@article{keeney_gorges_gremling_chinnadurai_harrison_2023, title={HYPERKALEMIA IN FOUR ANESTHETIZED RED WOLVES (CANIS RUFUS)}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2022-0100}, abstractNote={Abstract: Four clinically healthy red wolves (Canis rufus) developed hyperkalemia during routine anesthetic procedures. All cases were anesthetized using a combination of dexmedetomidine (10–24 mcg/kg), ketamine (2–3 mg/kg), and either midazolam (0.25–0.5 mg/kg) or butorphanol (0.2–0.48 mg/kg). Additional anesthetics were given to effect. Total anesthetic time ranged from 60 to 420 min. Three out of four cases were treated using terbutaline (0.01 mg/kg SC), which successfully resolved the hyperkalemia. No bradyarrhythmias were seen in any cases where electrocardiography (ECG) was monitored (3/4). All cases recovered from anesthesia, with one prolonged recovery. All animals are clinically healthy at the time of writing. Factors including anesthetic duration, the use of α-2 agonists, hyperthermia, and genetics are discussed as possible triggers for hyperkalemia. Serial blood gases, with electrolyte measurements, are recommended during anesthesia of red wolves, particularly when anesthetic time may be prolonged or the patient suffers from hyperthermia. Terbutaline appears to be a successful treatment should hyperkalemia arise.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Keeney, Caitlin M. Hepps and Gorges, Melinda A. and Gremling, Megan M. and Chinnadurai, Sathya K. and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2023}, month={Jun}, pages={387–393} }
 @article{sheldon_adkesson_allender_balko_bailey_langan_chinnadurai_2020, title={OBJECTIVE GAIT ANALYSIS IN HUMBOLDT PENGUINS (SPHENISCUS HUMBOLDTI) USING A PRESSURE-SENSITIVE WALKWAY}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2019-0054}, abstractNote={Abstract: Assessment of pododermatitis, osteoarthritis, and other causes of lameness in penguins can be challenging. Subjective gait analysis using visual observation and response to analgesic therapy can be affected by observer variation and caregiver placebo bias. A pressure-sensitive walkway (PSW), however, allows for objective gait analysis and assessment of analgesic therapeutic response. In this study, a 3-m-long PSW was used to analyze gait in 21 adult Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti). Medical record reviews and comprehensive examinations were performed on all penguins; five penguins were considered abnormal, with either right-sided (n = 3) or bilateral historical lameness-causing disease (n = 2) and were analyzed separately from the normal data set. All penguins walked across the PSW four times and gait parameters (step and stride distances and velocities, maximum force, impulse, and peak pressure) were calculated for each foot in each penguin. Statistical comparisons were made between right and left feet, sexes, and normal and abnormal penguins for each gait parameter. Among normal penguins, there were no significant differences between feet or sex. Left step width was shorter in abnormal penguins than that of normal penguins. Study results established baseline values for Humboldt penguins. This will allow objective monitoring of progression and response to therapy in penguin lameness cases, both current and future. The data also provide a foundation to compare gait parameters with other penguin populations and species.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Sheldon, Julie D. and Adkesson, Michael J. and Allender, Matthew C. and Balko, Julie A. and Bailey, Ryan S. and Langan, Jennifer N. and Chinnadurai, Sathya K.}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={910–916} }
 @article{balko_lindemann_allender_chinnadurai_2019, title={Evaluation of the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of intramuscular alfaxalone administration and isoflurane in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and comparison with manual restraint}, volume={254}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.254.12.1427}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Balko, Julie A. and Lindemann, Dana M. and Allender, Matthew C. and Chinnadurai, Sathya K.}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={1427–1435} }
