@article{sims_raman_2019, title={Observed interactions between boundary-layer mesoscale frontal features during summers in the Carolinas coastal region of eastern USA}, volume={131}, ISSN={["1436-5065"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00703-019-0655-4}, number={5}, journal={METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS}, author={Sims, Aaron P. and Raman, Sethu}, year={2019}, month={Oct}, pages={1509–1527} }
 @article{sims_alapaty_raman_2017, title={Sensitivities of Summertime Mesoscale Circulations in the Coastal Carolinas to Modifications of the Kain-Fritsch Cumulus Parameterization}, volume={145}, ISSN={["1520-0493"]}, DOI={10.1175/mwr-d-16-0047.1}, abstractNote={ Two mesoscale circulations, the Sandhills circulation and the sea breeze, influence the initiation of deep convection over the Sandhills and the coast in the Carolinas during the summer months. The interaction of these two circulations causes additional convection in this coastal region. Accurate representation of mesoscale convection is difficult as numerical models have problems with the prediction of the timing, amount, and location of precipitation. To address this issue, the authors have incorporated modifications to the Kain–Fritsch (KF) convective parameterization scheme and evaluated these mesoscale interactions using a high-resolution numerical model. The modifications include changes to the subgrid-scale cloud formulation, the convective turnover time scale, and the formulation of the updraft entrainment rates. The use of a grid-scaling adjustment parameter modulates the impact of the KF scheme as a function of the horizontal grid spacing used in a simulation. Results indicate that the impact of this modified cumulus parameterization scheme is more effective on domains with coarser grid sizes. Other results include a decrease in surface and near-surface temperatures in areas of deep convection (due to the inclusion of the effects of subgrid-scale clouds on the radiation), improvement in the timing of convection, and an increase in the strength of deep convection. }, number={11}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Sims, Aaron P. and Alapaty, Kiran and Raman, Sethu}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={4381–4399} }
 @article{sims_raman_2016, title={Interaction Between Two Distinct Mesoscale Circulations During Summer in the Coastal Region of Eastern USA}, volume={160}, ISSN={["1573-1472"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10546-015-0125-6}, number={1}, journal={BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY}, author={Sims, Aaron P. and Raman, Sethu}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={113–132} }
 @article{kehoe_raman_boyles_2010, title={Characteristics of Landfalling Tropical Cyclones in North Carolina}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1521-060X"]}, DOI={10.1080/01490419.2010.518059}, abstractNote={Trends in the Atlantic tropical cyclones and the cyclones that had tracks through North Carolina were analyzed for more than 100 years. From about 1970, there appears to be an increase in the mean number of storms developing. The number of storms affecting North Carolina each decade has been increasing since the 1960s. In the 1980s, 1990s, and into the 2000s, there was an increase in the number of landfalling storms in North Carolina. Although August and September are the most active months of the Atlantic hurricane season, the hurricane season for North Carolina peaks in September. Wind distribution and frictional convergence associated with landfalling hurricanes in North Carolina are discussed. Convection and precipitation patterns of landfalling hurricanes are presented. Two examples of the effect of spatial surface moisture distribution on intensification of tropical cyclones over land after landfall are discussed.}, number={4}, journal={MARINE GEODESY}, author={Kehoe, Jennifer and Raman, Sethu and Boyles, Ryan}, year={2010}, pages={394–411} }
 @article{wootten_raman_sims_2010, title={Diurnal variation of precipitation over the Carolina Sandhills region}, volume={119}, ISSN={["0253-4126"]}, DOI={10.1007/s12040-010-0045-2}, abstractNote={The Carolina Sandhills are known to have an area of maximum precipitation on its western boundary during the summer mainly due to differences in soil types. Statistical analysis was performed on summer precipitation data from automated weather stations in the Carolinas, along the Sandhills for the years 2001 to 2006. Statistically significant difference was observed between the day and night precipitation amounts. A case study also revealed the diurnal pattern of convective precipitation. North American Mesoscale (NAM) model forecasts for the summers of 2004 to 2006 were evaluated using observations. The model underpredicted precipitation significantly during nights. A numerical simulation using Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model was performed for August 9–11, 2001 and the forecasts were compared with observed precipitation data. The model precipitation forecasts were better for daytime as compared to the night. This feature is attributed to model physics not capturing cloud-radiation interaction processes dominant during nights. Although this study is for a specific region in the US, results are applicable for other regions for similar conditions.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE}, author={Wootten, A. and Raman, S. and Sims, A.}, year={2010}, month={Oct}, pages={579–596} }
 @article{niyogi_alapaty_raman_chen_2009, title={Development and Evaluation of a Coupled Photosynthesis-Based Gas Exchange Evapotranspiration Model (GEM) for Mesoscale Weather Forecasting Applications}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1558-8432"]}, DOI={10.1175/2008JAMC1662.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY}, author={Niyogi, Dev and Alapaty, Kiran and Raman, Sethu and Chen, Fei}, year={2009}, month={Feb}, pages={349–368} }
 @article{eager_raman_wootten_westphal_reid_al mandoos_2008, title={A climatological study of the sea and land breezes in the Arabian Gulf region}, volume={113}, ISSN={["2169-897X"]}, DOI={10.1029/2007jd009710}, abstractNote={This study focuses on observations of the sea and land breeze circulations in the southern Arabian Gulf. During the summer months, the Indian monsoon creates light northwesterly winds over the Arabian Gulf, allowing for the formation of thermally driven circulations. Observations from a network of stations are used to develop a wind climatology for the Arabian Gulf region. Characteristics of the sea and land breeze circulations, such as onset time, duration, and horizontal and vertical extent are described. The dense network of surface stations in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) allows for a fine‐scale observational study in this region. It is found that the sea breeze occurs during all seasons of the year in this region. It occurs in the late afternoon and continues through the evening. A land breeze sets in during the night. Surface offshore winds in the land breeze are strong probably due to drainage flow down the inland hills.}, number={D15}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES}, author={Eager, Rebecca E. and Raman, Sethu and Wootten, Adrienne and Westphal, Douglas L. and Reid, Jeffrey S. and Al Mandoos, Abdulla}, year={2008}, month={Aug} }
 @article{sharan_raman_2008, title={Mesoscale processes and natural hazards - Preface}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1573-0840"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11069-007-9131-4}, number={3}, journal={NATURAL HAZARDS}, author={Sharan, Maithili and Raman, Sethu}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={315–316} }
