 100 mm) on a green (bent grass) and on a fairway (kikuyu grass), respectively, to examine the distribution and population densities of adult and immature rove beetles in the soil profile. Eggs were not included in the study. Soil cores were examined in 25 mm thick sections and all stages found at each depth were recorded. The 10 samples were collected and analyzed monthly from November 1999 to October 2000 to determine the population density of N. brevipennis throughout the year. The distribution of N. brevipennis between the upper 50 mm and 51-100 mm of the soil profile and between green (bent grass) and fairway (kikuyu grass) samples were compared using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Ten random plots of 0.25 m2 (0.5 m x 0.5 m) were sampled to determine the mean number of casting mounds per 0.25 M2. After assessments were made, 100 individual mounds were collected in poly-top-containers and the average dry mass per mound was measured in the laboratory with a Sartorius scale. Data were collected mid-day on putting green 9 at WPCC in mid April 2000, at an average surface temperature of 25.9?C. The chemical trials were conducted at the beginning of 2000 (8 January-3 March). The infested putting green 12 on Kensington golf course was divided into six blocks of 28 m2 (3.00 m x 9.33 m). Five chemicals (carbaryl, fipronil, imidacloprid, isofenphos and azinphos-methyl), formulated as a WP, SC, SC, EC and EC, respectively, were tested. Blocks were randomly allocated to each chemical and a control (untreated) area. Insecticides were applied to the turf surface with a backpack sprayer at the typical turf rate (Table 1). Application was followed by irrigation (using the golf course irrigation system) for 9 min (equivalent of}, number={3}, journal={FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST}, author={De Graaf, J and Schoeman, AS and Brandenburg, RL}, year={2003}, month={Sep}, pages={370–372} }
 @article{jordan_barnes_bogle_brandenburg_bailey_johnson_culpepper_2003, title={Peanut response to cultivar selection, digging date, and tillage intensity}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2003.0380}, abstractNote={reduced tillage systems often do not exceed those of conventional tillage. Determining the cause of inconsisPeanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the United States is generally tent yield response to reduced tillage would be benefigrown in conventionally tilled systems. However, interest in reduced tillage peanut production has increased. Five experiments were concial in determining when reduced tillage systems could ducted in North Carolina to determine if cultivar selection and digging be successfully implemented in peanut production. date affected peanut yield and economic value when peanut was Cultivar selection can have a dramatic effect on crop seeded into conventionally tilled seedbeds compared with strip tillage response to production and pest management practices. into small-grain cover crop or stubble from the crop planted the preCulpepper et al. (1997) reported that peanut cultivars vious summer. In separate experiments, peanut yield and economic responded differently to the plant growth regulator provalue in these tillage systems were compared with peanut strip-tilled hexadione calcium (calcium salt of 3,5-dioxo-4-propiointo beds prepared the previous fall (stale seedbeds). Cultivar selection nylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid). Cultivars also respond and digging date did not affect pod yield or gross value when compardifferently to digging date (Jordan et al., 1998). Disease ing tillage systems. Pod yield in conventional and stale seedbed sysmanagement approaches can be affected by cultivar setems was similar in all five experiments where these systems were compared, and yields in these tillage systems exceeded those of strip lection (Bailey, 2002). Virginia market-type cultivars vary tillage into crop stubble in three of five experiments. Pod yield was considerably in pod size, maturity, and several other agrosimilar among all three tillage systems in the other two experiments. nomic factors (Swann, 2002). Although not well estabIn experiments where only conventional tillage and strip tillage syslished in the literature, pod loss can be severe if peanut tems were compared, pod yield was similar between the two tillage is dug under poor soil conditions (Beam et al., 2002). systems in four experiments, higher in conventional tillage compared It is suspected that pod loss may be greater in reduced with strip tillage in one experiment, and higher for strip tillage comtillage systems than conventional tillage systems bepared with conventional tillage in one experiment. In 16 of 17 comcause the plants may be more difficult to dig. Peanut parisons, pod yield of peanut planted in