@article{raja_eatoo_agrawal_palli_krishnan_2023, title={Role of Strontium on Sensitization and Unusual Passivation Behavior of a 5xxx Series Aluminum Alloy Containing a Trace Amount of Chromium}, url={https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acc489}, DOI={10.1149/1945-7111/acc489}, abstractNote={This paper reports the beneficial effects of strontium (Sr) on the sensitization kinetics and an unusually high passivation behavior in Al-5.7 wt% Mg alloy. The presence of strontium has aided not only in retarding the sensitization kinetics of Al-5.7 wt% Mg alloy but also significantly enhanced the intergranular corrosion resistance. The surface enrichment of Cr and Sr as oxides and hydroxides has caused an unusual increase in the passivity and pitting potential of Al-5.7 wt% Mg alloy. The presence of both Cr and Sr helped in retaining the passivity of the alloy even in the sensitized condition.}, journal={Journal of The Electrochemical Society}, author={Raja, V. S. and Eatoo, Muzzamil Ahmad and Agrawal, Rahul Kumar and Palli, Srinivas and Krishnan, M. Ajay}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{agrawal_upadhyay_raja_2024, title={The Influence of Plastic Strain and Microstructure on the Electrochemical Noise Response of AA 7004 in 0.6 M NaCl}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12666-023-03070-5}, DOI={10.1007/s12666-023-03070-5}, journal={Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals}, author={Agrawal, Rahul Kumar and Upadhyay, Namrata and Raja, VS}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{agrawal_raja_2022, title={Effect of 3.5 wt.% NaCl and cathodic charging on the atomic strain distribution of a plastically deformed AA 7004}, volume={3}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/4014}, DOI={10.5006/4014}, abstractNote={The effects of environments in altering the atomic strain distribution in AA 7004 while subjected to slow strain rate testing to environmentally assisted cracking are investigated. Two different temper conditions—one where predominantly G.P. zones are present and the other with predominantly η′/η precipitates were chosen for the present study. Three different test environments—glycerol (Gly), 3.5 wt% NaCl (OCP), and 3.5 wt% NaCl with 100 mV cathodic charging vs. open-circuit potential (CP) were used. Under the above environmental conditions, the alloy aged at 140°C for 24 h, containing predominantly G.P. zones, showed the existence of the tensile nonshear components of the strain. On the other hand, the alloy aged at 140°C for 48 h, containing predominantly η′/η precipitates, showed only one of the two nonshear strain components that were tensile in nature, with a simultaneous reduction in the shear component of strain. The work highlights that the effects of the environment on the deformation behavior of the alloy are evident by way of alterations in strain distribution at the atomic level, which could possibly explain the increase in dynamic recovery for the microstructure containing primarily the G.P. zones, and the decrease in dynamic recovery for microstructures consisting predominantly of η′/η precipitates.}, journal={Corrosion}, publisher={Association for Materials Protection and Performance (AMPP)}, author={Agrawal, Rahul and Raja, VS}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @book{raj_agrawal_chattopadhyay_bansal_singh_2022, title={Effect of Surface Nanostructuring on Gene Expression for Protein Synthesis, Osteoblast Cells Recruitment and Size of Focal Adhesion: A Review}, url={https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85178566520&partnerID=40&md5=aa9abedcc51c7392010c2ae5000a5316}, note={Cited by: 0}, journal={Handbook of Research on Nano-Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering: Guide to Strengthening Healthcare Systems}, author={Raj, Nancy and Agrawal, Rahul and Chattopadhyay, K. and Bansal, R. and Singh, V.}, year={2022}, pages={511–542} }
 @article{agrawal_raja_2021, title={Effect of Environment on the Work Hardening Behavior of AA 7004}, volume={52}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06173-0}, DOI={10.1007/s11661-021-06173-0}, number={4}, journal={Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Agrawal, Rahul Kumar and Raja, V. S.}, year={2021}, month={Apr}, pages={1465–1476} }
 @article{effect of ultrasonic shot peening duration on microstructure, corrosion behavior and cell response of cp-ti_2020, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2020.106110}, DOI={10.1016/j.ultras.2020.106110}, abstractNote={Surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) of metallic biomaterials has gained significant importance due to its ability to develop nano structure in the surface region. In the present study, the microstructural changes and corrosion behavior of the commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti), following different durations of ultrasonic shot peening (USSP) has been investigated. cp-Ti was shot peened for different durations from 0 to 120 s and the treated samples were examined for microstructural changes in the surface region, cell viability and corrosion behavior. Cell viability was considerably increased after USSP for 60–120 s, exhibiting maximum for the 90 s of USSP. The passivation tendency was also improved with peening duration up to 90 s, however, it declined for longer duration of USSP. The beneficial effects of USSP may be attributed to nano structuring in the surface region and development of higher positive potentials at the USSP treated surface. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) examination of the USSPed surface revealed dislocation entanglement and substructure. Also, higher surface volta potential was observed over the USSPed sample exhibiting better cell proliferation. The present work is corollary to previous work of the group and mainly discusses the role of USSP duration, as a process parameter, on the cell viability and corrosion resistance of cp-Ti.}, journal={Ultrasonics}, year={2020}, month={Feb} }
