@article{yu_shah_knauer_boyette_stikeleather_2021, title={Comprehensive Evaluation of a Landscape Fabric Based Solar Air Heater in a Pig Nursery}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1996-1073"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217258}, DOI={10.3390/en14217258}, abstractNote={Supplementing fossil fuels with solar air tempering for brooding young livestock could reduce energy use and improve indoor air quality. Metal transpired solar collectors (TSC) are effective but too expensive for heating livestock buildings. An inexpensive 12.7 m2 dark grey landscape-fabric-based transpired solar collector (fTSC) was evaluated in a swine nursery with two herds of pigs. A fraction of the fTSC area was underlain with phase change material (PCM) to store excess heat. The Test room with the fTSC was compared with an adjacent identical Control room, each with 120 piglets. The fTSC provided supplemental heating, e.g., with a suction velocity (Vs) of 0.027 m/s during a 9 h period, air temperature was increased by 11.6 °C (mean irradiance of 592 W/m2). Between 4 pm and 9 pm that same day, the PCM increased air temperature by 3.9 °C. The fTSC did not reduce propane use or improve pig performance. Higher Vs, operational changes and controller modifications could improve system performance and reduce cost. Modeling could be used to optimize PCM use. Hence, this very low-cost fabric-based solar air heater offers potential for considerable reduction in heat energy use in livestock barns.}, number={21}, journal={ENERGIES}, author={Yu, Li and Shah, Sanjay B. and Knauer, Mark T. and Boyette, Michael D. and Stikeleather, Larry F.}, year={2021}, month={Nov} } @article{poole_shah_grimes_boyette_stikeleather_2018, title={Evaluation of a novel, low-cost plastic solar air heater for turkey brooding}, volume={45}, ISSN={0973-0826}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2018.04.004}, DOI={10.1016/j.esd.2018.04.004}, abstractNote={Solar heat could displace fossil fuel to reduce energy cost for brooding livestock and poultry. A transpired solar collector (TSC), consisting of a perforated dark-colored metal surface, can provide considerable heating but metal TSCs (mTSCs) are expensive. Since a perforated black plastic sheet will be less-expensive, a plastic TSC (pTSC) was evaluated. The 1.49 m2 pTSC (porosity of 1.2%) supplemented a propane heater in a room housing 240 turkey poults; an adjacent room without a pTSC, with 240 poults was the control. Monitoring was performed over two flocks of poults. A custom-built controller bypassed the pTSC during nighttime or when the room did not require heating to bring in fresh air. The pTSC gave a maximum temperature rise of 25.4 °C at a solar irradiance (I) of 882 W/m2 and suction velocity (Vs) of 0.033 m/s over 15 min. Over 178 h of operation, with an average I of 668 ± 295 W/m2 and average Vs of 0.036 m/s, the pTSC increased air temperature by an average of 8.1 ± 4.2 °C. Probably due to higher ventilation rate and an oversized propane heater, propane use was not reduced in the Test room with the pTSC vs. the Control room. The Test room had lower CO2 and CO concentrations due to higher ventilation, which may have improved turkey performance. The metal TSC gave a slightly higher temperature rise at a lower Vs but the less-expensive pTSC could be a more cost-effective solar air heater that could readily be scaled up for agricultural and other applications in many parts of the world. Scale-up considerations seem feasible and are presented for a 10,000-poult brooder barn.}, journal={Energy for Sustainable Development}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Poole, Mark R. and Shah, Sanjay B. and Grimes, Jesse L. and Boyette, Michael D. and Stikeleather, Larry F.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={1–10} } @article{poole_shah_boyette_grimes_stikeleather_2018, title={Evaluation of landscape fabric as a solar air heater}, volume={127}, ISSN={0960-1481}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.05.045}, DOI={10.1016/j.renene.2018.05.045}, abstractNote={Abstract Solar heating has great potential to displace fossil fuels in agricultural and industrial space heating. The conventional metal transpired solar collectors (mTSC) is highly-efficient but its high cost has impeded its adoption. While the plastic TSC (pTSC) would be less-expensive than the mTSC, it requires perforation. Since a high absorptance, non-woven landscape fabric is widely available and inexpensive, it could be cost-effective solar collector. The landscape fabric collector (fTSC) was compared with mTSC (anodized aluminum) and pTSC for temperature rise (ΔT) and efficiency (η) at two suction velocities (Vs). The mTSC and pTSC had porosity of 1.2% while the fTSC had a porosity of 80%. At 0.047 m/s, the fTSC produced higher average ΔT (by at least 2 °C) and average η (by at least 10%) than the mTSC and pTSC that were similar in performance. At the higher Vs of 0.060 m/s, the fTSC slightly outperformed the mTSC while the pTSC had the lowest ΔT and η. Superior performance of the fTSC was likely due to lower energy losses than the other two collectors as was indicated by its scanning electron microscope images. Modeling the fTSC as a simplified packed bed may be appropriate and challenges have been identified. Practical scale-up suggestions are provided. The fTSC is the least expensive solar air heater for space heating.