 @article{jacobs_raman_lackmann_childs_2008, title={The influence of the Gulf Stream induced SST gradients on the US East Coast winter storm of 24-25 January 2000}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0143-1161"]}, DOI={10.1080/01431160802175561}, abstractNote={This study presents an investigation of the influence of remotely sensed high resolution sea surface temperature (SST) and the SST gradient on the formation and evolution of the 24–25 January 2000 East Coast winter storm. A numerical model was employed for experimental simulation replaced SST analysis with a 1.1 km gridded data set. The most significant improvements were seen in the forecast deepening rate and track. Reduced development of the storm in the control simulation, as compared to the experimental simulation, appears to be due to the coarse grid SST representation, which fails to capture key thermal gradient features of the Gulf Stream. The simulations suggest that the high resolution remotely sensed SST data affect the track by changing the location of lower‐tropospheric frontal boundaries through thermally‐induced near‐surface convergence and differential turbulent heat flux. Enhanced vortex stretching associated with the convergence along the lower frontal boundary appears to contribute to a stronger storm in the experimental simulations.}, number={21}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING}, author={Jacobs, N. A. and Raman, S. and Lackmann, G. M. and Childs, P. P., Jr.}, year={2008}, pages={6145–6174} }
 @article{simpson_raman_suresh_mohanty_2008, title={Urban effects of Chennai on sea breeze induced convection and precipitation}, volume={117}, ISSN={["0253-4126"]}, DOI={10.1007/s12040-008-0075-1}, abstractNote={Doppler radar derived wind speed and direction profiles showed a well developed sea breeze circulation over the Chennai, India region on 28 June, 2003. Rainfall totals in excess of 100 mm resulted from convection along the sea breeze front. Inland propagation of the sea breeze front was observed in radar reflectivity imagery. High-resolution MM5 simulations were used to investigate the influence of Chennai urban land use on sea breeze initiated convection and precipitation. A comparison of observed and simulated 10m wind speed and direction over Chennai showed that the model was able to simulate the timing and strength of the sea breeze. Urban effects are shown to increase the near surface air temperature over Chennai by 3.0K during the early morning hours. The larger surface temperature gradient along the coast due to urban effects increased onshore flow by 4.0m s−1. Model sensitivity study revealed that precipitation totals were enhanced by 25mm over a large region 150 km west of Chennai due to urban effects. Deficiency in model physics related to night-time forecasts are addressed.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE}, author={Simpson, Matthew and Raman, Sethu and Suresh, R. and Mohanty, U. C.}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={897–909} }
 @article{eager_raman_holt_westphal_reid_nachamkin_liu_al mandoos_2007, title={A seasonal statistical evaluation of COAMPS((R)) over the arabian gulf region}, volume={164}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-7643-8493-7_17}, abstractNote={A statistical evaluation of the Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS®) was performed over the Arabian Gulf region for the period, 1 August to 5 October, 2004. Verification skill scores of bias and root-mean-square error were estimated for surface variables and for vertical profiles to investigate any diurnal variations. The model predictions of boundary-layer heights are compared with the observations at Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. The Middle East presents challenges to numerical weather prediction due to complex land-ocean-land mesoscale processes. An independent data set of surface measurements from 50 stations in the UAE was available from the Department of Water Resources Studies, Abu Dhabi for model verification. The results indicate a diurnal variation in the model errors. The errors are small considering the magnitudes of the observed variables. Errors in the coastal region can be attributed to the differences in the timing of the onset of sea and land breeze circulations in the simulations as compared to the observations. Errors are relatively smaller in the offshore locations.}, number={8-9}, journal={Pure and Applied Geophysics}, author={Eager, R. E. and Raman, S. and Holt, T. R. and Westphal, D. and Reid, J. and Nachamkin, J. and Liu, M. and Al Mandoos, A.}, year={2007}, pages={1747–1764} }
 @article{simpson_raman_lundquist_leach_2007, title={A study of the variation of urban mixed layer heights}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1352-2310"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.08.029}, abstractNote={The AERMET model is used to estimate hourly mixing heights during the Joint URBAN (2003) experiment in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. AERMET is a simple 2-D model that requires only routine meteorological observations and an early morning atmospheric sounding to estimate convective boundary layer (CBL) growth. Estimated mixing heights are compared with observed mixing heights measured during Joint URBAN 2003. Observed CBL heights are derived from profiler data using a peak signal-to-noise ratio method. The method of deriving mixing heights from profiler data is validated using daily atmospheric sounding data. Estimated mixing heights using AERMET show good agreement with observations on days of varying temperature and cloud cover. AERMET was able to estimate the rapid boundary layer growth observed in the late morning and early afternoon hours during highly convective conditions. CBL heights of over 3000 m are observed in sounding data during the late afternoon. Estimated CBL heights of over 3000 m during the late afternoon agreed well with observations from the sounding and profiler data.}, number={33}, journal={ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT}, author={Simpson, Matthew and Raman, Sethu and Lundquist, Julie K. and Leach, Martin}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={6923–6930} }
 @article{mohanty_raman_rao_2007, title={Editorial}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1573-0840"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11069-006-9078-x}, number={2}, journal={NATURAL HAZARDS}, author={Mohanty, U. C. and Raman, Sethu and Rao, D. V. Bhaskar}, year={2007}, month={Aug}, pages={253–255} }
 @article{childs_raman_boyles_2007, title={High-resolution numerical simulations of hurricane Isabel (2003) over North Carolina}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0921-030X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11069-006-9050-9}, number={3}, journal={NATURAL HAZARDS}, author={Childs, Peter and Raman, Sethu and Boyles, Ryan}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={401–411} }
 @article{hong_chang_raman_2007, title={Modification of the loop current warm core eddy by Hurricane Gilbert (1988)}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0921-030X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11069-006-9057-2}, number={3}, journal={NATURAL HAZARDS}, author={Hong, Xiaodong and Chang, Simon W. and Raman, Sethu}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={501–514} }
 @article{sharan_raman_2007, title={Preface}, volume={164}, ISSN={["0033-4553"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00024-007-0226-3}, number={8-9}, journal={PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS}, author={Sharan, Maithili and Raman, Sethu}, year={2007}, month={Sep}, pages={1423–1425} }
 @article{simpson_warrior_raman_aswathanarayana_mohanty_suresh_2007, title={Sea-breeze-initiated rainfall over the east coast of India during the Indian southwest monsoon}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1573-0840"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11069-006-9081-2}, abstractNote={Sea-breeze-initiated convection and precipitation have been investigated along the east coast of India during the Indian southwest monsoon season. Sea-breeze circulation was observed on approximately 70–80% of days during the summer months (June–August) along the Chennai coast. Average sea-breeze wind speeds are greater at rural locations than in the urban region of Chennai. Sea-breeze circulation was shown to be the dominant mechanism initiating rainfall during the Indian southwest monsoon season. Approximately 80% of the total rainfall observed during the southwest monsoon over Chennai is directly related to convection initiated by sea-breeze circulation.}, number={2}, journal={NATURAL HAZARDS}, author={Simpson, Matthew and Warrior, Hari and Raman, Sethu and Aswathanarayana, P. A. and Mohanty, U. C. and Suresh, R.}, year={2007}, month={Aug}, pages={401–413} }
