@article{miao_noormets_gavazzi_mitra_domec_sun_mcnulty_king_2022, title={Beyond carbon flux partitioning: Carbon allocation and nonstructural carbon dynamics inferred from continuous fluxes}, ISSN={["1939-5582"]}, DOI={10.1002/eap.2655}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS}, author={Miao, Guofang and Noormets, Asko and Gavazzi, Michael and Mitra, Bhaskar and Domec, Jean-Christophe and Sun, Ge and McNulty, Steve and King, John S.}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{li_zheng_zhou_gavazzi_shan_mcnulty_king_2022, title={Effects of methodological difference on fine root production, mortality and decomposition estimates differ between functional types in a planted loblolly pine forest}, ISSN={["1573-5036"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11104-022-05737-2}, journal={PLANT AND SOIL}, author={Li, Xuefeng and Zheng, Xingbo and Zhou, Quanlai and Gavazzi, Michael and Shan, Yanlong and McNulty, Steven and King, John S.}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{li_zheng_zhou_mcnulty_king_2022, title={Measurements of fine root decomposition rate: Method matters}, volume={164}, ISSN={["1879-3428"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108482}, abstractNote={Fine root decomposition plays a major role in biogeochemical cycle in forests. Litterbags and intact cores are predominant methods for measuring fine root decomposition rate. However, their efficacies have not been critically reviewed. In this study, we identify six sources of error for both methods including use of unrepresentative substrates, changes in decomposer community composition, altered effects of living roots and mycorrhizal fungi, differences in experimental duration length and sampling regime, confounding of spatiotemporal resolution, and limited temporal resolution. We present an indirect method to quantify fine root decomposition rate by integrating soil core and minirhizotron measurements into a new equation. The indirect method requires measuring more fine root parameters but can generally overcome the weaknesses associated with litterbag and intact core methods. Directly measuring the decomposition rate inevitably disturbs interactions between roots, soil fauna and rhizosphere microbes, which could significantly undermine the credibility of the estimates. Indirect measurement based on fine root growth and death rates, biomass and necromass that can be assessed reliably should be the future choice.}, journal={SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY}, author={Li, Xuefeng and Zheng, Xingbo and Zhou, Quanlai and McNulty, Steven and King, John S.}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{lin_noormets_king_marshall_akers_cucinella_fox_laviner_martin_mcnulty_et al._2022, title={Spatial variability in tree-ring carbon isotope discrimination in response to local drought across the entire loblolly pine natural range}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1758-4469"]}, DOI={10.1093/treephys/tpab097}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={TREE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Lin, Wen and Noormets, Asko and King, John S. and Marshall, John and Akers, Madison and Cucinella, Josh and Fox, Thomas R. and Laviner, Marshall A. and Martin, Timothy A. and Mcnulty, Steve and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Jan}, pages={44–58} }
 @article{aguilos_warr_irving_gregg_grady_peele_noormets_sun_liu_mcnulty_et al._2022, title={The Unabated Atmospheric Carbon Losses in a Drowning Wetland Forest of North Carolina: A Point of No Return?}, volume={13}, ISSN={1999-4907}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13081264}, DOI={10.3390/f13081264}, abstractNote={Coastal wetlands provide the unique biogeochemical functions of storing a large fraction of the terrestrial carbon (C) pool and being among the most productive ecosystems in the world. However, coastal wetlands face numerous natural and anthropogenic disturbances that threaten their ecological integrity and C storage potential. To monitor the C balance of a coastal forested wetland, we established an eddy covariance flux tower in a natural undrained bottomland hardwood forest in eastern North Carolina, USA. We examined the long-term trends (2009–2019) in gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (RE), and the net ecosystem C exchange (NEE) seasonally and inter-annually. We analyzed the response of C fluxes and balance to climatic and hydrologic forcings and examined the possible effects of rising sea levels on the inland groundwater dynamics. Our results show that in 2009, a higher annual GPP (1922 g C m−2 yr−1) was observed than annual RE (1554 g C m−2 yr−1), resulting in a net C sink (NEE = −368 g C m−2 yr−1). However, the annual C balance switched to a net C source in 2010 and onwards, varying from 87 g C m−2 yr−1 to 759 g C m−2 yr−1. The multiple effects of air temperature (Tair), net radiation (Rn), groundwater table (GWT) depth, and precipitation (p) explained 66%, 71%, and 29% of the variation in GPP, RE, and NEE, respectively (p < 0.0001). The lowering of GWT (−0.01 cm to −14.26 cm) enhanced GPP and RE by 35% and 28%, respectively. We also observed a significant positive correlation between mean sea level and GWT (R2 = 0.11), but not between GWT and p (R2 = 0.02). Cumulative fluxes from 2009 to 2019 showed continuing C losses owing to a higher rate of increase of RE than GPP. This study contributes to carbon balance accounting to improve ecosystem models, relating C dynamics to temporal trends in under-represented coastal forested wetlands.}, number={8}, journal={Forests}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Aguilos, Maricar and Warr, Ian and Irving, Madison and Gregg, Olivia and Grady, Stanton and Peele, Toby and Noormets, Asko and Sun, Ge and Liu, Ning and McNulty, Steve and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Aug}, pages={1264} }