 @article{gupta_agrawal_gore_parmar_raja_2021, title={Environmentally Assisted Cracking Behavior of 18Ni 250 Maraging Steel Welds Obtained with and Without Flux in Chloride Media}, volume={77}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3582}, DOI={10.5006/3582}, abstractNote={Gas tungsten arc welding is extensively used in the fabrication of 18Ni 250 maraging steel motor casings. In this work, the role of flux addition on the environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) and electrochemical corrosion behaviors of these welds in their peak-aged condition is presented. Studies were performed in order to bring out the potential influence of long-term exposure of maraging steel welds to neutral 0.1 M NaCl (mildly corrosive) and acidified 0.1 M NaCl (a relatively more corrosive) environments to understand the EAC behavior of the welds. The study showed that both the fluxed and unfluxed weld metals suffered 21% to 23% loss in ductility in neutral 0.1 M NaCl solution from that of obtained in air. The EAC of the welds in the neutral chloride solution was due to anodic dissolution, while in the acidified chloride solution it was found to be predominantly due to hydrogen embrittlement. The effect of flux in refining the weld microstructure was reflected in: (a) preventing intergranular mode of hydrogen embrittlement of the unfluxed welds and transforming the mode to transgranular cracking, (b) lowering a wide scatter in electrochemical corrosion rate, and (c) reducing the selective attack in the interdendritic regions of the unfluxed welds. Such a transition from intergranular to transgranular cracking might affect long-term service behavior of the welds to corrosion and EAC, though it is not reflected in the short-term tests.}, number={1}, journal={Corrosion}, publisher={NACE International}, author={Gupta, Renu N. and Agrawal, Rahul K. and Gore, Poorwa and Parmar, Uday and Raja, V.S.}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={85–96} }
 @article{kumar_mahobia_podder_kumar_agrawal_chattopadhyay_singh_2019, title={Role of ultrasonic shot peening on microstructure, hardness and corrosion resistance of nitrogen stabilised stainless steel without nickel}, volume={6}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab2dbe}, DOI={10.1088/2053-1591/ab2dbe}, abstractNote={The influence of Ultrasonic Shot Peening (USP) was investigated on microstructure, hardness and corrosion behavior of nitrogen stabilised stainless steel without nickel in simulated body fluid (SBF). Specimens of 11.5 mm diameter and 4.5 mm thickness were subjected to USP with 2 and 3 mm diameter shots of hard steel, for time periods of 30, 60, and 120 s, separately. The hardness and roughness of the surface were found to increase from the USP treatment. The microstructure of the specimens in the Un-USP and different USP treated conditions was examined using optical microscope, SEM and TEM. There was a drastic reduction in the size of initial grains of 36-micron to fine grains of 15 nm in the surface region from the USP treatment. There is a progressive change in microstructure, from multidirectional slip to single direction which ultimately disappears, from the USP treated surface towards interior, up to certain depth, depending on the shot diameter and the duration of USP. Corrosion resistance of the specimens in different USP treated conditions was studied in SBF and was found to increase from USP with shots of 3 mm diameter for 30 s and with shots of 2 mm diameter for 60 s. There was decrease in corrosion resistance from longer duration of the USP treatment due to localised surface damage.}, number={9}, journal={Materials Research Express}, publisher={IOP Publishing}, author={Kumar, Chandra Shekhar and Mahobia, Girija Shankar and Podder, Arijit and Kumar, Sanjeev and Agrawal, Rahul Kumar and Chattopadhyay, Kausik and Singh, Vakil}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={096578} }
 @article{nemala_kartikay_agrawal_bhargava_mallick_bohm_2018, title={Few layers graphene based conductive composite inks for Pt free stainless steel counter electrodes for DSSC}, volume={169}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85045769314&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.solener.2018.02.061}, abstractNote={FTO and platinum free steel counter electrode substrate based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) are fabricated with few layers graphene (FLG) composite conductive inks. FLG are synthesized by liquid phase high shear exfoliation and the FLG based composite conducting inks are formulated with multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and carbon black (CB) in polyimide matrix. The developed ink formulations are suitable for high temperature processing at 500 °C which enables to form graphene based composite conducting films on steel. Polyamic acid (PAA) intermediate layer provides superior adherence and potentio-dynamic polarization studies suggest that PAA coating also provides barrier layer and passivates the corrosion rate. Dye sensitized solar cells have been fabricated with these graphene composite coated on steel substrates which serves as the back electrodes. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) results of FLG composite conductive ink coated steel shows encouraging catalytic activity for the redox reaction of I−/I3− redox mediator. The developed FLG based composite ink formulations and fabrication of working DSSCs with conducting graphene composite coated steel substrate can be a potential step towards the realization of Pt free large area roof top DSSCs.}, journal={Solar Energy}, author={Nemala, S.S. and Kartikay, P. and Agrawal, R.K. and Bhargava, P. and Mallick, S. and Bohm, S.}, year={2018}, pages={67–74} }