@article{yao_cui_cui_zhu_2022, title={Soft electrothermal actuators using silver nanowire heaters (vol 9, pg 3797, 2017)}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2040-3372"]}, DOI={10.1039/d2nr90086f}, abstractNote={Correction for ‘Soft electrothermal actuators using silver nanowire heaters’ by Shanshan Yao et al., Nanoscale, 2017, 9, 3797–3805, https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NR09270E.}, number={17}, journal={NANOSCALE}, author={Yao, Shanshan and Cui, Jianxun and Cui, Zheng and Zhu, Yong}, year={2022}, month={May}, pages={6671–6671} }
 @article{yao_zhou_hinson_dong_wu_ives_hu_huang_zhu_2022, title={Ultrasoft Porous 3D Conductive Dry Electrodes for Electrophysiological Sensing and Myoelectric Control}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2365-709X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85132598682&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/admt.202101637}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES}, author={Yao, Shanshan and Zhou, Weixin and Hinson, Robert and Dong, Penghao and Wu, Shuang and Ives, Jasmine and Hu, Xiaogang and Huang, He and Zhu, Yong}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{prasad_farella_paulin_yao_zhu_vuuren_2021, title={Effect of electrode characteristics on electromyographic activity of the masseter muscle}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1873-5711"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jelekin.2020.102492}, abstractNote={The study investigated effects of electrode material, inter-electrode distance (IED), and conductive gel on electromyographic (EMG) activity recorded from the masseter muscle. EMG was recorded unilaterally, as ten volunteers performed standardized oral tasks. Ag/AgCl and Ag coated with Au were the gel-based; Ag alloy coated with graphene, pure Ag coated with graphene and silver nanowire embedded electrodes were the gel-free materials tested. Ag/AgCl electrodes were tested at three different IEDs (i.e. 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm). An electrode relative performance index (ERPI) was defined and calculated for each of the standardized oral tasks that the volunteers performed. ERPI values obtained for the different oral tasks with different electrode materials and IEDs were compared using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. ERPI values were not significantly influenced by IED. However, for the electrode materials statistically significant differences were found in ERPI values for all oral tasks. Of the gel-free electrode materials tested, pure silver electrodes coated with graphene had the highest ERPI values followed by Ag alloy electrodes coated with graphene and silver nanowire embedded electrodes. Within the limitations of the study, IED between 15 and 25 mm has a negligible effect on masseter muscle EMG. Graphene coated and silver nanowire embedded electrodes show promise as gel-free alternatives.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ELECTROMYOGRAPHY AND KINESIOLOGY}, author={Prasad, Sabarinath and Farella, Mauro and Paulin, Michael and Yao, Shanshan and Zhu, Yong and Vuuren, Ludwig Jansen}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{li_liu_hossain_paul_yao_wu_ristaino_zhu_wei_2021, title={Real-time monitoring of plant stresses via chemiresistive profiling of leaf volatiles by a wearable sensor}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2590-2385"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.matt.2021.06.009}, abstractNote={Determination of plant stresses such as infections by plant pathogens is currently dependent on time-consuming and complicated analytical technologies. Here, we report a leaf-attachable chemiresistive sensor array for real-time fingerprinting of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that permits noninvasive and early diagnosis of plant diseases, such as late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans. The imperceptible sensor patch integrates an array of graphene-based sensing materials and flexible silver nanowire electrodes on a kirigami-inspired stretchable substrate, which can minimize strain interference. The sensor patch has been mounted on live tomato plants to profile key plant volatiles at low-ppm concentrations with fast response (<20 s). The multiplexed sensor array allows for accurate detection and classification of 13 individual plant volatiles with >97% classification accuracy. The wearable sensor patch was used to diagnose tomato late blight as early as 4 days post inoculation and abiotic stresses such as mechanical damage within 1 h.}, number={7}, journal={MATTER}, author={Li, Zheng and Liu, Yuxuan and Hossain, Oindrila and Paul, Rajesh and Yao, Shanshan and Wu, Shuang and Ristaino, Jean B. and Zhu, Yong and Wei, Qingshan}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={2553–2570} }
 @article{wu_yao_liu_hu_huang_zhu_2020, title={Buckle-Delamination-Enabled Stretchable Silver Nanowire Conductors}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1944-8252"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c09775}, DOI={10.1021/acsami.0c09775}, abstractNote={Controlled buckling and delamination of thin films on a compliant substrate has attracted much attention for applications ranging from micro/nanofabrication to flexible and stretchable electronics to bioengineering. Here a highly conductive and stretchable conductor is fabricated by attaching a polymer composite film (with a thin layer of silver nanowires embedded below the surface of the polymer matrix) on top of a pre-stretched elastomer substrate followed with releasing the prestrain. A partially delaminated wavy geometry of the polymer film is created. During the evolution of the buckle delamination, the blisters pop up randomly but self-adjust into a uniform distribution, which effectively reduces the local strain in the silver nanowires. The resistance change of the conductor is less than 3% with the applied strain up to 100%. A theoretical model on the buckle-delamination structure is developed to predict the geometrical evolution, which agrees well with experimental observation. Finally, an integrated silver nanowire/elastomer sensing module and a stretchable thermochromic device are developed to demonstrate the utility of the stretchable conductor. This work highlights the important relevance of mechanics-based design in nanomaterial-enabled stretchable devices.}, number={37}, journal={ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Wu, Shuang and Yao, Shanshan and Liu, Yuxuan and Hu, Xiaogang and Huang, He Helen and Zhu, Yong}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={41696–41703} }