}, journal={Renewable Energy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Poole, Mark R. and Shah, Sanjay B. and Boyette, Michael D. and Grimes, Jesse L. and Stikeleather, Larry F.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={998–1003} } @article{shivkumar_wang-li_shah_stikeleather_fuentes_2016, title={Performance analysis of a poultry engineering chamber complex for animal environment, air quality, and welfare studies}, volume={59}, number={5}, journal={Transactions of the ASABE}, author={Shivkumar, A. P. and Wang-Li, L. and Shah, S. B. and Stikeleather, L. F. and Fuentes, M.}, year={2016}, pages={1371–1382} } @article{hood_shah_kolar_li_stikeleather_2015, title={Biofiltration of Ammonia and GHGs from Swine Gestation Barn Pit Exhaust}, volume={58}, ISSN={2151-0032 2151-0040}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.58.10949}, DOI={10.13031/trans.58.10949}, abstractNote={ Abstract. Livestock barn emissions can affect public health, the environment, and quality of life. While these emissions can be mitigated using several methods, exhaust air treatment may be required in some situations. Biofiltration is one of the most cost-effective exhaust air treatment methods. In a biofilter, polluted air passes through a moist medium (e.g., compost) where the water-soluble gases are dissolved and then degraded by microorganisms into harmless or less harmful compounds. In this study, a downflow biofilter using a compost and wood chip medium was evaluated over summer, fall, and winter (August 2010 to January 2011) for its ability to mitigate emissions of ammonia (NH3) and three greenhouse gases (GHGs): methane (CH4), nitrous dioxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Biofilter medium properties were analyzed at the beginning and twice during the study. Changes in medium properties and CO2 data indicated greater heterotrophic microbial activity during summer through fall and greater autotrophic activity during fall through winter. Regardless of empty bed residence time (EBRT) (5.3 to 26 s), NH3 removal efficiency (RE) was about 90% with inlet concentrations of ≤1.1 mg m-3. With higher NH3 loading rates, the RE may differ from this study. In fall, CH4 RE was 49% (EBRT = 26 s) but only 13% in summer (EBRT = 13 s). Nitrous oxide RE varied in a narrow range of 14% to 18% over the study. In summer, CO2 removal was negligible but was 15% in fall and 34% in winter. While a compost based medium may be more effective for CH4 and N2O mitigation, a wood chip based medium would be more economical. Care should be taken when using a photoacoustic sensor for high-frequency and low-concentration NH3 measurements.}, number={3}, journal={Transactions of the ASABE}, publisher={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE)}, author={Hood, Matthew C. and Shah, Sanjay B. and Kolar, Praveen and Li, Lingjuan Wang and Stikeleather, Larry}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={771–782} } @article{rice_baird_stikeleather_morrow_meyer_2014, title={Carbon dioxide system for on-farm euthanasia of pigs in small groups}, volume={22}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Swine Health and Production}, author={Rice, M. and Baird, C. and Stikeleather, L. and Morrow, W. E. M. and Meyer, R.}, year={2014}, pages={248–254} } @article{meyer_morrow_stikeleather_baird_rice_byrne_halbert_styles_2014, title={Evaluation of carbon dioxide administration for on-site mass depopulation of swine in response to animal health emergencies}, volume={244}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.244.8.924}, abstractNote={apid methods for on-site swine depopulation are re-quired in the event of an animal health emergency in North America. The term animal health emergency, as used in this context, includes a wide range of poten-tial situations such as disease outbreaks, contamination with chemicals (eg, dioxin) or radionuclides (eg, cesi-um-137), and adverse animal welfare conditions creat-ed by transportation restrictions that severely limit feed deliveries and animal movement. As described by the AVMA, mass depopulation refers to methods by which large numbers of animals must be destroyed quickly and efficiently with as much consideration given to the welfare of the animals as practicable, but where the cir -cumstances and tasks facing those performing depopu-lation are understood to be extenuating.}, number={8}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Meyer, Robert E. and Morrow, W. E. Morgan and Stikeleather, Larry F. and Baird, Craig L. and Rice, J. Mark and Byrne, Haleh and Halbert, Burt V. and Styles, Darrel K.}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={924–933} } @misc{meyer_morrow_stikeleather_styles_2014, title={Experience of breathing carbon dioxide Response}, volume={244}, number={11}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Meyer, R. and Morrow, W. E. M. and Stikeleather, L. and Styles, D. K.