 @article{balko_posner_chinnadurai_2019, title={IMMERSION IN TRICAINE METHANESULFONATE (MS-222) IS NOT SUFFICIENT FOR EUTHANASIA OF SMOKEY JUNGLE FROGS (LEPTODACTYLUS PENTADACTYLUS)}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2018-0033}, abstractNote={Abstract: Although tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) immersion has historically been standard of care for fish and anuran euthanasia, recent research has proven it insufficient for euthanasia of goldfish. To assess appropriateness for humane euthanasia of anurans, this study evaluated the efficacy of MS-222 in Smokey Jungle Frogs (Leptodactylus pentadactylus). Eighteen frogs (21–33 g) were exposed to one of three MS-222 concentrations via partial immersion: 2.5 g/L for 90 min (M2.5/90), 5 g/L for 60 min (M5/60), or 10 g/L for 60 min (M10/60). Physiologic parameters and times to loss of spontaneous movement, righting reflex, and noxious stimulus response were recorded. Following exposure, frogs were rinsed with dechlorinated water, and time to cessation of heart beat was recorded. Survival in M2.5/90, M5/60, and M10/60 was one of six, zero of six, and zero of six, respectively. In M2.5/90, three of six frogs had continued purposeful, spontaneous movement throughout exposure. In M5/60 and M10/60, median (range) time to initial loss of movement was 14.3 (5.5–30.0) and 7.6 (4.8–19.7) min, respectively. Twelve of 18 frogs among all groups demonstrated a median (range) of two (one to six) episodes of regained consciousness with purposeful, spontaneous movement following loss of noxious stimulus response. Median (range) time to heart beat cessation in M2.5/90, M5/60, and M10/60 was 150 (135–210), 157.5 (60–225), and 90 (75–210) min, respectively. Although death was achieved in 17 of 18 frogs, given the repeated events of regained consciousness, MS-222 immersion when used at concentrations ≤10 g/L did not result in rapid and distress-free death and is not sufficient for humane euthanasia in this species.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Balko, Julie A. and Posner, Lysa P. and Chinnadurai, Sathya K.}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={89–95} }
 @article{chinnadurai_messenger_papich_harms_2014, title={Meloxicam pharmacokinetics using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling in ferrets after single subcutaneous administration}, volume={37}, ISSN={0140-7783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12099}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12099}, abstractNote={This study was designed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam, an oxicam class, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID), in ferrets. We determined the pharmacokinetic properties of a single subcutaneous dose of meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg) in nine male and nine female ferrets. Blood samples were collected by venipuncture of the cranial vena cava into heparinized syringes. Plasma meloxicam concentrations were determined by high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pharmacokinetic variables were calculated using nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling to take advantage of the population‐based sampling scheme and to minimize sample volume collected per animal. Maximum plasma concentration, volume of distribution per absorption, and elimination half‐life were 0.663 μg/mL, 0.21 L, and 11.4 h, respectively, for females and 0.920 μg/mL, 0.35 L, and 17.8 h, respectively, for males. Significant differences were found in each of the above parameters between male and female ferrets. Systemic clearance per absorption was not affected by gender and was 13.4 mL/h. Analgesic efficacy was not evaluated, but plasma meloxicam concentrations achieved in these animals are considered effective in other species. Sex differences in the pharmacokinetic behavior of meloxicam should be taken into consideration when treating ferrets.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Chinnadurai, S. K. and Messenger, K. M. and Papich, M. G. and Harms, C. A.}, year={2014}, month={Feb}, pages={382–387} }
 @article{rockhill_chinnadurai_powell_deperno_2011, title={A COMPARISON OF TWO FIELD CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR BOBCATS (LYNX RUFUS)}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2010-0152.1}, abstractNote={Abstract: Anesthetic protocols that allow quick induction, short processing time, and rapid reversal are necessary for researchers performing minimally invasive procedures (including morphometric measurements or attachment of radiocollars). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of medetomidine and butorphanol as a substitute for xylazine in ketamine-based field immobilization protocols for bobcats (Lynx rufus) to reduce recovery and total field times. During 2008 and 2009, 11 bobcats were immobilized with an intramuscular combination of ketamine (10 mg/kg)-xylazine (0.75 mg/kg) (KX) or ketamine (4 mg/kg)-medetomidine (40 mcg/kg)-butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg) (KMB). Time to initial sedation, recumbency, and full anesthesia were recorded postinjection. Time to head up, sternal, standing, full recovery, and total processing times were recorded post-reversal. Throughout anesthesia, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), and noninvasive hemoglobin-oxygen saturation (SpO2) were recorded at 5-min intervals. The KX combination had a median time to full anesthesia of 10 min, a median recovery time of 46 min, and a median total processing time of 83 min. Alternatively, the KMB combination had a median time to full anesthesia of 21 min, a median recovery time of 18 min, and a median total processing time of 64 min. The KX protocol produced a median HR of 129 beats/min, RR of 25 breaths/min, RT of 38.3°C, and SpO2 of 93%. The KMB protocol produced a median HR of 97 beats/min, RR of 33 breaths/min, RT of 38.4°C, and SpO2 of 92%. Though both protocols provided safe and reliable sedation, the benefits of using medetomidine and butorphanol to lower ketamine doses and decrease processing time for brief nonsurgical sedation of bobcats in the field are presented.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Rockhill, Aimee P. and Chinnadurai, Sathya K. and Powell, Roger A. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={580–585} }
 @article{foster_chinnadurai_nutt_pandiri_linder_alley_smith_2011, title={Congenital peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia in an alpaca}, volume={89}, ISSN={0005-0423}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00661.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00661.x}, abstractNote={An adult alpaca was presented because of abdominal pain and was diagnosed with an intestinal obstruction. The putative diagnosis at surgery was an intestinal obstruction caused by peritonitis and intra‐abdominal adhesions. The cause of the inflammation was not determined at that time. The alpaca died soon after surgery from post‐surgical complications and a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia that was not diagnosed until necropsy.}, number={1-2}, journal={Australian Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Foster, DM and Chinnadurai, SK and Nutt, JN and Pandiri, A and Linder, KE and Alley, ML and Smith, GW}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={51–54} }
 @article{ardente_chinnadurai_de voe_stringer_webb_ireland_saker_2011, title={Relationship between gastrointestinal transit time and anesthetic fasting protocols in the captive chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1600-0684"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1600-0684.2011.00468.x}, abstractNote={Background  Lengthy social separation and prolonged fasting time contribute to increased risks associated with anesthesia in captive primates. This study is an initial attempt to identify a safe pre‐anesthetic fasting procedure by identifying gastric emptying time (GET) and gastrointestinal transit time (GTT) of captive chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL PRIMATOLOGY}, author={Ardente, A. and Chinnadurai, S. and De Voe, R. and Stringer, E. and Webb, T. and Ireland, J. and Saker, K.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={181–187} }
 @article{chinnadurai_devoe_koenig_gadsen_ardente_divers_2010, title={Comparison of an implantable telemetry device and an oscillometric monitor for measurement of blood pressure in anaesthetized and unrestrained green iguanas (Iguana iguana)}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1467-2987"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-2995.2010.00557.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to compare an implanted direct blood pressure monitor and a non-invasive oscillometric unit for use in anesthetized and awake green iguanas.


STUDY DESIGN
Prospective experimental trial.


ANIMALS
Four male and four female adult green iguanas (Iguana iguana) weighing 1833 +/- 534 g.


METHODS
For each animal, the carotid artery was surgically exposed and the catheter tip of the pressure transducer was placed in the aortic arch. Non-invasive blood pressure was measured using a cuff over the left femoral region. Pulse rate, respiratory rate and arterial blood pressure (ABP) measurements were taken every 5 minutes. Direct ABP measurements consisted of recording numerical values and graphic output. Simultaneous direct and indirect measurements were repeated in awake animals.