 @article{boyles_raman_sims_2007, title={Sensitivity of mesoscale surface dynamics to surface soil and vegetation contrasts over the carolina sandhills}, volume={164}, ISSN={["0033-4553"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00024-007-0227-2}, number={8-9}, journal={PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS}, author={Boyles, Ryan and Raman, Sethu and Sims, Aaron}, year={2007}, month={Sep}, pages={1547–1576} }
 @article{holder_boyles_robinson_raman_fishel_2006, title={Calculating a daily normal temperature range that reflects daily temperature variability}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1520-0477"]}, DOI={10.1175/BAMS-87-6-769}, abstractNote={Normal temperatures, which are calculated by the National Climatic Data Center for locations across the country, are quality-controlled, smoothed 30-yr-average temperatures. They are used in many facets of media, industry, and meteorology, and a given day's normal maximum and minimum temperatures are often used synonymously with what the observed temperature extremes “should be.” However, allowing some leeway to account for natural daily and seasonal variations can more accurately reflect the ranges of temperature that we can expect on a particular day—a “normal range.” Providing such a range, especially to the public, presents a more accurate perspective on what the temperature “usually” is on any particular day of the year. One way of doing this is presented in this study for several locations across North Carolina. The results yield expected higher variances in the cooler months and seem to well represent the varied weather that locations in North Carolina tend to experience. Day-to-day variations in t...}, number={6}, journal={BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY}, author={Holder, Christopher and Boyles, Ryan and Robinson, Peter and Raman, Sethli and Fishel, Greg}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={769-+} }
 @article{holder_boyles_syed_niyogi_raman_2006, title={Comparison of collocated automated (NCECONet) and manual (COOP) climate observations in North Carolina}, volume={23}, ISSN={["0739-0572"]}, DOI={10.1175/jtech1873.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY}, author={Holder, C and Boyles, R and Syed, A and Niyogi, D and Raman, S}, year={2006}, month={May}, pages={671–682} }
 @article{rhome_raman_2006, title={Environmental influences on tropical cyclone structure and intensity: A review of past and present literature}, volume={35}, number={2}, journal={Indian Journal of Marine Sciences}, author={Rhome, J. R. and Raman, S.}, year={2006}, pages={61–74} }
 @article{alpert_niyogi_pielke_eastman_xue_raman_2006, title={Evidence for carbon dioxide and moisture interactions from the leaf cell up to global scales: Perspective on human-caused climate change}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1872-6364"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.03.015}, abstractNote={It is of utmost interest to further understand the mechanisms behind the potential interactions or synergies between the greenhouse gases (GHG) forcing(s), particularly as represented by CO2, and water processes and through different climatic scales down to the leaf scale. Toward this goal, the factor separation methodology introduced by Stein and Alpert [Stein U. and Alpert, P. 1993. Factor separation in numerical simulations, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2107–2115.] that allows an explicit separation of atmospheric synergies among different factors, is employed. Three independent experiments carried out recently by the present authors, are reported here, all strongly suggest the existence of a significant CO2–water synergy in all the involved scales. The experiments employed a very wide range of up-to-date atmospheric models that complement the physics currently introduced in most Global Circulation Models (GCMs) for global climate change prediction. Threemodelingexperimentsthatgofromthesmall/microscale(leafscaleandsoilmoisture) tomesoscale(land-usechangeandCO2 effects ) andtoglobalscale (greenhousegasesand cloudiness)all showthatsynergies between water and CO2are essential inpredicting carbonassimilation,minimumdailytemperatureandtheglobalEarthtemperature,respectively.Thestudyalsohighlightstheimportance of including the physics associated with carbon–water synergy which is mostly unresolved in global climate models suggesting that significantcarbon–waterinteractionsarenotincorporatedoratleastwellparameterizedincurrentclimatemodels.Hence,thereisaneed for integrative climate models. As shown in earlier studies, the climate involves physical, chemical and biological processes. To only include a subset of these processes limits the skill of local, regional and global models to simulate the real climate system. In addition, our results provide explicit determination of the direct and the interactive effect of the CO2 response on the terrestrial biosphere response. There is also an implicit scale interactive effect that can be deduced from the multiscale effects discussed in the three examples.Processesateachscale-leaf,regionalandglobalwillallsynergisticallycontributetoincreasethefeedbacks —whichcandecrease or increase the overall system's uncertainty depending on specific case/setup and needs to beexamined in futurecoupled, multiscalestudies.}, number={1-2}, journal={GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE}, author={Alpert, P. and Niyogi, D. and Pielke, R. A., Sr. and Eastman, J. L. and Xue, Y. K. and Raman, S.}, year={2006}, month={Nov}, pages={202–208} }
 @article{simpson_raman_2006, title={Observations and numerical simulation of the sea and land breeze circulations along the west coast of India}, volume={35}, number={2}, journal={Indian Journal of Marine Sciences}, author={Simpson, M. D. and Raman, S.}, year={2006}, pages={139–152} }
 @article{childs_qureshi_raman_alapaty_ellis_boyles_niyogi_2006, title={Simulation of convective initiation during IHOP_2002 using the flux-adjusting surface data assimilation system (FASDAS)}, volume={134}, ISSN={["1520-0493"]}, DOI={10.1175/MWR3064.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Childs, PP and Qureshi, AL and Raman, S and Alapaty, K and Ellis, R and Boyles, R and Niyogi, D}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={134–148} }
 @article{sharan_raman_2005, title={Brief biography of Professor M.P. Singh}, volume={162}, ISSN={["0033-4553"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00024-005-2676-9}, number={8-9}, journal={PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS}, author={Sharan, M and Raman, S}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={1401–1403} }
 @article{simpson_raman_2005, title={Development and propagation of a pollution gradient in the marine boundary layer during INDOEX (1999)}, volume={114}, ISSN={["0973-774X"]}, DOI={10.1007/bf02702005}, abstractNote={The development and propagation of a pollution gradient in the marine boundary layer over the Arabian Sea during the Intensive Field Phase of the Indian Ocean Experiment (1999) is investigated. A hypothesis for the generation of the pollution gradient is presented. Infrared satellite images show the formation of the pollution gradient as the leading edge of a polluted air mass in the marine boundary layer and also its propagation over the Arabian Sea and the northern Indian Ocean. Aerosol data measured from two research vessels over the Arabian Sea show a variation in the concentrations caused by the passage of this pollution gradient. Depth of the pollution gradient was found to be about 800 m. A numerical model was used to simulate the development of this gradient and its propagation over the ocean. Results show that its formation and structure are significantly influenced by the diurnal cycle of coastal sea-land breeze circulations along India’s west coast. Transport of aerosols and gases over the Arabian Sea in the lower troposphere from land sources appears to be through this mechanism with the other being the elevated land plume.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE}, author={Simpson, M and Raman, S}, year={2005}, month={Feb}, pages={3–16} }
 @article{gilliam_childs_huber_raman_2005, title={Metropolitan-scale transport and dispersion from the New York World Trade Center following September 11, 2001. Part I: An evaluation of the CALMET meteorological model}, volume={162}, ISSN={["1420-9136"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00024-005-2701-z}, number={10}, journal={PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS}, author={Gilliam, RC and Childs, PP and Huber, AH and Raman, S}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={1981–2003} }