}, year={2014}, pages={1244–1245} } @article{mixson_stikeleather_simmons_wilson_burkholder_2014, title={pH-induced flocculation, indirect electrocoagulation, and hollow fiber filtration techniques for harvesting the saltwater microalga Dunaliella}, volume={26}, ISSN={0921-8971 1573-5176}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-013-0232-z}, DOI={10.1007/s10811-013-0232-z}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Applied Phycology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Mixson, Stephanie M. and Stikeleather, Larry F. and Simmons, Otto D., III and Wilson, Cameron W. and Burkholder, JoAnn M.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={1701–1709} } @article{meyer_whitley_morrow_stikeleather_baird_rice_halbert_styles_whisnant_2013, title={Effect of physical and inhaled euthanasia methods on hormonal measures of stress in pigs}, volume={21}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Swine Health and Production}, author={Meyer, R. E. and Whitley, J. T. and Morrow, W. E. M. and Stikeleather, L. F. and Baird, C. L. and Rice, J. M. and Halbert, B. V. and Styles, D. K. and Whisnant, C. S.}, year={2013}, pages={261–269} } @article{wang_natelson_stikeleather_roberts_2013, title={Product sampling during transient continuous countercurrent hydrolysis of canola oil and development of a kinetic model}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1873-4375"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.compchemeng.2013.06.003}, abstractNote={A chemical kinetic model has been developed for the transient stage of the continuous countercurrent hydrolysis of triglycerides to free fatty acids and glycerol. Departure functions and group contribution methods were applied to determine the equilibrium constants of the four reversible reactions in the kinetic model. Continuous countercurrent hydrolysis of canola oil in subcritical water was conducted experimentally in a lab-scale reactor over a range of temperatures and the concentrations of all neutral components were quantified. Several of the rate constants in the model were obtained by modeling this experimental data, with the remaining determined from calculated equilibrium constants. Some reactions not included in the present, or previous, hydrolysis modeling efforts were identified from glycerolysis kinetic studies and may explain the slight discrepancy between model and experiment. The rate constants determined in this paper indicate that diglycerides in the feedstock accelerate the transition from “emulsive hydrolysis” to “rapid hydrolysis”.}, journal={COMPUTERS & CHEMICAL ENGINEERING}, author={Wang, Wei-Cheng and Natelson, Robert H. and Stikeleather, Larry F. and Roberts, William L.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={144–155} } @article{wang_natelson_stikeleather_roberts_2012, title={CFD simulation of transient stage of continuous countercurrent hydrolysis of canola oil}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1873-4375"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.compchemeng.2012.04.008}, abstractNote={Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) modeling of a continuous countercurrent hydrolysis process was performed using ANSYS-CFX. The liquid properties and flow behavior such as density, specific heats, dynamic viscosity, thermal conductivity, and thermal expansivity as well as water solubility of the hydrolysis components triglyceride, diglyceride, monoglyceride, free fatty acid, and glycerol were calculated. Chemical kinetics for the hydrolysis reactions were simulated in this model by applying Arrhenius parameters. The simulation was based on actual experimental reaction conditions including temperature and water-to-oil ratio. The results not only have good agreement with experimental data but also show instantaneous distributions of concentrations of every component in hydrolysis reaction. This model provided visible insight into the continuous countercurrent hydrolysis process.}, journal={COMPUTERS & CHEMICAL ENGINEERING}, author={Wang, Wei-Cheng and Natelson, Robert H. and Stikeleather, Larry F. and Roberts, William L.}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={108–119} } @article{wang_roberts_stikeleather_2012, title={Hydrocarbon Fuels From Gas Phase Decarboxylation of Hydrolyzed Free Fatty Acid}, volume={134}, ISSN={["0195-0738"]}, DOI={10.1115/1.4006867}, abstractNote={Gas phase decarboxylation of hydrolyzed free fatty acid (FFA) from canola oil has been investigated in two fix-bed reactors by changing reaction parameters such as temperatures, FFA feed rates, and H2-to-FFA molar ratios. FFA, which contains mostly C18 as well as a few C16, C20, C22, and C24 FFA, was fed into the boiling zone, evaporated, carried by hydrogen flow at the rate of 0.5–20 ml/min, and reacted with the 5% Pd/C catalyst in the reactor. Reactions were conducted atmospherically at 380–450 °C and the products, qualified and quantified through gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID), showed mostly n-heptadecane and a few portion of n-C15, n-C19, n-C21, n-C23 as well as some cracking species. Results showed that FFA conversion increased with increasing reaction temperatures but decreased with increasing FFA feed rates and H2-to-FFA molar ratios. The reaction rates were found to decrease with higher temperature and increase with higher H2 flow rates. Highly selective heptadecane was achieved by applying higher temperatures and higher H2-to-FFA molar ratios. From the results, as catalyst loading and FFA feed rate were fixed, an optimal reaction temperature of 415 °C as well as H2-to-FFA molar ratio of 4.16 were presented. These results provided good basis for studying the kinetics of decarboxylation process.