RESULTS
The oscillometric device failed to provide a reading in over 80% of attempts, and failed to provide readings that correlated with direct measurements. The implanted direct transducer was capable of detecting blood pressures throughout all ABP ranges examined.


CONCLUSIONS
The implantable transducer was a reliable means of determining blood pressure in this study, while the oscillometric device was unreliable and often failed to provide any reading.


CLINICAL RELEVANCE
We do not recommend using the oscillometric device as described in a research or clinical setting for green iguanas. The advantages of an implantable device include the ability to monitor awake and anesthetized subjects remotely and continuously. These monitors are small, biocompatible and function across a wide range of ABP.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA}, author={Chinnadurai, Sathya K. and DeVoe, Ryan and Koenig, Amie and Gadsen, Nadia and Ardente, Amanda and Divers, Stephen J.}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={434–439} }
 @article{chinnadurai_birkenheuer_blanton_maggi_belfiore_marr_breitschwerdt_stoskopf_2010, title={Prevalence of Selected Vector-borne Organisms and Identification of Bartonella Species DNA in North American River Otters (Lontra canadensis)}, volume={46}, ISSN={0090-3558}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-46.3.947}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-46.3.947}, abstractNote={Trapper-killed North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) in North Carolina, USA, were screened for multiple vector-borne bacteria known to be pathogenic to mammals. Blood was collected from 30 carcasses in 2006, from 35 in 2007, and from one live otter in 2008. Samples were screened using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for DNA from Bartonella spp., Ehrlichia spp., and spotted fever group Rickettsia spp. All samples were negative for Rickettsia spp. Twelve of 30 samples from 2006 produced amplicons using the assay designed to detect Ehrlichia spp., but sequencing revealed that the amplified DNA fragment was from a novel Wolbachia sp., thought to be an endosymbiote of a Dirofilaria sp. Between 2006 and 2007, DNA from a novel Bartonella sp. was detected in 19 of 65 animals (29%). Blood from one live otter captured in 2008 was found positive for this Bartonella sp. by both PCR and culture. The pathogenicity of this Bartonella species in river otters or other mammals is unknown.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, publisher={Wildlife Disease Association}, author={Chinnadurai, Sathya K. and Birkenheuer, Adam J. and Blanton, Hunter L. and Maggi, Ricardo G. and Belfiore, Natalia and Marr, Henry S. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2010}, month={Jul}, pages={947–950} }
 @article{chinnadurai_cooper_dombrowski_poore_levy_2009, title={EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF NATIVE NORTH CAROLINA SALAMANDERS WITH BATRACHOCHYTRIUM DENDROBATIDIS}, volume={45}, ISSN={["0090-3558"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-45.3.631}, abstractNote={Chytridiomycosis is an often fatal fungal disease of amphibians caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. This disease has been implicated in the worldwide decline of many anuran species, but studies of chytridiomycosis in wild salamanders are limited. Between August 2006 and December 2006, we tested wild amphibians in North Carolina, USA (n=212) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We identified three PCR-positive animals: one Rana clamitans and two Plethodontid salamanders. We experimentally infected two species of native North Carolina Plethodontid salamanders, the slimy salamander (Plethodon glutinosus) and the Blue Ridge Mountain dusky salamander (Desmognathus orestes) with 1,000,000 zoospores of B. dendrobatidis per animal. Susceptibility was species dependent; all slimy salamanders developed clinical signs of chytridiomycosis, and one died, whereas dusky salamanders remained unaffected. In a second experiment, we challenged naïve slimy salamanders with either 10,000 or 100,000 motile zoospores per animal. Clinical signs consistent with chytridiomycosis were not observed at either dose or in uninfected controls during the 45 days of this experiment. All animals inoculated with B. dendrobatidis in both experiments, regardless of dose, tested positive by PCR. Our study indicates that slimy salamanders are more susceptible to clinical chytridiomycosis than dusky salamanders, and in a laboratory setting, a dose greater than 100,000 zoospores per animal is required to induce clinical disease. This study also indicates that PCR is a very sensitive tool for detecting B. dendrobatidis infection, even in animals that are clinically unaffected, thus positive results should be interpreted with caution.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Chinnadurai, Sathya K. and Cooper, David and Dombrowski, Daniel S. and Poore, Matthew F. and Levy, Michael G.}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={631–636} }
