@article{chen_ko_shaw_2013, title={The generation and propagation of internal solitary waves in the South China Sea}, volume={118}, ISSN={["2169-9291"]}, DOI={10.1002/2013jc009319}, abstractNote={The internal wave field in the real‐time numerical simulation at the Naval Research Laboratory is analyzed during April–May 2007, a period of intensive field observations in the northern South China Sea. Internal solitary waves are detected in the plots of the surface baroclinic velocity and depth‐integrated energy flux. In each diurnal cycle, an internal wave crest with eastward surface velocity arrives at a location west of the Luzon Strait first and is followed by two internal wave troughs of westward surface velocity, in agreement with the arrival of a type‐B and then a type‐A internal solitary wave described in the literature. Sources of the B‐wave and A‐wave are consistent with the generation by eastward tidal currents on the western and eastern ridges in the Luzon Strait, respectively. During neap tide, a B‐wave and an A‐wave switch their daily arrival times to maintain the arrival sequence of an A‐wave after a B‐wave. Internal waves arriving at a mooring location at the same time each day are B‐waves during the neap tide and A‐waves during the first half of the spring tide. Otherwise, both A‐waves and B‐waves have a 1 h delay each day in their daily arrivals. Classification of the internal wave types based on generation gives a coherent pattern of internal wave propagation from the generation region to the continental margin in the South China Sea. The propagation speeds of both waves are higher than that of linear internal waves.}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS}, author={Chen, Ying-Jung and Ko, Dong Shan and Shaw, Ping-Tung}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={6578–6589} }
 @article{qian_shaw_ko_2010, title={Generation of internal waves by barotropic tidal flow over a steep ridge}, volume={57}, ISSN={["0967-0637"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.dsr.2010.09.001}, abstractNote={A three-dimensional nonhydrostatic numerical model is used to study the generation of internal waves by the barotropic tidal flow over a steep two-dimensional ridge in an ocean with strong upper-ocean stratification. The process is examined by varying topographic width, amplitude of the barotropic tide, and stratification at three ridge heights. The results show that a large amount of energy is converted from the barotropic tide to the baroclinic wave when the slope parameter, defined as the ratio of the maximum ridge slope to the maximum wave slope, is greater than 1. The energy flux of internal waves can be normalized by the vertical integral of the buoyancy frequency over the ridge depths and the kinetic energy of the barotropic tides in the water column. A relationship between the normalized energy flux and the slope parameter is derived. The normalized energy flux reaches a constant value independent of the slope parameter when the slope parameter is greater than 1.5. It is inferred that internal wave generation is most efficient at the presence of strong upper-ocean stratification over a steep, tall ridge. In the Luzon Strait, the strength of the shallow thermocline and the location of the Kuroshio front could affect generation of internal solitary waves in the northern South China Sea.}, number={12}, journal={DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS}, author={Qian, Hui and Shaw, Ping-Tung and Ko, Dong Shan}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={1521–1531} }
 @article{shaw_ko_chao_2009, title={Internal solitary waves induced by flow over a ridge: With applications to the northern South China Sea}, volume={114}, ISSN={["2169-9291"]}, DOI={10.1029/2008jc005007}, abstractNote={The generation of internal solitary waves by barotropic tides over a ridge is studied in a nonhydrostatic numerical model under idealized oceanographic settings. The experiments examine the effects of ridge width, barotropic tidal strength, and stratification on wave generation. The barotropic tidal flow produces internal wave beams emitting from the ridge top if the slope of the ridge exceeds a critical value equal to the slope of the wave beam. Reflection and refraction of a wave beam in an upper ocean waveguide associated with a strong shallow thermocline produce horizontally propagating internal tides. When the local Froude number over a ridge is not small, lee waves generated on the ridge convert enough energy from the barotropic tides to the internal tides to form tidal bores and solitary waves. Increasing stratification at ridge depths enhances the generation of internal waves, particularly at the diurnal periods. In the Luzon Strait, the slope of the wave beam decreases in spring and summer as stratification at the ridge depths increases, favoring the generation of internal tides. Without the presence of a strong shallow thermocline, internal solitary waves are not observed east of the Luzon Strait. In the northern South China Sea, internal solitary waves are likely observed from April to July when a strong shallow thermocline is present. A deep mixed layer in winter suppresses the production of internal solitary waves.}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS}, author={Shaw, Ping-Tung and Ko, Dong Shan and Chao, Shenn-Yu}, year={2009}, month={Feb} }