conventional tillage systems cultivars with larger pods may be more susceptible to equaled or exceeded that of peanut planted into stubble from the digging losses compared with smaller-seeded cultivars previous crop. because they have a greater surface area, which may cause increased exposure to detachment during the digging process. Practitioners indicate that pod loss from P in the United States is typically grown in smaller-seeded runner market types is less than that for conventionally tilled systems (Sholar et al., 1995). large-seeded virginia market types during the digging Peanut response to reduced tillage has been inconsiscomponent of the harvest process. However, these comtent. Research suggests that yields in reduced tillage sysparisons have not been documented in the literature. tems can be lower than (Brandenburg et al., 1998; Cox Determining if pod yield differs among tillage systems and Sholar, 1995; Grichar, 1998; Jordan et al., 2001; for cultivars with different pod sizes may help explain Sholar et al., 1993; Wright and Porter, 1995) or similar inconsistent peanut response to reduced tillage systems. to (Baldwin and Hook, 1998; Dowler et al., 1999; HartStale seedbed crop production has been successful zog et al., 1998; Williams et al., 1998) yields in convenfor a variety of row crops, including soybean [Glycine tional tillage systems. Higher yields in reduced tillage max (L.) Merr.] and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) systems have been associated with lower incidence of (Shaw, 1996). Seedbeds are prepared the previous fall tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) (Baldwin and Hook, or during the spring several weeks or months before 1998; Johnson et al., 2001; Wright et al., 2000). In most seeding directly into previously established stale seedexperiments where this disease is not a factor, yields in bed without significant soil disturbance. This approach to peanut production may be a viable alternative to both D.L. Jordan, P.D. Johnson, and A.S. Culpepper, Dep. of Crop Sci., conventional tillage systems and strip tillage directly Box 7620, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695-7620; J.S. into stubble from the previous crop. Barnes, Peanut Belt Res. Stn., North Carolina Dep. of Agric. and The objectives of this research were to determine if Consumer Serv., Box 220, Lewiston-Woodville, NC 27849; C.R. Bogle, Dep. of Soil Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Upper Coastal Plain peanut response to tillage was associated with cultivar Res. Stn., Box 7619, Raleigh, NC 27695 and North Carolina Dep. of selection and digging date and if peanut yield in stale Agric. and Consumer Serv., Rt. 2 Box 400, Rocky Mount, NC 27801; seedbeds differs from yield in conventional tillage or R.L. Brandenburg, Dep. of Entomol., Box 7613, North Carolina State strip tillage into crop stubble. Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695-7613; and J.E. Bailey, Dep. of Plant Pathol., Box 7616, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695-7616. ReAbbreviations: CBR, Cylindrocladium black rot; %ELK, percentage ceived 11 Apr. 2002. *Corresponding author (david_jordan@ncsu.edu). of extra large kernels; %TSMK, percentage of total sound mature kernels; TSWV, tomato spotted wilt virus. Published in Agron. J. 95:380–385 (2003).}, number={2}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Jordan, DL and Barnes, JS and Bogle, CR and Brandenburg, RL and Bailey, JE and Johnson, PD and Culpepper, AS}, year={2003}, pages={380–385} }
 @article{hertl_brandenburg_2002, title={Effect of soil moisture and time of year on mole cricket (Orthoptera : Gryllotalpidae) surface tunneling}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225X-31.3.476}, abstractNote={Abstract The damage caused by two species of introduced mole cricket pests (Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder and Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos) was studied during 1995, 1996, and 1997 in Brunswick County, NC. Surface tunneling activity in bermudagrass was quantified weekly starting in late July or early August using a modification of the damage grid evaluation method of Cobb and Mack (1989). Soil moisture was monitored in three depth ranges (0–10.2, 10.2–20.3, and 20.3–30.5 cm) and percentage soil moisture based on dry soil weight was determined gravimetrically. Most sites had a higher percentage of S. borellii than S. vicinus, with the percentage of S. borellii ranging from 42–95%. The percentage soil moisture ranged from 1.2–24.9, 1.3–19.3, and 1.3–20.4% at 0–10.2, 10.2–20.3, and 20.3–30.5-cm, respectively. Moisture percentages in the 10.2–20.3- and 20.3–30.5-cm ranges were not significantly different. Mean percentage soil moisture in the 0–10.2 cm range was significantly greater than for the 10.2–20.3 and 20.3–30.5-cm ranges combined. Average damage ratings (0–9) increased linearly with Julian date, but due to differences in damage levels among the years, three separate linear equations were used to describe the relationship. Mean damage ratings increased by one rating point (11%) every 2–3 wk. A significant nonlinear relationship was found between percentage soil moisture and mean damage ratings. Management implications of the findings are discussed.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Hertl, PT and Brandenburg, RL}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={476–481} }