 @article{chinnadurai_wrenn_devoe_2009, title={Evaluation of noninvasive oscillometric blood pressure monitoring in anesthetized boid snakes}, volume={234}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.234.5.625}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Chinnadurai, Sathya K. and Wrenn, Amy and DeVoe, Ryan S.}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={625–630} }
 @article{chinnadurai_suedmeyer_fales_2009, title={Microbiology of the external ear canal in six African elephants (Loxodonta africana)}, volume={164}, ISSN={["2042-7670"]}, DOI={10.1136/vr.164.8.238}, abstractNote={Samples collected from both external ear canals of six adult female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) were cultured for fungi, yeasts and aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. All the samples produced heavy growths of several aerobic bacteria, but anaerobic bacteria were rare and no fungi or yeasts were isolated. The most common bacterium isolated was Staphylococcus epidermidis, which was cultured from 11 of the 12 ears. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus lwoffi, α‐haemolytic Streptococcus and Corynebacterium species, and Aeromonas caviae were all isolated from at least six of the 12 ears.}, number={8}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Chinnadurai, S. K. and Suedmeyer, W. K. and Fales, W. H.}, year={2009}, month={Feb}, pages={238–240} }
 @article{chinnadurai_troan_wolf_devoe_huijsmans_hermans_wever_2009, title={SEPTICEMIA, ENDOCARDITIS, AND CEREBRAL INFARCTION DUE TO STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN A HARP SEAL (PHOCA GROENLANDICA)}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2008-0176.1}, abstractNote={Abstract An adult, wild-collected, male harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) was transferred from a rehabilitation center to a display facility because of unilateral phthisis bulbi and decreased use of the right forelimb, which precluded its release. In quarantine, the animal demonstrated limited use of the right forelimb, which acutely progressed to complete disuse of the limb accompanied by intermittent lethargy. One month after transfer, the animal was found dead on exhibit. Necropsy showed septic arthritis of the right scapulohumeral joint, valvular endocarditis with systemic bacterial thromboembolism, and infarction of the cerebrum and myocardium. Culture of the blood and affected joint space revealed Staphylococcus aureus. Bacterial polymerase chain reaction of formalin-fixed tissues from the heart and brain were also positive for S. aureus. Staphylococcus aureus infection should be considered as an additional cause of endocarditis and embolic encephalitis in seals.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Chinnadurai, Sathya K. and Troan, Brigid V. and Wolf, Karen N. and DeVoe, Ryan S. and Huijsmans, C. J. J. and Hermans, Mirjam H. A. and Wever, Peter C.}, year={2009}, month={Jun}, pages={393–397} }
 @article{chinnadurai_millspaugh_matthews_canter_slotow_washburn_woods_2009, title={Validation of Fecal Glucocorticoid Metabolite Assays for South African Herbivores}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1937-2817"]}, DOI={10.2193/2008-430}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT  Fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) assays are a popular means of monitoring adrenocortical activity (i.e., physiological stress response) in wildlife. Species‐specific differences in glucocorticoid metabolism and excretion require assay validation, including both laboratory and biological components, before assay use in new species. We validated a commercially available radioimmunoassay (MP 125I corticosterone RIA kit [MP Biomedicals, Solon, OH]) for measuring FGMs of several South African herbivores, including giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), impala (Aepyceros melampus), nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni), kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), and zebra (Equus burchelli). These herbivores are important in South African