@article{konrade_clode_michau_roe_trumpatori_krug_gilger_2009, title={Surgical correction of severe strabismus and enophthalmos secondary to zygomatic arch fracture in a dog}, volume={12}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00689.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00689.x}, abstractNote={AbstractA grossly displaced segmental zygomatic arch fracture with marked ventro‐lateral deviation of the left globe was diagnosed in a 3‐month‐old male German Shepherd dog following a bite injury. The fracture was approached via a modified lateral orbitotomy and a fragment of the lacrimal bone removed. The rostral portion of the fracture was stabilized with a 5‐hole 2.0 dynamic compression plate bone plate. The surgical correction achieved sufficient skeletal fixation for proper anatomical reduction of the globe and excellent cosmetic and functional outcomes.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Konrade, Kricket A. and Clode, Alison B. and Michau, Tammy M. and Roe, Simon C. and Trumpatori, Brian J. and Krug, William V. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={119–124} }
 @article{mcmullen_clode_pandiri_malarkey_michau_gilger_2008, title={Epibulbar melanoma in a foal}, volume={11}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00637.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00637.x}, abstractNote={AbstractA case of epibulbar melanoma in a 6‐month‐old, gelded, chestnut Hanoverian foal is reported. The location and clinical appearance upon initial presentation led to the tentative diagnosis of staphyloma or a congenital mass of unknown origin. An attempt was made to surgically excise the mass under general anesthesia, but due to its infiltrative nature and intraoperative appearance, most, but not all was removed without compromising the integrity of the globe. Histopathological evaluation revealed a multinodular to packeted, poorly demarcated, unencapsulated, infiltrative exophytic melanocytic neoplasm composed of bundles and nests of plump spindloid to polygonal heavily pigmented epithelioid neoplastic cells interspersed with pigment‐laden macrophages within a fine fibrovascular stroma. Upon examination after enucleation, neoplastic cells were found to infiltrate into the lateral cornea, sclera and the choroid. This is a unique case of an epibulbar melanoma with choroidal invasion in a foal. Based on the sudden onset and rapid growth as well as the histological evidence of invasion, well‐differentiated features, heavy pigmentation, and no apparent mitoses, this neoplasm was considered to be a low‐grade malignant melanoma. At 14 months after excision there is no evidence of recurrence.}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={McMullen, Richard J. and Clode, Alison B. and Pandiri, Arun Kumar R. and Malarkey, David E. and Michau, Tammy Miller and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2008}, month={Sep}, pages={44–50} }
 @article{beale_salmon_michau_gilger_2006, title={Effect of ophthalmic Nd:YAG laser energy on intraocular lenses after posterior capsulotomy in normal dog eyes}, volume={9}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2006.00473.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2006.00473.x}, abstractNote={AbstractObjective  To determine Nd:YAG laser energy requirements for posterior capsulotomy and intraocular lens (IOL) damage threshold for foldable acrylic IOLs as compared to traditional polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA).Materials and procedures  Four groups of five–six fresh canine cadaver eyes were used in this study. The groups included (1) unaltered eyes (2) aphakic eyes (3) eyes implanted with PMMA IOLs, and (4) eyes implanted with acrylic IOLs. Laser energy was delivered to the posterior capsule in grid fashion for 10 sites each of five levels of laser energy ranging from 0.5 mJ to 9 mJ. Number of successful capsulotomy sites was recorded based on slit‐lamp observation. Sites of IOL damage were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analysis of number of capsulotomies and IOL defects per laser energy level was conducted among and between groups using anova with Tukey's HSD test.Results  When comparing groups (a) including all energy levels (n = 25) and (b) by specific energy levels (n = 5), there was no significant difference (P < 0.05) in number of successful capsulotomy sites between IOL types. The 50% incidence threshold for successful capsulotomy was 2.74 mJ for acrylic IOLs and 2.64 mJ for PMMA IOLs. Energy‐dependent damage