 @article{aguilos_sun_noormets_domec_mcnulty_gavazzi_prajapati_minick_mitra_king_2021, title={Ecosystem Productivity and Evapotranspiration Are Tightly Coupled in Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) Plantations along the Coastal Plain of the Southeastern U.S.}, volume={12}, ISSN={1999-4907}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081123}, DOI={10.3390/f12081123}, abstractNote={Forest water use efficiency (WUE), the ratio of gross primary productivity (GPP) to evapotranspiration (ET), is an important variable to understand the coupling between water and carbon cycles, and to assess resource use, ecosystem resilience, and commodity production. Here, we determined WUE for managed loblolly pine plantations over the course of a rotation on the coastal plain of North Carolina in the eastern U.S. We found that the forest annual GPP, ET, and WUE increased until age ten, which stabilized thereafter. WUE varied annually (2–44%), being higher at young plantation (YP, 3.12 ± 1.20 g C kg−1 H2O d−1) compared to a mature plantation (MP, 2.92 ± 0.45 g C kg−1 H2O d−1), with no distinct seasonal patterns. Stand age was strongly correlated with ET (R2 = 0.71) and GPP (R2 = 0.64). ET and GPP were tightly coupled (R2 = 0.86). Radiation and air temperature significantly affected GPP and ET (R2 = 0.71 − R2 = 0.82) at a monthly scale, but not WUE. Drought affected WUE (R2 = 0.35) more than ET (R2 = 0.25) or GPP (R2 = 0.07). A drought enhanced GPP in MP (19%) and YP (11%), but reduced ET 7% and 19% in MP and YP, respectively, resulting in a higher WUE (27–32%). Minor seasonal and interannual variation in forest WUE of MP (age > 10) suggested that forest functioning became stable as stands matured. We conclude that carbon and water cycles in loblolly pine plantations are tightly coupled, with different characteristics in different ages and hydrologic regimes. A stable WUE suggests that the pine ecosystem productivity can be readily predicted from ET and vice versa. The tradeoffs between water and carbon cycling should be recognized in forest management to achieve multiple ecosystem services (i.e., water supply and carbon sequestration).}, number={8}, journal={Forests}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Aguilos, Maricar and Sun, Ge and Noormets, Asko and Domec, Jean-Christophe and McNulty, Steven and Gavazzi, Michael and Prajapati, Prajaya and Minick, Kevan J. and Mitra, Bhaskar and King, John}, year={2021}, month={Aug}, pages={1123} }
 @article{li_minick_li_williamson_gavazzi_mcnulty_king_2020, title={An improved method for quantifying total fine root decomposition in plantation forests combining measurements of soil coring and minirhizotrons with a mass balance model}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1758-4469"]}, DOI={10.1093/treephys/tpaa074}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={TREE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Li, Xuefeng and Minick, Kevan J. and Li, Tonghua and Williamson, James C. and Gavazzi, Michael and McNulty, Steven and King, John S.}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={1466–1473} }
 @article{li_minick_luff_noormets_miao_mitra_domec_sun_mcnulty_king_2020, title={Effects of Microtopography on Absorptive and Transport Fine Root Biomass, Necromass, Production, Mortality and Decomposition in a Coastal Freshwater Forested Wetland, Southeastern USA}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1435-0629"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10021-019-00470-x}, abstractNote={Forested wetlands are an important carbon (C) sink. Fine roots (diameter < 2 mm) dominate belowground C cycling and can be functionally defined into absorptive roots (order 1–2) and transport roots (order ≥ 3). However, effects of microtopography on the function-based fine root dynamics in forested wetlands are poorly understood. We studied fine root biomass allocation and biomass, necromass, mass loss rate, production, mortality and decomposition of absorptive and transport roots in hummocks and hollows in a coastal plain freshwater forested wetland (FFW) in the southeastern USA using dynamic-flow method. Biomass ratios of first- to second-order roots and absorptive to transport roots and the biomass and necromass of absorptive and transport roots were significantly higher in top 0–10 cm organic peat layer than in 10–20 cm muck and mineral layer, and were significantly higher in hummocks than in hollows. The mass loss rate, production, mortality and decomposition were significantly higher in hummocks than in hollows. Absorptive roots did not have a lower mass loss rate than transport roots. Microtopography significantly affected the contributions of absorptive and transport roots to the total production, mortality and decomposition. Production, mortality and decomposition of absorptive roots were higher than those of transport roots in hummocks but lower than those of transport roots in hollows. Total (hummocks plus hollows) fine root production, mortality and decomposition were 455 ± 106 g m−2 y−1, 475 ± 79 g m−2 y−1 and 392 ± 60 g m−2 y−1, respectively. Greater mortality than decomposition resulted in net fine root C input to soil. The observed microtopographic controls on fine root dynamics have great implications for soil C cycling. As sea level rises, the relative area of hollows in coastal plain FFWs will increase, causing a decrease in fine root mass loss rate, biomass, production, mortality and decomposition and it is the balance of these processes that will determine future soil C storage and cycling.}, number={6}, journal={ECOSYSTEMS}, author={Li, Xuefeng and Minick, Kevan J. and Luff, Jordan and Noormets, Asko and Miao, Guofang and Mitra, Bhaskar and Domec, Jean-Christophe and Sun, Ge and McNulty, Steven and King, John S.}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={1294–1308} }
 @article{aguilos_mitra_noormets_minick_prajapati_gavazzi_sun_mcnulty_li_domec_et al._2020, title={Long-term carbon flux and balance in managed and natural coastal forested wetlands of the Southeastern USA}, volume={288}, ISSN={["1873-2240"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85085132484&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108022}, abstractNote={Wetlands store large carbon (C) stocks and play important roles in biogeochemical C cycling. However, the effects of environmental and anthropogenic pressures on C dynamics in lower coastal plain forested wetlands in the southern U.S. are not well understood. We established four eddy flux stations in two post-harvest and newly-planted loblolly pine plantations (YP2–6, 2–6 yrs old; YP2–8, 2–8 yrs old), a rotation-aged loblolly pine plantations (MP, 15–27 yrs old), and a mixed bottomland hardwood forest (BHF, >100 yrs old) in the lower coastal plain of North Carolina, USA. We analyzed the gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (RE) and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) for age-related trends, interannual variability in response to climate forcing, and management-related disturbances from 2005 – 2017. For the first few years after being harvested, pine plantations were net C sources (NEE = 1133 and 897 g C m–2 yr–1 in YP2–6 and YP2–8, respectively). The MP was a strong C sink (–369 to –1131 g C m–2 yr–1) over the entire study period. In contrast, BHF was a C source (NEE = 87 g C m–2 yr–1 to 759 g C m–2 yr–1) in most years, although in the first year it did show a net C uptake (NEE = –368 g C m–2 yr–1). The source activity of BHF may have been related to increasing overstory tree mortality and diameter growth suppression. Decreases in relative extractable water in pine plantations enhanced GPP and RE. Pine plantations regained status as C sinks 5–8 years after harvest and recovered C equivalent to post-harvest losses at 8–14 years. Thus, coastal pine plantations have a net C uptake for only about half the 25-year rotation period, suggesting that they have decreased climate mitigation potential in comparison to protecting primary forests. However, primary forests in this area may be vulnerable to ecosystem transition, and subsequent C loss, due to the changing environmental conditions at the land-ocean interface.