 @article{song_yao_liu_wang_dong_zhu_brendan t. o'connor_2020, title={Facile Approach to Fabricating Stretchable Organic Transistors with Laser-Patterned Ag Nanowire Electrodes}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1944-8252"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c15339}, DOI={10.1021/acsami.0c15339}, abstractNote={Stretchable electronics are poised to revolutionize personal healthcare and robotics, where they enable distributed and conformal sensors. Transistors are fundamental building blocks of electronics, and there is a need to produce stretchable transistors using low-cost and scalable fabrication techniques. Here, we introduce a facile fabrication approach using laser patterning and transfer printing to achieve high-performance, solution-processed intrinsically stretchable organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). The device consists of Ag nanowire (NW) electrodes, where the source and drain electrodes are patterned using laser ablation. The Ag NWs are then partially embedded in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) matrix. The electrodes are combined with a PDMS dielectric and polymer semiconductor, where the layers are individually transfer printed to complete the OTFT. Two polymer semiconductors, DPP-DTT and DPP-4T, are considered and show stable operation under the cyclic strain of 20 and 40%, respectively. The OTFTs maintain electrical performance by adopting a buckled structure after the first stretch-release cycle. The conformability and stretchability of the OTFT is also demonstrated by operating the transistor while adhered to a finger being flexed. The ability to pattern highly conductive Ag NW networks using laser ablation to pattern electrodes as well as interconnects provides a simple strategy to produce complex stretchable OTFT-based circuits.}, number={45}, journal={ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Song, Runqiao and Yao, Shanshan and Liu, Yuxuan and Wang, Hongyu and Dong, Jingyan and Zhu, Yong and Brendan T. O'Connor}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={50675–50683} }
 @article{zhou_yao_wang_du_ma_zhu_2020, title={Gas-Permeable, Ultrathin, Stretchable Epidermal Electronics with Porous Electrodes}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1936-086X"]}, DOI={10.1021/acsnano.0c00906}, abstractNote={We present gas-permeable, ultrathin, and stretchable electrodes enabled by self-assembled porous substrates and conductive nanostructures. Efficient and scalable breath figure method is employed to introduce the porous skeleton and then silver nanowires (AgNWs) are dip-coated and heat-pressed to offer electric conductivity. The resulting film has a transmittance of 61%, sheet resistance of 7.3 Ω/sq, and water vapor permeability of 23 mg cm-2 h-1. With AgNWs embedded below the surface of the polymer, the electrode exhibits excellent stability with the presence of sweat and after long-term wear. We demonstrate the promising potential of the electrode for wearable electronics in two representative applications - skin-mountable biopotential sensing for healthcare and textile-integrated touch sensing for human-machine interfaces. The electrode can form conformal contact with human skin, leading to low skin-electrode impedance and high-quality biopotential signals. In addition, the textile electrode can be used in a self-capacitance wireless touch sensing system.}, number={5}, journal={ACS NANO}, author={Zhou, Weixin and Yao, Shanshan and Wang, Hongyu and Du, QIngchuan and Ma, Yanwen and Zhu, Yong}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={5798–5805} }
 @article{qin_li_yao_liu_huang_zhu_2019, title={Electrocardiogram of a Silver Nanowire Based Dry Electrode: Quantitative Comparison With the Standard Ag/AgCl Gel Electrode}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2169-3536"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85062896682&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2897590}, abstractNote={Novel dry electrodes have promoted the development of wearable electrocardiogram (ECG) that is collected in daily life to monitor the ambulatory activity of heart status. To evaluate the performance of a dry electrode, it is necessary to compare it with the commercial disposable silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) gel electrode. In this paper, a silver nanowire (AgNW)-based dry electrode was fabricated for noninvasive and wearable ECG sensing. Signals from the AgNW electrode and the Ag/AgCl electrode were simultaneously collected in two conditions: sitting and walking. Signal quality was evaluated in terms of ECG morphology, R-peak to R-peak interval, and heart rate variability analysis. Quantitative comparisons showed that the AgNW electrode could collect acceptable ECG waveforms as the Ag/AgCl electrode in both the sitting and walking conditions. However, the baseline drift and waveform distortions existed in the AgNW electrode, likely due to electrode motion. If the skin-electrode contact is improved, the dry electrode can be a promising substitute for the Ag/AgCl electrode.}, journal={IEEE ACCESS}, author={Qin, Qin and Li, Jianqing and Yao, Shanshan and Liu, Chengyu and Huang, He and Zhu, Yong}, year={2019}, pages={20789–20800} }
 @article{zhou_li_li_chen_xu_yao_cui_booth_mi_wang_et al._2019, title={Metal Mesh as a Transparent Omnidirectional Strain Sensor}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2365-709X"]}, DOI={10.1002/admt.201800698}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES}, author={Zhou, Weixin and Li, Yi and Li, Pan and Chen, Jun and Xu, Rongqing and Yao, Shanshan and Cui, Zheng and Booth, Ronald and Mi, Baoxiu and Wang, Dan and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Apr} }