to both types of IOL was detected for medium, high‐medium, and high laser energy. Calculated 50% damage threshold was 4.9 mJ for acrylic IOL and 5.7 mJ for PMMA IOL. Damage to the IOL varied subjectively between IOL type, but there was no significant difference in number of defects caused, with the exception of high‐medium energy.Conclusions  Both posterior lens capsules and IOLs were disrupted in an energy‐dependent manner with minimal difference in number of capsulotomy sites or damage to the IOL between acrylic and PMMA IOLs. A therapeutic margin between capsulotomy threshold (2.6–2.7 mJ) and IOL damage threshold (4.9–5.7 mJ) was determined to reliably achieve capsulotomies with minimal IOL damage for both acrylic and PMMA IOLs in normal canine cadaver eyes.}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Beale, A. Brady and Salmon, Jacklyn and Michau, Tammy M. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={335–340} }
 @article{clode_davis_salmon_michau_gilger_2006, title={Evaluation of concentration of voriconazole in aqueous humor after topical and oral administration in horses}, volume={67}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.67.2.296}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.67.2.296}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To determine penetration of topically and orally administered voriconazole into ocular tissues and evaluate concentrations of the drug in blood and signs of toxicosis after topical application in horses.
Animals—11 healthy adult horses.
Procedure—Each eye in 6 horses was treated with a single concentration (0.5%, 1.0%, or 3.0%) of a topically administered voriconazole solution every 4 hours for 7 doses. Anterior chamber paracentesis was performed and plasma samples were collected after application of the final dose. Voriconazole concentrations in aqueous humor (AH) and plasma were measured via high-performance liquid chromatography. Five horses received a single orally administered dose of voriconazole (4 mg/kg); anterior chamber paracentesis was performed, and voriconazole concentrations in AH were measured.
Results—Mean ± SD voriconazole concentrations in AH after topical administration of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 3.0% solutions (n = 4 eyes for each concentration) were 1.43 ± 0.37 μg/mL, 2.35 ± 0.78 μg/mL, and 2.40 ± 0.29 μg/mL, respectively. The 1.0% and 3.0% solutions resulted in significantly higher AH concentrations than the 0.5% solution, and only the 3.0% solution induced signs of ocular toxicosis. Voriconazole was detected in the plasma for 1 hour after the final topically administered dose of all solutions. Mean ± SD voriconazole concentration in AH after a single orally administered dose was 0.86 ± 0.22 μg/mL.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that voriconazole effectively penetrated the cornea in clinically normal eyes and reached detectable concentrations in the AH after topical administration. The drug also penetrated noninflamed equine eyes after oral administration. Low plasma concentrations of voriconazole were detected after topical administration.}, number={2}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Clode, Alison B. and Davis, Jennifer L. and Salmon, Jacklyn and Michau, Tammy Miller and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={296–301} }
 @article{gilger_michau_salmon_2005, title={Immune-mediated keratitis in horses: 19 cases (1998-2004)}, volume={8}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00393.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00393.x}, abstractNote={AbstractObjective The purpose of this study is to describe clinical and histologic findings, treatment, and outcome of horses with suspected immune‐mediated keratitis (IMMK).Design Retrospective study.Animals Nineteen horses that presented to NCSU‐VTH from 1998 to 2004 with IMMK.Procedures Information retrieved from the medical records included signalment, duration of clinical signs, therapy prior to initial examination, ophthalmic abnormalities, diagnostics performed, therapy instituted, and long‐term vision.Results Nineteen horses (22 eyes) were diagnosed with IMMK. Three distinct clinical groups were identified based on the depth of the lesion in the cornea: superficial stromal (n = 11 eyes), midstromal (n = 6 eyes), or endothelial (n = 5 eyes). Horses ranged from 5 to 19 years of age, with a mean age ± SD of 11.9 ± 3.6 years. Eleven horses had 12 months or greater duration of clinical signs of corneal disease prior to referral. Overall