}, journal={AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Aguilos, Maricar and Mitra, Bhaskar and Noormets, Asko and Minick, Kevan and Prajapati, Prajaya and Gavazzi, Michael and Sun, Ge and McNulty, Steve and Li, Xuefeng and Domec, Jean-Christophe and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{mitra_minick_miao_domec_prajapati_mcnulty_sun_king_noormets_2020, title={Spectral evidence for substrate availability rather than environmental control of methane emissions from a coastal forested wetland}, volume={291}, ISSN={["1873-2240"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108062}, abstractNote={Knowledge of the dynamics of methane (CH4) fluxes across coastal freshwater forested wetlands, such as those found in the southeastern US remains limited. In the current study, we look at the spectral properties of ecosystem net CH4 exchange (NEECH4) time series, and its cospectral behavior with key environmental conditions (temperature (Ts5), water table (WTD) and atmospheric pressure (Pa)) and physiological fluxes (photosynthesis (GPP), transpiration (LE), sap flux (Js)) using data from a natural bottomland hardwood swamp in eastern North Carolina. NEECH4 fluxes were measured over five years (2012 – 2016) that included both wet and dry years. During the growing season, strong cospectral peaks at diurnal scale were detected between CH4 efflux and GPP, LE and Js. This suggests that the well understood diurnal cycles in the latter processes may affect CH4 production through substrate availability (GPP) and transport (sap flow and LE). The causality between different time series was established by the magnitude and consistency of phase shifts. The causal effect of Ts5 and Pa were ruled out because despite cospectral peaks with CH4, their phase relationships were inconsistent. The effect of fluctuations in WTD on CH4 efflux at synoptic scale lacked clear indications of causality, possibly due to time lags and hysteresis. The stronger cospectral peak with ecosystem scale LE rather than Js suggested that the evaporative component of LE contributed equally with plant transpiration. Hence, we conclude that while the emission of dissolved gases through plants likely takes place, it may not contribute to higher CH4 emissions as has been proposed by aerenchymatous gas transport in sedge wetlands. These findings can inform future model development by (i) highlighting the coupling between vegetation processes and CH4 emissions, and (ii) identifying specific and non-overlapping timescales for different driving factors.}, journal={AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY}, author={Mitra, Bhaskar and Minick, Kevan and Miao, Guofang and Domec, Jean-Christophe and Prajapati, Prajaya and McNulty, Steve G. and Sun, Ge and King, John S. and Noormets, Asko}, year={2020}, month={Sep} }
 @article{duan_caldwell_sun_mcnulty_zhang_shuster_liu_bolstad_2019, title={Data on projections of surface water withdrawal, consumption, and availability in the conterminous United States through the 21st century}, volume={23}, ISSN={2352-3409}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.DIB.2019.103786}, DOI={10.1016/j.dib.2019.103786}, abstractNote={We report data on the projections of annual surface water demand and supply in the conterminous United States at a high spatial resolution from 2010s to the end of the 21st century, including: 1) water withdrawal and consumption in the water-use sectors of domestic, thermoelectric power generation, and irrigation; 2) availability of surface water generated from local watershed runoff, accumulated from upstream areas, and artificially transferred from other basins. These data were derived from the projected changes in climate, population, energy structure, technology and water uses. These data are related to the original article “Understanding the role of regional water connectivity in mitigating climate change impacts on surface water supply stress in the United States” (Duan et al., 2019) [1].}, journal={Data in Brief}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Duan, Kai and Caldwell, Peter V. and Sun, Ge and McNulty, Steven G. and Zhang, Yang and Shuster, Erik and Liu, Bingjun and Bolstad, Paul V.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={103786} }
 @article{duan_caldwell_sun_mcnulty_zhang_shuster_liu_bolstad_2019, title={Understanding the role of regional water connectivity in mitigating climate change impacts on surface water supply stress in the United States}, volume={570}, ISSN={["1879-2707"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.01.011}, abstractNote={Surface water supply for a watershed relies on local water generated from precipitation and water connections with other watersheds. These connections are confined by topography and infrastructure, and respond diversely to stressors such as climate change, population growth, increasing energy and water demands. This study presents an integrative simulation and evaluation framework that incorporates the natural and anthropogenic water connections (i.e., stream flows, inter-basin water transfers, water withdrawals and return flows) among the 2099 8-digit Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC-8) watersheds across the conterminous United States. The framework is then applied to investigate the potential impacts of changes in climate and water use on regional water availability and water stress (the ratio of demand to supply). Our projections suggest that highly water-stressed areas may expand from 14% to 18% and the stressed population would increase from 19% to 24% by 2070–2099. Climate-change mitigation practices (e.g., energy structure reform, technology innovation) could largely offset these trends by reducing demand and enhancing supply. At the watershed scale, the spatially inhomogeneous responses to future changes suggest that regional water connectivity could significantly buffer the potential stress escalations due to the redistribution of water resources and diverse changes in consumptive uses and water supplies in different source areas. However, the detrimental future changes (e.g., depleting river discharges, larger demands of water withdrawal) may aggravate conflicts over water rights among regions and challenge our current water infrastructure system. This study provides new insights into the critical role of regional water connectivity in water supply security, and highlights the increasing need for integrated monitoring and management of water resources at various spatial levels in a changing world.}, journal={JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY}, author={Duan, Kai and Caldwell, Peter V. and Sun, Ge and McNulty, Steven G. and Zhang, Yang and Shuster, Erik and Liu, Bingjun and Bolstad, Paul V.}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={80–95} }