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME}, author={Wang, Wei-Cheng and Roberts, William L. and Stikeleather, Larry F.}, year={2012}, month={Sep} } @article{wang_thapaliya_campos_stikeleather_roberts_2012, title={Hydrocarbon fuels from vegetable oils via hydrolysis and thermo-catalytic decarboxylation}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1873-7153"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.fuel.2011.12.041}, abstractNote={Conversion of canola oil to normal alkane hydrocarbons was investigated using sequential reactions: continuous thermal hydrolysis and fed-batch thermo-catalytic decarboxylation. The free fatty acid (FFA) intermediate product from hydrolysis was quantified using GC–FID, which showed 99.7% conversion and the following components: palmitic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, stearic, arachidic and behenic acids. The FFA was saturated then decarboxylated at an average rate of 15.5 mmoles/min using a 5% Pd/C catalyst at 300 °C. Approximately 90% decarboxylation conversion to n-alkanes was achieved within 5 h of the reaction. The resulting mixture of n-alkanes can be readily converted into renewable diesel using isomerization to improve the cold flow properties of the fuel.}, number={1}, journal={FUEL}, author={Wang, Wei-Cheng and Thapaliya, Nirajan and Campos, Andrew and Stikeleather, Larry F. and Roberts, William L.}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={622–629} } @article{singleton_stikeleather_sanford_2002, title={LC-electrospray ionization and LC-FABMS study of flavonoid glycosides extracted from peanut meal}, volume={79}, ISSN={["0003-021X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11746-002-0552-0}, abstractNote={Abstract HPLC, HPLC‐electrospray ionization (LC‐ESI), and LC‐FABMS were used to characterize flavonoid glycosides in the methanol extract from peanut meal. Five isoflavones, diadzin, glycitin, genistin, daidzein, and genistein, were separated by HPLC and characterized by comparison with known standards using ESI‐MS. The flavonoid methylquercetin (rhamnetin) was present in the methanol extract from peanuts and identified by ESI‐MS. Four other flavonoids, two quercetin diglycosides, one quercetin monoglucoside, and isorhamnetin glucoside, were found to be present in the methanol extract based on their reversed‐phase elution pattern, mass ions, and fragment ions using flow‐FABMS.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY}, author={Singleton, JA and Stikeleather, LF and Sanford, JH}, year={2002}, month={Aug}, pages={741–748} } @article{stikeleather_singleton_2001, title={Induction heated pressure vessel system and method for the rapid extraction of lipids and trace polar micronutrients from plant material}, volume={79}, ISSN={["0960-3085"]}, DOI={10.1205/096030801750425262}, abstractNote={Alaboratory extractor has been designed and constructed that selectively extracts polar and non-polar components from oilseeds and other matrices using elevated pressure and temperature. The extractor is comprised of a 403 stainless steel pressure vessel heated by an electromagnetic induction heating coil. An induction heating control circuit, from a commercially available induction cooker, is used to drive a custom wound heating coil designed to cradle the pressure cell. The advantages of this system include low initial cost, greatly reduced solvent consumption, shorter extraction times, quantitative lipid recovery, use of multiple extraction solvents, and reduction in cost per sample. Neutral lipids were extracted from peanut and soybean meals in 50 minutes by this rapid extraction method compared to 1440 minutes required to extract the comparable amount of neutral lipids from a similar sample using the Soxhlet extraction method. Methodology and data on micronutrient extractions are also presented to verify extractor performance.}, number={C3}, journal={FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING}, author={Stikeleather, LF and Singleton, JA}, year={2001}, month={Sep}, pages={169–175} } @article{middleton_ferket_daniels_boyd_stikeleather_hines_2000, title={The use of poultry mortalities as an alternative bait for the harvesting of blue crabs Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun, 1885)}, volume={19}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Shellfish Research}, author={Middleton, T. F. and Ferket, P. R. and Daniels, H. V. and Boyd, L. C. and Stikeleather, L. F. and Hines, R. J.