 @article{brandenburg_xia_schoeman_2002, title={Tunnel architectures of three species of mole crickets (Orthoptera : Gryllotalpidae)}, volume={85}, ISSN={["0015-4040"]}, DOI={10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0383:TAOTSO]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={The southern mole cricket, Scapteriscus vicinus Giglio-Tos, and the tawny mole cricket, S. borellii Scudder, damage turfgrass in southeastern United States. The two species are univoltine in most of their range. They also have similar life cycles and morphology. However, southern mole cricket is primarily carnivorous, whereas tawny mole cricket is herbivorous (Taylor 1979, Ulagaraj 1975, Matheny 1981). The African mole cricket, Gryllotalpa africana Palisot de Beauvois, is a world-wide pest (Sithole 1986). It damages plants including wheat, maize, rice, sorghum, millet, barley, oats, potatoes, cassava, groundnuts, strawberries, turnips, tobacco, and vegetables in Africa, Asia, and Europe. It also causes severe damage to turfgrass on golf courses in South Africa and Asia (Brandenburg, unpubl. data). Tsedeke (1979) reported that surface tunneling behavior, which is partly determined by feeding preference, is different between the two species in the U.S. We therefore speculate that tunnel architectures of three species are also different judging from the differences in their feeding behavior and damage. This study used fiberglass resins to compare tunnel architecture of three species of mole crickets in two locations Tawny and southern mole cricket tunnel castings were made on the driving range of Oyster Bay Golf Course, Brunswick County, NC, during 1998 to 2000. The turfgrass on the driving range was hybrid bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. in sandy loam soil. African mole cricket tunnel castings were made in typical heavy clay soil at Silver Lakes Golf and Country Club, Pretoria, South Africa. The turfgrass on the fairway was Kikuyu grass, Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov. We located mole cricket tunnel entrances by hand, and cleaned foreign matter, debris, and soil from the area around the entrance. We then used a soapy water flush (Short & Koehler 1979) as an irritant to flush the mole cricket from the tunnel for species identification. The soapy water flushing also helped to find other entrances to the tunnel and make the soil around the entrance firm. Areas without turf were avoided because the tunnels are often blocked by loose soil during the flushing. We have previously reported that fiberglass resin is the best material for mole cricket tunnel casting (Brandenburg et al. 2001). Bondo? fiberglass resin and hardener (Dynatron/Bondo Corp., Atlanta, GA), was used in the U.S. study and a similar product used in South Africa. This and other similar products are widely available at local hardware and automobile repair stores. Approximately 2/3 of the recommended amount of hardener was added to the fiberglass resin (about 1 ml hardener/100 ml resin). The fiberglass resin hardens quickly after adding hardener, therefore, the whole procedure must be done quickly. The fiberglass resin container was covered and shaken after adding hardener. The contents were then poured immediately into the tunnel entrance in a steady stream. The excavation of the castings started 1-2 h after pouring. The fiberglass resin in one can (1 1) usually filled two to three mole cricket tunnels. We used a large screwdriver to clear away the grass roots surrounding the tunnel entrance and to determine the direction of the casting before starting to dig the cast. Finding other entrance(s) of the tunnel helps to judge direction the tunnel casting. There are at least two entrances for tawny and African mole cricket tunnels. The soil on tunnel casts was washed away with water following excavation. We made over 100 castings and excavations during 3 years. Tunnels of tawny mole crickets were almost always (90%) in the shape of 'Y' with two entrances for each tunnel (Fig. IA, B, C). Variations were occasionally observed in the tunnel architecture. There might be two parallel 'Y's linking together to form a tunnel, or, two entrances observed at each end of a tunnel. The length of most tawny