 @article{gilliam_huber_raman_2005, title={Metropolitan-scale transport and dispersion from the New York World Trade Center following September 11, 2001. Part II: An application of the CALPUFF plume model}, volume={162}, ISSN={["1420-9136"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00024-005-2702-y}, number={10}, journal={PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS}, author={Gilliam, RC and Huber, AH and Raman, S}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={2005–2028} }
 @article{raman_sims_ellis_boyles_2005, title={Numerical simulation of mesoscale circulations in a region of contrasting soil types}, volume={162}, ISSN={["1420-9136"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00024-005-2689-4}, number={8-9}, journal={PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS}, author={Raman, S and Sims, A and Ellis, R and Boyles, R}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={1689–1714} }
 @article{childs_raman_2005, title={Observations and numerical simulations of urban heat island and sea breeze circulations over New York City}, volume={162}, ISSN={["0033-4553"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00024-005-2700-0}, number={10}, journal={PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS}, author={Childs, PP and Raman, S}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={1955–1980} }
 @article{jacobs_lackmann_raman_2005, title={The combined effects of Gulf Stream-induced baroclinicity and upper-level vorticity on US east coast extratropical cyclogenesis}, volume={133}, ISSN={["1520-0493"]}, DOI={10.1175/MWR2969.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Jacobs, NA and Lackmann, GM and Raman, S}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={2494–2501} }
 @article{sharan_raman_2005, title={Weather and climate: The M.P. Singh Volume - Part I - Preface}, volume={162}, ISSN={["1420-9136"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00024-005-2675-x}, number={8-9}, journal={PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS}, author={Sharan, M and Raman, S}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={1397–1400} }
 @article{sharan_raman_2005, title={Weather and climate: The M.P. Singh volume - Part II}, volume={162}, ISSN={["0033-4553"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00024-005-2791-7}, number={10}, journal={PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS}, author={Sharan, M and Raman, S}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={1715–1718} }
 @article{bao_xie_raman_2004, title={A numerical study of a TOGA-COARE squall-line using a coupled mesoscale atmosphere-ocean model}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1861-9533"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF02916368}, number={5}, journal={ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES}, author={Bao, SW and Xie, L and Raman, S}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={708–716} }
 @article{mandal_mohanty_raman_2004, title={A study on the impact of parameterization of physical processes on prediction of tropical cyclones over the Bay of Bengal with NCAR/PSU mesoscale model}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1573-0840"]}, DOI={10.1023/B:NHAZ.0000023359.24526.24}, number={2}, journal={NATURAL HAZARDS}, author={Mandal, M and Mohanty, UC and Raman, S}, year={2004}, month={Feb}, pages={391–414} }
 @article{gilliam_raman_niyogi_2004, title={Observational and numerical study on the influence of large-scale flow direction and coastline shape on sea-breeze evolution}, volume={111}, ISSN={["1573-1472"]}, DOI={10.1023/B:BOUN.0000016494.99539.5a}, number={2}, journal={BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY}, author={Gilliam, RC and Raman, S and Niyogi, DDS}, year={2004}, month={May}, pages={275–300} }
 @article{simpson_raman_2004, title={Role of the land plume in the transport of ozone over the ocean during INDOEX (1999)}, volume={111}, ISSN={["1573-1472"]}, DOI={10.1023/B:BOUN.0000010993.46250.b2}, number={1}, journal={BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY}, author={Simpson, MD and Raman, S}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={133–152} }
 @article{mohanty_mandal_raman_2004, title={Simulation of Orissa super cyclone (1999) using PSU/NCAR mesoscale model}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0921-030X"]}, DOI={10.1023/B:NHAZ.0000023358.38536.5d}, abstractNote={In this study a non-hydrostatic version of Penn State University (PSU) -- NationalCenter for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) mesoscale model is used to simulate thesuper cyclonic storm that crossed Orissa coast on 29 October 1999. The model isintegrated up to 123 h for producing 5-day forecast of the storm. Several importantfields including sea level pressure, horizontal wind and rainfall are compared with theverification analysis/observation to examine the performance of the model. The modelsimulated track of the cyclone is compared with the best-fit track obtained from IndiaMeteorological Department (IMD) and the track obtained from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. The model is found to perform reasonably well in simulating the track and in particular, the intensity of the storm.}, number={2}, journal={NATURAL HAZARDS}, author={Mohanty, UC and Mandal, M and Raman, S}, year={2004}, month={Feb}, pages={373–390} }
 @article{yadav_raman_niyogi_2003, title={A note on the estimation of eddy diffusivity and dissipation length in low winds over a tropical urban terrain}, volume={160}, ISSN={["0033-4553"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00024-003-8785-4}, number={1-2}, journal={PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS}, author={Yadav, AK and Raman, S and Niyogi, DDS}, year={2003}, month={Jan}, pages={395–404} }
 @article{niyogi_alapaty_raman_2003, title={A photosynthesis-based dry deposition modeling approach}, volume={144}, ISSN={["1573-2932"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1022955220354}, number={1}, journal={WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION}, author={Niyogi, DDS and Alapaty, K and Raman, S}, year={2003}, pages={171–194} }
 @article{boyles_raman_2003, title={Analysis of climate trends in North Carolina (1949-1998)}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0160-4120"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00185-X}, abstractNote={North Carolina has one of the most complex climates in the United States (U.S.). Analysis of the climate in this state is critical for agricultural and planning purposes. Climate patterns and trends in North Carolina are analyzed for the period 1949-1998. Precipitation, minimum temperature, and maximum temperature are analyzed on seasonal and annual time scales using data collected from the National Weather Service Cooperative Observer Network. Additionally, changes in patterns of occurrence of the last spring freeze and first fall freeze are investigated. Linear time series slopes are analyzed to investigate the spatial and temporal trends of climate variability in North Carolina. Spatial analysis of climate variability across North Carolina is performed using a geographic information system. While most trends are local in nature, there are general statewide patterns. Precipitation in North Carolina has increased over the past 50 years during the fall and winter seasons, but decreased during the summer. Temperatures during the last 10 years are warmer than average, but are not warmer than those experienced during the 1950s. The warm season has become longer, as measured by the dates of the last spring freeze and first fall freeze. Generally, the last 10 years were the wettest of the study period. These conclusions are consistent with earlier studies that show that the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures is decreasing, possibly due to increased cloud cover and precipitation. Similarly, these results show that temperature patterns are in phase with the North Atlantic Oscillation and precipitation patterns appear to be correlated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation.}, number={2-3}, journal={ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL}, author={Boyles, RP and Raman, S}, year={2003}, month={Jun}, pages={263–275} }