there was a mean duration of 11.8 ± SD 8.3 months. Superficial stromal keratitis appeared as a superficial stromal cellular infiltrate with diffuse vascularization. Midstromal keratitis appeared as midstromal cellular infiltrate with mild, surrounding corneal edema and vascularization. Endothelial disease appeared as endothelial cellular infiltrate with diffuse corneal edema. In all types of IMMK, signs of uveitis or severe discomfort were not observed.Conclusions and clinical relevance Horses with superficial IMMK responded to topical medical therapy, but responded best to surgical removal of the lesion. Horses with midstromal keratitis responded to topical cyclosporine therapy. Endothelial disease was the least amenable to therapy.}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Michau, Tammy Miller and Salmon, Jacklyn H.}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={233–239} }
 @article{michau_gilger_2004, title={Cosmetic globe surgery in the horse}, volume={20}, ISSN={0749-0739}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2004.04.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.cveq.2004.04.001}, abstractNote={Exenteration of an eye may be necessary in clinical practice for a variety of disease processes. Specifically, neoplastic processes may require wide excision margins that may not allow primary closure of the surgical site. This report describes a series of horses undergoing unilateral radical eye exenteration for which primary closure was not possible because of the extent of tissue excised. For each case, the underlying pathology, surgical technique, perioperative treatments, and outcome are described. Six cases were treated of which three survive at this time, two were euthanized because of recurrence, and one was euthanized for unrelated problem. Radical exenteration of the eye with wide margins and second intention healing is easy to perform and well tolerated in horses. It should be considered when extensive resection is required for instance in neoplastic processes. Aftercare is required as for all wounds that heal by second intention; time from surgery to epithelialization is approximately 4 months.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Michau, Tammy Miller and Gilger, Brian C}, year={2004}, month={Aug}, pages={467–484} }
 @article{gilger_michau_2004, title={Equine recurrent uveitis: new methods of management}, volume={20}, ISSN={0749-0739}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2004.04.010}, DOI={10.1016/j.cveq.2004.04.010}, abstractNote={Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a spontaneous, remitting-relapsing autoimmune disease driven by the adaptive immune system. Although T cells are described as the main effector cells in pathogenesis, granulocytes have also emerged as possible disease mediators. To explore the role of these innate immune cells, we investigated the whole cell proteome of granulocytes from equine recurrent uveitis cases and healthy controls. Among the 2362 proteins identified by mass spectrometry, we found 96 proteins with significantly changed abundance between groups (p < 0.05, fold change >1.2), representing 4.1% of total granulocyte proteome. Within these differential identifications, calgranulin B, a protein associated with pathogenesis in other autoimmune diseases, showed highest abundance in equine recurrent uveitis (18 fold).For a better interpretation of the results from our hypothesis-generating approach, we added a threshold for biological significance (ratio ERU/controls >2: 36 proteins) to the proteins with increased abundance in equine recurrent uveitis and analyzed their allocation to the subsets within the Immune System superpathway. The 36 differentially abundant proteins predominantly associated to RAF/MAP kinase cascade, MHC-I-mediated antigen presentation and neutrophil degranulation, suggesting a latently activated phenotype of these innate immune cells in disease. Raw data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD013648.Our study provides new insights into the protein repertoire of primary equine granulocytes and identifies protein abundance changes associated to equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), an organ specific, spontaneously occurring autoimmune disease. We show that granulocyte proteins with increased abundance in ERU strongly associate to RAF/MAP kinase signaling, MHC-I antigen presentation and neutrophil degranulation, pointing to a more activated state of these cells in ERU cases. Since cells were obtained in quiescent stage of disease, latent activation of granulocytes underlines the role of these innate immune cells in ERU.These findings are highly relevant for veterinary medicine, further establishing the importance of granulocytes in this T cell-driven autoimmune disease. Moreover, they have translational quality for autoimmune uveitis in man, due to strong similarity in disease occurrence, progression and pathogenesis.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gilger, Brian C and Michau, Tammy Miller}, year={2004}, month={Aug}, pages={417–427} }