mole cricket tunnels ranged from 50 to 70 cm. Tunnels of African mole crickets also typically showed "Y" shape (Fig. 1G, H, I). The length of African mole cricket tunnels ranged from 10 cm to 23 cm. This was much shorter than that observed in tawny mole crickets. The tunnels of southern mole crickets were more likely in a reversed 'Y" shape with only one surface entrance (Fig. 1D, E, F). The tunnels often branched within 10 cm deep of the soil surface. The tunnels were usually much shorter than those of tawny mole cricket. The difference in tunnel architecture probably relates to the behavioral difference of the three species. Southern mole crickets are carnivorous. They seek prey throughout the soil. Our observations and research by Tsedeke (1979) suggested that southern mole crickets were much more active in tunneling than tawny and African mole crickets. This may be why southern mole cricket tunnels were almost always branched down into the soil rather than near the soil surface. In con-}, number={2}, journal={FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST}, author={Brandenburg, RL and Xia, YL and Schoeman, AS}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={383–385} }
 @article{brandenburg_xia_villani_2001, title={Determining tunnel structure of mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) using three materials with an emphasis on fiberglass resin}, volume={74}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society}, author={Brandenburg, R. L. and Xia, Y. L. and Villani, M. G.}, year={2001}, pages={178–180} }
 @article{hertl_brandenburg_barbercheck_2001, title={Effect of soil moisture on ovipositional behavior in the southern mole cricket (Orthoptera : Gryllotalpidae)}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225X-30.3.466}, abstractNote={Abstract The relationship between soil moisture and oviposition in an edaphic insect pest, the southern mole cricket, Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos, was studied in a series of greenhouse experiments. Adults were captured in acoustic calling traps and associated pitfall traps during spring flights in southeastern North Carolina in 1996, 1997, and 1998. Female mole crickets were individually confined in chambers containing 2, 4, 7, 10, and 12% soil moisture. Oviposition and mortality were monitored daily. A significant linear relationship between oviposition and soil moisture was indicated by an increase in the number of crickets ovipositing in response to higher soil moisture levels. Additionally, a delay in oviposition was observed as a response to low soil moisture. There were no significant differences in the number of eggs per ovipositing female, indicating that when oviposition does take place, the individual response of the female is to lay a similar number of eggs regardless of moisture levels. The ovipositional response to a rapid increase in soil moisture was also examined. The rapid increase in moisture resulted in a significantly greater percentage of females ovipositing, as seen in the previous experiments.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Hertl, PT and Brandenburg, RL and Barbercheck, ME}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={466–473} }
 @article{xia_brandenburg_2000, title={Effect of irrigation on the efficacy of insecticides for controlling two species of mole crickets (Orthoptera : Gryllotalpidae) on golf courses}, volume={93}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-93.3.852}, abstractNote={Abstract Effects of irrigation regimen, quantity, and timing on the efficacy of three insecticides for controlling nymphs of the southern mole cricket, Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos, and the tawny mole cricket, Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder, were studied on golf courses in 1997, 1998, and 1999. Two irrigation regimen tests using two rates of bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin produced inconclusive results. Mole cricket damage ratings after the applications of bifenthrin (60 g [AI]/ha) and lambda-cyhalothrin (76 g [AI]/ha) were not significantly different among the four irrigation regimens (non-irrigation, irrigation before treatment, irrigation after treatment, and irrigation before and after treatment). Mole cricket damage rating after the application of bifenthrin (120 g [AI]/ha) under irrigation before and after irrigation was significantly better than those under other irrigation regimens at 14 and 21 d after treatment (DAT). Different irrigation quantity and irrigation timing (after insecticide treatment) did not significantly affect the performance of imidacloprid (434 g [AI]/ha) in the 1998 tests. However, the results from the 1999 test indicated that mole cricket damage ratings from the imidacloprid-treated plots were significantly different