 @article{lin_domec_ward_marshall_kin_laviner_fox_west_sun_mcnulty_et al._2019, title={Using delta C-13 and delta O-18 to analyze loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) response to experimental drought and fertilization}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1758-4469"]}, DOI={10.1093/treephys/tpz096}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={TREE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Lin, Wen and Domec, Jean-Christophe and Ward, Eric J. and Marshall, John and Kin, John S. and Laviner, Marshall A. and Fox, Thomas R. and West, Jason B. and Sun, Ge and McNulty, Steve and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={1984–1994} }
 @book{hallema_sun_caldwell_robinne_bladon_norman_liu_cohen_mcnulty_2019, title={Wildland fire impacts on water yield across the contiguous United States}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-gtr-238}, DOI={10.2737/srs-gtr-238}, abstractNote={Wildland fires in the contiguous United States (CONUS) have increased in size and severity, but much remains unclear about the impact of fire size and burn severity on water supplies used for drinking, irrigation, industry, and hydropower. While some have investigated large-scale fire patterns, long-term effects on runoff, and the simultaneous effect of fire and climate trends on surface water yield, no studies account for all these factors and their interactions at the same time. In this report, we present critical new information for the National Cohesive Wildland Fire Management Strategy—a first-time CONUS-wide assessment of observed and potential wildland fire impacts on surface water yield. First, we analyzed data from 168 fire-affected locations, collected between 1984 and 2013, with machine learning and used climate elasticity models to correct for the local climate baseline impact. Stream gage data show that annual river flow increased most in the Lower Mississippi and Lower and Upper Colorado water resource regions, however they do not show which portion of this increase is caused by fire and which portion results from local climate trends. Our machine learning model identified local climate trends as the main driver of water yield change and determined wildland fires must affect at least 19 percent of a watershed >10 km2 to change its annual water yield. A closer look at 32 locations with fires covering at least 19 percent of a watershed >10 km2 revealed that wildfire generally enhanced annual river flow. Fires increased river flow relatively the most in the Lower Colorado, Pacific Northwest, and California regions. In the Lower Colorado and Pacific Northwest regions, flow increased despite post-fire drought conditions. In southern California, post-fire drought effects masked the flow enhancement attributed to wildfire, meaning that annual water yield declined but not as much as expected based on the decline in precipitation. Prescribed burns in the Southeastern United States did not produce a widespread effect on river flow, because the area affected was typically too small and characterized by only low burn severity. In the second stage of the assessment, we performed full-coverage simulations of the CONUS with the Water Supply Stress Index (WaSSI) hydrologic model (88,000 HUC-12-level watersheds) for the period between 2001 and 2010. This enables us to fill in the gaps of areas with scarce data and to identify regions with large potential increases in post-fire annual water yield (+10 to +50 percent): midto high-elevation forests in northeastern Washington, northwestern Montana, central Minnesota, southern Utah, Colorado, and South Dakota, and coastal forests in Georgia and northern Florida. A hypothetical 20-percent forest burn impact scenario for the CONUS suggests that surface yield can increase up to +10 percent in most watersheds, and even more in some watersheds depending on climate, soils, and vegetation. The insights gained from this quantitative analysis have major implications for flood mitigation and watershed restoration, and are vital to forest management policies aimed at reducing fire impact risk and improving water supply under a changing climate.}, institution={U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station}, author={Hallema, Dennis and Sun, Ge and Caldwell, Peter and Robinne, Francois-Nicolas and Bladon, Kevin D. and Norman, Steve and Liu, Yongqiang and Cohen, Erika C. and McNulty, Steve}, year={2019} }
 @article{liu_sun_mitra_noormets_gavazzi_domec_hallema_li_fang_king_et al._2018, title={Drought and thinning have limited impacts on evapotranspiration in a managed pine plantation on the southeastern United States coastal plain}, volume={262}, ISSN={0168-1923}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.06.025}, DOI={10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.06.025}, abstractNote={Managed and natural coastal plain forests in the humid southeastern United States exchange large amounts of water and energy with the atmosphere through the evapotranspiration (ET) process. ET plays an important role in controlling regional hydrology, climate, and ecosystem productivity. However, long-term studies on the impacts of forest management and climatic variability on forest ET are rare, and our understanding of both external and internal drivers on seasonal and interannual ET variability is incomplete. Using techniques centered on an eddy covariance method, the present study measured year-round ET flux and associated hydrometeorological variables in a drained loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation on the lower coastal plain of North Carolina, U.S. We found that annual ET was relatively stable (1076 ± 104 mm) in comparison to precipitation (P) (1168 ± 216 mm) during the 10-year study period when the site experienced extreme climate (2007–2008) and forest thinning (2009). At the seasonal time scale, mean ET/P varied between 0.41 and 1.51, with a mean value of 1.12 ± 0.23 and 0.72 ± 0.16 for the growing and dormant seasons, respectively. The extreme drought during 2007–2008 (mean annual P, 854 mm) only resulted in a slight decrease (∼8%) in annual ET owing to the shallow groundwater common to the study area. Although changes in leaf area index and canopy structure were large after the stand was 50% thinned in the fall of 2009, mean annual ET was similar and averaged 1055 mm and 1104 mm before (2005, 2006 and 2009) and after (2010–2015) thinning, respectively. Data suggested that annual ET recovered within two years of the thinning as a result of rapid canopy closure and growth of understory. Further analysis indicated that available energy was the key driver of ET: approximately 69% and 61% of the monthly variations in ET were explained by net radiation during the dormant and growing seasons, respectively. Overall, we concluded that drought and forest thinning had limited impacts on seasonal and annual ET in this energy limited forest ecosystem with shallow groundwater. The results from this study help to better understand regional ecohydrological processes and projecting potential effects of forest management and extreme climate on water and carbon cycles.}, journal={Agricultural and Forest Meteorology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Liu, Xiaodong and Sun, Ge and Mitra, Bhaskar and Noormets, Asko and Gavazzi, Michael J. and Domec, Jean-Christophe and Hallema, Dennis W. and Li, Jiyue and Fang, Yuan and King, John S. and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={14–23} }