 @article{hsin_wu_shaw_2008, title={Spatial and temporal variations of the Kuroshio east of Taiwan, 1982-2005: A numerical study}, volume={113}, ISSN={["2169-9291"]}, DOI={10.1029/2007jc004485}, abstractNote={A 1/8° East Asian Marginal Seas model nested to a larger‐domain North Pacific Ocean model is implemented over a span of 24 years from 1982 to 2005 to investigate the spatial and temporal variations of the Kuroshio east of Taiwan. Between 22 and 25°N, the mean state and variability of the Kuroshio, such as the two paths observed in the trajectories of surface drifters southeast of Taiwan and the branching of the Kuroshio northeast of Taiwan, are well reproduced by the model. Southeast of Taiwan, the Kuroshio is mostly in the top 300 m in the inshore path but extends to 600 m in the offshore path. Northeast of Taiwan, the Kuroshio follows the shelf edge in the East China Sea but may branch along a path south of the Ryukyu Islands. The latter path often meanders southward, and a significant portion of the Kuroshio transport may be diverted to this path. The Kuroshio extends from the coast to 123–123.5°E between 22 and 25°N with currents reaching a depth of 1000 m at some latitudes. The Kuroshio transports averaged over five sections east of Taiwan are 28.4 ± 5.0 Sv and 32.7 ± 4.4 Sv with and without the contribution from the countercurrent, respectively.}, number={C4}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS}, author={Hsin, Yi-Chia and Wu, Chau-Ron and Shaw, Ping-Tung}, year={2008}, month={Apr} }
 @article{shaw_chao_2006, title={A nonhydrostatic primitive-equation model for studying small-scale processes: An object-oriented approach}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1873-6955"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.csr.2006.01.018}, abstractNote={A nonhydrostatic model for simulating small-scale processes in the ocean is described. The model is developed using the object-oriented approach. The system is modeled as a set of cooperating objects to manage both the behavioral and information complexity associated with modeling oceanic processes. Objects are storage variables that are created based on classes. A class defines the variables and routines that are members of all objects of that class. The program accesses data stored in these objects using the defined interfaces. Because both data and function are accessed through objects, the model is better organized than one written in a procedural language. The program is easier to understand, debug, maintain, and evolve. Abstraction of the data in the nonhydrostatic model is implemented in both C++ and Matlab. Three examples obtained from the Matlab version of the code illustrate the capabilities of the model in cases where nonhydrostatic effects are important. The model successfully simulates nonhydrostatic atmospheric lee waves, internal waves at a discharge plume, and internal solitary waves generated by tidal flow over a sill. These examples show that the model is capable of studying strongly nonlinear, nonhydrostatic flow processes.}, number={12-13}, journal={CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH}, author={Shaw, Ping-Tung and Chao, Shenn-Yu}, year={2006}, month={Aug}, pages={1416–1432} }
 @article{chao_shaw_hsu_yang_2006, title={Reflection and diffraction of internal solitary waves by a circular island}, volume={62}, ISSN={["0916-8370"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10872-006-0100-4}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF OCEANOGRAPHY}, author={Chao, Shenn-Yu and Shaw, Ping-Tung and Hsu, Ming-Kuang and Yang, Ying-Jang}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={811–823} }
 @article{zhao_klemas_zheng_yan_2004, title={Remote sensing evidence for baroclinic tide origin of internal solitary waves in the northeastern South China Sea}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1944-8007"]}, DOI={10.1029/2003GL019077}, abstractNote={Evidence for baroclinic tide origin of internal solitary waves (ISWs) in the northeastern South China Sea is presented, based on 116 internal wave packets observed in satellite images from 1995 to 2001. These wave packets can be divided into two types, a single‐wave ISW packet containing only one ISW with/without an oscillating tail, and a multiple‐wave ISW packet composed of a group of rank‐ordered ISWs. All of the 22 single‐wave ISW packets occur in the deep water zone. It is suggested that the ISWs, instead of being generated by the lee‐wave mechanism, are developed by nonlinear steepening of the baroclinic tides, which are produced by the strong tidal currents flowing over a ridge in Luzon Strait. This suggestion is verified by an ERS‐2 SAR image, which records such an evolution process from a baroclinic tide to a single ISW in its spatial domain.}, number={6}, journal={GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS}, author={Zhao, ZX and Klemas, V and Zheng, QN and Yan, XH}, year={2004}, month={Mar} }
 @article{chao_shaw_2003, title={A  numerical study of dense water outflows and halocline anticyclones in an arctic baroclinic slope current}, volume={108}, number={C7}, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research. Oceans}, author={Chao, S. Y. and Shaw, P. T.}, year={2003} }