between 2 and 0.5 cm irrigation water after treatment at 21 and 28 DAT. Application of bifenthrin at a rate of 120 g (AI)/ha with 0.5 cm of irrigation water after treatment resulted in significantly lower mole cricket damage ratings than those of 1.0 and 2.0 cm of irrigation water after treatment at 30 DAT only in the 1998 test. Bifenthrin with irrigation at 1 h after insecticide treatment provided better mole cricket control than that of irrigation at 5 min after treatment at 30 DAT only in the 1998 test. Mole cricket damage ratings after application of bifenthrin were not significantly different between either irrigation quantity treatment or irrigation timing treatment in the 1999 tests. Possible effects of application timing, environmental conditions, irrigation practice, and insecticide physical properties on the results are discussed.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Xia, YL and Brandenburg, RL}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={852–857} }
 @article{garcia_brandenburg_bailey_2000, title={Incidence of Tomato spotted wilt virus (Bunyaviridae) and tobacco thrips in Virginia-type peanuts in North Carolina}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.4.459}, abstractNote={ Virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivars were monitored for incidence of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and abundance of Frankliniella fusca, the tobacco thrips, in North Carolina during 1995 and 1996. A preliminary evaluation of 225 peanut genotypes for TSWV-resistant or -tolerant genotypes was conducted in 1995. The incidence of TSWV in cultivar NC-9 was twice that of cultivar NC-V11. In 1996, field trials designed to evaluate TSWV susceptibility were conducted with three widely grown commercial peanut cultivars in North Carolina. They were NC-9, NC-V11, and NC-12C, a newly released cultivar. A randomized complete block design was utilized at three locations. Disease incidence was evaluated weekly from 2 weeks postplanting until 2 weeks prior to harvest. Mechanical inoculation of the three cultivars resulted in no difference in relative leaf virus titer as determined from optical density readings following DAS-ELISA for 4 successive weeks beginning at 13 days postinoculation. NC-9 ranked highest in incidence of disease (7%), followed by NC-12C (6%) and NC-V11 (5%). Thrips counts were greatest on NC-V11, followed by NC-9 and NC-12C. Disease incidence overall was 5.96%, but ranged from 3.08 to 11.15% among the three sites. Yield was affected by the temporal occurrence of symptoms beginning at the fifth week postplanting. Greatest yield losses occurred in those plants with the earliest visible foliar symptoms. }, number={4}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Garcia, LE and Brandenburg, RL and Bailey, JE}, year={2000}, month={Apr}, pages={459–464} }
 @article{xia_hertl_brandenburg_2000, title={Surface and subsurface application of Beauveria bassiana for controlling mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) in golf courses}, volume={17}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology}, author={Xia, Y. and Hertl, P. T. and Brandenburg, R. L.}, year={2000}, pages={177–189} }
 @inbook{brandenburg_hertl_villani_2000, title={Improved mole cricket management through an enhanced understanding of pest behavior}, volume={743}, DOI={10.1021/bk-2000-0743.ch025}, abstractNote={An economically and environmentally-sound approach to the management of a serious turfgrass pest to golf courses is effectively developed through an improved understanding of the pests biology and behavior. The subterranean turf pests in the group called mole crickets cause significant turf damage throughout the southeastern United States. The underground habitat of this pest renders this group both difficult and expensive to monitor and control. The development of a sound data base of mole cricket biology, ecology, and behavior is critical for the development an effective management plan. The use of a multi-tactic management approach is essential to provide the desired level of population suppression in an environmentally sound manner. The findings of a broad research effort (1993-1998) directed at mole crickets on golf courses have permitted the integration of new strategies into an effective management program.}, number={2000}, booktitle={Fate and management of turfgrass chemicals}, publisher={Washington, DC: American Chemical Society}, author={Brandenburg, R. L. and Hertl, P. T. and Villani, M. G.}, editor={J. M. Clark and Kenna, M. P.Editors}, year={2000}, pages={397–407} }