 @article{sun_alstad_chen_chen_ford_lin_liu_lu_mcnulty_miao_et al._2011, title={A general predictive model for estimating monthly ecosystem evapotranspiration}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1936-0592"]}, DOI={10.1002/eco.194}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={ECOHYDROLOGY}, author={Sun, Ge and Alstad, Karrin and Chen, Jiquan and Chen, Shiping and Ford, Chelcy R. and Lin, Guanghui and Liu, Chenfeng and Lu, Nan and McNulty, Steven G. and Miao, Haixia and et al.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={245–255} }
 @article{sun_caldwell_noormets_mcnulty_cohen_myers_domec_treasure_mu_xiao_et al._2011, title={Upscaling key ecosystem functions across the conterminous United States by a water-centric ecosystem model}, volume={116}, ISSN={["2169-8961"]}, DOI={10.1029/2010jg001573}, abstractNote={[1] We developed a water-centric monthly scale simulation model (WaSSI-C) by integrating empirical water and carbon flux measurements from the FLUXNET network and an existing water supply and demand accounting model (WaSSI). The WaSSI-C model was evaluated with basin-scale evapotranspiration (ET), gross ecosystem productivity (GEP), and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) estimates by multiple independent methods across 2103 eight-digit Hydrologic Unit Code watersheds in the conterminous United States from 2001 to 2006. Our results indicate that WaSSI-C captured the spatial and temporal variability and the effects of large droughts on key ecosystem fluxes. Our modeled mean (±standard deviation in space) ET (556 ± 228 mm yr−1) compared well to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) based (527 ± 251 mm yr−1) and watershed water balance based ET (571 ± 242 mm yr−1). Our mean annual GEP estimates (1362 ± 688 g C m−2 yr−1) compared well (R2 = 0.83) to estimates (1194 ± 649 g C m−2 yr−1) by eddy flux-based EC-MOD model, but both methods led significantly higher (25–30%) values than the standard MODIS product (904 ± 467 g C m−2 yr−1). Among the 18 water resource regions, the southeast ranked the highest in terms of its water yield and carbon sequestration capacity. When all ecosystems were considered, the mean NEE (−353 ± 298 g C m−2 yr−1) predicted by this study was 60% higher than EC-MOD's estimate (−220 ± 225 g C m−2 yr−1) in absolute magnitude, suggesting overall high uncertainty in quantifying NEE at a large scale. Our water-centric model offers a new tool for examining the trade-offs between regional water and carbon resources under a changing environment.}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES}, author={Sun, Ge and Caldwell, Peter and Noormets, Asko and McNulty, Steven G. and Cohen, Erika and Myers, Jennifer Moore and Domec, Jean-Christophe and Treasure, Emrys and Mu, Qiaozhen and Xiao, Jingfeng and et al.}, year={2011}, month={May} }
 @article{sun_noormets_gavazzi_mcnulty_chen_domec_king_amatya_skaggs_2010, title={Energy and water balance of two contrasting loblolly pine plantations on the lower coastal plain of North Carolina, USA}, volume={259}, ISSN={["1872-7042"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.016}, abstractNote={During 2005–2007, we used the eddy covariance and associated hydrometric methods to construct energy and water budgets along a chronosequence of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations that included a mid-rotation stand (LP) (i.e., 13–15 years old) and a recently established stand on a clearcut site (CC) (i.e., 4–6 years old) in Eastern North Carolina. Our central objective was to quantify the differences in both energy and water balances between the two contrasting stands and understand the underlining mechanisms of environmental controls. We found that the LP site received about 20% more net radiation (Rn) due to its lower averaged albedo (α) of 0.25, compared with that at the CC (α = 0.34). The mean monthly averaged Bowen ratios (β) at the LP site were 0.89 ± 0.7, significantly (p = 0.02) lower than at the CC site (1.45 ± 1.2). Higher net radiation resulted in a 28% higher (p = 0.02) latent heat flux (LE) for ecosystem evapotranspiration at the LP site, but there was no difference in sensible heat flux (H) between the two contrasting sites. The annual total evapotranspiration (ET) at the LP site and CC site was estimated as 1011–1226 and 755–855 mm year−1, respectively. The differences in ET rates between the two contrasting sites occurred mostly during the non-growing seasons and/or dry periods, and they were small during peak growing seasons or wet periods. Higher net radiation and biomass in LP were believed to be responsible to the higher ET. The monthly ET/Grass Reference ET ratios differed significantly across site and season. The annual ET/P ratio for the LP and CC were estimated as 0.70–1.13 and 0.60–0.88, respectively, indicating higher runoff production from the CC site than the LP site. This study implied that reforestation practices reduced surface albedos and thus increased available energy, but they did not necessarily increase energy for warming the atmosphere in the coastal plain region where soil water was generally not limited. This study showed the highly variable response of energy and water balances to forest management due to climatic variability.}, number={7}, journal={FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Sun, G. and Noormets, A. and Gavazzi, M. J. and McNulty, S. G. and Chen, J. and Domec, J. -C. and King, J. S. and Amatya, D. M. and Skaggs, R. W.}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={1299–1310} }
