@article{townsend_2016, title={Re-reading Design Methodology and the “Toolbox” Metaphor}, volume={8}, ISSN={1754-7075 1754-7083}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17547075.2016.1187914}, DOI={10.1080/17547075.2016.1187914}, abstractNote={Abstract In 2006 Paul Dourish gave a paper about ethnography and its implication for creating design intervention and form. This is part of the basis of this paper, which illustrates the need to develop critical interrogations of what Dourish called a “toolbox of methods.” The paper argues that the metaphor of the “toolbox” suggests a departure from the reflexivity of the social sciences, where theory and method are continuously questioned and interrogated. The article concludes with a recommendation for how design practice might benefit from such reflexivity.}, number={2}, journal={Design and Culture}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Townsend, Scott}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={199–204} }
 @article{townsend_donnelly_2015, title={Design Education and Social Innovation Part Two: A Roundtable (Introduction)}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1754-7083"]}, DOI={10.1080/17547075.2015.1104603}, abstractNote={This introduction to “Design and Academe", a recurring section on design practice and education, continues and completes our first topic based on design education and social innovation. In this section, we present six short 1500-word overviews of perspectives and program outlines. We are in part following on from Terry Irwin’s proposal in the previous issue to reconsider the location of design across an evolving spectrum, from service design and design for social innovation to the emerging idea of transition design. A range of short position papers by design educators, based on their own educational practices, has been drawn together from global – yet to a great extent always also local – experiences. The positions are diverse, and like the Cooper Hewitt’s Scott Townsend is an Associate Professor in the Department of Graphic and Industrial Design at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. sttwn@ncsu.edu}, number={3}, journal={DESIGN AND CULTURE}, author={Townsend, Scott and Donnelly, Brian}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={403–404} }
 @article{townsend_donnelly_2015, title={Design and Academe Design Education and Social Innovation}, volume={7}, ISSN={1754-7075 1754-7083}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17547075.2015.1051828}, DOI={10.1080/17547075.2015.1051828}, abstractNote={With this issue, Design and Culture begins a recurring section – “Design and Academe” – on design education and practice. Our first theme is “design education and social innovation,” and comes at a...}, number={2}, journal={Design and Culture}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Townsend, Scott and Donnelly, Brian}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={225–227} }
 @article{townsend_1998, title={Unfolding the surface of information (Electronic interactive information and design)}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0747-9360"]}, DOI={10.2307/1511890}, abstractNote={Introduction Electronic interactive information raises many new questions regarding the nature of design. Can the speed and ubiquity of "new" information, broadly construed, be understood through older theories of communication-or is there a threshold that we begin to cross where immediate distribution through electronic networks and user interaction contradicts many older definitions of information design? There is a crisis in our understanding. The older models and applied theories of maker and audience seem insufficient within this environment, yet, what new theories are provided seem to be placed within a hypothetical future that seems unconnected with the present. To examine the present is extremely difficult. Rather than decrying the differences between historical literacy and the electronic environment, or seeking to stake out new specializations as professional "territory," it is important that we recognize the existence of a cultural system of meaning and transmission which hybridizes and appropriates literally anything if it can be made to function effectively for a particular motivation or need. The historical understanding of "information" as being static, materialistic in the sense of the creation of the physical artifacts of print, and linear has been superseded. There are at least four major schisms between print and electronic information, primarily of time and velocity, indexing, immateriality and ephemerality, and the simulation of a visual perspective for the user (or point-of-view). These breaks challenge the notion of a historical understanding based totally within print.}, number={3}, journal={DESIGN ISSUES}, author={Townsend, S}, year={1998}, pages={5–18} }