 @article{hummel_brandenburg_heagle_arellano_1998, title={Effects of ozone on reproduction of twospotted spider mite (Acari : Tetranychidae) on white clover}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/27.2.388}, abstractNote={Twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a significant pest of peanut, Arachis hypogeae L., that continues to present problems as an induced pest despite recent widespread implementation of IPM practices. Effects of ozone (O3) on reproduction of twospotted spider mites feeding on an O3-sensitive clone and an O3-resistant clone of white clover, Trifolium repens L., were investigated in a greenhouse in continuous-stirred tank reactor chambers. Mite eggs of narrow age distribution (approximately 6 h) were placed on white clover plants exposed to 5 treatment levels of O3. Constant amounts of O3 were added to charcoal-filtered air for 6 h per day to achieve 5 mean concentrations ranging from 10 to 112 nl per liter. Plants were exposed to O3 approximately 9 d before infestation with mites; daily exposures continued for approximately 20 d after mite infestation. The developmental stage of each mite was recorded at approximately 2-d intervals until females were sexually mature (approximately 10 d) and began ovipositing. Thereafter, the cumulative number of eggs produced per mite was recorded. After approximately 5 d of oviposition, each adult mite was removed and the percentage hatch of eggs remaining on each plant was measured for an additional 5 d. Ozone caused more chlorosis and necrosis on the O3-sensitive clover clone than on the O3-resistant clover clone. Increasing O3 levels caused a significant linear decrease in developmental period of the mites. Estimates of time to 1st oviposition decreased linearly with increasing O3. Estimates of time of 1st hatch of 2nd-generation eggs decreased linearly with increasing O3. Elevated O3 levels appear to decrease the time required for female mites to develop from egg to ovipositing adult, which may have a profound effect on the intrinsic rate of population increase. Different responses by mites feeding on resistant plants versus susceptible plants suggests that this is a plant-mediated response.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Hummel, RL and Brandenburg, RL and Heagle, AS and Arellano, C}, year={1998}, month={Apr}, pages={388–394} }
 @article{jordan_coble_brandenburg_bailey_1998, title={Relationship of weed populations and herb in selected North Carolina peanut fields}, volume={51}, number={1998}, journal={Proceedings, Southern Weed Science Society}, author={Jordan, D. L. and Coble, H. D. and Brandenburg, R. L. and Bailey, J. E.}, year={1998}, pages={215–216} }
 @article{brandenburg_1997, title={Extension entomology: A personal perspective on past, present, and future challenges}, volume={43}, DOI={10.1093/ae/43.4.202}, abstractNote={As I ENTER MY SEVENTEENTH YEAR AS AN extension entomologist, I feel a need to reflect on the direction and focus of the Cooperative Extension Service (Extension) during the first half of my career and what might be expected in the next decade. The issues that Extension has chosen to address have affected extension entomologists' programs and our ability to achieve goals. Even individuals with only a few years of experience in Extension undoubtedly have dealt with issues associated with integrated pest management, low input sustainable agriculture, chemophobia, reductions in funding, downsizing, documenting our impact, justifying our existence, building our political base, and expanding our educational programs to urban audiences. These and other issues may be even more important for the future of Extension because they affect both what we do and how we structure and fund our programs. Some entomologists are concerned about Extension's future; perhaps, their concern is justified. When our mandate was established in 1914, almost 70% of the population was engaged in agriculture. Now, no more than 2% of the population is involved directly in agriculture, and, in many geographic locations, almost any other use of land now is more profitable than farming (McDowell 1993). At the turn of the century, more than 75% of the U.S. gross national product (GNP) and 85% of its employment opportunities were associated with agriculture; those percentages have dropped to 18 and 16%, respectively (Council for Agricultural Science and Technology 1994). Previous speculation about the future of extension entomology (e.g., Lincoln and Blair 1977) predicted increased emphasis on urban entomology, split academic appointments in research and extension, and more interaction with agribusiness and environmental groups. More recently, Allen and Rajotte (1990) focused on external forces that influence Extension including reductions in funding, competition from the private sector, new information delivery systems, and the use of new technology to solve entomological problems.}, number={4}, journal={American Entomologist (Lanham, Md.)}, author={Brandenburg, R. L.}, year={1997}, pages={202} }
