@article{jennewein_hively_lamb_daughtry_thapa_thieme_reberg-horton_mirsky_2024, title={Spaceborne imaging spectroscopy enables carbon trait estimation in cover crop and cash crop residues}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1573-1618"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11119-024-10159-4}, abstractNote={Abstract Purpose Cover crops and reduced tillage are two key climate smart agricultural practices that can provide agroecosystem services including improved soil health, increased soil carbon sequestration, and reduced fertilizer needs. Crop residue carbon traits (i.e., lignin, holocellulose, non-structural carbohydrates) and nitrogen concentrations largely mediate decomposition rates and amount of plant-available nitrogen accessible to cash crops and determine soil carbon residence time. Non-destructive approaches to quantify these important traits are possible using spectroscopy. Methods he objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of spectroscopy instruments to quantify crop residue biochemical traits in cover crop agriculture systems using partial least squares regression models and a combination of (1) the band equivalent reflectance (BER) of the PRecursore IperSpettrale della Missione Applicativa (PRISMA) imaging spectroscopy sensor derived from laboratory collected Analytical Spectral Devices (ASD) spectra ( n = 296) of 11 cover crop species and three cash crop species, and (2) spaceborne PRISMA imagery that coincided with destructive crop residue collections in the spring of 2022 ( n = 65). Spectral range was constrained to 1200 to 2400 nm to reduce the likelihood of confounding relationships in wavelengths sensitive to plant pigments or those related to canopy structure for both analytical approaches. Results Models using laboratory BER of PRISMA all demonstrated high accuracies and low errors for estimation of nitrogen and carbon traits (adj. R 2 = 0.86 − 0.98; RMSE = 0.24 − 4.25%) and results indicate that a single model may be used for a given trait across all species. Models using spaceborne imaging spectroscopy demonstrated that crop residue carbon traits can be successfully estimated using PRISMA imagery (adj. R 2 = 0.65 − 0.75; RMSE = 2.71 − 4.16%). We found moderate relationships between nitrogen concentration and PRISMA imagery (adj. R 2 = 0.52; RMSE = 0.25%), which is partly related to the range of nitrogen in these senesced crop residues (0.38–1.85%). PRISMA imagery models were also influenced by atmospheric absorption, variability in surface moisture content, and some presence of green vegetation. Conclusion As spaceborne imaging spectroscopy data become more widely available from upcoming missions, crop residue trait estimates could be regularly generated and integrated into decision support tools to calculate decomposition rates and associated nitrogen credits to inform precision field management, as well as to enable measurement, monitoring, reporting, and verification of net carbon benefits from climate smart agricultural practice adoption in an emerging carbon marketplace.}, journal={PRECISION AGRICULTURE}, author={Jennewein, Jyoti S. and Hively, W. and Lamb, Brian T. and Daughtry, Craig S. T. and Thapa, Resham and Thieme, Alison and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Mirsky, Steven}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{leon_oreja_mirsky_reberg-horton_2023, title={Addressing biases in replacement series: the importance of reference density selection for interpretation of competition outcomes}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2023.53}, DOI={10.1017/wsc.2023.53}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Leon, Ramon G. and Oreja, Fernando H. and Mirsky, Steven B. and Reberg-Horton, Chris}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{meeks_cabrera_thapa_noor_mirsky_reberg-horton_2023, title={Biochemical composition of cover crop residues determines water retention and rewetting characteristics}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21451}, DOI={10.1002/agj2.21451}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Meeks, Carley and Cabrera, Miguel and Thapa, Resham and Noor, Nadia and Mirsky, Steven and Reberg-Horton, Chris}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @article{rebong_henriquez inoa_moore_reberg-horton_mirsky_murphy_leon_2023, title={Breeding allelopathy in cereal rye for weed suppression}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2023.64}, DOI={10.1017/wsc.2023.64}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Rebong, Democrito and Henriquez Inoa, Shannon and Moore, Virginia M. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Mirsky, Steven and Murphy, J. Paul and Leon, Ramon G.}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{thapa_cabrera_schomberg_reberg-horton_poffenbarger_mirsky_2023, title={Chemical differences in cover crop residue quality are maintained through litter decay}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289352}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0289352}, abstractNote={As plant litter decomposes, its mass exponentially decreases until it reaches a non-zero asymptote. However, decomposition rates vary considerably among litter types as a function of their overall quality (i.e., carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio and litter chemistry). We investigated the effects of hairy vetch (HV: Vicia villosa Roth):cereal rye (RYE: Secale cereale L.) biomass proportions with or without broadcasted poultry manure on overall litter quality before and during decomposition. As HV biomass proportions increased from 0 to 100%, the relative susceptibility of HV:RYE mixtures to microbial decomposition increased due to: (i) decrease in the initial C:N ratio (87:1 to 10:1 in 2012 and 67:1 to 9:1 in 2013), (ii) increase in the non-structural labile carbohydrates (33 to 61% across years), and (iii) decrease in the structural holo-cellulose (59 to 33% across years) and lignin (8 to 6% across years) fractions. Broadcasted poultry manure decreased the overall initial quality of HV-dominated litters and increased the overall initial quality of RYE-dominated litters. Across all HV:RYE biomass proportions with or without poultry manure, chemical changes during litter decay were related to proportional mass loss. Therefore, the relative decrease in carbohydrates and the concomitant increase in holo-cellulose and lignin fractions were more pronounced for fast decomposing litter types, i.e., litters dominated by HV rather than RYE. While our results suggest possible convergence of litter C:N ratios, initial differences in litter chemistry neither converged nor diverged. Therefore, we conclude that the initial chemistry of litter before decomposition exerts a strong control on its chemical composition throughout the decay continuum.}, number={7}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Thapa, Resham and Cabrera, Miguel and Schomberg, Harry H. and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Poffenbarger, Hanna and Mirsky, Steven B.}, editor={Villalobos, Luis AlonsoEditor}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{dobbs_ginn_skovsen_yadav_jha_bagavathiannan_mirsky_reberg-horton_leon_2023, title={Using structure-from-motion to estimate cover crop biomass and characterize canopy structure}, volume={302}, ISSN={["1872-6852"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.fcr.2023.109099}, abstractNote={Variability in biomass production poses a challenge for growers when using cover crops for weed control. However, most methods for assessing cover crop biomass are laborious and impractical on a field scale. The goal of the present study was to determine the feasibility of using Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry to estimate biomass in cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cover crops by correlating biomass with 3-D point cloud pixel density and crop height. Point clouds were generated using a SfM algorithm from RGB (red, green, and blue) videos collected by a hand-held GoPro camera over sixteen crop fields in North Carolina, Iowa, and Maryland, USA, throughout two growing seasons (2021–2023). Crop height, leaf area index (LAI), and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were also measured. Biomass was positively correlated with crop height for both cereal rye (R2 = 0.621) and wheat (R2 = 0.55). LAI was positively correlated with biomass accumulation and crop height for both species, increasing linearly in rye and exponentially in wheat. Conversely, PAR penetration below the canopy decreased with biomass accumulation and crop height in both species, with a more rapid extinction in wheat than rye. Point cloud pixel density showed a positive linear relationship with biomass in rye but saturated after 2.5 tonnes ha−1 (2500 kg ha−1). In wheat, point cloud pixel density was weakly and negatively correlated with biomass due to a denser canopy causing faster saturation of tissue detection by SfM point clouds. However, considering crop height and point cloud density integrating them both in the model allowed obtaining a positive relationship with biomass through levels of 8 tonnes ha−1 (8000 kg ha−1) in both species. When models were validated with independent data, predicted and measured biomass were positively correlated for both rye (R2 = 0.86) and wheat (R2 = 0.78). Based on the results, using SfM to generate 3-D point clouds can provide a more accurate estimation of biomass than canopy height alone by capturing species-level differences in canopy architecture. The results of this study suggest that SfM can potentially be used as a non-destructive tool for growers to monitor biomass production in cereal cover crops other systems such as energy/forage crops, which can help inform management decisions and conserve resources.}, journal={FIELD CROPS RESEARCH}, author={Dobbs, April M. and Ginn, Daniel and Skovsen, Soren Kelstrup and Yadav, Ramawatar and Jha, Prashant and Bagavathiannan, Muthukumar V and Mirsky, Steven B. and Reberg-Horton, Chris S. and Leon, Ramon G.}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{zhang_qiu_gilliam_gillespie_tu_reberg-horton_hu_2022, title={Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Shift Community Composition of N-Cycling Microbes and Suppress Soil N2O Emission}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.2c03816}, abstractNote={Mycorrhizae are ubiquitous symbiotic associations between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and terrestrial plants, in which AMF receive photosynthates from and acquire soil nutrients for their host plants. Plant uptake of soil nitrogen (N) reduces N substrate for microbial processes that generate nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas. However, the underlying microbial mechanisms remain poorly understood, particularly in agroecosystems with high reactive N inputs. We examined how plant roots and AMF affect N2O emissions, N2O-producing (nirK and nirS) and N2O-consuming (nosZ) microbes under normal and high N inputs in conventional (CONV) and organically managed (OM) soils. Here, we show that high N input increased soil N2O emissions and the ratio of nirK to nirS microbes. Roots and AMF did not affect the (nirK + nirS)/nosZ ratio but significantly reduced N2O emissions and the nirK/nirS ratio. They reduced the nirK/nirS ratio by reducing nirK-Rhodobacterales but increasing nirS-Rhodocyclales in the CONV soil while decreasing nirK-Burkholderiales but increasing nirS-Rhizobiales in the OM soil. Our results indicate that plant roots and AMF reduced N2O emission directly by reducing soil N and indirectly through shifting the community composition of N2O-producing microbes in N-enriched agroecosystems, suggesting that harnessing the rhizosphere microbiome through agricultural management might offer additional potential for N2O emission mitigation.}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Zhang, Xuelin and Qiu, Yunpeng and Gilliam, Frank S. and Gillespie, Christopher J. and Tu, Cong and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Hu, Shuijin}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{dobbs_reberg-horton_snyder_leon_2022, title={Assessing weediness potential of Brassica carinata (A.) Braun in the southeastern United States}, volume={188}, ISSN={["1872-633X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115611}, abstractNote={Carinata (Brassica carinata (A.) Braun) is a promising winter oilseed crop in the southeastern US, and ensuring agricultural and ecological safety is critical for growers. The present study evaluated the weediness and invasiveness potential for carinata in the southeastern US. A field study was conducted in Goldsboro and Clayton, North Carolina comparing emergence and survival of volunteer carinata with and without predator exclusion. Cumulative seedling emergence at both locations was highest for buried seeds with predator exclusion (42% and 15%) and lowest in unburied seeds without predator exclusion (16% and 1%). Survival 90 days after planting (DAP) at both locations was highest for buried seeds with predator exclusion (10% and 5%) and lowest in unburied seeds without predator exclusion (3% and <1%). Frost damage contributed to predator damage increasing mortality of established plants to 100% 120 DAP. In addition to the field study, the Australian Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) and Plant Risk Evaluation were conducted for carinata. The cumulative score for the Australian WRA was –1 (low risk), which was below the minimum score of 6 for rejection of introduction. The agricultural and environmental scores were –5 and –2, corresponding to a low risk in agricultural and non-agricultural settings. The cumulative Plant Risk Evaluation score was 6 (low risk), which was below the minimum score of 13 for rejection. Based on the field study and risk assessments, it was concluded that there is low risk of weediness and invasiveness for volunteer carinata in the southeastern US.}, journal={INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS}, author={Dobbs, April M. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Snyder, Lori Unruh and Leon, Ramon G.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{thapa_tully_reberg-horton_cabrera_davis_fleisher_gaskin_hitchcock_poncet_schomberg_et al._2022, title={Cover crop residue decomposition in no-till cropping systems: Insights from multi-state on-farm litter bag studies}, volume={326}, ISSN={["1873-2305"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.agee.2021.107823}, abstractNote={Cover crop (CC) residue decomposition influences the provisioning of agroecosystem services. While several laboratory and field studies have investigated processes and mechanisms of CC residue decomposition at specific point or plot scales, regional assessment of factors controlling decomposition rates (i.e., k-values) in no-till corn (Zea mays L.) systems are currently lacking. Here, we conducted the first multi-state on-farm litter bag studies over 105 site-years in the mid-Atlantic and Southeastern US states to determine the independent and combined effect of factors intrinsic to the field (soil and weather) and extrinsic or management factors (CC quantity and quality) on k-values. In the coastal plain regions, the k-values decreased as the underlying soils became sandier. Among weather variables, mean daily air relative humidity (RH) and number of rainy days showed stronger control on k-values than cumulative rainfall. This suggests faster decomposition of CC residues in humid environments and in site-years with frequent rain-events. Among extrinsic factors, the k-values decreased with higher CC biomass, C:N, residue holo-cellulose concentrations, and lignin:N, but increased with higher residue carbohydrate concentrations. The combination of CC residue quality (C:N and holo-cellulose) and weather (RH and rainy days) variables accounted in total for 69% of the variability in k-values with CC residue quality having a greater control over k-values than does weather in the mid-Atlantic and Southeastern US states. Therefore, our study emphasizes the necessity to update current process-based decomposition models to explicitly consider both CC residue quality (C:N, holo-cellulose) and weather factors (RH, rainy days), when predicting CC residue decomposition in no-till cropping systems.}, journal={AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT}, author={Thapa, Resham and Tully, Katherine L. and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Cabrera, Miguel and Davis, Brian W. and Fleisher, David and Gaskin, Julia and Hitchcock, Richard and Poncet, Aurelie and Schomberg, Harry H. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{raturi_thompson_ackroyd_chase_davis_myers_poncet_ramos-giraldo_reberg-horton_rejesus_et al._2022, title={Cultivating trust in technology-mediated sustainable agricultural research}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.1002/agj2.20974}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Raturi, Ankita and Thompson, Jennifer J. and Ackroyd, Victoria and Chase, Carlene A. and Davis, Brian W. and Myers, Robert and Poncet, Aurelie and Ramos-Giraldo, Paula and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Rejesus, Roderick and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{leon_creamer_reberg-horton_franzluebbers_2022, title={Eradication of Commelina benghalensis in a long-term experiment using a multistakeholder governance model: a case of regulatory concerns defeating ecological management success}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1939-747X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2022.23}, DOI={10.1017/inp.2022.23}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={INVASIVE PLANT SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Leon, Ramon G. and Creamer, Nancy and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Franzluebbers, Alan J.}, year={2022}, month={Sep}, pages={152–159} }
 @article{smith_jennings_monks_jordan_reberg-horton_schwarz_2022, title={Evaluation of Sweetpotato Cultivars with Varying Canopy Architectures in Conventional and a Reduced-tillage Rye Production System}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTTECH04912.21}, number={2}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Smith, Stephen C. and Jennings, Katherine M. and Monks, David W. and Jordan, David L. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Schwarz, Michael R.}, year={2022}, month={Apr}, pages={158–163} }