 @article{yao_yang_poblete_hu_zhu_2019, title={Multifunctional Electronic Textiles Using Silver Nanowire Composites}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1944-8252"]}, DOI={10.1021/acsami.9b07520}, abstractNote={Textiles represent an appealing platform for continuous wearable applications due to the exceptional combination of compliance, water vapor permeability, and comfortableness for long-term wear. We present mechanically and electrically robust integration of nanocomposites with textiles by laser scribing and heat press lamination. The simple and scalable integration technique enables multifunctional E-textiles without compromising the stretchability, wearability and washability of textiles. The textile-integrated patterns exhibit small linewidth (135 µm), low sheet resistance (0.2 Ω/sq), low Young's modulus, good washability, and good electromechanical performance up to 50% strain, which is desirable for wearable and user-friendly electronic textiles. To demonstrate the potential utility, we developed an integrated textile patch comprising four dry electrophysiological electrodes, a capacitive strain sensor, and a wireless heater for electrophysiological sensing, motion tracking, and thermotherapy, respectively. Beyond the applications demonstrated in this paper, the materials and methods presented here pave the way for various other wearable applications in healthcare, activity tracking, rehabilitation, and human-machine interactions.}, number={34}, journal={ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES}, author={Yao, Shanshan and Yang, Ji and Poblete, Felipe R. and Hu, Xiaogang and Zhu, Yong}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={31028–31037} }
 @article{yao_ren_song_liu_huang_dong_o'connor_zhu_2019, title={Nanomaterial‐Enabled Flexible and Stretchable Sensing Systems: Processing, Integration, and Applications}, volume={32}, ISSN={0935-9648 1521-4095}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201902343}, DOI={10.1002/adma.201902343}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={15}, journal={Advanced Materials}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Yao, Shanshan and Ren, Ping and Song, Runqiao and Liu, Yuxuan and Huang, Qijin and Dong, Jingyan and O'Connor, Brendan T. and Zhu, Yong}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={1902343} }
 @article{yao_vargas_hu_zhu_2018, title={A Novel Finger Kinematic Tracking Method Based on Skin-Like Wearable Strain Sensors}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1558-1748"]}, DOI={10.1109/jsen.2018.2802421}, abstractNote={Deficits in hand function are common in a majority of stroke survivors. Although hand performance can be routinely assessed during rehabilitation training, a lack of hand usage information during daily activities could prevent clinicians or therapists from making informative therapeutic decisions. In this paper, we demonstrated and validated the application of silver nanowire-based capacitive strain sensors for finger kinematic tracking. The fabricated strain sensors show high sensitivity (gauge factor close to one), low hysteresis, good linearity, large stretchability (150%), and skin-like mechanical property (Young’s modulus of 96 kPa). All these features allow the sensors to be conformally attached onto the skin to track finger joint movement with minimal interference to daily activities. Recordings of the skin deformation from the strain sensors and joint angles from reflective markers are highly correlated (>93%) for different joint oscillation speeds in a stroke survivor and a control subject, indicating the high accuracy of the strain sensors in joint motion tracking. With the wearable silver nanowire-based strain sensors, accurate hand utility information on the impaired hand of stroke survivors can be acquired in a continuous and unobtrusive manner.}, number={7}, journal={IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL}, author={Yao, Shanshan and Vargas, Luis and Hu, Xiaogang and Zhu, Yong}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={3010–3015} }
 @misc{yao_swetha_zhu_2018, title={Nanomaterial-Enabled Wearable Sensors for Healthcare}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2192-2659"]}, DOI={10.1002/adhm.201700889}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={ADVANCED HEALTHCARE MATERIALS}, author={Yao, Shanshan and Swetha, Puchakayala and Zhu, Yong}, year={2018}, month={Jan} }
 @article{cui_yao_huang_adams_zhu_2017, title={Controlling the self-folding of a polymer sheet using a local heater: the effect of the polymer-heater interface}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1744-6848"]}, DOI={10.1039/c7sm00568g}, abstractNote={Self-folding of a pre-strained shape memory polymer (SMP) sheet was demonstrated using local joule heating. Folding is caused by shrinkage variation across the thickness of the SMP sheet. The folding direction can be controlled by the interfacial interaction between the heater and the SMP sheet. When the heater is placed on the SMP sheet with no constraint (weak interface), the SMP sheet folds toward the heater. Temperature gradient across the SMP thickness gives rise to the shrinkage variation. By contrast, when the heater is fixed to the SMP sheet (strong interface), the SMP sheet can fold away from the heater. In this case shrinkage variation is dictated by the constraining effect of the heater. In either mode, 180 degrees folding can be achieved. The folding angle can be controlled by varying the heater width and folding time. This method is simple and can be used to fold structures with sharp angles in a sequential manner. A variety of structures were folded as demonstrations, including digital numbers 0-9, a cube, a boat, and a crane.}, number={21}, journal={SOFT MATTER}, author={Cui, Jianxun and Yao, Shanshan and Huang, Qijin and Adams, John G. M. and Zhu, Yong}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={3863–3870} }
 @article{yao_myers_malhotra_lin_bozkurt_muth_zhu_2017, title={Hydration Sensing: A Wearable Hydration Sensor with Conformal Nanowire Electrodes (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 6/2017)}, volume={6}, ISSN={2192-2640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ADHM.201770031}, DOI={10.1002/adhm.201770031}, abstractNote={A wearable skin hydration sensor is developed by Y. Zhu, J. F. Muth, and co-workers in article number 1601159. The sensor is made of silver nanowires inlaid in a silicone substrate, which renders the sensor flexible and stretchable. Integrated systems with multimodal sensing capability (e.g., hydration, strain/motion and electrophysiological sensing) are demonstrated in two form factors — wristband and chest patch. Image design by Shanshan Yao.}, number={6}, journal={Advanced Healthcare Materials}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Yao, Shanshan and Myers, Amanda and Malhotra, Abhishek and Lin, Feiyan and Bozkurt, Alper and Muth, John F. and Zhu, Yong}, year={2017}, month={Mar} }