 @article{rhome_niyogi_raman_2003, title={Assessing seasonal transport and deposition of agricultural emissions in eastern North Carolina, USA}, volume={160}, ISSN={["0033-4553"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00024-003-8769-4}, number={1-2}, journal={PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS}, author={Rhome, JR and Niyogi, DDS and Raman, S}, year={2003}, month={Jan}, pages={117–141} }
 @article{bao_raman_xie_2003, title={Numerical simulation of the response of the ocean surface layer to precipitation}, volume={160}, ISSN={["0033-4553"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00024-003-2402-4}, number={12}, journal={PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS}, author={Bao, SW and Raman, S and Xie, L}, year={2003}, month={Dec}, pages={2419–2446} }
 @article{roswintiarti_raman_2003, title={Three-dimensional simulations of the mean air transport during the 1997 forest fires in Kalimantan, Indonesia using a mesoscale numerical model}, volume={160}, ISSN={["0033-4553"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00024-003-8788-1}, number={1-2}, journal={PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS}, author={Roswintiarti, O and Raman, S}, year={2003}, month={Jan}, pages={429–438} }
 @article{sims_niyogi_raman_2002, title={Adopting drought indices for estimating soil moisture: A North Carolina case study}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0094-8276"]}, DOI={10.1029/2001gl013343}, abstractNote={Soil moisture availability has a significant impact on environmental processes of different scales. Errors in initializing soil moisture in numerical weather forecasting models tend to cause errors in short‐term weather and medium range predictions. We study the use of two drought indices: Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) values and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for estimating soil moisture. SPI and PDSI values are compared for three climate divisions: western mountains, central piedmont, and the coastal plain in North Carolina, USA. Results suggest SPI to be more representative of short‐term precipitation and soil moisture variation and hence a better indicator of soil wetness. A regression equation that uses SPI is proposed to estimate soil moisture.}, number={8}, journal={GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS}, author={Sims, AP and Niyogi, DDS and Raman, S}, year={2002}, month={Apr} }
 @article{raman_niyogi_simpson_pelon_2002, title={Dynamics of the elevated land plume over the Arabian Sea and the Northern Indian Ocean during northeasterly monsoons and during the Indian Ocean experiment (INDOEX)}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0094-8276"]}, DOI={10.1029/2001gl014193}, abstractNote={We describe the dynamics of the formation of an elevated land plume over the Arabian Sea and northern Indian Ocean observed during the 1999 Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX). The presence of the elevated plume above the marine boundary layer for a depth of about 2000 m could be inferred from the thermodynamic profiles of the lower troposphere obtained from research vessels in 1997, 1998, and 1999, and in the lidar data obtained from aircraft during the INDOEX. Formation of the elevated plume was investigated further using a three‐dimensional high‐resolution mesoscale modeling system. The plume extends for hundreds of kilometers and its strength and coherence is influenced by the diurnal variation of the upwind continental boundary layer.}, number={16}, journal={GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS}, author={Raman, S and Niyogi, DDS and Simpson, M and Pelon, J}, year={2002}, month={Aug} }
 @article{niyogi_xue_raman_2002, title={Hydrological land surface response in a tropical regime and a midlatitudinal regime}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1525-755X"]}, DOI={10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0039:HLSRIA>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={A statistical‐dynamical study was performed on the role of hydrometeorological interactions in the midlatitudes and the semiarid Tropics. For this, observations from two field experiments, the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project Field Experiment (FIFE) and the Hydrological Atmospheric Pilot Experiment (HAPEX)‐Sahel, representative of the midlatitudes and the semiarid tropical conditions, and simulated results from a land surface model, Simplified Simple Biosphere (SSiB) model were statistically analyzed for direct and interaction effects. The study objectives were to test the hypothesis that there are significant differences in the land surface processes in the semiarid tropical and midlatitudinal regimes and to identify the nature of the differences in the evapotranspiration exchanges for the two biogeographical domains. Results suggest there are similarities in the direct responses but the interactions or the indirect feedback pathways could be very different. The arid tropical regimes are dominated through vegetative pathways (via variables such leaf area index, stomatal resistance, and vegetal cover); the midlatitudes show soil wetness (moisture)‐related feedback. In addition, for the midlatitudinal case, the vegetation and the soil surface acted in unison, leading to more interactive exchanges between the vegetation and the soil surface. The water-stressed semiarid tropical surface, on the other hand, showed response either directly between the vegetation and the atmosphere or between the soil and the atmosphere with very little interaction between the vegetation and the soil variables. Thus, the semiarid Tropics would require explicit bare ground and vegetation fluxes consideration, whereas the effective (combined vegetation and soil fluxes) surface representation used in various models may be more valid for the midlatitudinal case. This result also implied that with higher resource (water) availability the surface invested more in the surrounding environment. On the other hand, with poor resource availability (such as water stress in the tropical site), the surface components retain individual resources without sharing.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY}, author={Niyogi, DDS and Xue, YK and Raman, S}, year={2002}, pages={39–56} }
 @article{wu_raman_mohanty_madala_2002, title={Sensitivity of monsoon circulation and precipitation over India to model horizontal resolution and orographic effects}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1350-4827"]}, DOI={10.1017/S1350482702003080}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={METEOROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS}, author={Wu, YH and Raman, S and Mohanty, UC and Madala, RV}, year={2002}, month={Sep}, pages={345–356} }
 @article{satyanarayana_mohanty_niyogi_raman_lykossov_warrior_sam_2001, title={A study on marine boundary layer processes in the ITCZ and non-ITCZ regimes over Indian Ocean with INDOEX IFP-99 data}, volume={80}, number={2001 Apr. 10}, journal={Current Science}, author={Satyanarayana, A. N. V. and Mohanty, U. C. and Niyogi, D. S. and Raman, S. and Lykossov, V. N. and Warrior, H. and Sam, N. V.}, year={2001}, pages={39–45} }
 @article{roswintiarti_raman_mohanty_niyogi_2001, title={A study on the performance of a triple nested mesoscale model over tropical Indian Ocean during INDOEX}, volume={80}, number={2001 Apr. 10}, journal={Current Science}, author={Roswintiarti, O. and Raman, S. and Mohanty, U. C. and Niyogi, D. S.}, year={2001}, pages={77–84} }
 @article{roswintiarti_raman_mohanty_niyogi_2001, title={Application of three-dimensional triple nested mesoscale model for assessing the transport and boundary layer variability over the Indian Ocean during INDOEX}, volume={80}, number={2001 Apr. 10}, journal={Current Science}, author={Roswintiarti, O. and Raman, S. and Mohanty, U. C. and Niyogi, D. S.}, year={2001}, pages={69–76} }
 @article{roswintiarti_raman_mohanty_2001, title={Numerical study of the intertropical convergence zone over the Indian Ocean during the 1997 and 1998 northeast monsoon episodes}, volume={158}, ISSN={["0033-4553"]}, DOI={10.1007/PL00001217}, number={5-6}, journal={PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS}, author={Roswintiarti, O and Raman, S and Mohanty, UC}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={989–1015} }