 @article{martins_balint-kurti_reberg-horton_2022, title={Genome-wide association study for morphological traits and resistance to <i>Peryonella pinodes</i> in the USDA pea single plant plus collection}, volume={12}, ISSN={2160-1836}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkac168}, DOI={10.1093/g3journal/jkac168}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9}, journal={G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Martins, Lais B and Balint-Kurti, Peter and Reberg-Horton, S Chris}, editor={Scofield, SEditor}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{bloszies_reberg-horton_heitman_woodley_grossman_hu_2022, title={Legume cover crop type and termination method effects on labile soil carbon and nitrogen and aggregation}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21022}, DOI={10.1002/agj2.21022}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Bloszies, Sean A. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Heitman, Joshua L. and Woodley, Alex L. and Grossman, Julie M. and Hu, Shuijin}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{thapa_tully_hamovit_yarwood_schomberg_cabrera_reberg-horton_mirsky_2022, title={Microbial processes and community structure as influenced by cover crop residue type and placement during repeated dry-wet cycles}, volume={172}, ISSN={["1873-0272"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apsoil.2021.104349}, abstractNote={Soil microorganisms play a critical role in cover crop (CC) residue decomposition and nutrient cycling in agroecosystems. However, the impact of CC residue management and dry-wet cycles on soil and residue microbiota and their potential ecosystem functions is largely unknown. To fill these knowledge gaps, an incubation experiment was conducted with two CC residues, crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and cereal rye (Secale cereale L.), and two residue placements (incorporated vs surface-applied). Each CCs by placement treatment was subjected to four dry-wet cycles (20-d each) for a total of 80-d. Crimson clover residues had higher water storage capacities than cereal rye, and the rate at which water was lost from surface-applied CC residues increased after each successive wetting event. Rapid drying of surface-applied CC residues quickly suppressed CO2 fluxes, which increased immediately upon rewetting. Incorporated CC residues maintained water content for longer duration than surface-applied residues and showed greater colonization by soil prokaryotes and saprophytic fungi. Thus, significantly more C and N were mobilized from incorporated residues by 80-d than from surface-applied residues (p < 0.05). Due to differences in residue chemistry, CC residue types have a stronger impact on soil N levels than residue placement. Thus, residue chemistry strongly influenced soil prokaryotic and fungal diversity, community structure, and functionality. While crimson clover-amended soils (N-rich environments) were dominated by copiotrophs, oligotrophs dominated cereal rye-amended soils (N-poor soil environments). On the other hand, residue placement may have a greater effect than residue type in determining residue microbiota, particularly prokaryotes. Based on these findings, we can conclude that the effect of residue placement on C and N mineralization during repeated dry-wet cycles is primarily explained by differences in water dynamics between incorporated and surface-applied CC residues.}, journal={APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY}, author={Thapa, Resham and Tully, Katherine L. and Hamovit, Nora and Yarwood, Stephanie A. and Schomberg, Harry H. and Cabrera, Miguel L. and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Mirsky, Steven B.}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{hu_thomasson_reberg-horton_mirsky_v. bagavathiannan_2022, title={Modeling realistic 3D agricultural vegetations using a photometric-based approach and its application to weed detection}, volume={198}, ISSN={["1872-7107"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.compag.2022.107020}, abstractNote={3D computer graphics is one of the major approaches to create synthetic images to train, evaluate, or validate computer vision systems. Attempts to utilize computer graphics in agriculture have shown great potential. However, the complexity of agricultural vegetations has been hindering the development of 3D models for agricultural applications. Here, a framework is developed to facilitate the synthesis of 3D agricultural vegetation scenes. The framework fully relies on photometric approaches, thus requiring no sophisticated equipment. It starts with an efficient method to acquire dual-faced leaf models with details of leaf geometry, light reflectance and light transmittance. A parametric L-system template is used to organize leaf models in a geometric arrangement that resembles real plants. Finally, a ray-tracing approach is adopted to produce high levels of visual realism. The robustness of the proposed framework is illustrated by training neural networks with rendered images for the detection of weeds, which are major pests threatening crop production. A considerable boost of detection performance is granted by the rendered images, as well as the ability for instance segmentation. The promising results obtained here open up several areas for future work, one of which is the development of publicly available 3D crop and weed databases.}, journal={COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE}, author={Hu, Chengsong and Thomasson, J. Alex and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Mirsky, Steven B. and V. Bagavathiannan, Muthukumar}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{thapa_cabrera_reberg-horton_dann_balkcom_fleisher_gaskin_hitchcock_poncet_schomberg_et al._2022, title={Modeling surface residue decomposition and N release using the Cover Crop Nitrogen Calculator (CC-NCALC)}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1573-0867"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10705-022-10223-3}, journal={NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS}, author={Thapa, Resham and Cabrera, Miguel and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Dann, Carson and Balkcom, Kip S. and Fleisher, David and Gaskin, Julia and Hitchcock, Rick and Poncet, Aurelie and Schomberg, Harry H. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{spoth_haring_everman_reberg-horton_greene_flessner_2022, title={Narrow-windrow burning to control seeds of Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) in wheat and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in soybean}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2022.70}, DOI={10.1017/wet.2022.70}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Spoth, Matthew P. and Haring, Steven C. and Everman, Wesley and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Greene, Wykle C. and Flessner, Michael L.}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{dobbs_ginn_skovsen_bagavathiannan_mirsky_reberg-horton_leon_2022, title={New directions in weed management and research using 3D imaging}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2022.56}, DOI={10.1017/wsc.2022.56}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Dobbs, April M. and Ginn, Daniel and Skovsen, Soren Kelstrup and Bagavathiannan, Muthukumar V and Mirsky, Steven B. and Reberg-Horton, Chris S. and Leon, Ramon G.}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{smith_jennings_monks_jordan_reberg-horton_schwarz_2022, title={Sweetpotato tolerance and Palmer amaranth control with indaziflam}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2022.13}, DOI={10.1017/wet.2022.13}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Smith, Stephen C. and Jennings, Katherine M. and Monks, David W. and Jordan, David L. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Schwarz, Michael R.}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{sapkota_popescu_rajan_leon_reberg-horton_mirsky_bagavathiannan_2022, title={Use of synthetic images for training a deep learning model for weed detection and biomass estimation in cotton}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2045-2322"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-022-23399-z}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={SCIENTIFIC REPORTS}, author={Sapkota, Bishwa B. and Popescu, Sorin and Rajan, Nithya and Leon, Ramon G. and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Mirsky, Steven and Bagavathiannan, Muthukumar V}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{thapa_tully_cabrera_dann_schomberg_timlin_gaskin_reberg-horton_mirsky_2021, title={Cover crop residue moisture content controls diurnal variations in surface residue decomposition}, volume={308}, ISSN={["1873-2240"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108537}, abstractNote={The effect of cover crop (CC) surface residues on water, carbon, and nitrogen cycling in no-till systems depends in part on the water retention properties of decomposing residues and the extent of decomposition. This study (1) examined the effect of decomposition on residue water retention properties; (2) characterized diurnal variations in residue decomposition rates in response to changes in soil-residue-air environmental conditions; and (3) examined the diurnal relationships between cover crop surface residue decomposition and residue environment (moisture and temperature). Maximum gravimetric water content (θg) and characteristic water release curves were determined for red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) residues collected at 0, 4, 10, and 16 weeks after termination for red clover, and at 2, 5, and 18 weeks for cereal rye. In addition, residue carbon dioxide (CO2-C) flux, along with soil-residue-air environmental conditions, were measured diurnally for red clover at 4, 10, and 16 weeks after termination, and for cereal rye at 5 weeks after termination. Maximum residue θg decreased as decomposition progressed. Cover crop residue decomposition also influenced water release curves such that the water retained at any given water potential (ψresidue) declined with increasing decomposition. These decomposition-associated changes in residue water retention properties were strongly related to residue lignin concentrations. Cover crop surface residue CO2-C flux showed distinct diurnal patterns that were strongly related to ψresidue or residue θg. At a diurnal scale, residue CO2-C flux increased during the nighttime from 18:00 to 06:00 h when residues gain moisture from the atmosphere and soil, and decreased during the daytime from 06:00 to 18:00 h when residues lost moisture via evaporation. Increase in temperature decreased residue CO2-C flux due to moisture limitations. Therefore, CC surface residue decomposition models must address both diurnal changes in ψresidue and the changes in water retention properties as residues decompose.}, journal={AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY}, author={Thapa, Resham and Tully, Katherine L. and Cabrera, Miguel and Dann, Carson and Schomberg, Harry H. and Timlin, Dennis and Gaskin, Julia and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Mirsky, Steven B.}, year={2021}, month={Oct} }
 @article{vann_reberg-horton_castillo_murphy_martins_mirsky_saha_mcgee_2021, title={Differences among eighteen winter pea genotypes for forage and cover crop use in the southeastern United States}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.20355}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Vann, Rachel A. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Castillo, Miguel S. and Murphy, J. Paul and Martins, Lais B. and Mirsky, Steven B. and Saha, Uttam and McGee, Rebecca J.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={947–965} }
 @article{thapa_tully_cabrera_dann_schomberg_timlin_reberg-horton_gaskin_davis_mirsky_2021, title={Effects of moisture and temperature on C and N mineralization from surface-applied cover crop residues}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1432-0789"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00374-021-01543-7}, number={4}, journal={BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS}, author={Thapa, Resham and Tully, Katherine L. and Cabrera, Miguel L. and Dann, Carson and Schomberg, Harry H. and Timlin, Dennis and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Gaskin, Julia and Davis, Brian W. and Mirsky, Steven B.}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={485–498} }
 @article{thompson_schomberg_evett_fisher_mirsky_reberg-horton_2021, title={Gateway-node wireless data collection system for environmental sensing}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2639-6696"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20219}, DOI={10.1002/agg2.20219}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={AGROSYSTEMS GEOSCIENCES & ENVIRONMENT}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Thompson, Alondra I and Schomberg, Harry H. and Evett, Steven R. and Fisher, Daniel K. and Mirsky, Steven B. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris}, year={2021} }
 @article{martins_rejesus_reberg-horton_myers_2021, title={Understanding the market for cover crop seeds in the United States: Background and potential policy directions}, volume={76}, ISSN={["1941-3300"]}, DOI={10.2489/jswc.2021.0820A}, abstractNote={Previous literature has shown that cover crops have the potential to provide large-scale environmental benefits by reducing soil erosion, preventing nutrient leaching, sequestering carbon (C), and providing habitat for beneficial insects and pollinators (Snapp et al. 2005; Laloy and Bielders 2010; Castellano et al. 2012; Poeplau and Don 2015). In addition, cover crops can potentially generate private benefits to the farm operation by helping boost soil productivity (and subsequent cash crop yields), suppressing weeds, reducing fertilizer needs, and improving nutrient cycling (Bergtold et al. 2019; Myers and Watts 2015; Wittwer et al. 2017).

Given the potential economic and environmental benefits of cover crop adoption, cover crop acreage in the US grew from about 10.3 million ac (4.2 Mha) in 2012 to about 15.4 million ac (6.23 Mha) in 2017 (i.e., a 50% increase), based on data from the US Census of Agriculture (LaRose and Myers 2019). Nonetheless, even in light of these adoption increases, acres planted to cover crops only equal 3.9% of all US cropland in 2017 (Zulauf and Brown 2019) (figure 1). Although there are several possible reasons that overall cover crop adoption rates in the US remain relatively low, one of the main factors that influences the cost of adopting cover crops is cover crop …}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION}, author={Martins, Lais Bastos and Rejesus, Roderick M. and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Myers, Robert L.}, year={2021}, pages={83A–88A} }
 @article{reinhardt piskackova_reberg-horton_richardson_jennings_franca_young_leon_2021, title={Windows of action for controlling palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) using emergence and phenology models}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1365-3180"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12470}, DOI={10.1111/wre.12470}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={WEED RESEARCH}, author={Reinhardt Piskackova, Theresa A. and Reberg-Horton, Samuel Chris and Richardson, Robert J. and Jennings, Katie M. and Franca, Lucas and Young, Bryan G. and Leon, Ramon G.}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={188–198} }
 @article{xiao_qiu_tao_zhang_chen_reberg-horton_shi_shew_zhang_hu_2020, title={Biological controls over the abundances of terrestrial ammonia oxidizers}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1466-8238"]}, DOI={10.1111/geb.13030}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY}, author={Xiao, Rui and Qiu, Yunpeng and Tao, Jinjin and Zhang, Xuelin and Chen, Huaihai and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Shi, Wei and Shew, H. David and Zhang, Yi and Hu, Shuijin}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={384–399} }
 @article{smith_jennings_monks_chaudhari_schultheis_reberg-horton_2020, title={Critical timing of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) removal in sweetpotato}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1017/wet.2020.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Smith, Stephen C. and Jennings, Katherine M. and Monks, David W. and Chaudhari, Sushila and Schultheis, Jonathan R. and Reberg-Horton, Chris}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={547–551} }
 @article{ramos-giraldo_reberg-horton_locke_mirsky_lobaton_2020, title={Drought Stress Detection Using Low-Cost Computer Vision Systems and Machine Learning Techniques}, volume={22}, ISSN={1520-9202 1941-045X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MITP.2020.2986103}, DOI={10.1109/MITP.2020.2986103}, abstractNote={The real-time detection of drought stress has major implications for preventing cash crop yield loss due to variable weather conditions and ongoing climate change. The most widely used indicator of drought sensitivity/tolerance in corn and soybean is the presence or absence of leaf wilting during periods of water stress. We develop a low-cost automated drought detection system using computer vision coupled with machine learning (ML) algorithms that document the drought response in corn and soybeans field crops. Using ML, we predict the drought status of crop plants with more than 80% accuracy relative to expert-derived visual drought ratings.}, number={3}, journal={IT Professional}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Ramos-Giraldo, Paula and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Locke, Anna M. and Mirsky, Steven and Lobaton, Edgar}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={27–29} }
 @article{kaufman_jordan_reberg-horton_dean_shew_brandenburg_anco_mehl_taylor_balota_et al._2020, title={Identifying interest, risks, and impressions of organic peanut production: A survey of conventional farmers in the Virginia-Carolina region}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.1002/cft2.20042}, abstractNote={Crop, Forage & Turfgrass ManagementVolume 6, Issue 1 e20042 CROP MANAGEMENT—BRIEFS Identifying interest, risks, and impressions of organic peanut production: A survey of conventional farmers in the Virginia–Carolina region Amanda A. Kaufman, Amanda A. Kaufman Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorDavid L. Jordan, Corresponding Author David L. Jordan david_jordan@ncsu.edu orcid.org/0000-0003-4786-2727 Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USA Correspondence Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC 27695 Email: david_jordan@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorChris Reberg-Horton, Chris Reberg-Horton Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorLisa L. Dean, Lisa L. Dean Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, ARS, SEA, USDA, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorBarbara B. Shew, Barbara B. Shew Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorRick L. Brandenburg, Rick L. Brandenburg Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorDan Anco, Dan Anco Edisto Research and Extension Center, Clemson University, 64 Research Road, Blackville, SC, 29817 USASearch for more papers by this authorHillary Mehl, Hillary Mehl Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 6321 Holland Road, Suffolk, VA, 23437 USASearch for more papers by this authorSally Taylor, Sally Taylor Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 6321 Holland Road, Suffolk, VA, 23437 USASearch for more papers by this authorMaria Balota, Maria Balota orcid.org/0000-0003-4626-0193 Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 6321 Holland Road, Suffolk, VA, 23437 USASearch for more papers by this authorL. Suzanne Goodell, L. Suzanne Goodell Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorJonathan Allen, Jonathan Allen Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this author Amanda A. Kaufman, Amanda A. Kaufman Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorDavid L. Jordan, Corresponding Author David L. Jordan david_jordan@ncsu.edu orcid.org/0000-0003-4786-2727 Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USA Correspondence Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC 27695 Email: david_jordan@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorChris Reberg-Horton, Chris Reberg-Horton Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorLisa L. Dean, Lisa L. Dean Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, ARS, SEA, USDA, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorBarbara B. Shew, Barbara B. Shew Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorRick L. Brandenburg, Rick L. Brandenburg Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorDan Anco, Dan Anco Edisto Research and Extension Center, Clemson University, 64 Research Road, Blackville, SC, 29817 USASearch for more papers by this authorHillary Mehl, Hillary Mehl Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 6321 Holland Road, Suffolk, VA, 23437 USASearch for more papers by this authorSally Taylor, Sally Taylor Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 6321 Holland Road, Suffolk, VA, 23437 USASearch for more papers by this authorMaria Balota, Maria Balota orcid.org/0000-0003-4626-0193 Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 6321 Holland Road, Suffolk, VA, 23437 USASearch for more papers by this authorL. Suzanne Goodell, L. Suzanne Goodell Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorJonathan Allen, Jonathan Allen Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 14 June 2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/cft2.20042Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume6, Issue12020e20042 RelatedInformation}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Kaufman, Amanda A. and Jordan, David L. and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Dean, Lisa L. and Shew, Barbara B. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Anco, Dan and Mehl, Hillary and Taylor, Sally and Balota, Maria and et al.}, year={2020} }