 @article{liu_peng_shaw_shiah_2003, title={Circulation and biogeochemical processes in the East China Sea and the vicinity of Taiwan: an overview and a brief synthesis}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1879-0100"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0967-0645(03)00009-2}, abstractNote={The East China Sea shelf (including the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea) is a very challenging system for hydrodynamic and biogeochemical studies due to its complicated physical and chemical forcing. It receives much attention because of its capacity for absorbing atmospheric CO2 in spite of large riverine fluxes of terrigenous carbon. This volume reports field observations and modeling studies during the Kuroshio Edge Exchange Processes and ensuing projects, which are a part of the continental margins study in the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. A 3-D numerical model has been developed to simulate the climatological circulation in the East China Sea. The model result is supported by observations in the seas around Taiwan. The significance of inflow from the Taiwan Strait is emphasized. Geochemical tracers prove useful in understanding the water and material transport. Biogeochemical studies suggest very efficient recycling of organic carbon by bacterial and protozoan consumption in the shelf water, but a finite amount of particulate organic carbon with a significant terrigenous fraction is exported from the shelf. The fine-grained sediments in the inner shelf appear to be an important source of organic carbon for export. Future studies are needed to improve our understanding of key physical and biogeochemcial processes, to develop coupled physical–biogeochemical models, and to catch and survey the elusive spring algal bloom. A tantalizing goal of our ongoing effort is to document or even to predict future changes in the East China Sea shelf caused by the operation of the Three-Gorge Dam, which is under construction in the middle reach of the Yangtze River.}, number={6-7}, journal={DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY}, author={Liu, KK and Peng, TH and Shaw, PT and Shiah, FK}, year={2003}, pages={1055–1064} }
 @article{shaw_chao_2003, title={Effects of a baroclinic current on a sinking dense water plume from a submarine canyon and heton shedding}, volume={50}, ISSN={["0967-0637"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0967-0637(03)00017-7}, abstractNote={Ventilation of the Arctic halocline by dense water outflow from a submarine canyon is investigated in a nonhydrostatic numerical model with a rigid lid and an idealized shelf–slope topography appropriate for the Barrow Canyon in the Beaufort Sea. Dense water from the canyon descends on the slope and turns to the right, forming a bottom trapped plume. Anticyclonic eddies subsequently break away from the plume and enter the deep ocean. In the absence of an ambient current beyond the shelf break, the anticyclones are weak and have limited effects on ventilation. An offshore baroclinic current expedites the process. The boundary current acquires cyclonic vorticity from meanders at the canyon's mouth because of the potential vorticity constraint. The cyclonic vorticity enhances sinking of dense water along the slanted isopycnals in the baroclinic current. The sinking plume in turn reinforces the cyclonic vorticity. Subsurface anticyclones are generated during this process, and vortex pairs known as hetons form from subsurface anticyclones and surface cyclones. Hetons have self-propagating properties and, in the present setting, propagate seaward from the canyon. The anticyclonic vorticity in a heton is much stronger than that in a single vortex. The positive feedback mechanism and the production of hetons could ventilate the halocline and generate subsurface anticyclones in the Beaufort Sea. Efficient ventilation of the halocline could result from optimal matching of the density and inflow velocity of the dense water from the canyon and the baroclinic structure of the offshore current.}, number={3}, journal={DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS}, author={Shaw, PT and Chao, SY}, year={2003}, month={Mar}, pages={357–370} }
 @article{chao_shaw_2003, title={Heton shedding from submarine-canyon plumes in an Arctic boundary current system: Sensitivity to the undercurrent}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1520-0485"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<2032:HSFSPI>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={The lateral injection of dense outflow into an Arctic baroclinic current though a submarine canyon is examined using a three-dimensional nonhydrostatic numerical model. The oceanographic setting in this model retains essential features of the active outflow region from the Chukchi shelf to the Beaufort Sea. The coastal ocean mainly consists of a continental shelf and slope region indented by a submarine canyon. The ocean surface is partially frictional to account for the ice-exerted friction. A boundary current is bounded to the left by the continental slope and, in the most