 @article{michau_breitschwerdt_gilger_davidson_2003, title={Bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffi as a possible cause of anterior uveitis and choroiditis in a dog}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2003.00310.x}, abstractNote={AbstractA 2‐year old, neutered, female spaniel mixed breed was referred to the North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for evaluation of bilateral anterior uveitis. The dog was febrile and, in addition to anterior uveitis, multifocal hyporeflective lesions were present in the tapetal fundus of both eyes. The antibody titer forBartonella vinsoniisubspeciesberkhoffiwas positive (1 : 512). Aqueous paracentesis was performed for PCR in an attempt to detectB. vinsoniiin the eye but was unsuccessful. The ocular manifestations ofBartonellainfection in humans are currently expanding as more sensitive serologic and PCR techniques are being developed to identifyBartonellaspp. In addition to optic neuritis and neuroretinitis, retinochoroidal lesions are one of the most common manifestations ofB. henselaeinfection, and are frequently accompanied by vitreous or anterior segment inflammation. Diagnosis of aBartonellainfection in humans can be made on serology alone, in conjunction with ocular examination findings. The ultimate proof ofB. vinsonii (berkhoffi)as a direct cause of ocular disease would be detection of the infectious agent in the eye. However, it is unknown at this time whetherBartonellacauses ocular disease primarily, secondarily via an autoimmune reaction, or both. Due to the difficulties associated with culture ofBartonellaspp. and the limitations of PCR, serology is currently the most useful tool for screening dogs for possibleBartonellaspp. infection. In the case presented here, even though the PCR was negative, the clinical signs of anterior uveitis and choroiditis might reasonably be associated withB. vinsonii (berkhoffi)seroreactivity, which was repeatable on three separate occasions. Clinical improvement was also accompanied by a post‐treatment decrease inB. vinsonii (berkhoffi)seroreactivity, potentially supporting resolution ofBartonellainfection in this dog. This is the first reported case of a possible association between uveitis, choroiditis andBartonellainfection in the dog, without clinical manifestations of other organ or tissue involvement. Future studies based on PCR analysis of intraocular fluids may clarify the involvement ofB. vinsonii (berkhoffi)in dogs with intraocular inflammatory disease. Furthermore, performing fluorescein angiography in dogs with elevatedBartonellatiters may also prove useful in the identification and characterization of lesions.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Michau, TM and Breitschwerdt, EB and Gilger, BC and Davidson, MG}, year={2003}, month={Dec}, pages={299–304} }
 @article{michau_proulx_rushton_olivry_dunston_gilger_davidson_2003, title={Intraocular extramedullary plasmacytoma in a cat}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037629973&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1046/j.1463-5224.2003.00277.x}, abstractNote={AbstractAn 8‐year‐old, castrated male Domestic Short‐haired cat was referred for evaluation of a possible intraocular neoplasm following previous ocular trauma. The eye was blind, and uveitis and an iridal mass were noted on examination. An enucleation was performed and the mandibular lymph node excised. Histopathologic examination revealed neoplastic proliferation of plasma cells in the iris and lymph node. No other evidence of disseminated disease was detected. This is the first case reported of an intraocular extramedullary plasmacytoma in the cat. The variation in clinical manifestations and potential association with multiple myeloma are not known at this time. Disseminated metastasis from a primary plasmacytoma of the uveal tract could also involve the bone marrow and be indistinguishable from multiple myeloma. Early enucleation, as in trauma‐associated sarcomas, may be indicated to prevent metastasis. Periodic systemic evaluation for evidence of multiple myeloma should be performed.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Michau, TM and Proulx, DR and Rushton, SD and Olivry, T and Dunston, SM and Gilger, BC and Davidson, MG}, year={2003}, month={Jun}, pages={177–181} }