 @article{piskackova_reberg-horton_richardson_jennings_leon_2020, title={Integrating emergence and phenology models to determine windows of action for weed control: A case study using Senna obtusifolia}, volume={258}, ISSN={["1872-6852"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.fcr.2020.107959}, abstractNote={The success of integrated weed management strategies is contingent on the accuracy of control actions in both time and space. While emphasis has been given to spatial accuracy, timing accuracy has been largely neglected. Weed control timing must consider not only the total duration of weed interference with the crop, as done by the traditional critical period of weed control (CPWC) based on yield protection only, but also weed growth, size, and susceptible phenological stages. In this study, we expand upon the idea of using weed emergence models for timing weed control by integrating them with phenology probability models for key weed growth stages to optimize timing of control actions, here referred as Critical Control Windows (CCW). Combining the CCW with thresholds for yield loss due to weed interference and thresholds for weed survival risk makes it possible determining the frequency with which control actions should be implemented to maintain crop yield and weed populations at desired levels. Using Senna obtusifolia as a study case, vegetative and reproductive phenological stages were modeled as a function of seedling emergence for different cohorts. Chronological and thermal-time models provided robust predictions of S. obtusifolia phenology. CCW did not always coincided with CPWC for several crops when considering 10-cm tall plants as the threshold for control. In general, for summer row crops, CCW required 2 postemergence control actions and sometimes 1 action outside the CPWC. The results of the present research illustrate how predictive models can be used to develop CCW that will complement the traditional CPWC. These two concepts when used complementary can increase not only timing accuracy, but also efficiency of weed control.}, journal={FIELD CROPS RESEARCH}, author={Piskackova, Theresa A. Reinhardt and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Richardson, Robert J. and Jennings, Katie M. and Leon, Ramon G.}, year={2020}, month={Nov} }
 @article{kucek_riday_rufener_burke_eagen_ehlke_krogman_mirsky_reberg-horton_ryan_et al._2020, title={Pod Dehiscence in Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa Roth)}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1664-462X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fpls.2020.00082}, abstractNote={Hairy vetch, Vicia villosa (Roth), is a cover crop that does not exhibit a typical domestication syndrome. Pod dehiscence reduces seed yield and creates weed problems for subsequent crops. Breeding efforts aim to reduce pod dehiscence in hairy vetch. To characterize pod dehiscence in the species, we quantified visual dehiscence and force required to cause dehiscence among 606 genotypes grown among seven environments of the United States. To identify potential secondary selection traits, we correlated pod dehiscence with various morphological pod characteristics and field measurements. Genotypes of hairy vetch exhibited wide variation in pod dehiscence, from completely indehiscent to completely dehiscent ratings. Mean force to dehiscence also varied widely, from 0.279 to 8.97 N among genotypes. No morphological traits were consistently correlated with pod dehiscence among environments where plants were grown. Results indicated that visual ratings of dehiscence would efficiently screen against genotypes with high pod dehiscence early in the breeding process. Force to dehiscence may be necessary to identify the indehiscent genotypes during advanced stages of selection.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE}, author={Kucek, Lisa Kissing and Riday, Heathcliffe and Rufener, Bryce P. and Burke, Allen N. and Eagen, Sarah Seehaver and Ehlke, Nancy and Krogman, Sarah and Mirsky, Steven B. and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Ryan, Matthew R. and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Mar} }
 @article{kissing kucek_azevedo_eagen_ehlke_hayes_mirsky_reberg-horton_ryan_wayman_wiering_et al._2020, title={Seed Dormancy in Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) Is Influenced by Genotype and Environment}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2073-4395"]}, DOI={10.3390/agronomy10111804}, abstractNote={Seed dormancy complicates the agricultural use of many legume species. Understanding the genetic and environmental drivers of seed dormancy is necessary for advancing crop improvement for legumes, such as Vicia villosa. In this study, we quantify the magnitude of genetic and environmental effects on physical dormancy among 1488 maternal V. villosa plants from 18 diverse environments. Furthermore, we explore the relationship between physical dormancy and environmental conditions during seed development. Additive genetic variance (h2) accounted for 40% of the variance, while the growing environment explained 28% of the variance in physical dormancy. Maternal lines showed complete variance in physical dormancy, as one line was 100% dormant, and 56 lines were 0% dormant. Distributions of physical dormancy varied widely among seed production environments, with some site-years strongly skewed toward physically dormant seed, while other site-years exhibited little dormant seed. Twenty-three weather variables were associated with environmental and error effects of physical dormancy. High mean and minimum relative humidity, low mean and maximum temperature, and high precipitation weakly grouped with low physical dormancy. Weather variables calculated from fixed time windows approximating seed maturity to seed harvest at each site-year tended to be less predictive than biological seed drying windows calculated based on seed maturity of each maternal line. Overall, individual and cumulative effects of weather variables were poor predictors of physical dormancy. Moderate heritability indicates that breeding programs can select against physical dormancy and improve V. villosa for agricultural use. Marker-based approaches would maximize selection for physical dormancy by reducing the influence of unpredictable environmental effects.}, number={11}, journal={AGRONOMY-BASEL}, author={Kissing Kucek, L. and Azevedo, M. D. and Eagen, S. S. and Ehlke, N. J. and Hayes, R. J. and Mirsky, S. B. and Reberg-Horton, C. and Ryan, M. R. and Wayman, S. and Wiering, N. P. and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Nov} }
 @article{marcillo_mirsky_poncet_reberg-horton_timlin_schomberg_ramos_2020, title={Using statistical learning algorithms to predict cover crop biomass and cover crop nitrogen content}, volume={112}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.1002/agj2.20429}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Marcillo, Guillermo S. and Mirsky, Steven and Poncet, Aurelie and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Timlin, Dennis and Schomberg, Harry and Ramos, Paula}, year={2020}, pages={4898–4913} }
 @misc{vicia villosa seed physical dormancy dataset from 2017-2019_2020, DOI={10.15482/usda.adc/1519580}, journal={Ag Data Commons}, year={2020} }
 @article{kucek_riday_ehlke_reberg-horton_maul_mirsky_pelzer_poskaitis_ryan_seehaver_et al._2019, title={Environmental Influences on the Relationship between Fall and Spring Vigor in Hairy Vetch}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2018.09.0569}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Kucek, Lisa Kissing and Riday, Heathcliffe and Ehlke, Nancy and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Maul, Jude and Mirsky, Steven B. and Pelzer, Chris J. and Poskaitis, Megan and Ryan, Matthew R. and Seehaver, Sarah and et al.}, year={2019}, pages={2443–2454} }
 @article{qiu_jiang_guo_zhang_burkey_zobel_reberg-horton_shew_hui_2019, title={Shifts in the Composition and Activities of Denitrifiers Dominate CO2 Stimulation of N2O Emissions}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.9b02983}, abstractNote={Elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) often increases soil N2O emissions but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. One hypothesis suggests that high N2O emissions may stem from increased denitrification induced by CO2-enhancement of plant carbon (C) allocation belowground. However, direct evidence illustrating linkages among N2O emissions, plant C allocation and denitrifying microbes under eCO2 is still lacking. We examined the impact of eCO2 on plant C allocation to roots and their associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and its subsequent effects on N2O emissions and denitrifying microbes in the presence of two distinct N sources, ammonium nitrogen (NH4+- N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N). Our results showed that the form of the N inputs dominated the effects of eCO2 on N2O emissions: eCO2 significantly increased N2O emissions with NO3--N inputs but had no effect with NH4+-N inputs. eCO2 increased plant biomass N more with NH4+-N than NO3--N inputs, likely reducing microbial access to available N under NH4+-N inputs and/or contributing to higher N2O emissions under NO3--N inputs. While eCO2 enhanced root and mycorrhizal N uptake, it also increased N2O emissions under NO3--N inputs. Further, eCO2-enhancement of N2O emissions under NO3--N inputs concurred with a shift in the soil denitrifier community composition in favor of N2O-producing (nirK- and nirS-type) over N2O-consuming (nosZ-type) denitrifiers. Together, these results indicate that eCO2 stimulated N2O emissions mainly through altering plant N preference in favor of NH4+ over NO3- and thus stimulating soil denitrifiers and their activities. These findings suggest that effective management of N sources may mitigate N2O emissions by negating eCO2-stimulation of soil denitrifying microbes and their activities.}, number={19}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Qiu, Yunpeng and Jiang, Yu and Guo, Lijin and Zhang, Lin and Burkey, Kent O. and Zobel, Richard W. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Shew, H. David and Hui, Shuijin}, year={2019}, month={Oct}, pages={11204–11213} }
 @article{smith_jennings_monks_schultheis_reberg-horton_2019, title={Tolerance of Sweetpotato to Herbicides Applied in Plant Propagation Beds}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1017/wet.2018.103}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Smith, Stephen C. and Jennings, Katherine M. and Monks, David W. and Schultheis, Jonathan R. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={147–152} }
 @article{vann_reberg-horton_castillo_mcgee_mirsky_2019, title={Winter Pea, Crimson Clover, and Hairy Vetch Planted in Mixture with Small Grains in the Southeast United States}, volume={111}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2018.03.0202}, abstractNote={Core Ideas

Legume and small grain cover crops are combined in mixture to provide N fertility and weed suppression for the following cash crop.
In environments where winter pea growth is not restricted by cold, winter pea can produce as much biomass in mixture with small grains as crimson clover and hairy vetch.
Hairy vetch was the most competitive legume with the small grains across environments and restricted small grain biomass production.
The variability in total biomass composition across environments in this study demonstrates the importance of site specific cover crop species selection and mixture seeding rate recommendations.
}, number={2}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Vann, R. A. and Reberg-Horton, S. C. and Castillo, M. S. and McGee, R. J. and Mirsky, S. B.}, year={2019}, pages={805–815} }
 @article{mcgowen_jennings_chaudhari_monks_schultheis_reberg-horton_2018, title={Critical Period for Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Control in Pickling Cucumber}, volume={32}, ISSN={0890-037X, 1550-2740}, url={https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/weed-technology/article/critical-period-for-palmer-amaranth-amaranthus-palmeri-control-in-pickling-cucumber/4BCED15B7D9F47DAFB0DF91FC9112015}, DOI={10.1017/wet.2018.58}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Weed Technology}, author={McGowen, Samuel J. and Jennings, Katherine M. and Chaudhari, Sushila and Monks, David W. and Schultheis, Jonathan R. and Reberg-Horton, Chris}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={586–591} }
 @article{vann_reberg-horton_crozier_place_2018, title={Effect of Soybean Maturity, Crimson Clover Seeding Method, and Seeding Rate on Clover Biomass and Nitrogen Content}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2018.02.0118}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Crimson clover seeding following the last cultivation of soybeans in July into MG3 to MG5 soybeans did not result in any substantial crimson clover growth in both years.
After harvest seeding into MG3 and MG4 soybean and aerial seeding into MG4 and MG5, soybean produced substantial clover N content ranging from 76 to 107 kg ha−1.
After harvest seeding behind MG5 soybeans reduced clover N content because late cover crop establishment restricted biomass production.
Seeding rate had no effect on clover biomass, clover N content, or corn yield for both drilled and aerially‐seeded crimson clover.
}, number={5}, journal={Agronomy Journal}, author={Vann, R. A. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Crozier, C.R. and Place, G.T.}, year={2018}, pages={1829–1835} }
 @article{williams_wells_dickey_hu_maul_raskin_reberg-horton_mirsky_2018, title={Establishing the relationship of soil nitrogen immobilization to cereal rye residues in a mulched system}, volume={426}, ISSN={["1573-5036"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11104-018-3566-0}, abstractNote={Soil nitrogen (N) immobilization from cover crop residues may help suppress weeds. We established a gradient of cereal rye shoot biomass to determine the extent that soil N can be immobilized and its effect on redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). A microplot study was conducted in no-till cereal rye (Secale cereale L.)—soybean (Glycine max L. (Merr.)) systems at two sites in eastern USA. Microplots received 0, 2000, 5000, 8000, 12,000 or 15,000 kg ha−1 of cereal rye shoot biomass, and were injected with two mg 15N kg−1 soil 5 cm below the soil surface. Pigweeds were sown and allowed to germinate. Maximum rates of cereal rye shoot decomposition were observed at ≥5000 kg ha−1. Although cereal rye shoot N declined, shoots became enriched with 15N, indicating fungal transfer of soil N to shoots. Soil inorganic N declined by an average of 5 kg N ha−1. Pigweed tissue N and biomass were reduced in the presence of cereal rye. The magnitude of pigweed N reduction was similar across all shoot application rates. We found weak evidence for a cereal rye shoot-based N immobilization mechanism of weed suppression. Our results indicate N immobilization may be primarily due to root residues.}, number={1-2}, journal={PLANT AND SOIL}, author={Williams, Alwyn and Wells, M. Scott and Dickey, David A. and Hu, Shuijin and Maul, Jude and Raskin, Daniel T. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Mirsky, Steven B.}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={95–107} }
 @article{vann_reberg-horton_edmisten_york_2018, title={Implications of cereal rye/crimson clover management for conventional and organic cotton producers}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2017.06.0246}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Cereal rye/crimson clover cover crop mixtures can be used for weed suppression and soil moisture conservation in cotton production.Cover crop management at cotton planting can influence cotton emergence, weed suppression, and soil moisture dynamics.Cotton emergence declined when cotton was planted directly into standing cover crop and without row cleaners engaged, but this reduction did not affect cotton lint yield.Soil temperature was reduced and soil moisture was increased by the presence of a cover crop mulch regardless of cover crop residue management strategy at cotton planting.Cover crop residue management did not affect cotton lint yield when herbicides were used, indicating that conventional producers have flexibility in terminating cover crops and residue management at cotton planting.
}, number={2}, journal={Agronomy Journal}, author={Vann, R.A. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Edmisten, K.L. and York, A.C.}, year={2018}, pages={621–631} }
 @article{liebman_grossman_brown_wells_reberg-horton_shi_2018, title={Legume Cover Crops and Tillage Impact Nitrogen Dynamics in Organic Corn Production}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2017.08.0474}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Reduced tillage of legume cover crops releases significant amount of N coupled with corn N uptake.Roller crimper termination of legumes releases nitrogen at similar total amounts to disking.Increased experimentation needed to improve corn population and yields in roller crimped stands.
}, number={3}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Liebman, Alexander M. and Grossman, Julie and Brown, Matthew and Wells, M. Scott and Reberg-Horton, S. C. and Shi, Wei}, year={2018}, pages={1046–1057} }
 @article{saha_vann_reberg-horton_castillo_mirsky_mcgee_sonon_2018, title={Near‐infrared spectroscopic models for analysis of winter pea (Pisum sativum L.) quality constituents}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1097-0010"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85049802740&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/jsfa.8947}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture}, author={Saha, U. and Vann, R. A. and Reberg-Horton, S. C. and Castillo, M. and Mirsky, S. and McGee, R. and Sonon, L.}, year={2018}, pages={4253–4267} }
 @article{vann_reberg-horton_castillo_mirsky_mcgee_2018, title={Winter Pea Cultivar/Breeding Line Screening for Grain Crop Potential in the Southeastern United States}, volume={110}, ISSN={0002-1962}, url={https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/aj/abstracts/110/4/1217}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2017.10.0594}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Winter pea is desirable for grain production in the southeastern USA.
Many pea cultivars/lines survive the NC winter with minimal cold damage.
Regional breeding efforts are needed for disease resistance in pea cultivars.
Pea grain yield was restricted by excessive heat during flowering.