 @article{mohanty_niyogi_raman_sarkar_2001, title={Numerical study of the role of land-air-sea interactions for the northeasterly monsoon circulations over Indian Ocean during INDOEX}, volume={80}, number={2001 Apr. 10}, journal={Current Science}, author={Mohanty, U. C. and Niyogi, D. S. and Raman, S. and Sarkar, A.}, year={2001}, pages={60–68} }
 @article{potty_mohanty_raman_2001, title={Simulation of boundary layer structure over the Indian summer monsoon trough during the passage of a depression}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0894-8763"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1241:SOBLSO>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The planetary boundary layer (PBL) structure over the Indian summer monsoon trough region has been simulated using a regional numerical model during the passage of a monsoon depression along the monsoon trough. Monin–Obukhov similarity theory for the surface layer coupled with turbulent kinetic energy closure scheme (1½-order closure) for the mixed layer is used for parameterizing the PBL in the model. The results show that the model is able to simulate the evolution and the structure of the monsoon trough boundary layer and its associated features. The main observed characteristic features of the monsoon trough, such as the southward tilt of the trough with height and warmer air mass toward the northern side of the trough line, are simulated well by the model. Numerical results also indicate that the dynamic and thermodynamic characteristics of the monsoon trough boundary layer are modified by the passage of monsoon depressions.}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY}, author={Potty, KVJ and Mohanty, UC and Raman, S}, year={2001}, pages={1241–1254} }
 @article{manghnani_raman_niyogi_parameswara_morrison_ramana_raju_2000, title={Marine boundary-layer variability over the Indian Ocean during INDOEX (1998)}, volume={97}, ISSN={["0006-8314"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1002730405170}, number={3}, journal={BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY}, author={Manghnani, V and Raman, S and Niyogi, DS and Parameswara, V and Morrison, JM and Ramana, SV and Raju, JVSS}, year={2000}, month={Dec}, pages={411–430} }
 @article{rhome_niyogi_raman_2000, title={Mesoclimatic analysis of severe weather and ENSO interactions in North Carolina}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0094-8276"]}, DOI={10.1029/1999GL011327}, abstractNote={Connections between regional severe weather occurrences and El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are investigated. Monthly (1950 –1989) occurrences of tornado and wind/hail frequency are compared with sea surface temperature (SST) indices and anomalies in the tropical Pacific. Analyses indicate increase in wind/hail events/ days, during the months of April through June of La Niña years. No direct evidence is found between tornado frequency and ENSO classes. Using seasonal composite anomalies of upper‐air patterns, it is concluded that La Niña patterns leads to enhanced convection over North Carolina.}, number={15}, journal={GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS}, author={Rhome, JR and Niyogi, DS and Raman, S}, year={2000}, month={Aug}, pages={2269–2272} }
 @article{potty_mohanty_raman_2000, title={Numerical simulation of monsoon depressions over India with a high-resolution nested regional model}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1350-4827"]}, DOI={10.1017/S1350482700001432}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={METEOROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS}, author={Potty, KVJ and Mohanty, UC and Raman, S}, year={2000}, month={Mar}, pages={45–60} }
 @article{hong_chang_raman_shay_hodur_2000, title={The interaction between Hurricane Opal (1995) and a warm core ring in the Gulf of Mexico}, volume={128}, ISSN={["0027-0644"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<1347:TIBHOA>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Hurricane Opal (1995) experienced a rapid, unexpected intensification in the Gulf of Mexico that coincided with its encounter with a warm core ring (WCR). The relative positions of Opal and the WCR and the timing of the intensification indicate strong air–sea interactions between the tropical cyclone and the ocean. To study the mutual response of Opal and the Gulf of Mexico, a coupled model is used consisting of a nonhydrostatic atmospheric component of the Naval Research Laboratory’s Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS), and the hydrostatic Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory’s Modular Ocean Model version 2 (MOM 2). The coupling between the ocean and the atmosphere components of the model are accomplished by conservation of heat, salt, momentum, as well as the sensible and latent heat fluxes at the air–sea interface. The atmospheric model has two nests with spatial resolutions of 0.6° and 0.2°. The ocean model has a uniform resolution of 0.2°. The oceanic model domain ...}, number={5}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Hong, XD and Chang, SW and Raman, S and Shay, LK and Hodur, R}, year={2000}, month={May}, pages={1347–1365} }
 @article{basu_raman_mohanty_rajagopal_1999, title={Influence of the Planetary Boundary Layer physics on medium-range prediction of monsoon over India}, volume={155}, ISSN={["0033-4553"]}, DOI={10.1007/s000240050253}, number={1}, journal={PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS}, author={Basu, S and Raman, S and Mohanty, UC and Rajagopal, EN}, year={1999}, month={Jun}, pages={33–55} }
 @article{wu_raman_mohanty_1999, title={Numerical investigation of the Somali jet interaction with the Western Ghat Mountains}, volume={154}, DOI={10.1007/s000240050234}, number={2}, journal={Pure and Applied Geophysics}, author={Wu, Y. H. and Raman, S. and Mohanty, U. C.}, year={1999}, pages={365–396} }
 @article{faluvegi_alapaty_reichle_mathur_raman_connors_1999, title={Simulation of carbon monoxide transport during April 1994}, volume={104}, ISSN={["2169-8996"]}, DOI={10.1029/1998JD100030}, abstractNote={The Multiscale Air Quality Simulation Platform (MAQSIP) is used to simulate transport of carbon monoxide (CO) as a passive tracer over North America, Europe, and the North Atlantic during the April 1994 Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites (MAPS) mission. MAQSIP is driven by meteorological fields generated by the Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research fifth‐generation mesoscale model. Model CO surface emissions from biomass burning, fossil fuel combustion, nonmethane hydrocarbon oxidation, oceans, and soils are based on inventories from the Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy and the Global Emissions Inventory Activity. Predicted CO mixing ratios are vertically weighted for comparison with MAPS observations. The spread in the mission‐averaged vertically weighted simulated CO mixing ratios (∼38 ppbv, compared to 60 ppbv in the MAPS data) suggests that CO surface emissions significantly affect MAPS observations on a weekly timescale. Good qualitative agreement is found between MAPS observations and model predictions on several temporal and spatial scales. Possible reasons for discrepancies are examined. A simulation without cumulus convection increases CO mixing ratios in the lower model layers and depletes CO above, resulting in a complex pattern of increases and decreases upon vertical weighted integration. Another simulation, which included a diurnal emissions variation, produced significant changes in instantaneous local CO mixing ratios, but had a minimal effect on the mission‐averaged MAPS comparisons.}, number={D17}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES}, author={Faluvegi, GS and Alapaty, K and Reichle, HG and Mathur, R and Raman, S and Connors, VS}, year={1999}, month={Sep}, pages={21471–21485} }
 @article{hong_raman_hodur_xu_1999, title={The mutual response of the tropical squall line and the ocean}, volume={155}, ISSN={["0033-4553"]}, DOI={10.1007/s000240050252}, number={1}, journal={PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS}, author={Hong, XD and Raman, S and Hodur, RM and Xu, L}, year={1999}, month={Jun}, pages={1–32} }