 @article{yao_cui_cui_zhu_2017, title={Soft electrothermal actuators using silver nanowire heaters}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2040-3372"]}, DOI={10.1039/c6nr09270e}, abstractNote={Low-voltage and extremely flexible electrothermal bimorph actuators were fabricated in a simple, efficient and scalable process. The bimorph actuators were made of flexible silver nanowire (AgNW) based heaters, which exhibited a fast heating rate of 18 °C s-1 and stable heating performance with large bending. The actuators offered the largest bending angle (720°) or curvature (2.6 cm-1) at a very low actuation voltage (0.2 V sq-1 or 4.5 V) among all types of bimorph actuators that have been reported to date. The actuators can be designed and fabricated in different configurations that can achieve complex patterns and shapes upon actuation. Two applications of this type of soft actuators were demonstrated towards biomimetic robotics - a crawling robot that can walk spontaneously on ratchet surfaces and a soft gripper that is capable of manipulating lightweight and delicate objects.}, number={11}, journal={NANOSCALE}, author={Yao, Shanshan and Cui, Jianxun and Cui, Zheng and Zhu, Yong}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={3797–3805} }
 @article{cheng_yao_sang_hao_zhang_yap_zhu_2016, title={Evolution of Irradiation-Induced Vacancy Defects in Boron Nitride Nanotubes}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1613-6829"]}, DOI={10.1002/smll.201502440}, abstractNote={Irradiation‐induced vacancy defects in multiwalled (MW) boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) are investigated via in situ high‐resolution transmission electron microscope operated at 80 kV, with a homogeneous distribution of electron beam intensity. During the irradiation triangle‐shaped vacancy defects are gradually generated in MW BNNTs under a mediate electron current density (30 A cm−2), by knocking the B atoms out. The vacancy defects grow along a well‐defined direction within a wall at the early stage as a result of the curvature induced lattice strain, and then develop wall by wall. The orientation or the growth direction of the vacancy defects can be used to identify the chirality of an individual wall. With increasing electron current density, the shape of the irradiation‐induced vacancy defects changes from regular triangle to irregular polygon.}, number={6}, journal={SMALL}, author={Cheng, Guangming and Yao, Shanshan and Sang, Xiahan and Hao, Boyi and Zhang, Dongyan and Yap, Yoke Khin and Zhu, Yong}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={818–824} }
 @article{dieffenderfer_goodell_mills_mcknight_yao_lin_beppler_bent_lee_misra_et al._2016, title={Low-Power Wearable Systems for Continuous Monitoring of Environment and Health for Chronic Respiratory Disease}, volume={20}, ISSN={2168-2194 2168-2208}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2016.2573286}, DOI={10.1109/jbhi.2016.2573286}, abstractNote={We present our efforts toward enabling a wearable sensor system that allows for the correlation of individual environmental exposures with physiologic and subsequent adverse health responses. This system will permit a better understanding of the impact of increased ozone levels and other pollutants on chronic asthma conditions. We discuss the inefficiency of existing commercial off-the-shelf components to achieve continuous monitoring and our system-level and nano-enabled efforts toward improving the wearability and power consumption. Our system consists of a wristband, a chest patch, and a handheld spirometer. We describe our preliminary efforts to achieve a submilliwatt system ultimately powered by the energy harvested from thermal radiation and motion of the body with the primary contributions being an ultralow-power ozone sensor, an volatile organic compounds sensor, spirometer, and the integration of these and other sensors in a multimodal sensing platform. The measured environmental parameters include ambient ozone concentration, temperature, and relative humidity. Our array of sensors also assesses heart rate via photoplethysmography and electrocardiography, respiratory rate via photoplethysmography, skin impedance, three-axis acceleration, wheezing via a microphone, and expiratory airflow. The sensors on the wristband, chest patch, and spirometer consume 0.83, 0.96, and 0.01 mW, respectively. The data from each sensor are continually streamed to a peripheral data aggregation device and are subsequently transferred to a dedicated server for cloud storage. Future work includes reducing the power consumption of the system-on-chip including radio to reduce the entirety of each described system in the submilliwatt range.}, number={5}, journal={IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Dieffenderfer, James and Goodell, Henry and Mills, Steven and McKnight, Michael and Yao, Shanshan and Lin, Feiyan and Beppler, Eric and Bent, Brinnae and Lee, Bongmook and Misra, Veena and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={1251–1264} }
 @misc{yao_zhu_2016, title={Nanomaterial-Enabled Dry Electrodes for Electrophysiological Sensing: A Review}, volume={68}, ISSN={["1543-1851"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11837-016-1818-0}, number={4}, journal={JOM}, author={Yao, Shanshan and Zhu, Yong}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={1145–1155} }
 @inproceedings{lin_yao_mcknight_zhu_bozkurt_2016, title={Silver nanowire based wearable sensors for multimodal sensing}, DOI={10.1109/biowireless.2016.7445561}, abstractNote={We present multifunctional sensors based on highly stretchable silver nanowire conductors, which can be conformally attached to human skin for multimodal sensing. The wearable sensors were integrated with an interface circuit with wireless capability in the form of a chest patch. The capabilities of electrocardiography, strain/motion sensing and skin impedance sensing were demonstrated. Additionally, the impedance sensor with the interface circuit was packaged into a wrist watch for skin impedance monitoring.}, booktitle={Ieee topical conference on biomedical wireless technologies networks and}, author={Lin, F. Y. and Yao, S. S. and McKnight, M. and Zhu, Y. and Bozkurt, A.}, year={2016}, pages={55–58} }