Pea and wheat can be grown together and harvested simultaneously.
}, number={4}, journal={Agronomy Journal}, author={Vann, R. A. and Reberg-Horton, S. C. and Castillo, M. S. and Mirsky, S. B. and McGee, R. J.}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={1217–1225} }
 @article{wu_chen_tu_qiu_burkey_reberg-horton_peng_hu_2017, title={CO2-induced alterations in plant nitrate utilization and root exudation stimulate N2O emissions}, volume={106}, ISSN={["0038-0717"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.11.018}, abstractNote={Atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment (eCO2) often increases soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, which has been largely attributed to increased denitrification induced by CO2-enhancement of soil labile C and moisture. However, the origin of the N remains unexplained. Emerging evidence suggests that eCO2 alters plant N preference in favor of ammonium (NH4+-N) over nitrate (NO3−-N). Yet, whether and how this attributes to the enhancement of N2O emissions has not been investigated. We conducted a microcosm experiment with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.) to examine the effects of eCO2 on soil N2O emissions in the presence of two N forms (NH4+-N or NO3−-N). Results obtained showed that N forms dominated eCO2 effects on plant and microbial N utilization, and thus soil N2O emissions. Elevated CO2 significantly increased the rate and the sum of N2O emissions by three to four folds when NO3−-N, but not NH4+-N, was supplied under both wheat and tall fescue. While enhanced N2O emission was more related to the reduced plant NO3−-N uptake under wheat, it concurred with increased labile C under tall fescue. In the presence of NO3−-N, significantly lower shoot biomass N and 15N, but higher plant biomass C:N ratio, microbial biomass C and N, and/or soil extractable C indicated that eCO2 constrained plant NO3−-N utilization and likely stimulated root exudation. We propose a new conceptual model in which eCO2-inhibition of plant NO3−-N uptake and/or CO2-enhancement of soil labile C enhances the N and/or C availability for denitrifiers and increases the intensity and/or the duration of N2O emissions. Together, these findings indicate that CO2-enhancement of soil N and labile C favors denitrification, suggesting that management of N fertilizers in intensive systems will likely become more challenging under future CO2 scenarios.}, journal={SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY}, author={Wu, Keke and Chen, Dima and Tu, Cong and Qiu, Yunpeng and Burkey, Kent O. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Peng, Shaolin and Hu, Shuijin}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={9–17} }
 @article{b._spargo_curran_reberg-horton_ryan_schomberg_ackroyd_2017, title={Characterizing cereal rye biomass and allometric relationships across a range of fall available nitrogen rates in the eastern United States}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2016.09.0557}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Cereal rye has the capacity for substantial biomass and N accumulation.
Cereal rye shoots accumulated roughly 50% of the fertilizer N applied in our study.
Cereal rye required 72.4 kg added N ha−1 to reach maximum biomass production.
The average maximum biomass was 2853 kg ha−1 at GS25 and 9739 kg ha−1 at GS60.
}, number={4}, journal={Agronomy Journal}, author={B., Mirsky S. and Spargo, J.T. and Curran, W.S. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Ryan, M.R. and Schomberg, H.H. and Ackroyd, V.J.}, year={2017}, pages={1510–1519} }
 @article{mirsky_ackroyd_cordeau_curran_hashemi_reberg-horton_ryan_spargo_2017, title={Hairy Vetch Biomass across the Eastern United States: Effects of Latitude, Seeding Rate and Date, and Termination Timing}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2016.09.0556}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Seeding hairy vetch at the optimal time is crucial for biomass production.
Optimal hairy vetch seeding rate for maximizing biomass production depends on latitude.
The optimal seeding rate is 15 to 20 kg ha−1 in Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania.
The optimal seeding rate is 5 to 10 kg ha−1 in Maryland and North Carolina.
}, number={4}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Mirsky, Steven B. and Ackroyd, Victoria J. and Cordeau, Stephane and Curran, William S. and Hashemi, Masoud and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Ryan, Matthew R. and Spargo, John T.}, year={2017}, pages={1510–1519} }
 @article{b._ackroyd_cordeau_curran_hashemi_reberg-horton_r._spargo_2017, title={Hairy vetch biomass across the eastern United States: effects of latitude, seeding rate and date, and termination timing}, volume={109}, journal={Agronomy Journal}, author={B., Mirsky S. and Ackroyd, V.J. and Cordeau, S. and Curran, W.S. and Hashemi, M. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and R., Ryan M. and Spargo, J.T.}, year={2017}, pages={1510–1519} }
 @article{wells_reberg-horton_mirsky_maul_hu_2017, title={In situ validation of fungal N translocation to cereal rye mulches under no-till soybean production}, volume={410}, ISSN={0032-079X 1573-5036}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S11104-016-2989-8}, DOI={10.1007/s11104-016-2989-8}, abstractNote={The ability of grass mulches to inhibit weed performance has been linked to their limitations on nitrogen availability to the weeds. Fungal translocation of N from the soil to the surface mulch has been confirmed in laboratories, but this mechanism has not been documented under field conditions. Experiments used 15N (NH4)2SO4 , 99.7 at.%, which was uniformly injected below the soil surface at a rate of 1 mg 15 N kg−1 soil. Some plots were treated with a fungicide (Captan) every 2 weeks after injection, while others were not treated. Nitrogen transfer was monitored by measuring levels in surface residue, soybean tissue, and extractable soil inorganic N pools. Despite the N release from the cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) tissues ranging from 15 to 50 kg N ha−1, there was a detectable increase in 15N enrichment of 10–15 % in the cereal rye tissue. Six weeks after injection, tissue from the plots not treated with fungicide contained 36 % more 15 N. The increased 15N enrichment in the cereal rye mulch supports laboratory observations that soil inorganic N is translocated into surface mulch via fungal mechanisms. These findings illustrate microbial-mediated sinks for nitrogen in cereal rye mulches in no-till soybean production systems.}, number={1-2}, journal={Plant and Soil}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Wells, M. Scott and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Mirsky, Steven B. and Maul, Jude E. and Hu, Shuijin}, year={2017}, pages={153–165} }
 @article{vann_bennett_fisher_reberg-horton_burrack_2017, title={Poultry feather meal application in organic flue-cured tobacco production}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, url={https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/aj/articles/109/6/2800?highlight=&search-result=1}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2017.05.0287}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Poultry feather meal is acceptable in organic flue‐cured tobacco production.
Application rates of organic N should reflect those in conventional production.
Soil moisture is critical for N mineralization and assimilation.
}, number={6}, journal={Agronomy Journal}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy}, author={Vann, M. and Bennett, N. and Fisher, L. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Burrack, H.}, year={2017}, pages={2800–2807} }
 @article{roper_osmond_heitman_wagger_reberg-horton_2017, title={Soil Health Indicators Do Not Differentiate among Agronomic Management Systems in North Carolina Soils}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1435-0661"]}, DOI={10.2136/sssaj2016.12.0400}, abstractNote={Recent soil tests evaluating “soil health” on a broad scale may not properly consider the intrinsic limitations of soil properties, and have not been assessed in regionally unique soil conditions. To evaluate three soil tests in North Carolina, we used long-term agronomic management trials from three distinct physiographic regions: mountain (22 yr), piedmont (32 yr), and coastal plain (17 yr). Mountain and coastal plain trials included combinations of organic or chemical management with or without tillage; the piedmont trial included nine different tillage treatments. Soil samples were collected and submitted for analysis as recommended by the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Haney soil health test (HSHT), and Cornell comprehensive assessment of soil health (CASH). Plant nutrient concentrations varied but were still sufficient for crops. The CASH physical soil indicators, such as surface hardness and aggregate stability, were not statistically different, regardless of tillage intensity or management. Biological soil indicators (e.g., CO₂ respiration) responded differently to management, but this differentiation was inconsistent among locations and tests. Despite many years of conservation management, the CASH results described mountain soils as “low” or “very low” soil health for all but no-till organic management, which received a “medium” score. The HSHT results considered soil from all but moldboard plowing (piedmont) to be in good health. Finally, there was no correlation between soil health tests and crop yields from North Carolina soils. Soil health tests should be calibrated to better differentiate among soil management effects that vary depending on intrinsic soil limitations.}, number={4}, journal={SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL}, author={Roper, Wayne R. and Osmond, Deanna L. and Heitman, Joshua L. and Wagger, Michael G. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris}, year={2017}, pages={828–843} }
 @article{vann_reberg-horton_poffenbarger_zinati_moyer_mirsky_2017, title={Starter fertilizer for managing cover crop-based organic corn}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2016.09.0506}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Grass and legume cover crops are combined for weed and fertility management.
A cereal rye and hairy vetch mixture provided more than 7500 kg ha−1 biomass.
Additional fertility is necessary to maximize cover‐crop based organic corn yield.
Subsurface banding feather meal is an option to increase organic corn yield.
If cover crop biomass is low, providing adequate N fertility is critical for yield.
}, number={5}, journal={Agronomy Journal}, author={Vann, R.A. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Poffenbarger, H.J. and Zinati, G.M. and Moyer, J.B. and Mirsky, S.B.}, year={2017}, pages={2214–2222} }
 @misc{atwell_mirsky_poffenbarger_reberg-horton_2016, title={Cover crop mixture proportion and starter fertilizer effects on weed competition and grain yield in organic rotational no-till maize production}, author={Atwell, R.A. and Mirsky, S.B. and Poffenbarger, H.J. and Reberg-Horton, S.C.}, year={2016} }
 @misc{atwell_reberg-horton_mirsky_castillo_mcgee_2016, title={Identifying regionally adapted winter pea genotypes that maximize grain, forage, and cover crop potential in the Southeast USA}, author={Atwell, R.A. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Mirsky, S.B. and Castillo, M.S. and McGee, R.J.}, year={2016} }
 @article{atwell_castillo_mirsky_reberg-horton_2016, title={Identifying regionally adapted winter pea varieties for use as grain, forage, and cover crops}, journal={NC Organic Grains Newsletter}, author={Atwell, R. and Castillo, M. and Mirsky, S. and Reberg-Horton, C.}, year={2016} }
 @misc{reberg-horton_2016, title={Organic Grain Production in the Southern United States: How a System of Do Nots Creates Sustainability}, author={Reberg-Horton, S.C.}, year={2016} }
 @article{la hovary_danehower_ma_reberg-horton_williamson_baerson_burton_2016, title={Phytotoxicity and Benzoxazinone Concentration in Field Grown Cereal Rye (Secale cereale L.)}, volume={2016}, ISSN={["1687-8167"]}, url={https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ija/2016/6463826/}, DOI={10.1155/2016/6463826}, abstractNote={Winter rye (Secale cerealeL.) is used as a cover crop because of the weed suppression potential of its mulch. To gain insight into the more effective use of rye as a cover crop we assessed changes in benzoxazinone (BX) levels in rye shoot tissue over the growing season. Four rye varieties were planted in the fall and samples harvested at intervals the following spring. Two different measures of phytotoxic compound content were taken. Seed germination bioassays were used as an estimate of total phytotoxic potential. Dilutions of shoot extracts were tested using two indicator species to compare the relative toxicity of tissue. In addition, BX (DIBOA, DIBOA-glycoside, and BOA) levels were directly determined using gas chromatography. Results showed that rye tissue harvested in March was the most toxic to indicator species, with toxicity decreasing thereafter. Likewise the BX concentration in rye shoot tissue increased early in the season and then decreased over time. Thus, phytotoxicity measured by bioassay and BX levels measured by GC have a similar but not identical temporal profile. The observed decrease in phytotoxic potential and plant BX levels in rye later in the season appears to correlate with the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth.}, journal={International Journal of Agronomy}, author={La Hovary, C. and Danehower, D. A. and Ma, G. and Reberg-Horton, C. and Williamson, J. D. and Baerson, S. R. and Burton, J. D.}, year={2016} }
 @article{wells_reberg-horton_mirsky_2016, title={Planting Date Impacts on Soil Water Management, Plant Growth, and Weeds in Cover-Crop-Based No-Till Corn Production}, volume={108}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2014.0524}, abstractNote={Low input and organic farmers are utilizing cover crop mulches in corn (Zea mays L.) production. Corn planting is typically delayed to improve the efficacy of mechanical termination with roller‐crimpers. During the late spring, as cover crops are allowed to grow to maximize biomass production, soil moisture reserves can become depleted, thereby directly impacting early season growth of the subsequent cash crop. A 4 site‐year study was conducted in North Carolina (Goldsboro, Kinston, and Salisbury) to evaluate the effects of timing of corn planting after roller‐crimping a cover crop mulch, on soil moisture, crop stand, weed pressure and corn yield. Two cover crop mixtures were compared: winter pea [P/R, Pisum sativum ssp. arvense (L.) Poir.], and hairy vetch (HV/R, Vicia villosa Roth) were both mixed with cereal rye (Secale cereale L.). Both cover crop treatments produced biomass greater than 7000 kg ha−1 dry matter at all sites. Delayed planting after the cover crops were rolled‐crimped did not enhance the soil volumetric water content (VWC) within the upper 10 cm. However, at Kinston in 2012, the VWC was 23% greater in the HV/R when compared to P/R and no‐mulch treatments. The corn planting date across all 4 site‐years did not affect weed biomass. Corn (2011) in the cover crop treatments yielded equivalent to their weed‐free no‐till without cover crop mulch counterparts. These results support the viability of rolled‐crimped cover crop mulches as a lower energy input alternative to existing organic corn systems that rely solely on intensive tillage for weed management.}, number={1}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy}, author={Wells, M. Scott and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Mirsky, Steven B.}, year={2016}, pages={162–170} }
 @article{vann_reberg-horton_brinton_2016, title={Row spacing and seeding rate effects on canola population, weed competition and yield in winter organic canola production}, volume={108}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2016.02.0097}, abstractNote={Increasing seeding rate and widening row spacing to allow for between row cultivation may reduce weed competition in organic canola (Brassica napus L.) production. Research was conducted to evaluate the effects of row spacing and seeding rate on canola population, weed competition, and yield in organic canola production. Canola variety Hornet was planted at five seeding rates (3.4, 6.7, 10.1, 13.4, and 16.8 kg ha−1) at three row spacings (17, 34, 68 cm) in Goldsboro, Kinston, and Salisbury, NC, in 2011 and 2012. Between row cultivation was performed in the 68‐cm row spacing as weather permitted. Canola population increased with increasing seeding rate across all row spacings, and canola populations were highest with the 17‐cm row spacing, followed by the 34‐ then 68‐cm row spacings. Yield was similar across row spacings at the lower seeding rates in five of the six environments. At these environments, yield tended to increase in the 17‐cm row spacing as seeding rate increased but declined in the 68‐cm row spacing with increasing seeding rate. In one environment with a unique weed community, weed suppression and yield were higher with the 68‐cm row spacing. It was concluded that the yield plasticity of canola will provide producers flexibility in selecting row spacing, and seeding rate selections should be based on desired row spacing.}, number={6}, journal={Agronomy Journal}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy}, author={Vann, R.A. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Brinton, C.M.}, year={2016}, pages={2425–2432} }
 @article{atwell_reberg-horton_2016, title={Row spacing and seeding rate effects on canola population, weed competition, and yield in winter organic canola production}, volume={108}, journal={Agronomy Journal}, author={Atwell, R.A. and Reberg-Horton, S.C.}, year={2016}, pages={2425–2432} }
 @misc{atwell_reberg-horton_mirsky_poffenbarger_zinati_moyer_2016, title={Starter fertilizer and application method effects on weed competition and grain yield when using a cover crop mulch in organic corn production}, author={Atwell, R.A. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Mirsky, S.B. and Poffenbarger, H.J. and Zinati, G.M. and Moyer, J.W.}, year={2016} }
 @misc{atwell_reberg-horton_edmisten_york_2016, title={Utilizing cover crop mulches for weed control in conventional and organic cotton production}, author={Atwell, R.A. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Edmisten, K.L. and York, A.C.}, year={2016} }