 @article{brandenburg_1997, title={Managing mole crickets: developing a strategy for success}, volume={6}, number={1}, journal={Turf Grass Trends}, author={Brandenburg, R. L.}, year={1997}, pages={1–8} }
 @article{brandenburg_1997, title={Planning ahead to minimize insecticide impacts on golf courses}, volume={6}, number={1}, journal={Turf Grass Trends}, author={Brandenburg, R. L.}, year={1997}, pages={18–19} }
 @book{rick l. brandenburg_villani_1995, title={Handbook of turfgrass insect pests}, publisher={Lanham, MD: Entomological Society of America}, author={Rick L. Brandenburg and Villani, Michael G.}, year={1995} }
 @article{brandenburg_barbour_herbert_1992, title={Pheromone trapping as an indicator of southern corn rootworm damage in peanut}, volume={19}, DOI={10.3146/i0095-3679-19-1-10}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Populations of adult male southern corn rootworms (SCR) were monitored, and percent pod damage evaluated, for 107 peanut fields in the peanut growing regions of northeastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia from 1986 through 1990. percent pod damage was not consistently related to numbers of adult male SCR as determined by pheromone trap catches, for any of the five years, or for all five years combined. However, fields with trap catches less than or equal to 45 beetles per trap per week (17% of those sampled) appeared to be at low risk for SCR damage. When SCR numbers averaged less than 45 beetles per trap per week, percent pod damage averaged less than 3% and variation was low (standard deviation=2.1%), indicating that this number may be used as a low-end cutoff for SCR treatment. The critical dependence of SCR on adequate soil moisture for survival of eggs and early instar larvae may be a major factor contributing to the lack of correlation between numbers of adult SCR and damage to peanut pods under field conditions.}, number={1}, journal={Peanut Science}, author={Brandenburg, R. L. and Barbour, J. D. and Herbert, D. A.}, year={1992}, pages={37} }
 @article{brandenburg_herbert_1991, title={EFFECT OF TIMING ON PROPHYLACTIC TREATMENTS FOR SOUTHERN CORN-ROOTWORM (COLEOPTERA - CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN PEANUT}, volume={84}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/84.6.1894}, abstractNote={Treatment timings of two insecticides with low water solubility, chlorpyrifos and fonofos, were compared as prophylactic treatments against damage to peanuts, Arachis hypogaea L., by southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, during 1988 and 1989 in North Carolina and Virginia. Treatments were applied at one of three dates: as a preplant broadcast or in a 41-cm band over the row at planting, in a 41-em band over the row at flowering (mid-June), or later at the more traditional pegging time (mid-July). Early planting and flowering treatments did not result in reductions in the level of control compared with later pegging applications. Peanut yield was quite variable, and few significant differences could be detected among treatments; however, several treatments significantly increased yield compared with untreated plots. Advantages to early application, if done without sacrificing late-season rootworm control, would include less vine damage during application, earlier-season control of other insect pests, and fewer problems with secondary pests. In addition, smaller plants would permit insecticide soil incorporation that would limit the exposure of granular material to birds (and potentially reduce avian risk) and decrease ultraviolet degradation.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={BRANDENBURG, RL and HERBERT, DA}, year={1991}, month={Dec}, pages={1894–1898} }
 @article{brandenburg_1989, title={Early rootworm application offers grower flexibility and benefits}, volume={45}, number={3}, journal={Down to Earth}, author={Brandenburg, R. L.}, year={1989}, pages={14} }
 @article{brandenburg_kennedy_1983, title={INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF SELECTED PESTICIDES ON THE 2-SPOTTED SPIDER-MITE AND ITS FUNGAL PATHOGEN NEOZYGITES-FLORIDANA}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1570-7458"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1983.tb03328.x}, abstractNote={Benomyl affected populations of Tetranychus urticae by interfering with the pathogenic fungus, Neozygites floridana. Benomyl delayed but prolonged spider mite outbreaks. Few mites were infected with the pathogen when benomyl was used. Reductions in mite populations treated with fentin hydroxide were associated with a high incidence of N. floridana infection, Benomyl did not affect sporulation of N. floridana but appeared to inhibit conidial germination or growth of the fungus.RÉSUMÉInteractions de pesticides selectionnés sur Tetranychus urticae et son champignon pathogène, Neozygites floridanaLe bénomyl a modifié les populations de Tetranychus urticae Koch en interférant avec son champignon pathogène, Neozygites floridana (Weiser & Muma). Le bénomyl retardait mais prolongeait les pullulations de l'acarien. Peu d'acariens étaient infectés par le champignon quand on utilisait du bénomyl. Les réductions des populations d'acariens traitées avec l'hydroxyde de fentine étaient associées à un haut niveau d'infection par N. floridana. Le bénomyl ne modifiait pas la sporulation de N. floridana mais semblait inhiber la germination des conidies ou la croissance du champignon.