 @article{michau_schwabenton_davidson_gilger_2003, title={Superficial, nonhealing corneal ulcers in horses: 23 cases (1989-2003)}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1463-5216"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2003.00309.x}, abstractNote={AbstractObjective  To characterize superficial, nonhealing corneal ulcers in the horse and to assess the affect of age, breed, sex, inciting cause of the ulcer, and treatment on healing time of these ulcers.Design  Retrospective study.Animals  Twenty‐three horses with superficial, nonhealing corneal ulcerations.Procedure  Medical records from 1989 to 2003 of horses diagnosed with superficial, nonhealing corneal ulcers were reviewed. Signalment, duration of clinical signs, ophthalmic abnormalities, treatment and response to treatment were recorded. Horses were treated, in addition to medical therapy, using debridement, debridement and grid keratotomy, superficial keratectomy, and superficial keratectomy with conjunctival graft placement.Results  Mean age ± SD of horses was 13.7 ± 5.8 years. The mean time of presence of the corneal ulceration was 38.9 ± 21.3 days. Mean time to complete re‐epithelialization of the corneal ulcers after treatment was 20 ± 14.7 days. Horses treated with debridement alone, grid keratotomy and superficial keratectomy healed in a mean time of 15.3 ± 14.6 days, 16 ± 12.6 days, and 22.8 ± 6.7 days, respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevance  Horses treated with a single debridement at initial evaluation healed in a significantly shorter time period than horses treated with grid keratotomy or superficial keratectomy. The latter two procedures may be beneficial in the treatment of nonhealing ulceration in horses, but the results of this study suggest that these procedures should only be performed following failure of the ulcer to heal after epithelial debridement.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Michau, TM and Schwabenton, B and Davidson, MG and Gilger, BC}, year={2003}, month={Dec}, pages={291–297} }
 @article{michau_gilger_maggio_davidson_2003, title={Use of thermokeratoplasty for treatment of ulcerative keratitis and bullous keratopathy secondary to corneal endothelial disease in dogs: 13 cases (1994-2001)}, volume={222}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2003.222.607}, abstractNote={Abstract
				
					Objective—To evaluate the outcome of thermokeratoplasty
for treatment of ulcerative keratitis and bullous
keratopathy secondary to corneal endothelial disease
in dogs.
				
					Design—Retrospective study.
				
					Animals—13 dogs.
				
					Procedures—Medical records from 1994 to 2001 for
dogs evaluated because of ulcerative keratitis and
bullous keratopathy and treated with thermokeratoplasty
were reviewed.
				
					Results—There were 7 spayed females, 5 castrated
males, and 1 sexually intact male, ranging from 6 to
16 years of age. Ten dogs had endothelial degeneration,
and 3 dogs had breed-related endothelial dystrophy.
All dogs had bullous keratopathy, characterized
by microbullae formation that was detected via biomicroscopy.
Recurrent or nonhealing corneal ulcers
were detected unilaterally in 5 dogs and bilaterally in
8 dogs. Mean ± SD duration from thermokeratoplasty
until ulcerations were healed for all dogs was 2.2 ±
1.1 weeks. All dogs that underwent thermokeratoplasty
for nonhealing corneal ulceration secondary to
endothelial disease and corneal edema had epithelial
wound healing and resolution of corneal ulceration.
Mean duration of treatment (ie, topical treatment
required until resolution of ulceration) was significantly
less after thermokeratoplasty than duration of
treatment (with multiple treatments) prior to referral.
				
					Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—It may be
necessary to perform thermokeratoplasty of the
entire cornea to prevent recurrence of ulcerations
in areas that have not been treated with thermokeratoplasty.
(J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;222:
607–612)}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Michau, TM and Gilger, BC and Maggio, F and Davidson, MG}, year={2003}, month={Mar}, pages={607–612} }