 @article{wells_brinton_reberg-horton_2016, title={Weed suppression and soybean yield in a no-till cover-crop mulched system as influenced by six rye cultivars}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1742-1713"]}, DOI={10.1017/s1742170515000344}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={RENEWABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS}, author={Wells, M. Scott and Brinton, Carrie M. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={429–440} }
 @misc{atwell_mirsky_poffenbarger_reberg-horton_2015, title={Cover crop mixture proportion and starter fertilizer effects on weed competition and yield in organic rotational no-till maize production}, author={Atwell, R.A. and Mirsky, S.B. and Poffenbarger, H. and Reberg-Horton, S.C.}, year={2015} }
 @article{worthington_reberg-horton_brown-guedira_jordan_weisz_murphy_2015, title={Morphological Traits Associated with Superior Weed Suppressive Ability of Winter Wheat against Italian Ryegrass}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2014.02.0149}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={1}, journal={Crop Science}, publisher={Crop Science Society of America}, author={Worthington, M. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Brown-Guedira, G. and Jordan, D. and Weisz, R. and Murphy, J.P.}, year={2015}, pages={50–56} }
 @article{worthington_reberg-horton_brown-guedira_jordan_weisz_murphy_2015, title={Relative Contributions of Allelopathy and Competitive Traits to the Weed Suppressive Ability of Winter Wheat Lines Against Italian Ryegrass}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2014.02.0150}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={1}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, publisher={Crop Science Society of America}, author={Worthington, Margaret and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Brown-Guedira, Gina and Jordan, David and Weisz, Randy and Murphy, J. Paul}, year={2015}, pages={57–64} }
 @article{wells_reberg-horton_mirsky_2014, title={Cultural Strategies for Managing Weeds and Soil Moisture in Cover Crop Based No-Till Soybean Production}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/ws-d-13-00142.1}, abstractNote={A four site-year study was conducted in North Carolina to evaluate the effects of soybean planting timing and row spacing on soil moisture, weed density, soybean lodging, and yield in a cover crop-based no-till organic soybean production system. Soybean planting timing included roll-kill/planting and roll-kill/delayed planting where soybean planting occurred either on the same day or approximately 2 wk later, respectively. Soybean row spacing included 19, 38, and 76 cm, and all treatments included a weedy check and weed-free treatment. Rye biomass production averaged above 10,000 kg ha−1dry matter, which resulted in good weed control across all sites. Despite having good weed control throughout all treatments, weed coverage was highest in the 76-cm row-space treatment when compared to both the 19-cm and 38-cm row spacing in two of the four site-years. Soybean lodging is a potential consequence of no-till planting of soybeans in high residue mulches, and of the three row spacings, the 19-cm spacing exhibited the greatest incidence of lodging. Row spacing also influenced soybean yield; the 19- and 38-cm row spacing out yielded the 76-cm spacing by 10%. Soil volumetric water content (VWC) was higher in the cereal rye mulch treatments compared to the no rye checks. Furthermore, delaying soybean planting lowered soil water evaporation. However, the increased soil VWC in the rolled-rye treatment did not translate into increased soybean yield. The rolled-rye treatment exhibited significant (P < 0.01) increases in soil VWC when compared to the no-rye treatment at three of the four site-years. These results highlight planting date flexibility and potential risk to lodging that producers face when no-till planting organic soybeans.}, number={3}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Wells, M. Scott and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Mirsky, Steven B.}, year={2014}, pages={501–511} }
 @article{parr_grossman_reberg-horton_brinton_crozier_2014, title={Roller-Crimper Termination for Legume Cover Crops in North Carolina: Impacts on Nutrient Availability to a Succeeding Corn Crop}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1532-2416"]}, DOI={10.1080/00103624.2013.867061}, abstractNote={Nitrogen (N) release from roll-killed legume cover crops was determined for hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and a hairy vetch + rye (Secale cereale L.) biculture in an organic corn production system in North Carolina, USA. Cover crops were planted at two locations in fall 2008 and 2009, roll-killed in May, and no-till planted with corn (Zea mays L.). Inorganic soil N and mineral N flux were determined using potassium chloride (KCl) extractions and ion-exchange resin (Plant Root Simulator, PRS) probes at 2-week intervals for 12 weeks and compared to fertilized controls of 0 and 168 kg N ha−1. In 2009, greater plant available N under hairy vetch than under either 0 N control or crimson clover was found, with peak soil N occurring between 4 and 6 weeks after roll kill. Available soil N under crimson clover mulches was less than or equal to 0 N, suggesting net immobilization.}, number={8}, journal={COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Parr, Mary and Grossman, Julie M. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Brinton, Carrie and Crozier, Carl}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={1106–1119} }
 @article{worthington_reberg-horton_jordan_murphy_2013, title={A Comparison of Methods for Evaluating the Suppressive Ability of Winter Wheat Cultivars against Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perenne)}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/ws-d-12-00167.1}, abstractNote={Infestations of Italian ryegrass are problematic in both conventional and organic wheat production systems. The development of wheat cultivars with superior competitive ability against Italian ryegrass could play a role in maintaining acceptable yields and suppressing weed populations. Research was conducted in North Carolina to identify indirect methods of selection for Italian ryegrass suppressive ability (hereafter referred to as weed suppressive ability) of winter wheat cultivars that correlate well with Italian ryegrass-to-wheat biomass ratios. Two winter wheat cultivars (Dyna-Gro Baldwin and Dyna-Gro Dominion) and one experimental wheat line (NC05-19684) with differing morphological traits were overseeded with varying densities of Italian ryegrass. Wheat height measured throughout the growing season in weed-free plots was strongly associated with weed suppressive ability, but high wheat tillering capacity had no significant effect on weed suppressive ability in the lines tested in this study. Italian ryegrass seed head density during grain fill was strongly correlated (r= 0.94) with Italian ryegrass-to-wheat biomass ratio, the generally accepted measure of weed suppressive ability. Visual estimates of percent Italian ryegrass biomass relative to the plot with the highest level of Italian ryegrass infestation in each replicate were also strongly correlated with weed suppressive ability at all growth stages, especially during heading (r= 0.87) (Zadoks growth stage [GS] 55). Measurements from nonimaging spectrophotometers and overhead photographs taken from tillering (Zadoks 23 to 25) to early dough development (Zadoks 80) were unreliable estimates of end-of-season Italian ryegrass-to-wheat biomass ratios because they failed to account for wheat cultivar differences in biomass, color, and growth habit. Italian ryegrass seed head density and visual estimates of Italian ryegrass biomass during grain fill are appropriate indirect methods of selection for weed suppressive ability in breeding programs.}, number={3}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Worthington, Margaret L. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Jordan, David and Murphy, J. Paul}, year={2013}, pages={491–499} }
 @article{moorman_plush_orr_reberg-horton_2013, title={Beneficial Insect Borders Provide Northern Bobwhite Brood Habitat}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0083815}, abstractNote={Strips of fallow vegetation along cropland borders are an effective strategy for providing brood habitat for declining populations of upland game birds (Order: Galliformes), including northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), but fallow borders lack nectar-producing vegetation needed to sustain many beneficial insect populations (e.g., crop pest predators, parasitoids, and pollinator species). Planted borders that contain mixes of prairie flowers and grasses are designed to harbor more diverse arthropod communities, but the relative value of these borders as brood habitat is unknown. We used groups of six human-imprinted northern bobwhite chicks as a bioassay for comparing four different border treatments (planted native grass and prairie flowers, planted prairie flowers only, fallow vegetation, or mowed vegetation) as northern bobwhite brood habitat from June-August 2009 and 2010. All field border treatments were established around nine organic crop fields. Groups of chicks were led through borders for 30-min foraging trials and immediately euthanized, and eaten arthropods in crops and gizzards were measured to calculate a foraging rate for each border treatment. We estimated arthropod prey availability within each border treatment using a modified blower-vac to sample arthropods at the vegetation strata where chicks foraged. Foraging rate did not differ among border treatments in 2009 or 2010. Total arthropod prey densities calculated from blower-vac samples did not differ among border treatments in 2009 or 2010. Our results showed plant communities established to attract beneficial insects should maximize the biodiversity potential of field border establishment by providing habitat for beneficial insects and young upland game birds.}, number={12}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Moorman, Christopher E. and Plush, Charles J. and Orr, David B. and Reberg-Horton, Chris}, editor={Boyce, Mark S.Editor}, year={2013}, month={Dec} }
 @misc{worthington_reberg-horton_2013, title={Breeding Cereal Crops for Enhanced Weed Suppression: Optimizing Allelopathy and Competitive Ability}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1573-1561"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10886-013-0247-6}, abstractNote={Interest in breeding grain crops with improved weed suppressive ability is growing in response to the evolution and rapid expansion of herbicide resistant populations in major weeds of economic importance, environmental concerns, and the unmet needs of organic producers and smallholder farmers without access to herbicides. This review is focused on plant breeding for weed suppression; specifically, field and laboratory screening protocols, genetic studies, and breeding efforts that have been undertaken to improve allelopathy and competition in rice, wheat, and barley. The combined effects of allelopathy and competition determine the weed suppressive potential of a given cultivar, and research groups worldwide have been working to improve both traits simultaneously to achieve maximum gains in weed suppression. Both allelopathy and competitive ability are complex, quantitatively inherited traits that are heavily influenced by environmental factors. Thus, good experimental design and sound breeding procedures are essential to achieve genetic gains. Weed suppressive rice cultivars are now commercially available in the U.S. and China that have resulted from three decades of research. Furthermore, a strong foundation has been laid during the past 10 years for the breeding of weed suppressive wheat and barley cultivars.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Worthington, Margaret and Reberg-Horton, Chris}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={213–231} }
 @article{worthington_reberg-horton_2013, title={Breeding cereal crops for enhanced weed suppression: optimizing allelopathy and competitive ability}, volume={39}, journal={Journal of Chemical Ecology}, author={Worthington, M.L. and Reberg-Horton, S.C.}, year={2013}, pages={213–231} }
 @article{fox_reberg-horton_orr_frank_2013, title={Crop and field border effects on weed seed predation}, volume={177}, journal={Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment}, author={Fox, A. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Orr, D. and Frank, S.}, year={2013}, pages={58–62} }
 @article{fox_reberg-horton_orr_moorman_frank_2013, title={Crop and field border effects on weed seed predation in the southeastern U.S. coastal plain}, volume={177}, ISSN={0167-8809}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.AGEE.2013.06.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.agee.2013.06.006}, abstractNote={Weed seed predation was studied in nine organic crop fields (three each of maize, soybeans and hay; 2.5–4.0 ha each) surrounded by four experimental field border types (planted native grass and prairie flowers, planted prairie flowers only, fallow vegetation, or mowed vegetation) during the fall of 2009 and 2010 in eastern North Carolina. We used predator exclusion cages to determine the amount of weed seed removal caused by invertebrates and vertebrates. Three common agricultural weed species, redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), broadleaf signalgrass (Urochloa platyphylla), and sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia), were adhered to individual cards and placed inside the exclosure cages once a month for two weeks. Activity-density of invertebrate weed seed predators was measured with pitfall traps. Results show that field border type had no effect on seed removal rates, but that crop type heavily influenced both weed seed predation and invertebrate seed predator activity-density. Weed seed predation was highest in the dense, perennial hay fields and lowest in the more open harvested maize fields. Activity-densities for field crickets (Gryllus sp.) and the ground beetle Harpalus pennsylvanicus were also high in the hay fields and low in the maize fields, while the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) seemed to prefer the open maize fields. These results show that increasing vegetative diversity in field borders is not always an effective method for conserving weed seed predators, but that higher quality habitat inside the crop field can be achieved by increasing ground cover.}, journal={Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Fox, Aaron F. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Orr, David B. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Frank, Steven D.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={58–62} }
 @article{mirsky_ryan_teasdale_curran_reberg-horton_spargo_wells_keene_moyer_2013, title={Overcoming Weed Management Challenges in Cover Crop-Based Organic Rotational No-Till Soybean Production in the Eastern United States}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/wt-d-12-00078.1}, abstractNote={Cover crop–based organic rotational no-till soybean production has attracted attention from farmers, researchers, and other agricultural professionals because of the ability of this new system to enhance soil conservation, reduce labor requirements, and decrease diesel fuel use compared to traditional organic production. This system is based on the use of cereal rye cover crops that are mechanically terminated with a roller-crimper to create in situ mulch that suppresses weeds and promotes soybean growth. In this paper, we report experiments that were conducted over the past decade in the eastern region of the United States on cover crop–based organic rotational no-till soybean production, and we outline current management strategies and future research needs. Our research has focused on maximizing cereal rye spring ground cover and biomass because of the crucial role this cover crop plays in weed suppression. Soil fertility and cereal rye sowing and termination timing affect biomass production, and these factors can be manipulated to achieve levels greater than 8,000 kg ha−1, a threshold identified for consistent suppression of annual weeds. Manipulating cereal rye seeding rate and seeding method also influences ground cover and weed suppression. In general, weed suppression is species-specific, with early emerging summer annual weeds (e.g., common ragweed), high weed seed bank densities (e.g. > 10,000 seeds m−2), and perennial weeds (e.g., yellow nutsedge) posing the greatest challenges. Due to the challenges with maximizing cereal rye weed suppression potential, we have also found high-residue cultivation to significantly improve weed control. In addition to cover crop and weed management, we have made progress with planting equipment and planting density for establishing soybean into a thick cover crop residue. Our current and future research will focus on integrated multitactic weed management, cultivar selection, insect pest suppression, and nitrogen management as part of a systems approach to advancing this new production system.}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Mirsky, Steven B. and Ryan, Matthew R. and Teasdale, John R. and Curran, William S. and Reberg-Horton, Chris S. and Spargo, John T. and Wells, M. Scott and Keene, Clair L. and Moyer, Jeff W.}, year={2013}, pages={193–203} }
 @article{mirsky_ryan_teasdale_curran_reberg-horton_spargo_2013, title={Overcoming weed management challenges in cover crop-based organic rotational no-till soybean production in the eastern US}, volume={27}, journal={Weed Technology}, author={Mirsky, S.B. and Ryan, M.R. and Teasdale, J.R. and Curran, W.S. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Spargo, J.T.}, year={2013}, pages={193–203} }
 @article{plush_moorman_orr_reberg-horton_2013, title={Overwintering sparrow use of field borders planted as beneficial insect habitat}, volume={77}, ISSN={0022-541X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.436}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.436}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={The Journal of Wildlife Management}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Plush, Charles J. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Orr, David B. and Reberg-Horton, Chris}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={200–206} }
