@article{dufur_leppard_jarvis_shafer_2024, title={Do Status Characteristic-Based Stereotypes Influence Opportunities in Monoracial Settings? The Case of the National Hockey League}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2158-2440"]}, DOI={10.1177/21582440241269929}, abstractNote={Research on positional segregation in sport focuses on mechanisms perpetuating discrepancies in integrated contexts, including in majority-minority sports. However, theoretical explanations for positional segregation should apply to other status groups, such as ethnicity, that may be more salient in monoracial or nearly monoracial settings. We use 2018 to 2019 data on 790 NHL players and executives along with descriptive models previously applied to questions of racial segregation in sport to evaluate if stereotypes have led to ethnicity-based differences in athletes’ outcomes, using on-ice positions, leadership positions, team management positions, and penalty minutes related to stereotypes in playing style. Results show no evidence for ethnic stacking nor barriers to player leadership in the NHL but substantial differences in team management positions and penalty minutes. Our findings illuminate the degree to which theories concerning racial stereotyping mechanisms might be extended to apply in monoracial settings.}, number={3}, journal={SAGE OPEN}, author={Dufur, Mikaela J. and Leppard, Tom R. and Jarvis, Jonathan A. and Shafer, Kevin M.}, year={2024}, month={Jul} }
 @article{demarco_leppard_lindsay_2024, title={Intersectional bonds: Delinquency, arrest, and changing family social capital during adolescence}, ISSN={["1741-3737"]}, DOI={10.1111/jomf.13029}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective This study uses an intersectional approach to examine whether bonding and bridging family social capital change after adolescent delinquency and arrest. Background Family social capital (the resources and energy investments parents make in their children) has important implications for numerous youth outcomes. To date, little research has examined how stressful behaviors (like delinquency) and life events (such as arrest) strain or strengthen parent–child relationships, particularly across Black, White, and Hispanic families. Methods Drawing on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 cohort, the authors use fixed effects, dynamic panel, and correlated random effects models to analyze how delinquent behavior and arrest impact bonding and bridging forms of family social capital in adolescence. Stratified models by race/ethnicity and gender test whether the effects vary across groups. Results Results show that delinquency is negatively associated with bonding and bridging family social capital. Black girls experienced the sharpest reduction in family social capital resulting from delinquent behavior. Arrest was significantly associated with decreased bridging capital for Hispanic boys and increased bridging capital for Black girls. Conclusion Delinquency creates stress for parents and reduces investments in children, especially for Black girls. The effects of arrest vary by race and gender. Implications This study demonstrates the dynamism of family social capital and the impact of adolescent delinquency and arrest on parent–child ties, providing insights into the racialized and gendered development of family social capital amid heightened concern about youth deviance and incarceration.}, journal={JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY}, author={DeMarco, Laura M. and Leppard, Tom R. and Lindsay, Sade L.}, year={2024}, month={Aug} }
 @article{davis_leppard_kinney_2022, title={A shame of inches: Are teams with black head coaches more heavily penalized in Division 1 college football?}, ISSN={["1540-6237"]}, DOI={10.1111/ssqu.13117}, abstractNote={Background A popular line of media discourse has sought to provide explanations for college football's lack of diversity in the coaching ranks. A related effort has recently sought to explain why black coaches are faced with institutional barriers to success in athletic fields. While research on race and the sociology of sport has frequently focused on racial characteristics and expectations of players for on-field penalization, this literature neglected to examine racialized leadership positions such as coaching. Further, the vast majority of this line of literature that has examined racial leadership has explored the effects of race on hiring and promotion decisions off the field rather than on-field dynamics. Objective This article fills this gap by exploring the relationship between the race of college football coaches and the level of on-field penalization their teams incur. Are teams coached by black coaches more heavily penalized than those coaches by non-black coaches? Methods Using data from a merged unique data set and a two-step approach comprising two statistical procedures, we explore this question empirically. We first examine the mean levels of penalties at the game level using a comparison of means, followed by a panel analysis of penalties at the yearly-school level. Results In our comparison of means across all games played between white and black coaches in the 2019/2020 college football season, we find that black coaches are more heavily penalized than white coaches in terms of both penalties per game as well as penalty yardage. Findings of our longitudinal analysis covering all Division 1 college football teams from the college football playoff era (2014/2015 season until the 2019/2020 season) reveal that teams coached by black coaches receive more penalties per game than do teams coached by non-black coaches. Conclusion To conclude, we discuss implications for these findings and suggest ameliorative prescriptions to combat bias in college sports. We contextualize our findings within the context of racialized organizational processes in college sports.}, journal={SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY}, author={Davis, Andrew P. and Leppard, Tom R. and Kinney, Alexander B.}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{leppard_2022, title={Athlete activism and the role of personal and professional positionality: The case of naomi osaka}, ISSN={["1461-7218"]}, DOI={10.1177/10126902211073907}, abstractNote={ In this article I argue that athlete activists' personal and professional positionality influence their activism. Researchers document the powerful impact that athlete activists wield in effecting social change – especially during the civil rights movement. However, the extant literature does not consider the important points of sameness or difference that activists’ personal and professional positionality afford them. Athlete activists are not homogenous. Using content analysis, this article examines how Naomi Osaka's leverages her positionality to generate points of sameness and difference with multiple groups. The findings demonstrate that athletes’ personal racial identities greatly influence their decision to become an activist and the issues they speak to. Further, their professional positionality is embedded in a history of former activists, current activists, and the racial structure of their sport. I conclude that Osaka is greatly influenced by the points of sameness and difference afforded to her by her multiple personal and professional identities. }, journal={INTERNATIONAL REVIEW FOR THE SOCIOLOGY OF SPORT}, author={Leppard, Tom R.}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{leppard_dufur_2022, title={Paternal Closeness in Adolescence: The Association of Sports and Gender}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1543-2785"]}, DOI={10.1123/ssj.2021-0062}, abstractNote={Recent research suggests positive associations between shared recreational activities and father–child relationships for young children. We extend these ideas to adolescents and to recreational activities in which the father’s participation might be limited to audience membership. We use the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health to evaluate whether an association exists between adolescent sports participation and paternal relationships, focusing on the adolescent’s perspective, and whether these associations differ for boys and girls. Findings show positive associations between sports participation and closer relationships between fathers and adolescents. Sports participation was more important for boys’ relationships with fathers than girls’. We discuss our findings in terms of contemporary shifts in gendered norms and conclude that gender may remain salient in how sport participation can promote father–child relationships.}, number={4}, journal={SOCIOLOGY OF SPORT JOURNAL}, author={Leppard, Tom R. and Dufur, Mikaela J.}, year={2022}, month={Dec}, pages={401–411} }