 @article{sun_noormets_chen_mcnulty_2008, title={Evapotranspiration estimates from eddy covariance towers and hydrologic modeling in managed forests in Northern Wisconsin, USA}, volume={148}, ISSN={["0168-1923"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.010}, abstractNote={Direct measurement of ecosystem evapotranspiration by the eddy covariance method and simulation modeling were employed to quantify the growing season (May–October) evapotranspiration (ET) of eight forest ecosystems representing a management gradient in dominant forest types and age classes in the Upper Great Lakes Region from 2002 to 2003. We measured net exchange of water vapor fluxes in a 63-year-old mature hardwood (MHW) stand, a 60-year-old mature red pine (MRP) stand, a 3-year-old young hardwood (YHW) stand, a 17-year-old intermediate hardwood (IHW) stand, a young red pine (YRP age 8) stand, an intermediate red pine (IRP age 21) stand, and two pine barren ecosystems burned 12 years (PB1) and 2 years (PB2) ago. Field data suggested that there were no significant differences in growing season (June–September) ET/precipitation ratio among all ecosystems in 2002. However, PB2 had significantly lower ET/precipitation than those of other ecosystems in 2003. The ratios were much higher for all ecosystems, up to 0.90 for IHW, during the peak summer months (June–July). PB2 was the lowest (0.64) during that period. Stand leaf area index alone did not explain ecosystem ET at the landscape scale. Seasonal ET values measured by the eddy covariance method were significantly lower than those simulated with a process-based hydrologic model, MIKE SHE. Our integration approach combined with field measurements and simulation modeling proved to be useful in providing a full picture of the effects of forest cover type change on landscape scale water balance at multiple temporal scales. The ET procedure used in the MIKE SHE model needs improvement to fully account for the effects of vapor pressure deficit on tree transpiration. Seasonal distributions of ET coincided with precipitation in the growing season, when fluxes estimated by both field and models were the highest. The simulation model suggests that removal of conifer forests in the study region may reduce ET immediately by 113–30 mm/year or about 20%, but our field data suggests that ET can recover within 8–25 years from re-growth of hardwood forests.}, number={2}, journal={AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY}, author={Sun, G. and Noormets, A. and Chen, J. and McNulty, S. G.}, year={2008}, month={Feb}, pages={257–267} }
 @article{deforest_noormets_mcnulty_sun_tenney_chen_2006, title={Phenophases alter the soil respiration-temperature relationship in an oak-dominated forest}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1432-1254"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00484-006-0046-7}, abstractNote={Soil respiration (SR) represents a major component of forest ecosystem respiration and is influenced seasonally by environmental factors such as temperature, soil moisture, root respiration, and litter fall. Changes in these environmental factors correspond with shifts in plant phenology. In this study, we examined the relationship between canopy phenophases (pre-growth, growth, pre-dormancy, and dormancy) and SR sensitivity to changes in soil temperature (T(S)). SR was measured 53 times over 550 days within an oak forest in northwest Ohio, USA. Annual estimates of SR were calculated with a Q(10) model based on T(S) on a phenological (PT), or annual timescale (AT), or T(S) and soil volumetric water content (VWC) on a phenological (PTM) or annual (ATM) timescale. We found significant (p<0.01) difference in apparent Q(10) from year 2004 (1.23) and year 2005 (2.76) during the growth phenophase. Accounting for moisture-sensitivity increased model performance compared to temperature-only models: the error was -17% for the ATM model and -6% for the PTM model. The annual models consistently underestimated SR in summer and overestimated it in winter. These biases were reduced by delineating SR by tree phenophases and accounting for variation in soil moisture. Even though the bias of annual models in winter SR was small in absolute scale, the relative error was about 91%, and may thus have significant implications for regional and continental C balance estimates.}, number={2}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY}, author={DeForest, Jared L. and Noormets, Asko and McNulty, Steve G. and Sun, Ge and Tenney, Gwen and Chen, Jiquan}, year={2006}, month={Nov}, pages={135–144} }
 @inbook{noormets_ewers_sun_mackay_zheng_mcnulty_chen_2006, title={Water and carbon cycles in heterogeneous landscapes: an ecosystem perspective}, ISBN={1600210473}, booktitle={Ecology of Hierarchical Landscapes: From Theory to Application}, publisher={Carbondale, IL: Nova Publishing}, author={Noormets, A. and Ewers, B. and Sun, G. and Mackay, S. and Zheng, D. and McNulty, S. and Chen, J.}, editor={J. Chen, S. C. Saunders and K. D. Brosofske and Crow, T. R.Editors}, year={2006}, pages={89–123} }
 @article{lu_sun_mcnulty_amatya_2003, title={Modeling actual evapotranspiration from forested watersheds across the Southeastern United States}, volume={39}, DOI={10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04413.x}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT:  About 50 to 80 percent of precipitation in the southeastern United States returns to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration. As evapotranspiration is a major component in the forest water balances, accurately quantifying it is critical to predicting the effects of forest management and global change on water, sediment, and nutrient yield from forested watersheds. However, direct measurement of forest evapotranspiration on a large basin or a regional scale is not possible. The objectives of this study were to develop an empirical model to estimate long‐term annual actual evapotranspiration (ART) for forested watersheds and to quantify spatial AET patterns across the southeast. A geographic information system (GIS) database including land cover, daily streamflow, and climate was developed using long term experimental and monitoring data from 39 forested watersheds across the region. Using the stepwise selection method implemented in a statistical modeling package, a long term annual AET model was constructed. The final multivariate linear model includes four independent variables—annual precipitation, watershed latitude, watershed elevation, and percentage of forest coverage. The model has an adjusted R2 of 0.794 and is sufficient to predict long term annual ART for forested watersheds across the southeastern United States. The model developed by this study may be used to examine the spatial variability of water availability, estimate annual water loss from mesoscale watersheds, and project potential water yield change due to forest cover change.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Water Resources Association}, author={Lu, J. B. and Sun, G. and McNulty, S. G. and Amatya, D. M.}, year={2003}, pages={887–896} }