}, number={3}, journal={ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA}, author={BRANDENBURG, RL and KENNEDY, GG}, year={1983}, pages={240–244} }
 @article{brandenburg_kennedy_1982, title={INTERCROP RELATIONSHIPS AND SPIDER-MITE DISPERSAL IN A CORN PEANUT AGRO-ECOSYSTEM}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1570-7458"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1982.tb03217.x}, abstractNote={Crawling was determined to be an important dispersal mechanism for spider mites leaving border vegetation and entering corn fields early in the season. This dispersal did not appear important in peanut fields. Large populations of spider mites in field corn were found responsible for subsequent infestations in peanuts. As corn plants senesced, mites began crawling to the periphery of the corn plant and grouping in masses on leaf tips, tassels and silks. During this period of mite movement, large numbers of mites were dispersed from the corn on wind currents and carried to nearby host plants. Aerial trapping verified this dispersal of mites and their subsequent colonization of previously uninfested peanut fields. Mites labelled in corn with a fluorescent powder were later found on peanut plants confirming the interhost movement.RÉSUMÉDispersion des tétranyches et relations entre champs voisins de maïs et d'arachideDans le S. E. des U.S.A. Tetranychus urticae Koch est un ennemi sévère de nombreuses cultures. Il attaque souvent le mais le N. E. de la Caroline du Nord en juin et juillet: cependant les pullulations sur arachide se produisent généralement en aou&#x030c;t et septembre.Les tétranyches peuplent la végétation sauvage sur les bords des champs chaque printemps, quelle que soit la nature de la culture. Ces acariens pénètrent dans le champ à partir de cette végétation limitrophe et commencent à consommer le maïs. Les déga&#x030c;ts sont plus sévères le long des bords. A cette époque, pour des raisons inconnues, très peu d'acariens ont émigré dans les champs d'arachide. Quand les acariens attaquent les arachides (aou&#x030c;t — septembre), il y a rarement cet effet de bordure. L'absence d'effet de bordure est du&#x030c; au fai que les acariens se déplacent dans la culture d'arachide de différentes façons.L'éloignement des acariens de la plante a été observé quand le maïs se dessèche en juillet. Pendant ce déplacement, de nombreux acariens sont dispersés par le vent. La capture de tétranyches sur des lames de microscope engluées suspendues au‐dessus du maïs et des arachides, confirme cette dispersion aérienne. Ces acariens abandonnent un h&#x006f;&#x030c;té dépérissant (le maïs) pour coloniser les champs antérieurement sains d'arachide.L'utilisation de poudre fluorescente pour marquer les acariens sur le maïs permet de les récupérer sur les champs adjacents d'arachide, ce qui confirme le changement d'h&#x006f;&#x030c;tes. 86% des acariens capturés sur les lames engluées sont des femelles; ceci montre l'utilisation maximale du comportement de dispersion pour libérer les éléments reproducteurs.}, number={3}, journal={ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA}, author={BRANDENBURG, RL and KENNEDY, GG}, year={1982}, pages={269–276} }
 @article{brandenburg_kennedy_1981, title={OVERWINTERING OF THE PATHOGEN ENTOMOPHTHORA-FLORIDANA (ENTOMOPHTHORALES, ENTOMOPHTHORACEAE) AND ITS HOST, THE 2-SPOTTED SPIDER-MITE (ACARI, TETRANYCHIDAE)}, volume={74}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/74.4.428}, abstractNote={Tetranychus urticae Koch was found on feral host plants during the winter months. Individual mites collected in January with the physical appearance of being in diapause laid eggs immediately when placed on excised lima bean leaves at 27°C and 16-h photoperiod. A pathogenic1 fungus, Entomophthora floridana Weiser and Muma, was found in a viable state throughout the winter. Laboratory studies indicated that the fungus can maintain itself at low winter temperatures common to eastern North Carolina. Infection of twospotted spider mites and fungal development, although significantly reduced from that measured at higher temperatures, occurred at 5°C.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={BRANDENBURG, RL and KENNEDY, GG}, year={1981}, pages={428–431} }