interesting cases, is bounded below by a reverse undercurrent. Dense water is released from the upper canyon and produces a sinking plume that follows the canyon axis seaward. As it approaches the maximum sinking depth, the subsurface plume moves out of the canyon and turns to the right to become a right-bounded undercurrent over the continental slope. The right turn generates anticyclonic vorticity. The sinking motion also induces a surface cyclone trapped over the canyon. If the centers of the top cyclone and subsurface anticyclone are sufficiently separated horizontally, the pair can form a self-propagating heton moving seaward from the canyon. Thus the heton shedding is an efficient way to produce halocline anticyclones that are known to populate the Beaufort Sea. Shedding is most active for fast release of dense water and if the maximum sinking depth is in the lower halocline. Heton shedding can occur in the absence of a boundary current. A unidirectional boundary current enhances heton shedding. An undercurrent provides background negative vorticity to the subsurface anticyclone and moves the anticyclone in the direction favorable for the seaward heton propagation. In consequence, the addition of an undercurrent facilitates much more efficient heton shedding.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY}, author={Chao, SY and Shaw, PT}, year={2003}, month={Sep}, pages={2032–2044} }
 @article{chao_shaw_2002, title={A numerical investigation of slanted convection and subsurface anticyclone generation in an Arctic baroclinic current system}, volume={107}, number={C3}, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research. Oceans}, author={Chao, S. Y. and Shaw, P. T.}, year={2002}, pages={3019–1} }
 @article{liu_chao_shaw_gong_chen_tang_2002, title={Monsoon-forced chlorophyll distribution and primary production in the South China Sea: observations and a numerical study}, volume={49}, ISSN={["0967-0637"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00035-3}, abstractNote={Although the South China Sea (SCS) exchanges water constantly with the western Philippine Sea, its nutricline is much shallower and its chlorophyll level in surface waters is twice as high. Analysis of CZCS-SeaWiFS data and shipboard data reveals a strong seasonality of chlorophyll in the SCS in three upwelling regions. A three-dimensional numerical model with coupled physics and biogeochemistry is developed to study the effect of monsoonal forcing on nutrient upwelling and phytoplankton growth in the SCS. The model has a horizontal resolution of 0.41 in the domain 2–24.81N and 99–124.61E and 21 layers in the vertical. The circulation is driven by monthly climatological winds. The nitrogen-based ecosystem model has four compartments: dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), phytoplankton, zooplankton and detritus. The chlorophyll-to-phytoplankton ratio depends on light and DIN availability. The biological equations and parameters are taken from previous modeling studies of the Sargasso Sea. The model simulates the nitrate profile, the strong subsurface chlorophyll maximum, and the primary production in the central basin with reasonable success. It also generates intense chlorophyll patches in the monsoon-driven upwelling regions northwest of Luzon and north of the Sunda Shelf in winter and off the east coast of Vietnam in summer. The results are in reasonable agreement with shipboard observations and CZCS-SeaWiFS data. The primary production derived from SeaWiFS data shows a strong peak in winter and weak peak in summer with an annual mean of 354 mg C m � 2 d � 1 for the whole basin. The modeled primary production displays seasonal variation resembling the trend derived from SeaWiFS data, but the magnitude (280 mg C m � 2 d � 1 ) is smaller by 20%. The model also predicts an export fraction of 12% from the primary production in the euphotic zone. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.}, number={8}, journal={DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS}, author={Liu, KK and Chao, SY and Shaw, PT and Gong, GC and Chen, CC and Tang, TY}, year={2002}, month={Aug}, pages={1387–1412} }
 @article{chao_shaw_2002, title={Nonhydrostatic aspects of coastal upwelling meanders and filaments off eastern ocean boundaries}, volume={54}, ISSN={["0280-6495"]}, DOI={10.1034/j.1600-0870.2002.00228.x}, abstractNote={Coastal upwelling meanders and filaments are common features off eastern ocean boundaries. Their growth is reinvestigated here in using a nonhydrostatic three-dimensional model and a reduced-gravity model, with the objective of assessing contributions from two mechanisms that emerge in the nonhydrostatic regime. The first mechanism is caused by the vertical projection of the Coriolis force in the momentum equation. It is found that the vertical Coriol is force often acts as a restoring force against numerical damping off eastern ocean boundaries and thus enhances the growth of meanders and filaments. The second mechanism arises from unstable ocean stratification when the cold upwelled water intrudes seaward over the warmlayer. The unstable stratification, albeit transient, further enhances the growth of meanders and filaments. It is concluded that although nonhydrostatic effects do not change our understanding of how meanders and filaments grow, the realism can be enhanced using a nonhydrostatic model in so far as meanders and filaments off eastern ocean boundaries are concerned.}, number={1}, journal={TELLUS SERIES A-DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY}, author={Chao, SY and Shaw, PT}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={63–75} }