parks and reserves for ecotourism and as a prey base for predators and serve an integral role in ecosystem processes. Standard biochemical validations (e.g., recovery of exogenous corticosterone, intra‐ and interassay variation, and parallelism) demonstrated that the assay accurately and precisely measured FGMs of all 6 herbivore species. Our biological validations demonstrated that the assay was sensitive enough to detect changes in FGM production associated with season. Samples collected during the dry season (Jun‐Aug) contained higher FGM concentrations than those from the wet season (Dec‐Feb) in all species. We established optimal sample dilutions and reference FGM levels for these 6 herbivores, which can now be used to monitor the effects of management and ecotourism activities on the stress responses of these herbivores.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={Chinnadurai, Sathya K. and Millspaugh, Joshua J. and Matthews, Wayne S. and Canter, Kirsten and Slotow, Rob and Washburn, Brian E. and Woods, Rami J.}, year={2009}, month={Aug}, pages={1014–1020} }
 @article{chinnadurai_brown_van wettere_tuttle_fatzinger_linder_harms_2008, title={MORTALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH SEPSIS, PARASITISM, AND DISSEMINATED ROUND CELL NEOPLASIA IN YELLOW-LIPPED SEA KRAITS (LATICAUDA COLUBRINA)}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2008-0018.1}, abstractNote={Abstract This case series describes multiple mortalities associated with sepsis, neoplasia, and endoparasitism in yellow-lipped sea kraits (Laticauda colubrina) at an exhibit aquarium. Over a 2-yr period, the facility kept 42 L. colubrina, of which 38 died and 19 were suitable for necropsy and histopathology. The common clinical syndrome seen in these animals consisted of partial to compete anorexia, increased time spent “hauled-out” on land, intermittent regurgitation, chronic lethargy, and weight loss. Few animals died without premonitory signs. Nutritional support and treatment for presumptive parasitism and sepsis were unsuccessful. The mortality seen in this collection of sea kraits could be placed into three groups; one group of animals (n = 9) died of sepsis secondary to necrotizing enteritis or pneumonia; one group (n = 6) remained apparently healthy for over 1 yr and then died with multifocal granulomas and sepsis; and the last group (n = 3) died as a result of multicentric lymphoid neoplasia with secondary sepsis. The unifying factor in the majority of these cases is the presence of septicemia as the proximate cause of death. Based on the clinical picture, it is presumed that an immunosuppressive event, such as transport, captivity stress, or possible concurrent viral infection, resulted in a septic event and death.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Chinnadurai, Sathya K. and Brown, Danielle L. and Van Wettere, Arnaud and Tuttle, Allison D. and Fatzinger, Michael H. and Linder, Keith E. and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={626–630} }
 @article{chinnadurai_van wettere_linder_harms_devoe_2008, title={Secondary amyloidosis and renal failure in a captive California sea lion (Zalophus californianus)}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2007-0096R.1}, abstractNote={Abstract A 16-yr-old, captive-born, female California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) was evaluated for intermittent lethargy, partial anorexia, and polydipsia of 2 wk duration. The animal was immobilized for physical examination. It was in thin body condition, with multifocal mucosal ulcerations over the caudal and ventral tongue. Blood was collected for hematology, serum chemistry, and leptospirosis serology. Serum chemistry revealed severe azotemia, mild hyperglycemia, and severe hyperphosphatemia. The animal went into cardiac arrest during recovery from anesthesia and died. On histopathology, abundant amorphous, finely fibrillar, eosinophilic material was deposited in the kidneys, and smaller amounts of the same material were found in the splenic and pancreatic vessels; these findings are consistent with systemic secondary amyloidosis. The animal also had chronic nephritis, which, coupled with renal amyloidosis, resulted in renal failure and death. Systemic amyloidosis should be considered as an additional differential diagnosis for renal failure in California sea lions.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Chinnadurai, Sathya K. and Van Wettere, Arnaud and Linder, Keith E. and Harms, Craig A. and DeVoe, Ryan S.}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={274–278} }