 @article{plush_moorman_orr_reberg-horton_2013, title={Overwintering sparrow use of field borders planted as beneficial insect habitat}, volume={77}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Management}, author={Plush, C.J. and Moorman, C.E. and Orr, D. and Reberg-Horton, C.}, year={2013}, pages={200–206} }
 @article{moorman_plush_orr_reberg-horton_gardner_2013, title={Small mammal use of field borders planted as beneficial insect habitat}, volume={37}, ISSN={1938-5463}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.226}, DOI={10.1002/wsb.226}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Wildlife Society Bulletin}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Moorman, Christopher E. and Plush, Charles J. and Orr, David B. and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Gardner, Beth}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={209–215} }
 @article{moorman_plush_orr_reberg-horton_gardner_2013, title={Small mammal use of field borders planted as beneficial insect habitat}, volume={37}, journal={Wildlife Society Bulletin}, author={Moorman, C.E. and Plush, C.J. and Orr, D. and Reberg-Horton, C. and Gardner, B.}, year={2013}, pages={209–215} }
 @article{wells_reberg-horton_smith_grossman_2013, title={The reduction of plant-available nitrogen by cover crop mulches and subsequent effects on soybean performance and weed interference}, volume={105}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2012.0396}, abstractNote={A 3 site‐year study was conducted to investigate the impact of roller‐crimped rye (RC) (Secale cereale L.) mulches on soil N immobilization and subsequent effects on weed suppression and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield. Treatments consisted of: (i) RC, (ii) conventional tillage with neither rye cover crop nor weed control measures (WC), (iii) conventional tillage plus herbicide weed control (CT+HB), and, (iv) roller‐crimped rye plus herbicide (RC+HB). The rye biomass varied between the sites with 4400, 8300, and 7084 kg ha−1 dry matter (DM) for Goldsboro 2009, Kinston 2009, and Kinston 2010, respectively. During the season, the flow of soil inorganic N was monitored via ion‐exchange probes and by direct extractions at two depths (0–10 and 10–25 cm) every 2 wk. Tissue data was collected every 2 wk on soybean and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) to determine the C/N ratio. For all sites, peak N immobilization occurred between 4 and 6 weeks after planting (WAP), indicated by a reduction in soil inorganic N. Results from the ion‐exchange probes showed similar trends of the extractable soil inorganic N at all sites. Pigweed C/N ratios revealed a growing divergence between the two systems, with a severe N deficiency in the RC. Even with varying rye biomass production across environments the RC system created an extremely low N environment, suggesting that when a cereal cover crop is paired with a legume cash crop, reduced weed crop interference may result, with little reduction in soybean yield.}, number={2}, journal={Agronomy Journal}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy}, author={Wells, M.S. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Smith, A.N. and Grossman, J.M.}, year={2013}, pages={1–7} }
 @article{brooks_danehower_murphy_reberg-horton_burton_2012, title={Estimation of heritability of benzoxazinoid production in rye (Secale cereale) using gas chromatographic analysis}, volume={131}, ISSN={["1439-0523"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1439-0523.2011.01885.x}, abstractNote={With 4 tables}, number={1}, journal={PLANT BREEDING}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Brooks, Ashley M. and Danehower, David A. and Murphy, J. Paul and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Burton, James D.}, year={2012}, month={Feb}, pages={104–109} }
 @article{plush_moorman_orr_reberg-horton_2012, title={Farmland field borders – the relationships between beneficial insects and wildlife}, volume={17}, journal={The Upland Gazette}, author={Plush, C. and Moorman, C. and Orr, D. and Reberg-Horton, C.}, year={2012}, pages={11–13} }
 @article{place_reberg-horton_jordan_isleib_wilkerson_2012, title={Influence of Virginia market type genotype on peanut response to weed interference}, volume={39}, DOI={10.3146/ps10-12.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Peanut Science}, publisher={American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Place, G.T. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Jordan, D.L. and Isleib, T.G. and Wilkerson, G.G.}, year={2012}, pages={22–29} }
 @article{reberg-horton_grossman_kornecki_meijer_price_place_webster_2012, title={Utilizing cover crop mulches to reduce tillage in organic systems in the Southeast}, volume={27}, journal={Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems}, author={Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Grossman, J.M. and Kornecki, T.S. and Meijer, A.D. and Price, A.J. and Place, G.T. and Webster, T.M.}, year={2012}, pages={41–48} }
 @article{reberg-horton_grossman_kornecki_meijer_price_place_webster_2012, title={Utilizing cover crop mulches to reduce tillage in organic systems in the southeastern USA}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1742-1713"]}, DOI={10.1017/s1742170511000469}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={RENEWABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Grossman, Julie M. and Kornecki, Ted S. and Meijer, Alan D. and Price, Andrew J. and Place, George T. and Webster, Theodore M.}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={41–48} }
 @article{jemison_darby_reberg-horton_2012, title={Winter Grain-Short Season Corn Double Crop Forage Production for New England}, volume={104}, ISSN={00021962}, url={https://search.proquest.com/docview/1001213755/citation/F53DED1B14C945D0PQ/1}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2011.0275}, abstractNote={Alternative organic forage systems that provide high quality feed and low weed pressure are required to improve farm viability. Five site‐year locations of research were conducted in Stillwater, ME and Alburgh, VT to evaluate winter grain–short season corn (WGSSC) double crops compared to full season corn (FSC) (Zea mays L.) for dry matter yield (DMY), weed biomass, and forage quality. Small grains evaluated in the study included winter barley (WB) (Hordeum vulgare L.), triticale (TC) (X Triticosecale), and winter wheat (WW) (Triticum aestivum L.). Low degree‐day open‐pollinated and hybrid corns were planted following cereal boot or soft dough stage harvest and were evaluated relative to FSC. A moderately winterkilled WB stand reduced DMY by 33 to 50% relative to TC and WW, and WB was weakly competitive against weeds. In most measures, WB forage quality was significantly higher than TC or WW. Delaying harvest to soft dough stage nearly doubled small grain DMY and forage quality yield for most measures. Corn planted after boot stage grain harvest produced 1700 kg ha−1 greater DMY than later planted corn, but weed biomass was not significantly affected by planting date. Forage quality and forage quality yield were approximately 15% greater for corn planted after boot stage harvest. Dense TC and WW stands reduced weed biomass by 300% relative to WB‐corn double crop. Highest forage quality/yield was found with soft‐dough stage WB–corn double crop. Double crop forage systems can reduce environmental risk and lower organic dairy production costs, and provide high yielding, high quality feed.}, number={2}, journal={Agronomy Journal; Madison}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy}, author={Jemison, John M. and Darby, Heather M. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={256–264} }
 @article{reberg-horton_brinton_2011, title={Canola Seeding Rate Trial Update}, url={http://www.organicgrains.ncsu.edu/Newsletters/September2011.htm}, journal={Organic Grain Project Newsletter}, author={Reberg-Horton, C. and Brinton, C.}, year={2011}, month={Sep} }
 @article{reberg-horton_2011, title={Canola and spelt}, url={http://www.organicgrains.ncsu.edu/Newsletters/December2011.htm}, journal={Organic Grain Project Newsletter}, author={Reberg-Horton, C.}, year={2011} }
 @article{place_reberg-horton_carter_smith_2011, title={Effects of soybean seed size on weed competition}, volume={103}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2010.0195}, abstractNote={Organic soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] producers must rely on various, nonherbicidal tactics for weed management. Increased soybean seed size may be one method to increase the competitiveness of the soybean canopy. Soybean varieties Hutcheson, NC‐Roy, and NC‐Raleigh were separated into four or five seed size classes. Seed sizes ranged from 5.15 to 6.75 mm diam. This range of seed size resulted in seed weights of 10 to 20 g per 100 seed. Each seed size class was grown in weedy and weed‐free conditions at Kinston, NC during 2007 and 2008 and at Plymouth, NC during 2008. Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) overseeding was done to create uniform weed densities. Increasing soybean seed size resulted in greater soybean canopy coverage with the greatest effect at 3 weeks after emergence (WAE) (P < 0.001, P = 0.003, and P < 0.001 at Kinston 2007, Kinston 2008, and Plymouth 2008, respectively) compared with 5 WAE (P = 0.02, P = 0.07, and P = 0.02 at Kinston 2007, Kinston 2008, and Plymouth 2008, respectively). Plants from larger seed sizes had more soybean biomass in all sites when grown with weeds, but in only two sites under weed‐free conditions. Larger seed size improved soybean competitiveness by increasing petiole length and plant height. In the two sites with higher weed population densities, planting larger soybean seed reduced weed biomass at 7 WAE. Results suggest that use of larger planting seed may improve weed control in organic soybean production.}, number={1}, journal={Agronomy Journal}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy}, author={Place, G.T. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Carter, T.E. and Smith, A.N.}, year={2011}, pages={175–181} }
 @article{place_reberg-horton_dickey_carter_2011, title={Identifying Soybean Traits of Interest for Weed Competition}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2010.11.0654}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, publisher={Crop Science Society of America}, author={Place, George T. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Dickey, David A. and Carter, Thomas E., Jr.}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={2642–2654} }
 @article{reberg-horton_mueller_mellage_creamer_brownie_bell_burton_2011, title={Influence of field margin type on weed species richness and abundance in conventional crop fields}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1742-1705"]}, DOI={10.1017/s1742170510000451}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={RENEWABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Reberg-Horton, S. C. and Mueller, J. P. and Mellage, S. J. and Creamer, N. G. and Brownie, C. and Bell, M. and Burton, M. G.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={127–136} }
 @article{parr_grossman_reberg-horton_brinton_crozier_2011, title={Nitrogen Delivery from Legume Cover Crops in No-Till Organic Corn Production}, volume={103}, ISSN={["0002-1962"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2011.0007}, abstractNote={Sixteen winter annual cover crop cultivars were grown in North Carolina to determine total N accumulation, biological N fixation (BNF) potential, and compatibility with a roller‐crimper‐terminated organic corn (Zea maysL.) production system. Cover crops and termination dates were tested in a stripped block design. Treatments included hairy vetch (Vicia villosaRoth), common vetch (Vicia sativaL.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatumL.), Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativumL.), berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinumL.), subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneumL.), narrow leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifoliusL.), and Balansa clover (Trifolium michelianumSavi.), as well as bicultures of rye (Secale cerealeL.), hairy vetch, and Austrian winter pea. Roller‐crimper termination occurred in mid‐April, early May, and mid‐May. Total biomass, N concentration, and C/N ratios were determined for cover crops at all roll times and natural15N abundance at the optimal kill date. Hairy vetch and crimson clover monocultures had the greatest overall biomass in 2009, and bicultures the greatest biomass in 2010. Crimson clover successfully terminated in late April, hairy vetch and Austrian winter pea in mid‐May, and berseem clover and common vetch in late May. All cover crops except lupin and subterranean clover derived between 70 and 100% of their N from the atmosphere. Corn response to cover crop mulches was significantly affected by the time of rolling, with poor stands resulting from competition with insufficiently terminated mulches. Crimson, Balansa, and subterranean clover mulches resulted in poor corn yields despite relatively high levels of total N. The highest corn yields were achieved in hairy vetch and rye plus hairy vetch bicultures.}, number={6}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy}, author={Parr, M. and Grossman, J. M. and Reberg-Horton, S. C. and Brinton, C. and Crozier, C.}, year={2011}, pages={1578–1590} }
 @article{reberg-horton_place_brinton_2011, title={Organic Wheat OVT Results}, url={http://www.organicgrains.ncsu.edu/Newsletters/September2011.htm}, journal={Organic Grain Project Newsletter}, author={Reberg-Horton, C. and Place, G. and Brinton, C.}, year={2011}, month={Sep} }
 @article{smith_reberg-horton_place_meijer_arellano_mueller_2011, title={Rolled Rye Mulch for Weed Suppression in Organic No-Tillage Soybeans}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/ws-d-10-00112.1}, abstractNote={Rising demand for organic soybeans and high price premiums for organic products have stimulated producer interest in organic soybean production. However, organic soybean producers and those making the transition to organic production cite weed management as their main limitation. Current weed management practices heavily rely on cultivation. Repeated cultivation is expensive and has negative consequences on soil health. Research is needed to improve organic reduced tillage production. Rye cover crop mulches were evaluated for weed suppression abilities and effects on soybean yield. Experiments were planted in 2008 and 2009 at three sites. Rye was planted in the fall of each year and killed at soybean planting with a roller/crimper or flail mower, creating a thick weed-suppressing mulch with potential allelopathic properties. The mulch was augmented with one of three additional weed control tactics: preemergence (PRE) corn gluten meal (CGM), postemergence (POST) clove oil, or postemergence high-residue cultivation. Roll-crimped and flail-mowed treatments had similar weed suppression abilities at most sites. There were no differences between CGM, clove oil, or cultivation at most sites. Sites with rye biomass above 9,000 kg ha−1of dry matter provided weed control that precluded soybean yield loss from competition. In Goldsboro 2008, where rye biomass was 10,854 kg ha−1of dry matter, the soybean yield in the rolled rye treatment was not significantly different from the weed-free treatment, yielding at 2,190 and 2,143 kg ha−1, respectively. Likewise, no difference in soybean yield was found in Plymouth 2008 with a rye biomass of 9,256 kg ha−1and yields of 2,694 kg ha−1and 2,809 kg ha−1in the rolled rye and weed-free treatments, respectively. At low rye biomass levels (4,450 to 6,606 kg ha−1), the rolled rye treatment soybean yield was 628 to 822 kg ha−1less than the weed-free treatment. High rye biomass levels are critical to the success of this production system. However, high rye biomass was, in some cases, also correlated with soybean lodging severe enough to cause concern with this system.}, number={2}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Smith, Adam N. and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Place, George T. and Meijer, Alan D. and Arellano, Consuelo and Mueller, J. Paul}, year={2011}, pages={224–231} }
 @article{place_reberg-horton_carter_brinton_smith_2011, title={Screening Tactics for Identifying Competitive Soybean Genotypes}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0010-3624"]}, DOI={10.1080/00103624.2011.614040}, abstractNote={Weed control is the biggest obstacle for farmers transitioning to organic soybean production. The breeding of competitive cultivars may provide organic soybean producers with another weed-management tactic. Soybean breeders need screening protocols to identify competitive genotypes. In 2007 and 2008, we tested two screening tactics to nondestructively estimate canopy coverage during the critical period for weed competition. Overhead photography at 3 and 5 weeks after emergence and light interception measurements at 4 and 6 weeks after emergence were compared in their ability to predict soybean and weed biomass at the end of the critical period for weed competition. Photographic digital image processing techniques were compared. Overhead photography at 5 weeks after emergence was most effective at predicting weed-free soybean biomass but overhead photography at 3 weeks after emergence was best able to predict weed biomass associated with soybean genotypes at the end of the critical period for weed competition.}, number={21}, journal={COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Place, G. T. and Reberg-Horton, S. C. and Carter, T. E. and Brinton, S. R. and Smith, A. N.}, year={2011}, pages={2654–2665} }
 @article{place_reberg-horton_carter_2011, title={Screening tactics for identifying competitive soybean genotypes}, volume={42}, journal={Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis}, author={Place, G.T. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Carter, T.E.}, year={2011}, pages={2654–2665} }
 @article{place_reberg-horton_2011, title={Year 1 Results of Organic Official Variety Trials: Corn and Soybeans}, url={http://www.organicgrains.ncsu.edu/Newsletters/December2011.htm}, journal={Organic Grain Project Newsletter}, author={Place, G. and Reberg-Horton, C.}, year={2011} }