 @article{chao_shaw_2000, title={Slope-enhanced fission of salty hetons under sea ice}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0022-3670"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0485(2000)030<2866:SEFOSH>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Ocean responses to a single brine source under ice and over a sloping bottom are investigated in numerical experiments. Brine sources considered herein are often much stronger than that anticipated from a single seawater freezing event in a time span of about 10 days. The authors have no evidence that such strong sources exist in the ocean, but the consequent heton-like eddies manifest interesting features over a bottom slope. The numerical model contains a stratified ocean capped by an ice layer. The convection initially generates a top cyclone and a submerged anticyclone vertically stacked together. Under sea ice, the top cyclone dissipates in time and often breaks up into several distinct cyclonic vortices. Through heton-type couplings, the breakaway shallow cyclones are often able to tear the underlying anticyclone apart to form distinct anticyclones. Top cyclones are eventually annihilated by ice-exerted friction, leaving submerged anticyclones in stable existence. Fission from a pair of ver...}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY}, author={Chao, SY and Shaw, PT}, year={2000}, month={Nov}, pages={2866–2882} }
 @article{wu_shaw_chao_1999, title={Assimilating altimetric data into a South China Sea model}, volume={104}, ISSN={["2169-9291"]}, DOI={10.1029/1999JC900260}, abstractNote={Sea surface heights from the TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter are assimilated into a three‐dimensional primitive equation model to derive the circulation in the South China Sea. With data assimilation the model resolves not only the basin‐wide circulation but also a dipole off Vietnam and a low/high feature near the Luzon Strait. Mesoscale features are missing in the simulation without data assimilation because of poor resolution in the wind field and inadequate knowledge of the transport through the Luzon Strait. Compared to the case without data assimilation, data assimilation reduces the root mean square error between the simulated and observed sea surface heights by a factor of 2–3. Circulation derived from data assimilation under climatological conditions is contrasted with that during El Niño. In the normal winter of 1993–1994, flow at 50 m depth is strong and cyclonic. Flow at 900 m depth is cyclonic as well. The deep cyclone persists into the following summer. During the 1994–1995 El Niño winter, features in the flow field at 50 m depth either weaken or disappear, and circulation at 900 m depth is anticyclonic. In the summer of 1995 the dipole and the eastward jet off Vietnam at 50 m depth are missing, and the anticyclonic circulation at 900 m depth persists. Temperature at 65 m shows significant warming from fall 1994 to summer 1995. A weakened flow field and warming in the upper ocean are consistent with findings from earlier El Niño events.}, number={C12}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS}, author={Wu, CR and Shaw, PT and Chao, SY}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={29987–30005} }
 @article{chao_shaw_1999, title={Close interactions between two pairs of heton-like vortices under sea ice}, volume={104}, ISSN={["2169-9291"]}, DOI={10.1029/1999JC900210}, abstractNote={Close interactions between two pairs of vertically stacked counterrotating eddies under sea ice were investigated in numerical experiments. The numerical model contains a stratified ocean capped by an ice layer. Under the ice layer a shallow brine source produces a top cyclone and a submerged anticyclone, while a shallow freshening source generates a top anticyclone and a submerged cyclone. Ice‐exerted friction dissipates the top eddies in time, leaving submerged ones in lone existence. In this work, winning vortices are sought from a brine‐brine pair, a freshening‐brine pair, and a freshening‐freshening pair. Brine and freshening sources are made equal in strength to level the playing field. When closely paired, fission, an increase in the number of subsurface vortices, occurs from a brine‐brine pair and a freshening‐brine pair but not from a freshening‐freshening pair. Consequences of fission invariably increase the number of submerged anticyclones. A heuristic argument is given to explain this polarity. The strong interaction among closely packed eddies operates in timescales of tens of days, helping to explain the predominance of submerged anticyclones under the Arctic sea ice.}, number={C10}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS}, author={Chao, SY and Shaw, PT}, year={1999}, month={Oct}, pages={23591–23605} }