 @article{cui_poblete_cheng_yao_jiang_zhu_2015, title={Design and operation of silver nanowire based flexible and stretchable touch sensors}, volume={30}, ISSN={["2044-5326"]}, DOI={10.1557/jmr.2014.347}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH}, author={Cui, Zheng and Poblete, Felipe R. and Cheng, Guangming and Yao, Shanshan and Jiang, Xiaoning and Zhu, Yong}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={79–85} }
 @inproceedings{yao_lee_james_miller_narasimhan_dickerson_zhu_zhu_2015, title={Silver nanowire strain sensors for wearable body motion tracking}, DOI={10.1109/icsens.2015.7370650}, abstractNote={This paper demonstrates a wearable body motion tracking technology in the form of data glove to measure the instantaneous bending positions of individual finger knuckles. Attached to the glove is a highly stretchable and flexible silver nanowire (AgNW) based capacitive strain sensor which can adapt to curvilinear surfaces. The sensor shows a linear response to large tensile strain up to 60% with less than 5 msec response time. Such kind of merits enable many applications, e.g. Virtue Reality, gaming, and robot control, which desire natural human-machine interactions associated with typical human motions such as finger movements, walking, running and jumping, etc.}, booktitle={2015 ieee sensors}, author={Yao, S. S. and Lee, J. S. and James, K. and Miller, J. and Narasimhan, V. and Dickerson, A. J. and Zhu, X. and Zhu, Y.}, year={2015}, pages={1823–1826} }
 @article{di_yao_ye_cui_yu_ghosh_zhu_gu_2015, title={Stretch-Triggered Drug Delivery from Wearable Elastomer Films Containing Therapeutic Depots}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1936-086X"]}, DOI={10.1021/acsnano.5b03975}, abstractNote={Mechanical force-based stimulus provides a simple and easily accessible manner for spatiotemporally controlled drug delivery. Here we describe a wearable, tensile strain-triggered drug delivery device consisting of a stretchable elastomer and microgel depots containing drug loaded nanoparticles. By applying a tensile strain to the elastomer film, the release of drug from the microdepot is promoted due to the enlarged surface area for diffusion and Poisson's ratio-induced compression on the microdepot. Correspondingly, both sustained drug release by daily body motions and pulsatile release by intentional administration can be conveniently achieved. Our work demonstrated that the tensile strain, applied to the stretchable device, facilitated release of therapeutics from microdepots for anticancer and antibacterial treatments. Moreover, polymeric microneedles were further integrated with the stretch-responsive device for transcutaneous delivery of insulin and regulation of blood glucose levels of chemically induced type 1 diabetic mice.}, number={9}, journal={ACS NANO}, author={Di, Jin and Yao, Shanshan and Ye, Yanqi and Cui, Zheng and Yu, Jicheng and Ghosh, Tushar K. and Zhu, Yong and Gu, Zhen}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={9407–9415} }
 @article{gurarslan_yu_su_yu_suarez_yao_zhu_ozturk_zhang_cao_2014, title={Surface-Energy-Assisted Perfect Transfer of Centimeter-Scale Mono layer and Few-Layer MoS2 Films onto Arbitrary Substrates}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1936-086X"]}, DOI={10.1021/nn5057673}, abstractNote={The transfer of synthesized 2D MoS2 films is important for fundamental and applied research. However, it is problematic to translate the well-established transfer processes for graphene to MoS2 due to different growth mechanisms and surface properties. Here we demonstrate a surface-energy-assisted process that can perfectly transfer centimeter-scale monolayer and few-layer MoS2 films from original growth substrates onto arbitrary substrates with no observable wrinkles, cracks, and polymer residues. The unique strategies used in this process include leveraging the penetration of water between hydrophobic MoS2 films and hydrophilic growth substrates to lift off the films and dry transferring the film after the lift off. This is in stark contrast with the previous transfer process for synthesized MoS2 films, which explores the etching of the growth substrate by hot base solutions to lift off the films. Our transfer process can effectively eliminate the mechanical force caused by bubble generations, the attacks from chemical etchants, and the capillary force induced when transferring the film outside solutions as in the previous transfer process, which consists of the major causes for the previous unsatisfactory transfer. Our transfer process also benefits from using polystyrene (PS), instead of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) that was widely used previously, as the carrier polymer. PS can form more intimate interaction with MoS2 films than PMMA and is important for maintaining the integrity of the film during the transfer process. This surface-energy-assisted approach can be generally applied to the transfer of other 2D materials, such as WS2.}, number={11}, journal={ACS NANO}, author={Gurarslan, Alper and Yu, Yifei and Su, Liqin and Yu, Yiling and Suarez, Francisco and Yao, Shanshan and Zhu, Yong and Ozturk, Mehmet and Zhang, Yong and Cao, Linyou}, year={2014}, month={Nov}, pages={11522–11528} }
 @article{yao_zhu_2014, title={Wearable multifunctional sensors using printed stretchable conductors made of silver nanowires}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2040-3372"]}, DOI={10.1039/c3nr05496a}, abstractNote={Considerable efforts have been made to achieve highly sensitive and wearable sensors that can simultaneously detect multiple stimuli such as stretch, pressure, temperature or touch. Here we develop highly stretchable multifunctional sensors that can detect strain (up to 50%), pressure (up to ∼1.2 MPa) and finger touch with high sensitivity, fast response time (∼40 ms) and good pressure mapping function. The reported sensors utilize the capacitive sensing mechanism, where silver nanowires are used as electrodes (conductors) and Ecoflex is used as a dielectric. The silver nanowire electrodes are screen printed. Our sensors have been demonstrated for several wearable applications including monitoring thumb movement, sensing the strain of the knee joint in patellar reflex (knee-jerk) and other human motions such as walking, running and jumping from squatting, illustrating the potential utilities of such sensors in robotic systems, prosthetics, healthcare and flexible touch panels.}, number={4}, journal={NANOSCALE}, author={Yao, Shanshan and Zhu, Yong}, year={2014}, pages={2345–2352} }