}, year={2000}, pages={723–729} } @article{singleton_stikeleather_1999, title={A solvent extractor system for the rapid extraction of lipids and trace bioactive micronutrients in oilseeds}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0003-021X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11746-999-0185-1}, abstractNote={A low-cost laboratory extractor has been designed and constructed that selectively extracts polar and nonpolar components from oilseeds and other matrices. The extractor uses available high-performance liquid chromatography laboratory equipment for pumping the solvent into the extractor. Pressure, temperature, and valving arrangements are automatically controlled by commercially available components. Advantages of this system include low initial investment, reduced solvent consumption, shorter extraction times, quantitative lipid recovery, use of multiple extraction solvents, and reduction in cost per sample. The method has broader applications that include extraction of trace components from a variety of matrices, for example, the extraction of pesticides from foods and polychlorobiphenyls from soil. Class separation of components from different matrices can be achieved easily by selection of solvents with the appropriate polarity characteristics. Very small samples can be extracted simply by changing cell size or by adding an inert material to the cell to fill the void volume. Analyte collection can be accomplished by collecting in a test tube with an appropriate solvent, or on a solid-phase material. Optimization of extraction times, number of extractions, matrices, and solvent used is described. Neutral lipids were extracted from peanut meal in 70 min by the rapid extraction method compared to 1440 min required to extract the comparable amount of neutral lipids from a similar sample by the Soxhlet extraction method.}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY}, author={Singleton, JA and Stikeleather, LF}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={1461–1466} } @article{singleton_ruan_sanford_haney_stikeleather_1999, title={Separation and characterization of peanut phospholipid molecular species using high-performance liquid chromatography and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0003-021X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11746-999-0046-y}, abstractNote={Abstract Total lipid extracts from peanut seed were separated on a silica column into a triacylglycerol fraction and a polar lipid fraction by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The polar fraction containing the phospholipids was retained on the precolumn, and the triacylglycerol fraction was eluted to a waste flask by a special valve arrangement. Phospholipids were eluted from the precolumn and separated into various classes on a silica analytical column. Each phospholipid class was manually collected and subsequently subjected to reversed‐phase HPLC in tandem with a fast atom bombardment mass spectrometer. Phosphatidylethanolamine was separated into five molecular species. Phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine were each separated into six molecular species.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY}, author={Singleton, JA and Ruan, M and Sanford, JH and Haney, CA and Stikeleather, LF}, year={1999}, month={Jan}, pages={49–56} } @misc{automated system for preparing animal carcasses for lactic acid fermentation and/or further processing_1998, volume={5,713,788}, number={1998 Feb. 3}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, year={1998} } @article{kay_roe_stikeleather_mahmoud_abrams_1998, title={Axial vibration of threaded external fixation pins: Detection of pin loosening}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0090-6964"]}, DOI={10.1114/1.92}, number={3}, journal={ANNALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING}, author={Kay, MW and Roe, SC and Stikeleather, LF and Mahmoud, A and Abrams, CF}, year={1998}, pages={361–368} } @misc{stikeleather_mckeithan_1996, title={Apparatus for pulverizing animal carcasses}, volume={5,547,420}, number={1996 Aug. 20}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Stikeleather, L. and McKeithan, J.}, year={1996} } @misc{singleton_stikeleather_1995, title={High performance liquid chromatography injection system for the simultaneous concentration and analysis of trace components}, volume={5462660}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Singleton, J. A. and Stikeleather, L. F.}, year={1995} } @article{stikeleather_1990, title={Progress toward a bulk system for sweetpotato production}, number={90-6048}, journal={Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers)}, author={Stikeleather, L. F.}, year={1990}, pages={12} } @article{stikeleather_harrell_1990, title={Sweetpotato damage as measured by weight loss}, number={90-1614}, journal={Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers)}, author={Stikeleather, L. F. and Harrell, K. P.}, year={1990}, pages={11} } @article{stikeleather_harrell_1989, title={The development of a research facility for bulk sweetpotatoes}, number={89-6515}, journal={Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers)}, author={Stikeleather, L. F. and Harrell, K. P.}, year={1989}, pages={14} }