 @article{sun_mcnulty_amatya_skaggs_swift_shepard_riekerk_2002, title={A comparison of the watershed hydrology of coastal forested wetlands and the mountainous uplands in the Southern US}, volume={263}, ISSN={["0022-1694"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00064-1}, abstractNote={Hydrology plays a critical role in wetland development and ecosystem structure and functions. Hydrologic responses to forest management and climate change are diverse in the Southern United States due to topographic and climatic differences. This paper presents a comparison study on long-term hydrologic characteristics (long-term seasonal runoff patterns, water balances, storm flow patterns) of three watersheds in the southern US. These three watersheds represent three types of forest ecosystems commonly found in the lower Atlantic coastal plain and the Appalachian upland mountains. Compared to the warm, flat, and shallow groundwater dominated pine flatwoods on the coast, the inland upland watershed was found to have significantly higher water yield, Precipitation/Hamon's potential evapotranspiration ratio (1.9 for upland vs 1.4 and 0.9 for wetlands), and runoff/precipitation ratio (0.53±0.092 for upland vs 0.30±0.079 and 0.13±0.094 for wetlands). Streamflow from flatwoods watersheds generally are discontinuous most of the years while the upland watershed showed continuous flows in most years. Stormflow peaks in a cypress–pine flatwoods system were smaller than that in the upland watershed for most cases, but exceptions occurred under extreme wet conditions. Our study concludes that climate is the most important factor in determining the watershed water balances in the southern US. Topography effects streamflow patterns and stormflow peaks and volume, and is the key to wetland development in the southern US.}, number={1-4}, journal={JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY}, author={Sun, G and McNulty, SG and Amatya, DM and Skaggs, RW and Swift, LW and Shepard, JP and Riekerk, H}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={92–104} }
 @article{sun_mcnulty_shepard_amatya_riekerk_comerford_skaggs_swift_2001, title={Effects of timber management on the hydrology of wetland forests in the southern United States}, volume={143}, ISSN={["0378-1127"]}, DOI={10.1016/s0378-1127(00)00520-x}, abstractNote={The objectives of this paper are to review the hydrologic impacts of various common forest management practices that include harvesting, site preparation, and drainage. Field hydrological data collected during the past 5–10 years from ten forested wetland sites across the southern US are synthesized using various methods including hydrologic simulation models and Geographic Information Systems. Wetland systems evaluated include red river bottoms, black river bottoms, pocosins, wet mineral flats, cypress domes, and pine flatwoods. Hydrologic variables used in this assessment include water table level, drainage, and storm flow on different spatial and temporal scales. Wetland ecosystems have higher water storage capacity and higher evapotranspiration than uplands. Hydrologic impacts of forest management are variable, but generally minor, especially when forest best management practices are adopted. A conceptually generalized model is developed to illustrate the relative magnitude of hydrologic effects of forest management on different types of wetlands in the southern US. This model suggests that in addition to soils, wetland types, and management practice options, climate is an important factor in controlling wetland hydrology and the magnitude of disturbance impacts. Bottomland wetlands, partial harvesting, and warm climate usually offer conditions that result in low hydrologic impact.}, number={1-3}, journal={FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Sun, G and McNulty, SG and Shepard, JP and Amatya, DM and Riekerk, H and Comerford, NB and Skaggs, W and Swift, L}, year={2001}, month={Apr}, pages={227–236} }
 @article{sun_amatya_mcnulty_skaggs_hughes_2000, title={Climate change impacts on the hydrology and productivity of a pine plantation}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1752-1688"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04274.x}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT:  There are increasing concerns in the forestry community about global climate change and variability associated with elevated atmospheric CO2. Changes in precipitation and increases in air temperature could impose additional stress on forests during the next century. For a study site in Carteret County, North Carolina, the General Circulation Model, HADCM2, predicts that by the year 2099, maximum air temperature will increase 1.6 to 1.9°C, minimum temperature will increase 2.5 to 2.8°C, and precipitation will increase 0 to 10 percent compared to the mid‐1990s. These changes vary from season to season. We utilized a forest ecosystem process model, PnET‐II, for studying the potential effects of climate change on drainage outflow, evapotranspiration, leaf area index (LAI) and forest Net Primary Productivity (NPP). This model was first validated with long term drainage and LAI data collected at a 25‐ha mature loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) experimental watershed located in the North Carolina lower coastal plain. The site is flat with poorly drained soils and high groundwater table. Therefore, a high field capacity of 20 cm was used in the simulation to account for the topographic effects. This modeling study suggested that future climate change would cause a significant increase of drainage (6 percent) and forest productivity (2.5 percent). Future studies should consider the biological feedback (i.e., stomata conductance and water use efficiency) to air temperature change.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION}, author={Sun, G and Amatya, DM and McNulty, SG and Skaggs, RW and Hughes, JH}, year={2000}, month={Apr}, pages={367–374} }
 @inproceedings{sun_amatya_mcnulty_skaggs_hughes_1999, title={Potential impact of climate change on the hydrology and productivity of a drained loblolly pine plantation in North Carolina}, booktitle={Proceedings: Specialty Conference on Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change to Water Resources of the United States: May 10-12, 1999, Atlanta, Georgia  (American Water Resources Association technical publication series ; TPS-99-1).}, publisher={Herndon, VA: American Water Resources Association}, author={Sun, G. and Amatya, D. M. and McNulty, S. G. and Skaggs, R. W. and Hughes, J. H.}, year={1999}, pages={403–408} }
 @article{martin_kloeppel_schaefer_kimbler_mcnulty_1998, title={Aboveground biomass and nitrogen allocation of ten deciduous southern Appalachian tree species}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1208-6037"]}, DOI={10.1139/cjfr-28-11-1648}, number={11}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH}, author={Martin, JG and Kloeppel, BD and Schaefer, TL and Kimbler, DL and McNulty, SG}, year={1998}, month={Nov}, pages={1648–1659} }
 @inbook{steiguer_mcnulty_1998, title={An integrated assessment of climate change on timber markets of the southern United States}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4612-2178-4_44}, abstractNote={There is growing public concern that continued emissions of greenhouse gases could cause the global climate to change (Gore, 1992). Altered global climate could, in turn, have impacts on the earth’s natural systems and, ultimately, on human welfare (Office of Technology Assessment, 1991). Economic assessments of these potential welfare impacts are useful to government officials who ultimately may need to evaluate the costs and benefits of global change legislation.}, booktitle={The productivity and sustainability of southern forest ecosystems in a changing environment}, publisher={New York: Springer}, author={Steiguer, J. E. and McNulty, S. G.}, editor={R. A. Mickler and S. FoxEditors}, year={1998}, pages={809–821} }