 @article{yao_fang_2013, title={Spray characteristics of a swirl atomiser in trigger sprayers using water-ethanol mixtures}, volume={91}, ISSN={["0008-4034"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84878717947&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/cjce.21821}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING}, author={Yao, Shanshan and Fang, Tiegang}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={1312–1324} }
 @article{yao_fang_2012, title={Analytical solutions of laminar swirl decay in a straight pipe}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1007-5704"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84857645070&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.cnsns.2011.11.038}, abstractNote={Abstract In this work, the laminar swirl flow in a straight pipe is revisited and solved analytically by using prescribed axial flow velocity profiles. Based on two axial velocity profiles, namely a slug flow and a developed parabolic velocity profiles, the swirl velocity equation is solved by the separation of variable technique for a rather general inlet swirl velocity distribution, which includes a forced vortex in the core and a free vortex near the wall. The solutions are expressed by the Bessel function for the slug flow and by the generalized Laguerre function for the developed parabolic velocity. Numerical examples are calculated and plotted for different combinations of influential parameters. The effects of the Reynolds number, the pipe axial distance, and the inlet swirl profiles on the swirl velocity distribution and the swirl decay are analyzed. The current results offer analytical equations to estimate the decay rate and the outlet swirl intensity and velocity distribution for the design of swirl flow devices.}, number={8}, journal={COMMUNICATIONS IN NONLINEAR SCIENCE AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION}, author={Yao, Shanshan and Fang, Tiegang}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={3235–3246} }
 @article{yao_zhang_fang_2012, title={Effect of viscosities on structure and instability of sprays from a swirl atomizer}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1879-2286"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84862819676&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2012.01.020}, abstractNote={The breakup phenomena of liquid spray sheets and jets are encountered in daily life as well as in various industrial applications. The onset of instability has a direct impact on the downstream spray development, and thus it is necessary to investigate the effect of liquid physical properties on this instability. The present paper focuses on the effects of liquid viscosity on the spray characteristics and instability during the transient operation of a swirl atomizer in a trigger sprayer via experiments. In the experiments, water–glycerol mixtures were used to simulate fluids with a wide range of viscosities. The transient displacement of the dispensing piston was measured. A high-speed digital video camera was used to visualize the near-nozzle spray structure. The digital images of the sprays were further processed in order to analyze the spray angle and the surface waves on the spray cone. By using the spatiotemporal diagrams, the surface wave temporal frequency was also analyzed for fluids with different viscosities. From the experimental results, it is seen that the fluid viscosity plays a critical role in controlling the liquid sheet breakup and atomization. More viscous fluids result in smaller average spray cone angles. The spray cone developed very fast during the early stage for less viscous fluids, while for the most viscous liquid, a very small cone angle with little breakup and atomization was observed. As the liquid viscosity increases, the cone collapses earlier with larger droplets in the end stage. In addition to the spray cone angles, the surface wave temporal frequency was also calculated from the recorded images. The results show that the surface wave temporal frequency depends on the dispensing time and the fluid viscosity, and is almost independent of the location in the near nozzle liquid cone. The results also indicate that the surface wave temporal frequency decreases with time.}, journal={EXPERIMENTAL THERMAL AND FLUID SCIENCE}, author={Yao, Shanshan and Zhang, Ji and Fang, Tiegang}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={158–166} }
 @article{fang_yao_zhang_zhong_tao_2012, title={Momentum and heat transfer of the Falkner-Skan flow with algebraic decay: An analytical solution}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1878-7274"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84855241770&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.cnsns.2011.10.021}, abstractNote={In this paper, an analytical solution of the Falkner–Skan equation with mass transfer and wall movement is obtained for a special case, namely a velocity power index of −1/3, with an algebraically decaying velocity profile. The solution is given in a closed form. Under different values of the mass transfer parameter, the wall can be fixed, moving in the same direction as the free stream, or opposite to the free stream (reversal flow near the wall). The thermal boundary layer solution is also presented with a closed form for a prescribed power-law wall temperature, which is expressed by the confluent hypergeometric function of the second kind. The temperature profiles and the wall temperature gradients are plotted. Interesting but complicated variation trends for certain combinations of controlling parameters are observed. Under certain parameter combinations, there exist singular points or poles for the wall temperature gradients, namely wall heat flux. With poles, the temperature profiles can cross the zero temperature line and become negative. From the results, it is also found empirically that under certain given values of the Prandtl number (Pr) and flow controlling parameter (b), the number of times for the temperature profiles crossing the zero line is the same as the number of poles when the wall temperature power index varies between zero and a given value n. The current result provides a new analytical solution for the Falkner–Skan equation with algebraic decay and greatly enriches the understanding of this important equation as well as the heat transfer characteristics for this flow.}, number={6}, journal={COMMUNICATIONS IN NONLINEAR SCIENCE AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION}, author={Fang, Tiegang and Yao, Shanshan and Zhang, Ji and Zhong, Yongfang and Tao, Hua}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={2476–2488} }