 @article{niyogi_raman_alapaty_1999, title={Uncertainty in the specification of surface characteristics, part II: Hierarchy of interaction-explicit statistical analysis}, volume={91}, DOI={10.1023/A:1002023724201}, number={3}, journal={Boundary-layer Meteorology}, author={Niyogi, D. S. and Raman, S. and Alapaty, K.}, year={1999}, pages={341–366} }
 @article{niyogi_raman_alapaty_1998, title={Comparison of four different stomatal resistance schemes using FIFE data. Part II: Analysis of terrestrial biospheric-atmospheric interactions}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0894-8763"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0450(1998)037<1301:COFDSR>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Stomatal resistance (Rs) forms a pivotal component of the surface energy budget and of the terrestrial biosphere‐atmosphere interactions. Using a statistical‐graphical technique, the Rs-related interactions between different atmospheric and physiological variables are resolved explicitly from observations made during the First ISLSCP (International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project) Field Experiment (FIFE). A similar analysis was undertaken for the Rs parameterization schemes, as used in the present models. Three physiological schemes (the Ball‐Woodrow‐Berry, Kim and Verma, and Jacobs) and one operational Jarvis-type scheme were evaluated in terms of their ability to replicate the terrestrial biosphere‐atmosphere interactions. It was found that all of the Rs parameterization schemes have similar qualitative behavior for routine meteorological applications (without carbon assimilation). Compared to the observations, there was no significant difference found in employing either the relative humidity or the vapor pressure deficit as the humidity descriptor in the analysis. Overall, the relative humidity‐based interactions were more linear than the vapor pressure deficit and hence could be considered more convenient in the scaling exercises. It was found that with high photosynthesis rates, all of the schemes had similar behavior. It was found with low assimilation rates, however, that the discrepancies and nonlinearity in the interactions, as well as the uncertainties, were exaggerated.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY}, author={Niyogi, DS and Raman, S and Alapaty, K}, year={1998}, month={Oct}, pages={1301–1320} }
 @book{singh_raman_1998, title={Dynamics of atmospheric flows: Atmospheric transport and diffusion processes}, ISBN={1853124273}, publisher={Boston, MA: Computational Mechanics Publications}, author={Singh, M. P. and Raman, S.}, year={1998} }
 @misc{tilley_cheves_kelley_raman_weller_1998, title={Energy levels of light nuclei, A=20}, volume={636}, ISSN={["1873-1554"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0375-9474(98)00129-8}, abstractNote={Compilation of energy levels of A = 20 nuclei, with emphasis on the review of material leading to information about the structure of the A = 20 systems.}, number={3}, journal={NUCLEAR PHYSICS A}, author={Tilley, DR and Cheves, CM and Kelley, CH and Raman, S and Weller, HR}, year={1998}, month={Jun}, pages={249–364} }
 @article{raman_reddy_niyogi_1998, title={Mesoscale analysis of a Carolina coastal front}, volume={86}, ISSN={["0006-8314"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1000605030775}, number={1}, journal={BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY}, author={Raman, S and Reddy, NC and Niyogi, DS}, year={1998}, month={Jan}, pages={125–145} }
 @article{raman_mohanty_reddy_alapaty_madala_1998, title={Numerical simulation of the sensitivity of summer monsoon circulation and rainfall over India to land surface processes}, volume={152}, ISSN={["0033-4553"]}, DOI={10.1007/s000240050178}, number={4}, journal={PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS}, author={Raman, S and Mohanty, UC and Reddy, NC and Alapaty, K and Madala, RV}, year={1998}, month={Oct}, pages={781–809} }
 @article{raman_niyogi_prabhu_ameenullah_nagaraj_kumar_jayanna_1998, title={TVEBEX: Vegetation and surface energy balance experiment for the tropics}, volume={107}, DOI={10.1007/bf02842263}, abstractNote={Surface features such as soil moisture and vegetation have a profound impact on the surface energy balance and the atmospheric boundary layer. To quantify this effect for a tropical location, a detailed field experiment, VEBEX, was designed and successfully executed in a tropical site at Bangalore, India. VEBEX was a joint experiment between the North Carolina State University, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), and the University of Agricultural Science (UAS) at Bangalore, India. Continuous surface meteorological measurements were taken over an entire crop period (pre-sowing to post-harvest). During different stages of the plant growth, intensive observations of surface turbulence, and measurements of physiological and soil moisture measurements were also conducted. The results obtained provide an insight into the unusually strong variability for the tropics. Interpretation of the observations and an overview of the analysis procedure and future research initiatives are also presented.}, number={1}, journal={Proceedings (Indian Academy of Sciences). Earth and Planetary Sciences}, author={Raman, Sethu and Niyogi, D. S. and Prabhu, A. and Ameenullah, S. and Nagaraj, S. T. and Kumar, U. and Jayanna, S.}, year={1998}, pages={97–105} }
 @article{roswintiarti_niyogi_raman_1998, title={Teleconnections between tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies and North Carolina precipitation anomalies during El Nino events}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0094-8276"]}, DOI={10.1029/1998GL900121}, abstractNote={Linear teleconnections of El Niño events and precipitation over a regional coastal land mass were analyzed. Two statistical techniques were used. First, the Empirical Orthogonal Function extracted major variances of the monthly tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies and coastal North Carolina precipitation anomalies. Second, the Canonical Correlation Analysis calculated the linear combinations of the anomaly data sets that were highly correlated. The results show that El Niño‐related precipitation anomalies along the North Carolina coast were positive from November to May and negative between June and October consistent with large‐scale studies. Results indicate simple, linear statistical techniques can be effectively adopted to determine teleconnections on a local scale.}, number={22}, journal={GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS}, author={Roswintiarti, O and Niyogi, DS and Raman, S}, year={1998}, month={Nov}, pages={4201–4204} }
 @article{wu_raman_1998, title={The summertime great plains low level jet and the effect of its origin on moisture transport}, volume={88}, ISSN={["0006-8314"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1001518302649}, number={3}, journal={BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY}, author={Wu, YH and Raman, S}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={445–466} }
 @article{cione_neuherz_raman_pietrafesa_keeter_li_1998, title={The use of pre-storm boundary-layer baroclinicity in determining and operationally implementing the Atlantic surface cyclone intensification index}, volume={89}, ISSN={["0006-8314"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1001773019199}, number={2}, journal={BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY}, author={Cione, JJ and Neuherz, RA and Raman, S and Pietrafesa, LJ and Keeter, K and Li, XF}, year={1998}, month={Nov}, pages={211–224} }