 @article{mcnulty_1998, title={Forests}, volume={3}, number={1998 Nov./Dec.}, journal={Acclimations: Newsletter of the U.S. National Assessment of Climate Variability and Change}, author={McNulty, S.}, year={1998}, pages={4} }
 @inproceedings{sun_mcnulty_1998, title={Modeling soil erosion and transport on forest landscape}, booktitle={Proceedings of conference 29: February 16-20, 1998, Reno, Nevada, USA}, publisher={Steamboat Springs, CO: International Erosion Control Association}, author={Sun, G. and McNulty, S.G.}, year={1998}, pages={187–198} }
 @misc{fenn_poth_aber_baron_bormann_johnson_lemly_mcnulty_ryan_stottlemyer_1998, title={Nitrogen excess in North American ecosystems: Predisposing factors, ecosystem responses, and management strategies}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1939-5582"]}, DOI={10.2307/2641261}, number={3}, journal={ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS}, author={Fenn, ME and Poth, MA and Aber, JD and Baron, JS and Bormann, BT and Johnson, DW and Lemly, AD and McNulty, SG and Ryan, DE and Stottlemyer, R}, year={1998}, month={Aug}, pages={706–733} }
 @misc{aber_mcdowell_nadelhoffer_magill_berntson_kamakea_mcnulty_currie_rustad_fernandez_1998, title={Nitrogen saturation in temperate forest ecosystems - Hypotheses revisited}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1525-3244"]}, DOI={10.2307/1313296}, abstractNote={N itrogen emissions to the atmosphere due to human activity remain elevated in industrialized regions of the world and are accelerating in many developing regions (Galloway 1995). Although the deposition of sulfur has been reduced over much of the United States and Europe by aggressive environmental protection policies, current nitrogen deposition reduction targets in the US are modest. Nitrogen deposition remains relatively constant in the northeastern United States and is increasing in the Southeast and the West (Fenn et al. in press). The US acid deposition effects}, number={11}, journal={BIOSCIENCE}, author={Aber, J and McDowell, W and Nadelhoffer, K and Magill, A and Berntson, G and Kamakea, M and McNulty, S and Currie, W and Rustad, L and Fernandez, I}, year={1998}, month={Nov}, pages={921–934} }
 @inbook{mcnulty_vose_swank_1998, title={Predictions and projections of pine productivity and hydrology in response to climate change across the southern United States}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4612-2178-4_22}, abstractNote={The southeastern United States is one of the most rapidly growing human population regions in continental United States, and as the population increases, the demand for commercial, industrial, and residential water will also increase (USWRC, 1978). Forest species type, stand age, and the climate all influence the amount of water use and yield from these areas (Swank et al., 1988). Because forests cover approximately 55% of the southern United States land area (Flather et al., 1989), changes in water use by forests could significantly change water yields and potentially lead to water shortages within the region. Hence, estimates of future water supply from forested areas are needed and this will require a model that can accurately predict potential change in forest wateruse at the regional scale.}, booktitle={The productivity and sustainability of southern forest ecosystems in a changing environment}, publisher={New York: Springer}, author={McNulty, S. G. and Vose, J. M. and Swank, W. T.}, editor={R. A. Mickler and S. FoxEditors}, year={1998}, pages={391–405} }
 @inbook{r. a. mickler_s. fox_1998, title={Predictions of southern pine beetle populations using a forest ecosystem model}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4612-2178-4_33}, abstractNote={Dendroctonus frontalis Zirnm. (southern pine beetle (SPB)) has caused over $900 million in damage to pines in the southern United States between 1960 and 1990 (Price et al., 1992). The damage of SPB to loblolly (Pinus taeda L.), shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.), and pitch (Pinus rigida Mill.) pine has long been established (Hopkins, 1899), however, extensive mapping of SPB infestations has only existed since 1960 (Price and Doggett, 1982). Early detection of SPB outbreak areas is essential to controlling population increases (Swain and Remion, 1981), but the range of SPB is large, SPB have six to eight generations per year, and there is inconsistency in the monitoring methods used to measure SPB populations across its range. Therefore, various models have been developed that attempt to predict SPB outbreak severity across the region (Hansen et al., 1973; Kalkstein, 1974; Michaels, 1984).}, booktitle={The productivity and sustainability of southern forest ecosystems in a changing environment}, publisher={New York: Springer}, year={1998}, pages={617–634} }
 @inbook{r. a. mickler_s. fox_1998, title={Summary of simulated forest responses to climate change in the southeastern United States}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4612-2178-4_26}, abstractNote={During the next century, substantial changes are expected to occur involving such environmental variables as temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), tropospheric ozone, and atmospheric deposition of nutrients such as sulfur and nitrogen (Melillo et al., 1993; Mitchell et al., 1992). These changes, which are expected to vary temporally and spatially, may have profound effects on forest health, productivity, and distribution. Some of these changes may directly affect the physiology of trees, others may alter the susceptibility of trees to such disturbances as fire and flooding, and others may alter the establishment and competitive balance of forest communities. Thus, environmental changes and stresses have the potential to alter not only the function of forest ecosystems, but also the structure, composition, and distribution of forests.}, booktitle={The productivity and sustainability of southern forest ecosystems in a changing environment}, publisher={New York: Springer}, year={1998}, pages={479–500} }
 @inproceedings{mcnulty_sun_1998, title={The development and use of best practices in forest watersheds using GIS and simulation models}, number={1998}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Symposium on Comprehensive Watershed Management (ISWM'98): 1998 Sept. 7-10 / International Research and Training Centre on Erosion and Sedimentation}, publisher={Beijing, China: China Ocean Press}, author={McNulty, S.G. and Sun, G.}, year={1998}, pages={391–398} }