 @article{jemison_reberg-horton_2010, title={Assessing Bt Silage Corn in Maine}, volume={9}, ISSN={1543-7833}, url={https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/cm/abstracts/9/1/2010-1022-01-RS}, DOI={10.1094/CM-2010-1022-01-RS}, abstractNote={Crop ManagementVolume 9, Issue 1 p. 1-8 Crop Management Research Assessing Bt Silage Corn in Maine John Jemison, Corresponding Author John Jemison Extension Professor [email protected] University of Maine Cooperative Extension, Orono, Maine, ME, 04469Corresponding author: John Jemison. [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorChris Reberg-Horton, Chris Reberg-Horton Assistant Professor Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695Search for more papers by this author John Jemison, Corresponding Author John Jemison Extension Professor [email protected] University of Maine Cooperative Extension, Orono, Maine, ME, 04469Corresponding author: John Jemison. [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorChris Reberg-Horton, Chris Reberg-Horton Assistant Professor Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695Search for more papers by this author First published: 22 October 2010 https://doi.org/10.1094/CM-2010-1022-01-RSCitations: 1 Jemison, J., and Reberg-Horton, C. 2010. Assessing Bt silage corn in Maine. Online. Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM-2010-1022-01-RS. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Over 90 percent of the corn grown in Maine is grown for silage, yet most research has focused on the effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn as grain corn. In response to grower interest, a seven site-year-location (SYL) study was conducted across the dairy production region of Maine to evaluate the effect of Bt corn on insect feeding damage, silage corn yield, mycotoxin content in chopped silage, and forage quality. Black cutworm damage over the course of the study was generally less than 1%, and European corn borer (ECB) damage was light to moderate with stalk tunneling between 2% for Bt hybrids and 11% based on non-Bt hybrids. Although Bt significantly reduced ECB feeding in leaves and stalks, this did not lead to yield, silage mycotoxin, or forage quality differences. Based on these results, potential yield increases and reduced mycotoxins in silage would be expected only in years with greater insect pressure than that found in this study. Literature Cited 1Bode W. M., Calvin D. D.. 1990. Yield-loss relationships and economic injury levels for European corn borer lepidoptera pyralidae populations infesting Pennsylvania USA field corn. J. Econ. Entomol. 83: 1595–1603. http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=agrocropsoil&KeyUT=A1990DU77400080&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&UsrCustomerID=523bbf5d2a868de7bbaeea0bc70ec0e4 Google Scholar 2Cornejo F. J., McBride W. D.. 2002. Adoption of bioengineered crops. Online. Agric. Economic Rept. AER-810, USDA-Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Google Scholar 3Dillehay B. L., Roth G. W., Calvin D. D., Kratochvil R. J., Kuldau G. A., Hyde J. A.. 2004. Performance of Bt corn hybrids, their near isolines and leading corn hybrids in Pennsylvania and Maryland. Agron. J. 96: 818–824.https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.0818 http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=agrocropsoil&KeyUT=000221754000028&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&UsrCustomerID=523bbf5d2a868de7bbaeea0bc70ec0e4 Google Scholar 4Graeber J. V., Nafziger E. D., Mies D. W.. 1999. Evaluation of transgenic, Bt-containing corn hybrids. J. Prod. Ag. 12: 547–551. Google Scholar 5Jemison J. M. Jr., Lytle D. E.. 1996. Evaluation of two nitrogen testing methods in Maine. J. Prod. Ag. 9: 108–114.https://doi.org/10.2134/jpa1996.0108 http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=agrocropsoil&KeyUT=A1996UF74700015&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&UsrCustomerID=523bbf5d2a868de7bbaeea0bc70ec0e4 10.2134/jpa1996.0108 Google Scholar 6Lauer J., Wedberg J.. 1999. 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Comparison of fumonisin concentrations in kernels of transgenic Bt maize hybrids and non-transgenic hybrids. Plant Dis. 83: 130–138.https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.2.130 http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=agrocropsoil&KeyUT=000078234100007&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&UsrCustomerID=523bbf5d2a868de7bbaeea0bc70ec0e4 Google Scholar 9Onstad D. W., Joselyn M. G., Isard S. A., Levine E., Spencer J. L., Bledsoe L. W., Edwards C. R., Di Fonzo C. D., Willson H.. 1999. Modeling the spread of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) populations after soybean corn rotations. Environ. Entomol. 28: 188–194. http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=agrocropsoil&KeyUT=000080061800007&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&UsrCustomerID=523bbf5d2a868de7bbaeea0bc70ec0e4 Google Scholar 10Rice M. E., Pilcher C. D.. 1998. Potential benefits and limitations of transgenic Bt corn for management of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Am. Entomol. 44: 75–78. Google Scholar 11Ritchie S., Hanway J. J., Benson G. O.. 1993. How a corn plant develops. Online. Coop. Ext. Special Rept. #48, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA. Google Scholar 12Singer J. W., Taylor R. W., Bamka W. J.. 2003. Corn yield response of Bt and near-isolines to plant density. Online. Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM-2003-0829-01-RS. Google Scholar 13Stanger T. F., Lauer J. G.. 2006. Optimum plant population of Bt and non-Bt corn in Wisconsin. Agron. J. 98: 914–921.https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2005.0144 http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=agrocropsoil&KeyUT=000239287100006&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&UsrCustomerID=523bbf5d2a868de7bbaeea0bc70ec0e4 Google Scholar 14Sutton, P., Koplinka-Loehr, C., VanKirk, J., Cowles, M., and Waldron, J. K. Pocket guide to alfalfa and field corn management. Publ. No. 313A, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. Google Scholar 15Turpin F. T., Dumenh L. C., Peters D. C.. 1972. Edaphic and Agronomic charactes that affect potential for rootworm damage to corn in Iowa. J. Econ. Ent. 5: 1615–1619. Google Scholar 16Vincelli P.. 2002. Fumonisin, vomitoxin, and other mycotoxins in corn produced by Fusarium fungi. Coop. Ext. Factsheet ID 121. Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. Google Scholar 17Wu F.. 2006. Mycotoxin reduction in Bt corn: Potential economic, health, and regulatory impacts. Transgenic Res. 15: 277–289.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11248-005-5237-1 http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=agrocropsoil&KeyUT=000238328300002&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&UsrCustomerID=523bbf5d2a868de7bbaeea0bc70ec0e4 Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume9, Issue12010Pages 1-8 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={1}, journal={Crop Management}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy}, author={Jemison, John and Reberg-Horton, Chris}, year={2010}, month={Oct}, pages={00} }
 @article{vollmer_creamer_reberg-horton_hoyt_2010, title={Evaluating cover crop mulches for no-till organic production of onions}, volume={45}, number={1}, journal={HortScience}, author={Vollmer, E. R. and Creamer, N. and Reberg-Horton, C. and Hoyt, G.}, year={2010}, pages={61–70} }
 @article{fox_reberg-horton_2010, title={Field borders and beneficial habitat research}, url={http://www.organicgrains.ncsu.edu/Newsletters/June10.htm}, journal={Organic Grain Project Newsletter}, author={Fox, A. and Reberg-Horton, C.}, year={2010} }
 @article{reberg-horton_mueller_mellage_creamer_brownie_bell_burton_2010, title={Influence of field margin type on weed species richness and abundance in conventional crop fields}, volume={26}, DOI={10.1017/S174217051000045}, journal={Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems}, author={Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Mueller, J.P. and Mellage, S.J. and Creamer, N.G. and Brownie, C. and Bell, M. and Burton, M.G.}, year={2010} }
 @article{place_reberg-horton_jordan_2010, title={Interaction of Cultivar, Planting Pattern, and Weed Management Tactics in Peanut}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/ws-d-10-00012.1}, abstractNote={Planting peanut in narrow rows for weed control has not been investigated in recently released Virginia market peanut cultivars. Research was conducted in North Carolina from 2007 to 2009 to determine the effect of cultivar, planting pattern, and level of weed management inputs on weed control, peanut yield, and estimated economic return. Experiments consisted of three levels of weed management (clethodim applied POST, cultivation and hand-removal of weeds, and clethodim and appropriate broadleaf herbicides applied POST), three levels of planting pattern (single rows spaced 91 cm apart, standard twin rows spaced 20 cm apart on 91-cm centers, and narrow twin rows consisting of twin rows spaced 20 cm apart on 46-cm centers), and two Virginia cultivars (‘NC 12C’ and ‘VA 98R’). Weed management affected common lambsquarters, common ragweed, eclipta, nodding spurge, pitted morningglory, Texas millet, and yellow nutsedge control, irrespective of cultivar or planting pattern. Cultivar and planting pattern had only minor effects on weed control and interactions of these treatment factors seldom occurred. Weed control achieved with cultivation plus hand-removal was similar to weed management observed with grass and broadleaf herbicide programs. Pod yield did not differ among treatments when broadleaf weeds were the dominant species but did differ when Texas millet was the most prevalent weed. The highest yield with conventional herbicide weed management was in standard twin and narrow twin row planting patterns, although no differences among planting patterns were noted when cultivation and hand-removal were the primary weed management tactics. Differences in estimated economic return were associated with weed species, and interactions of treatment factors varied by year for that parameter.}, number={4}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Place, G. T. and Reberg-Horton, S. C. and Jordan, D. L.}, year={2010}, pages={442–448} }
 @article{place_reberg-horton_2010, title={Organic soybean seeding rate}, url={http://www.organicgrains.ncsu.edu/Newsletters/March10.htm}, journal={Organic Grain Project Newsletter}, author={Place, G. and Reberg-Horton, C.}, year={2010} }
 @article{hamilton_reberg-horton_2010, title={Organic spelt and canola: new crops for NC?}, url={http://www.organicgrains.ncsu.edu/Newsletters/December2010.htm}, journal={Organic Grain Project Newsletter}, author={Hamilton, M. and Reberg-Horton, C.}, year={2010} }
 @article{hamilton_reberg-horton_2010, title={Organic wheat storage and marketing}, url={http://www.organicgrains.ncsu.edu/Newsletters/March10.htm}, journal={Organic Grain Project Newsletter}, author={Hamilton, M. and Reberg-Horton, C.}, year={2010}, month={Oct} }
 @article{reberg-horton_smith_place_wells_2010, title={Rolled rye mulches for weed control in organic no-till soybeans}, url={http://www.organicgrains.ncsu.edu/Newsletters/December2010.htm}, journal={Organic Grain Project Newsletter}, author={Reberg-Horton, C. and Smith, A. and Place, G. and Wells, S.}, year={2010} }
 @misc{place_carter_reberg-horton_2009, title={Breeding for weed suppressiveness: an initial approach to soybean genotype screening}, author={Place, G.T. and Carter, T.E. and Reberg-Horton, S.C.}, year={2009} }
 @inproceedings{place_carter_reberg-horton_2009, title={Breeding for weed suppressiveness: an initial approach to soybean genotype screening}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2009 Weed Science Society of America annual meeting}, author={Place, G.T. and Carter, T.E. and Reberg-Horton, S.C.}, year={2009} }
 @inbook{creamer_mueller_reberg-horton_schroeder-moreno_washburn_o'sullivan_francis_2009, place={Madison, WI}, series={Agronomy Monographs}, title={Center for Environmental Farming Systems: Designing and Institutionalizing an Integrated Sustainable and Organic Agriculture Program}, ISBN={9780891181897}, ISSN={2156-3276}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr54.c12}, DOI={10.2134/agronmonogr54.c12}, abstractNote={The Center for Environmental Farming Systems (CEFS) is a partnership among North Carolina State University (NCSU), North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University, North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, and many nonprofit organizations and farmer groups. A survey of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences faculty with sustainable agriculture interests revealed that ability to focus on holistic, long-term, interdisciplinary work not driven by single commodity interests was very important. To increase students' global awareness of the challenges to organic and sustainable agriculture internationally, a study-abroad course, Sustainability of Tropical Agroecosystems, was developed in a partnership with the University of Georgia and NCSU in 2005. In 2007 a strategic planning process was initiated through a committee made up of CEFS faculty, staff, and board members. CEFS also received grant funding in 2008 to provide leadership in developing a statewide action plan for developing a local food economy in North Carolina.}, booktitle={Agronomy Monographs}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America}, author={Creamer, Nancy G. and Mueller, J. Paul and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Schroeder-Moreno, Michelle and Washburn, Steve and O'Sullivan, John and Francis, Charles}, editor={Francis, CharlesEditor}, year={2009}, pages={253–282}, collection={Agronomy Monographs} }
 @inbook{creamer_mueller_reberg-horton_o'sullivan_schroeder-moreno_washburn_2009, place={Madison, WI}, title={Center for Environmental Farming Systems: Designing and institutionalizing an integrated sustainable and organic program at a land grant university}, booktitle={Organic Farming: the Ecological System}, publisher={ASA, CSSA, and SSSA Book Publishing}, author={Creamer, N.G. and Mueller, J.P. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and O'Sullivan, J. and Schroeder-Moreno, M. and Washburn, S.}, editor={Francis, C.A.Editor}, year={2009} }
 @misc{place_jordan_reberg-horton_2009, title={Economic return of peanut grown in various row patterns with different herbicide inputs}, author={Place, G.T. and Jordan, D.L. and Reberg-Horton, S.C.}, year={2009} }
 @article{place_reberg-horton_burton_2009, title={Effects of Preplant and Postplant Rotary Hoe Use on Weed Control, Soybean Pod Position, and Soybean Yield}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/WS-08-132.1}, abstractNote={Demand for organic food products has consistently increased for more than 20 yr. The largest obstacle to organic soybean production in the southeastern United States is weed management. Current organic soybean production relies on mechanical weed control, including multiple postplant rotary hoe uses. Although postplant rotary hoe use is effective at the weed germination stage, its efficacy is severely compromised by delays due to weather. Preplant rotary hoeing is also a practice that has been utilized for weed control but the effectiveness of this practice to reduce the need for multiple postplant rotary hoeing for organic soybean production in the southeastern United States has not been investigated. Preplant rotary hoe treatments included a weekly rotary hoeing 4 wk before planting, 2 wk before planting, and none. Postplant rotary hoe treatments consisted of zero, one, two, three, and four postplant rotary hoe uses. Weed control was increased with preplant rotary hoeing at Plymouth in 2006 and 2007 but this effect disappeared with the first postplant rotary hoeing. Multiple postplant rotary hoe uses decreased soybean plant populations, decreased soybean canopy height, lowered soybean pod position, and decreased soybean yield. Plant mapping revealed that the percentage of total nodes and pods below 30 cm was increased by increased frequency of postplant rotary hoe use.}, number={3}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Place, George T. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Burton, Michael G.}, year={2009}, pages={290–295} }
 @article{parr_reberg-horton_grossman_2009, title={Fertility and weed control in no-till organic production}, url={http://www.organicgrains.ncsu.edu/Newsletters/Dec2009.htm}, journal={Organic Grain Project Newsletter}, author={Parr, M. and Reberg-Horton, C. and Grossman, J.}, year={2009} }
 @misc{place_carter_reberg-horton_2009, title={Identification of competitive soybean genotypes and soybean traits of interest in weed suppression}, author={Place, G.T. and Carter, T.E. and Reberg-Horton, S.C.}, year={2009} }
 @misc{place_carter_reberg-horton_2009, title={Improved weed competitiveness in soybean screening tactics and traits of interest}, author={Place, G.T. and Carter, T.E. and Reberg-Horton, S.C.}, year={2009} }
 @article{place_reberg-horton_2009, title={New project: organic crop breeding}, url={http://www.organicgrains.ncsu.edu/Newsletters/September2009.htm}, journal={Organic Grain Project Newsletter}, author={Place, G. and Reberg-Horton, C.}, year={2009} }
 @article{brinton_reberg-horton_2009, title={No-till organic grain production trials}, url={http://www.organicgrains.ncsu.edu/Newsletters/March2009.htm}, journal={Organic Grain Project Newsletter}, author={Brinton, C. and Reberg-Horton, C.}, year={2009}, month={Mar} }
 @article{reberg-horton_grossman_2009, title={No-till organic grain project update}, url={http://www.organicgrains.ncsu.edu/Newsletters/June2009.htm}, journal={Organic Grain Project Newsletter}, author={Reberg-Horton, C. and Grossman, J.}, year={2009}, month={Jun} }
 @article{brinton_reberg-horton_2009, title={No-till organic grain project update}, url={http://www.organicgrains.ncsu.edu/Newsletters/September2009.htm}, journal={Organic Grain Project Newsletter}, author={Brinton, C. and Reberg-Horton, C.}, year={2009}, month={Sep} }