 @article{niyogi_raman_1997, title={Comparison of four different stomatal resistance schemes using FIFE observations}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0894-8763"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0450(1997)036<0903:COFDSR>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Stomatal resistance (Rs) calculation has a major impact on the surface energy partitioning that influences diverse boundary layer processes. Present operational limited area or mesoscale models have the Jarvis-type parameterization, whereas the microscale and the climate simulation models prefer physiological schemes for estimating Rs. The pivotal question regarding operational mesoscale models is whether an iterative physiological scheme needs to be adopted ahead of the analytical Jarvis-type formulation. This question is addressed by comparing the ability of three physiological schemes along with a typical Jarvistype scheme for predicting Rs using observations made during FIFE. The data used is typical of a C4-type vegetation, predominant in regions of high convective activity such as the semiarid Tropics and the southern United States grasslands. Data from three different intensive field campaigns are analyzed to account for vegetation and hydrological diversity. It is found that the Jarvis-type approach has low variance in the outcome due to a poor feedback for the ambient changes. The physiological models, on the other hand, are found to be quite responsive to the external environment. All three physiological schemes have a similar performance qualitatively, which suggests that the vapor pressure deficit approach or the relative humidity descriptor used in the physiological schemes may not yield different results for routine meteorological applications. For the data considered, the physiological schemes had a consistently better performance compared to the Jarvis-type scheme in predicting Rs outcome. All four schemes can, however, provide a reasonable estimate of the ensemble mean of the samples considered. A significant influence of the seasonal change in the minimum Rs in the Jarvis-type scheme was also noticed, which suggests the use of nitrogen-based information for improving the performance of the Jarvis-type scheme. A possible interactive influence of soil moisture on the capabilities of the four schemes is also discussed. Overall, the physiological schemes performed better under higher moisture availability.}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY}, author={Niyogi, DS and Raman, S}, year={1997}, month={Jul}, pages={903–917} }
 @article{niyogi_raman_prabhu_kumar_joshi_1997, title={Direct estimation of stomatal resistance for meteorological applications}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0094-8276"]}, DOI={10.1029/97GL01790}, abstractNote={Stomatal Resistance (Rs) is one of the most important parameters in the meteorological models for weather or climate analysis and hydrological scenario estimations. The information for estimating Rs is sparse particularly in the tropics limiting the development of a detailed global terrestrial biosphere‐atmosphere interaction analysis. One of the reasons for the scarcity of tropical data is the high cost of instrumentation. A hypothesis is presented to estimate Rs from plant‐nutrient status in a field study using stomatal aperture observations to develop a simple, cost‐effective technique for first‐order estimations. Comparisons with observations from a tropical field experiment are encouraging and an approach is suggested using this method for initialization of numerical models using remote sensing techniques based on nitrogen, humidity, and temperature as sufficient parameters.}, number={14}, journal={GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS}, author={Niyogi, DS and Raman, S and Prabhu, A and Kumar, U and Joshi, SS}, year={1997}, month={Jul}, pages={1771–1774} }
 @article{wu_raman_1997, title={Effect of land-use pattern on the development of low-level jets}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0894-8763"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0450(1997)036<0573:EOLUPO>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Land-use patterns are a major factor that causes land surface heterogeneities, which in turn influence the development of mesoscale circulations. In the present study, effects of land-use patterns on the formation and structure of mesoscale circulations were investigated using the North Carolina State University mesoscale model linked with the soil–vegetation system. The Midwest type of low-level jet (LLJ) was successfully generated in the model simulation. Characteristics of the LLJ generated in the numerical experiments are consistent with observations. The results suggest that land surface heterogeneities could have significant impacts on the formation and the maintenance of the LLJ.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY}, author={Wu, YH and Raman, S}, year={1997}, month={May}, pages={573–590} }
 @article{potty_mohanty_raman_1997, title={Effect of three different boundary-layer parameterisations in a regional atmospheric model on the simulation of summer monsoon circulation}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1573-1472"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1000402013655}, number={3}, journal={BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY}, author={Potty, KVJ and Mohanty, UC and Raman, S}, year={1997}, month={Sep}, pages={363–381} }
 @article{shi_chang_raman_1997, title={Interaction between Hurricane Florence (1988) and an upper-tropospheric westerly trough}, volume={54}, ISSN={["0022-4928"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<1231:IBHFAA>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The Naval Research Laboratory’s limited-area numerical prediction system, a version of Navy Operational Regional Atmospheric Prediction System, was used to investigate the interaction between Hurricane Florence (1988) and its upper-tropospheric environment. The model was initialized with the National Meteorological Center (now the National Centers for Environmental Prediction)/Regional Analysis and Forecasting Systems 2.5° analysis at 0000 UTC 9 September 1988, enhanced by a set of Omega dropwindsonde data through a three-pass nested-grid objective analysis. Diagnosis of the 200-mb level structure of the 12-h forecast valid for 1200 UTC 9 September 1988 showed that the outflow layer was highly asymmetric with an outflow jet originating at approximately 3° north of the storm. In agreement with the result of an idealized simulation (Shi et al. 1990), there was a thermally direct, circum-jet secondary circulation in the jet entrance region and a thermally indirect one in a reversed direction in the ...}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES}, author={Shi, JJ and Chang, S and Raman, S}, year={1997}, month={May}, pages={1231–1247} }
 @article{xie_pietrafesa_raman_1997, title={Interaction between surface wind and ocean circulation in the Carolina Capes in a coupled low-order model}, volume={17}, ISSN={["0278-4343"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0278-4343(97)00024-1}, abstractNote={Abstract Interactions between surface winds and ocean currents over an east-coast continental shelf are studied using a simple mathematical model. The model physics includes cross-shelf advection of sea surface temperature (SST) by Ekman drift, upwelling due to Ekman transport divergence, differential heating of the low-level atmosphere by a cross-shelf SST gradient, and the Coriolis effect. Additionally, the effects of diabatic cooling of surface waters due to air-sea heat exchange and of the vertical density stratification on the thickness of the upper ocean Ekman layer are considered. The model results are qualitatively consistent with observed wind-driven coastal ocean circulation and surface wind signatures induced by SST. This simple model also demonstrates that two-way air-sea interaction plays a significant role in the subtidal frequency variability of coastal ocean circulation and mesoscale variability of surface wind fields over coastal waters.}, number={12}, journal={CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH}, author={Xie, L and Pietrafesa, LJ and Raman, S}, year={1997}, month={Oct}, pages={1483–1511} }
 @article{leach_raman_mohanty_madala_1997, title={The role of radiative transfer in maintaining the Indian summer monsoon circulation}, volume={149}, ISSN={["0033-4553"]}, DOI={10.1007/s000240050043}, number={3}, journal={PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS}, author={Leach, MJ and Raman, S and Mohanty, UC and Madala, RV}, year={1997}, month={Jun}, pages={601–622} }
 @article{alapaty_raman_niyogi_1997, title={Uncertainty in the specification of surface characteristics: A study of prediction errors in the boundary layer}, volume={82}, ISSN={["0006-8314"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1017166907476}, number={3}, journal={BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY}, author={Alapaty, K and Raman, S and Niyogi, DS}, year={1997}, month={Mar}, pages={473–500} }