 @article{zhang_yao_patel_fang_2011, title={AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON GASOLINE DIRECT-INJECTION SPRAY AND ATOMIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF ALCOHOL FUELS AND ISOOCTANE}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1936-2684"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84555203802&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1615/atomizspr.2011003624}, abstractNote={Alcohol fuels such as butanol and ethanol are considered as the alternative or blending fuels to conventional gasoline for fewer emissions and their renewable capability. In this paper the spray structure development and atomization for butanol, ethanol, and isooctane were investigated using a swirl-type inwardly opening gasoline direct-injection (GDI) injector. Two pressures of 7.0 and 10.2 MPa were used for each fuel, and the fuel was injected into a room condition. Transient spray images were taken by using a high-speed camera for visualization and cone angle analysis. Sauter mean diameter (SMD), DV(50), DV(90), and particle size distribution (PSD) were measured using a laser diffraction technique. Results of the transient images clearly show the sac spray at the initial phase (phase 1) and the main spray structure at the developed phase (phase 2). The cone angles at the developed phase for butanol and ethanol are consistently stable, while isooctane presents relatively large fluctuations. The largest cone angle value is observed for ethanol at both injection pressures, while butanol shows the smallest. Higher injection pressure leads to a smaller cone angle for each fuel, among which isooctane shows the largest decrease. In phase 1, isooctane shows a bouncing trend in terms of DV(90), as opposed to butanol and ethanol which show a gradual decrease. In phase 2, all three fuels show consistently smaller droplet size compared to phase 1, suggesting good atomization. A higher injection pressure helps isooctane to reduce the droplet size, meanwhile enabling butanol and ethanol to produce a more uniform PSD, but it does not necessarily induce the droplet size decrease for butanol and ethanol at the current experimental setting.}, number={5}, journal={ATOMIZATION AND SPRAYS}, author={Zhang, Ji and Yao, Shanshan and Patel, Himesh and Fang, Tiegang}, year={2011}, pages={363–374} }
 @article{fang_yao_pop_2011, title={Flow and heat transfer over a generalized stretching/shrinking wall problem-Exact solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1878-5638"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80051548371&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2011.04.014}, abstractNote={In this paper, we investigate the steady momentum and heat transfer of a viscous fluid flow over a stretching/shrinking sheet. Exact solutions are presented for the Navier–Stokes equations. The new solutions provide a more general formulation including the linearly stretching and shrinking wall problems as well as the asymptotic suction velocity profiles over a moving plate. Interesting non-linear phenomena are observed in the current results including both exponentially decaying solution and algebraically decaying solution, multiple solutions with infinite number of solutions for the flow field, and velocity overshoot. The energy equation ignoring viscous dissipation is solved exactly and the effects of the mass transfer parameter, the Prandtl number, and the wall stretching/shrinking strength on the temperature profiles and wall heat flux are also presented and discussed. The exact solution of this general flow configuration is a rare case for the Navier–Stokes equation.}, number={9}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NON-LINEAR MECHANICS}, author={Fang, Tiegang and Yao, Shanshan and Pop, Loan}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={1116–1127} }
 @article{yao_fang_zhong_2011, title={Heat transfer of a generalized stretching/shrinking wall problem with convective boundary conditions}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1878-7274"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77956060446&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.cnsns.2010.05.028}, abstractNote={In this paper, we investigate the heat transfer of a viscous fluid flow over a stretching/shrinking sheet with a convective boundary condition. Based on the exact solutions of the momentum equations, which are valid for the whole Navier–Stokes equations, the energy equation ignoring viscous dissipation is solved exactly and the effects of the mass transfer parameter, the Prandtl number, and the wall stretching/shrinking parameter on the temperature profiles and wall heat flux are presented and discussed. The solution is given as an incomplete Gamma function. It is found the convective boundary conditions results in temperature slip at the wall and this temperature slip is greatly affected by the mass transfer parameter, the Prandtl number, and the wall stretching/shrinking parameters. The temperature profiles in the fluid are also quite different from the prescribed wall temperature cases.}, number={2}, journal={COMMUNICATIONS IN NONLINEAR SCIENCE AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION}, author={Yao, Shanshan and Fang, Tiegang and Zhong, Yongfang}, year={2011}, month={Feb}, pages={752–760} }