 @article{shaw_chao_fu_1999, title={Sea surface height variations in the South China Sea from satellite altimetry}, volume={22}, ISSN={["0399-1784"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0399-1784(99)80028-0}, abstractNote={Abstract Sea surface elevation in the South China Sea is examined in the Topex/Poseidon altimeter data from 1992 to 1995. Sea level anomalies are smoothed along satellite tracks and in time with tidal errors reduced by harmonic analysis. The smoothed data are sampled every ten days with an along-track separation of about 40 km. The data reveal significant annual variations in sea level. In winter, low sea level is over the entire deep basin with two local lows centred off Luzon and the Sunda Shelf. In summer, sea level is high off Luzon and off the Sunda Shelf, and a low off Vietnam separates the two highs. The boundary between the Vietnam low and Sunda high coincides with the location of a jet leaving the coast of Vietnam described in earlier studies. Principal component analysis shows that the sea level variation consists mainly of two modes, corresponding well to the first two modes of the wind stress curl. Mode 1 represents the oscillation in the southern basin and shows little inter-annual variation. The mode 2 oscillation is weak in the southern basin and is strongest off central Vietnam. During the winters of 1992–1993 and 1994–1995 and the following summers, the wind stress curl is weak, and the mode 2 sea level variation in the northern basin is reduced, resulting in weaker winter and summer gyres. Weakening of the Vietnam low in summer implies diminishing of the eastward jet leaving the coast of Vietnam. The results are consistent with model simulations.}, number={1}, journal={OCEANOLOGICA ACTA}, author={Shaw, PT and Chao, SY and Fu, LL}, year={1999}, pages={1–17} }
 @article{chao_shaw_1998, title={Eddy maintenance and attrition in a vertically sheared current under Arctic ice}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0022-3670"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<2427:EMAAIA>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Steady drift of an ice cover produces a vertically sheared current in the upper ocean of the Arctic. Under the ice cover, mesoscale shallow brine and freshening sources generate submerged anticyclones and cyclones, respectively. A submerged eddy extending deep into the water column experiences differential advections by the vertically sheared current. Interaction between subsurface eddies and the sheared current is examined using a three-dimensional numerical model in a coordinate system moving with the ice. The initial salinity field is in geostrophic balance with the sheared current, and a pulse of brine or freshening forcing produces an anticyclone or a cyclone. In a coordinate system moving with the ice, eddies are in a vertically sheared backward ambient current. To an observer looking into the direction of the backward ambient current, eddies move with the current and deflect to the right (left) for counterclockwise (clockwise) rotating eddies in both hemispheres. The lower half of the eddy...}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY}, author={Chao, SY and Shaw, PT}, year={1998}, month={Dec}, pages={2427–2443} }
 @article{chen_shaw_wolcott_1997, title={Enhancing estuarine retention of planktonic larvae by tidal currents}, volume={45}, ISSN={["0272-7714"]}, DOI={10.1006/ecss.1996.0217}, abstractNote={Abstract To complete their life history, planktonic larvae of many marine species must be retained in or return to estuarine nursery grounds despite net downstream flows. Interactions between tidal currents and behaviour (vertical migration) of larvae are assumed to play an important role in upstream transport or station-holding, but the effects of tidal currents alone have not received close examination. To elucidate their effects, passive particles were followed numerically in a model of idealized flow. The model basin was patterned after the Newport River Narrows, part of a small coastal-plain estuary with simple bathymetry and a well-studied example of larval retention (mud crabs, Rhithropanopeus harrisii ). The flow field, governed by an analytical solution of the linearized equation of motion, was forced by oscillating tidal currents at the seaward end of the estuarine channel, and its energy was dissipated by bottom friction and eddy diffusion. Particles released at various locations showed a net upstream drift, produced by the combined effects of: (1) shear in the vertical profile of horizontal velocity; and (2) tidally-induced vertical motion. Velocity of upstream drift could partially offset net downstream transport by river flow. This velocity increased with distance downstream, providing a mechanism tending to stabilize positions of larvae in the basin. Tidal vertical migration of mud crab larvae in nature is in phase with, and presumably reinforced by, the predicted tide-induced vertical motions of the water. The passive, tidally-induced upstream drift could provide an important mechanism, in addition to larval behaviour, for the retention of larvae in estuaries.}, number={4}, journal={ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE}, author={Chen, YH and Shaw, PT and Wolcott, TG}, year={1997}, month={Oct}, pages={525–533} }