 @article{place_reberg-horton_dunphy_smith_2009, title={Seeding Rate Effects on Weed Control and Yield For Organic Soybean Production}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-08-134.1}, abstractNote={The organic grain sector is one of the fastest growing sectors of the organic market, but farmers in the mid-Atlantic cannot meet the organic grain demand, including the demand for organic soybean. Weed management is cited by farmers as the largest challenge to organic soybean production. Recent soybean population studies show that lower seeding rates for genetically modified organism soybean farmers provide maximum economic return due to high seed technology fees and inexpensive herbicides. Such economic analysis may not be appropriate for organic soybean producers due to the absence of seed technology fees, stronger weed pressures, and price premiums for organic soybean. Soybean seeding rates in North Carolina have traditionally been suggested at approximately 247,000 live seeds/ha, depending on planting conditions. Higher seeding rates may result in a more competitive soybean population and better economic returns for organic soybean producers. Experiments were conducted in 2006 and 2007 to investigate seeding rates of 185,000, 309,000, 432,000, and 556,000 live seeds/ha. All rates were planted on 76-cm row spacing in organic and conventional weed management systems. Increased soybean seeding rates reduced weed ratings at three of the five sites. Increased soybean seeding rates also resulted in higher yield at three of the four sites. Maximum economic returns for organic treatments were achieved with the highest seeding rate in all sites. Results suggest that seeding rates as high as 556,000 live seeds/ha may provide organic soybean producers with better weed control, higher yield, and increased profits.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Place, George T. and Reberg-Horton, Samuel Chris and Dunphy, Jim E. and Smith, Adam N.}, year={2009}, pages={497–502} }
 @inproceedings{meijer_hubers_crozier_reberg-horton_hamilton_2009, place={Painter, VA}, title={Transitioning to organic crop production: can conservation tillage practices be effective?}, booktitle={Proceedings from the Southern Conservation Agriculture Systems Conference}, author={Meijer, A.D. and Hubers, D.L. and Crozier, C.R. and Reberg-Horton, C. and Hamilton, M.}, year={2009} }
 @inproceedings{smith_mueller_reberg-horton_2009, place={Orlando, FL}, title={Weed management tactics in organic no-till soybeans}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2009 Weed Science Society of America annual meeting}, author={Smith, A.N. and Mueller, J.P. and Reberg-Horton, S.C.}, year={2009} }
 @misc{reberg-horton_brooks_danehower_burton_burton_ma_murphy_2008, title={Breeding rye cover crops for increased allelopathic potential}, author={Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Brooks, A. and Danehower, D. and Burton, M. and Burton, J. and Ma, G. and Murphy, P.}, year={2008} }
 @article{shearin_reberg-horton_gallandt_2008, title={Cover crop effects on the activity-density of the weed seed predator Harpalus rufipes (Coleoptera : Carabidae)}, volume={56}, ISSN={["0043-1745"]}, DOI={10.1614/WS-07-137.1}, abstractNote={Cover crop systems were investigated in 2004 and 2005 for their effects on the activity-density (a function of movement and density) of a promising group of weed biocontrol organisms, the ground beetles collectively known as carabids, with particular emphasis on a beneficial carabid speciesHarpalus rufipesDeGeer. MarkedH. rufipesreleased into pea/oat–rye/vetch cover crop plots were more than twice as likely to be recaptured within the same plots as beetles released in nonvegetated fallow plots (18 and 8%, respectively). Marked beetles released into fallow plots were more than twice as likely to leave their plots and be recaptured in pea/oat–rye/vetch plots as vice versa (13 vs. 5%), indicating a clear preference for habitat with vegetative cover. Overall recapture rates were not different between treatments. UnmarkedH. rufipesactivity-density was also higher in pea/oat–rye/vetch compared to fallow plots. Additionally, five cover crop systems, including the fallow and pea/oat–rye/vetch treatments, and two residue management methods (conventional and zone tillage) were investigated from June to August in 2005 for their effects onH. rufipesactivity-density. Corn was planted in 2005 into residues of the five cover crop systems grown in 2004.H. rufipesactivity-density was higher in zone and conventionally tilled corn planted in pea/oat–rye/vetch residues and conventionally tilled corn planted in red clover/oat residues than in any other cover crop and residue management combination. Pea/oat–rye/vetch cover crop systems are apparently beneficial forH. rufipesduring the cover crop year as well as in subsequent crops planted into this cover crop's residues. This system was not the least disturbed system but, based on the number of tillage events, represented a medium level of disturbance among the various systems. Thus, some level of disturbance might be beneficial forH. rufipes, but how and when that soil disturbance occurs requires further research to determine the best means of conserving this species.}, number={3}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Shearin, Amanda F. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Gallandt, Eric R.}, year={2008}, pages={442–450} }
 @article{shearin_reberg-horton_gallandt_2008, title={Cover cropping and soil disturbance impacts on the invertebrate weed seed predator Harpalus rufipes Degeer (Coleoptera:Carabidae)}, volume={56}, journal={Weed Science}, author={Shearin, A.F. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Gallandt, E.R.}, year={2008}, pages={442–450} }
 @article{hamilton_reberg-horton_2008, title={How to: organic wheat storage}, url={http://www.organicgrains.ncsu.edu/Newsletters/June2008.htm}, journal={Organic Grain Project Newsletter}, author={Hamilton, M.N. and Reberg-Horton, S.C.}, year={2008} }
 @inproceedings{place_burton_reberg-horton_2008, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Improving weed suppressive ability in soybeans}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Weed Science Society of North Carolina}, author={Place, G.T. and Burton, M.G. and Reberg-Horton, S.C.}, year={2008} }
 @article{hamilton_reberg-horton_place_smith_2008, title={Out-of-state organic grain bus tour summary}, url={http://www.organicgrains.ncsu.edu/Newsletters/September2008.htm}, journal={Organic Grain Project Newsletter}, author={Hamilton, M.N. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Place, G.T. and Smith, A.N.}, year={2008}, month={Sep} }
 @inproceedings{smith_place_reberg-horton_2008, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Seeding rate effects on weed control and yield in organic soybeans}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Weed Science Society of North Carolina}, author={Smith, A.N. and Place, G.T. and Reberg-Horton, S.C.}, year={2008} }
 @article{crozier_meijer_reberg-horton_place_2008, title={Soil fertility and tillage management for organic farming systems}, volume={51}, journal={Soil Science Society of North Carolina Proceedings}, author={Crozier, C.R. and Meijer, A.D. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Place, G.T.}, year={2008}, pages={14–23} }
 @article{place_reberg-horton_2008, title={Update on organic grain production research at NCSU – 2006-2007}, url={http://www.organicgrains.ncsu.edu/Newsletters/June2008.htm}, journal={Organic Grain Project Newsletter}, author={Place, G.T. and Reberg-Horton, S.C.}, year={2008} }
 @inproceedings{place_burton_reberg-horton_wilkerson_2007, title={Blind cultivation in corn: effect of frequency, soil type and moisture on weed density and estimated yield loss}, volume={60}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Annual Meeting - Southern Weed Science Society}, author={Place, G.T. and Burton, M.G. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Wilkerson, G.G.}, year={2007}, pages={219} }
 @article{shearin_reberg-horton_gallandt_2007, title={Direct effects of tillage on the activity density of ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) weed seed predators}, volume={36}, ISSN={0046-225X}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225X(2007)36[1140:DEOTOT]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Ground beetles are well known as beneficial organisms in agroecosystems, contributing to the predation of a wide range of animal pests and weed seeds. Tillage has generally been shown to have a negative effect on ground beetles, but it is not known whether this is because of direct mortality or the result of indirect losses resulting from dispersal caused by habitat deterioration. In 2005, field experiments measured direct, tillage-induced mortality, of four carabid weed seed predators, Harpalus rufipes DeGeer, Agonum muelleri Herbst, Anisodactylus merula Germar, and Amara cupreolata Putzeys, and one arthropod predator, Pterostichus melanarius Illiger, common to agroecosystems in the northeastern United States. Three tillage treatments (moldboard plow, chisel plow, and rotary tillage) were compared with undisturbed controls at two sites (Stillwater and Presque Isle) and at two dates (July and August) in Maine. Carabid activity density after disturbance was measured using fenced pitfall traps installed immediately after tillage to remove any effects of dispersal. Rotary tillage and moldboard plowing reduced weed seed predator activity density 52 and 54%, respectively. Carabid activity density after chisel plowing was similar to the undisturbed control. This trend was true for each of the weed seed predator species studied. However, activity density of the arthropod predator P. melanarius was reduced by all tillage types, indicating a greater sensitivity to tillage than the four weed seed predator species. These results confirm the need to consider both direct and indirect effects of management in studies of invertebrate seed predators.}, number={5}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, author={Shearin, A. F. and Reberg-Horton, S. C. and Gallandt, E. R.}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={1140–1146} }
 @inproceedings{burton_reberg-horton_place_hoyle_2007, title={Rotary hoe efficacy in corn; influence of soil type and moisture}, volume={61}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Annual Meeting - Northeastern Weed Science Society}, author={Burton, M. and Reberg-Horton, C. and Place, G. and Hoyle, S.}, year={2007}, pages={145} }
 @inproceedings{reberg-horton_2007, title={The impact of cultivation, timing and increased plant population density on weed control in organic soybeans}, volume={61}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Annual Meeting - Northeastern Weed Science Society}, author={Reberg-Horton, C.}, year={2007}, pages={142} }
 @inproceedings{jemison_reberg-horton_2006, title={Alternative cropping systems for organic dairy producers: improvements and lessons learned}, volume={60}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Annual Meeting -Northeastern Weed Science Society}, author={Jemison, J.M. and Reberg-Horton, C.}, year={2006}, pages={74–77} }
 @inproceedings{kersbergen_reberg-horton_2006, title={Managing smooth bedstraw in pasture and forage crops in New England}, volume={60}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Annual Meeting - Northeastern Weed Science Society}, author={Kersbergen, R. and Reberg-Horton, C.}, year={2006}, pages={78} }
 @article{reberg-horton_gallandt_molloy_2006, title={Measuring community shifts in a weed seedbank study with the use of distance-based redundancy analysis}, volume={54}, ISSN={["0043-1745"]}, DOI={10.1614/WS-05-148R1.1}, abstractNote={Distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA), a recently developed ordination technique useful for both multivariate hypothesis testing and data interpretation, was used to evaluate treatment effects on weed communities in a long-term study of alternative potato cropping systems. The experiment consisted of a factorial arrangement of three pest management systems, conventional (CON), reduced input (RI), and biointensive (BIO), two soil management systems (amended vs. unamended), and two crop-rotation entry points. Soil samples collected in the spring of 1998 were subjected to exhaustive germination as a means of characterizing the weed community. Using partial ordinations, each factor in the factorial treatment structure was tested separately, revealing a significant interaction between pest and soil management systems. An ordination diagram of the pest by soil management interaction was used to interpret the results. Weed species that were highly correlated with the first two ordination axes included: common lambsquarters, broadleaf plantain, oakleaf goosefoot, common hempnettle and a complex of the Brassicaceae that included wild mustard, birdsrape mustard, and wild radish. Univariate analyses confirmed the response of these species to the factors examined. The BIO pest management system showed a different response to soil amendments than the other systems. Soil amendments caused an increase in the total weed density in the CON and RI systems, but caused a decrease in the BIO system. Given the need for better multivariate hypothesis testing and data interpretation in many types of weed science research, the use of db-RDA is expected to grow.}, number={5}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Reberg-Horton, Chris and Gallandt, Eric R. and Molloy, Tom}, year={2006}, pages={861–866} }
 @inproceedings{reberg-horton_gallandt_taylor_2005, title={A distance-based redundancy analysis of weed seed bank changes in the Maine potato ecosystem project}, volume={59}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Annual Meeting -Northeastern Weed Science Society}, author={Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Gallandt, E. and Taylor, N.}, year={2005}, pages={139} }
 @inproceedings{jemison_reberg-horton_2005, title={An alternative forage production system for organic dairy producers: quality feed and fewer weeds}, volume={59}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Annual Meeting -Northeastern Weed Science Society}, author={Jemison, J.M. and Reberg-Horton, S.C.}, year={2005}, pages={13} }
 @article{reberg-horton_burton_danehower_ma_monks_murphy_ranells_williamson_creamer_2005, title={Changes over time in the allelochemical content of ten cultivars of rye (Secale cereale L.)}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1573-1561"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10886-005-0983-3}, abstractNote={Published studies focused on characterizing the allelopathy-based weed suppression by rye cover crop mulch have provided varying and inconsistent estimates of weed suppression. Studies were initiated to examine several factors that could influence the weed suppressiveness of rye: kill date, cultivar, and soil fertility. Ten cultivars of rye were planted with four rates of nitrogen fertilization, and tissue from each of these treatment combinations was harvested three times during the growing season. Concentrations of a known rye allelochemical DIBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-(2H)benzoxazine-3-one) were quantified from the harvested rye tissue using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phytotoxicity observed from aqueous extracts of the harvested rye tissue correlated with the levels of DIBOA recovered in harvested tissue. The amount of DIBOA in rye tissue varied depending on harvest date and rye cultivar, but was generally lower with all cultivars when rye was harvested later in the season. However, the late maturing variety 'Wheeler' retained greater concentrations of DIBOA in comparison to other rye cultivars when harvested later in the season. The decline in DIBOA concentrations as rye matures, and the fact that many rye cultivars mature at different rates may help explain why estimates of weed suppression from allelopathic agents in rye have varied so widely in the literature.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Reberg-Horton, SC and Burton, JD and Danehower, DA and Ma, GY and Monks, DW and Murphy, JP and Ranells, NN and Williamson, JD and Creamer, NG}, year={2005}, month={Jan}, pages={179–193} }
 @inproceedings{shearin_reberg-horton_2005, title={Cover crop management impacts on the weed seed predator, Harpalus rufipes}, volume={59}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Annual Meeting - Northeastern Weed Science Society}, author={Shearin, A. and Reberg-Horton, S.C.}, year={2005}, pages={77} }
 @article{reberg-horton_2005, edition={Spring}, title={Cropping systems for organic dairies}, journal={Maine Organic Milk Producers Newsletter}, author={Reberg-Horton, S.C.}, year={2005}, pages={6–8} }
 @article{kersbergen_reberg-horton_2005, title={The Smooth Bedstraw Invasion--What Are the Options For Control?}, volume={6}, journal={Agriculture Today}, author={Kersbergen, R. and Reberg-Horton, C.}, year={2005}, pages={5–8} }
 @inproceedings{reberg-horton_creamer_murphy_2004, title={Breeding for increased rye allelopathy}, volume={58}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Annual Meeting - Northeastern Weed Science Society}, author={Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Creamer, N.G. and Murphy, J.P.}, year={2004}, pages={157} }
 @article{reberg-horton_2004, edition={Fall}, title={Organic no-till forages for Maine}, journal={Maine Organic Milk Producers Newsletter}, author={Reberg-Horton, S.C.}, year={2004}, pages={4–6} }
 @inproceedings{reberg-horton_creamer_danehower_ma_monks_murphy_ranells_williamson_burton_2003, title={Cultivar and maturation effects on the allelochemical content of ten cultivars of rye}, volume={57}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Annual Meeting - Northeastern Weed Science Society}, author={Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Creamer, N.G. and Danehower, D.A. and Ma, G. and Monks, D.W. and Murphy, J.P. and Ranells, N.N. and Williamson, J.D. and Burton, J.D.}, year={2003}, pages={84} }
 @article{long_corbett_lamb_reberg-horton_chandler_stimmann_1998, title={Beneficial insects move from flowering plants to nearby crops}, volume={52}, ISSN={0008-0845}, url={http://calag.ucanr.edu/Archive/?article=ca.v052n05p23}, DOI={10.3733/ca.v052n05p23}, abstractNote={Marking studies demonstrated that lady beetles, lacewings, syrphid flies and parasitic wasps fed on nectar or pollen provided by borders of flowering plants around farms; many insects moved 250 feet into adjacent field crops. Studies using the elemental marker rubidium also showed that syrphid flies, parasitic wasps and lacewings fed on flowering cover crops in orchards and that some moved 6 feet high in the tree canopy and 100 feet away from the treated area. The use of nectar or pollen by beneficial insects helps them survive and reproduce. Therefore, planting flowering plants and perennial grasses around farms may lead to better biological control of pests in nearby crops.}, number={5}, journal={California Agriculture}, publisher={University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources (UC ANR)}, author={Long, R. and Corbett, A. and Lamb, C. and Reberg-Horton, C. and Chandler, J. and Stimmann, M.}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={23–26} }