 @article{fang_yao_2011, title={Viscous Swirling Flow over a Stretching Cylinder}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0256-307X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-81855177082&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1088/0256-307x/28/11/114702}, abstractNote={We investigate a viscous flow over a cylinder with stretching and torsional motion. There is an exact solution to the Navier—Stokes equations and there exists a unique solution for all the given values of the flow Reynolds number. The results show that velocity decays faster for a higher Reynolds number and the flow penetrates shallower into the ambient fluid. All the velocity profiles decay algebraically to the ambient zero velocity.}, number={11}, journal={CHINESE PHYSICS LETTERS}, author={Fang, Tiegang and Yao, Shanshan}, year={2011}, month={Nov} }
 @article{fang_zhang_yao_2010, title={A new family of unsteady boundary layers over a stretching surface}, volume={217}, ISSN={["1873-5649"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78650034159&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.amc.2010.09.031}, abstractNote={In this paper, a new family of unsteady boundary layers over a stretching flat surface was proposed and studied. This new class of unsteady boundary layers involves the flows over a constant speed stretching surface from a slot, and the slot is moving at a certain speed. Depending on the slot moving parameter, the flow can be treated as a stretching sheet problem or a shrinking sheet problem. Both the momentum and thermal boundary layers were studied. Under special conditions, the solutions reduce to the unsteady Rayleigh problem and the steady Sakiadis stretching sheet problem. Solutions only exist for a certain range of the slot moving parameter, α. Two solutions are found for −53.55° < α < −45°. There are also two solution branches for the thermal boundary layers at any given Prandtl number in this range. Compared with the upper solution branch, the lower solution branch leads to simultaneous reduction in wall drag and heat transfer rate. The results also show that the motion of the slot greatly affects the wall drag and heat transfer characteristics near the wall and the temperature and velocity distributions in the fluids.}, number={8}, journal={APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTATION}, author={Fang, Tiegang and Zhang, Ji and Yao, Shanshan}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={3747–3755} }
 @article{tie-gang_ji_shan-shan_2010, title={Slip Magnetohydrodynamic Viscous Flow over a Permeable Shrinking Sheet}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0256-307X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78651086198&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1088/0256-307x/27/12/124702}, abstractNote={The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow under slip conditions over a shrinking sheet is solved analytically. The solution is given in a closed form equation and is an exact solution of the full governing Navier-Stokes equations. Interesting solution behavior is observed with multiple solution branches for certain parameter domain. The effects of the mass transfer, slip, and magnetic parameters are discussed.}, number={12}, journal={CHINESE PHYSICS LETTERS}, author={Tie-Gang, Fang and Ji, Zhang and Shan-Shan, Yao}, year={2010}, month={Dec} }
 @article{fang_yao_zhang_aziz_2010, title={Viscous flow over a shrinking sheet with a second order slip flow model}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1878-7274"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-74449090532&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.cnsns.2009.07.017}, abstractNote={In this paper, viscous flow over a shrinking sheet is solved analytically using a newly proposed second order slip flow model. The closed solution is an exact solution of the full governing Navier–Stokes equations. The solution has two branches in a certain range of the parameters. The effects of the two slip parameters and the mass suction parameter on the velocity distribution are presented graphically and discussed. For certain combinations of the slip parameters, the wall drag force can decrease with the increase of mass suction. These results clearly show that the second order slip flow model is necessary to predict the flow characteristics accurately.}, number={7}, journal={COMMUNICATIONS IN NONLINEAR SCIENCE AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION}, author={Fang, Tiegang and Yao, Shanshan and Zhang, Ji and Aziz, Abdul}, year={2010}, month={Jul}, pages={1831–1842} }
 @article{fang_zhang_yao_2009, title={Slip MHD viscous flow over a stretching sheet - An exact solution}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1878-7274"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-67349181009&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.cnsns.2009.02.012}, abstractNote={In this paper, the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow under slip condition over a permeable stretching surface is solved analytically. The solution is given in a closed form equation and is an exact solution of the full governing Navier–Stokes equations. The effects of the slip, the magnetic, and the mass transfer parameters are discussed. Results show that there is only one physical solution for any combination of the slip, the magnetic, and the mass transfer parameters. The velocity and shear stress profiles are greatly influenced by these parameters.}, number={11}, journal={COMMUNICATIONS IN NONLINEAR SCIENCE AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION}, author={Fang, Tiegang and Zhang, Ji and Yao, Shanshan}, year={2009}, month={Nov}, pages={3731–3737} }
 @article{fang_zhang_yao_2009, title={Viscous flow over an unsteady shrinking sheet with mass transfer}, volume={26}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-66149140214&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1088/0256-307x/26/1/014703}, abstractNote={The unsteady viscous flow over a continuously shrinking surface with mass suction is studied. The solution is fortunately an exact solution of the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations. Similarity equations are obtained through the application of similarity transformation techniques. Numerical techniques are used to solve the similarity equations for different values of the mass suction parameters and the unsteadiness parameters. Results show that multiple solutions exist for a certain range of mass suction and unsteadiness parameters. Quite different flow behaviour is observed for an unsteady shrinking sheet from an unsteady stretching sheet.}, number={1}, journal={Chinese Physics Letters}, author={Fang, Tiegang and Zhang, J. and Yao, S.-S.}, year={2009} }