@article{lu_gallmeier_geoghegan_ferguson_wechsler_2012, title={A reevaluation of radiation damage cross sections}, volume={431}, number={1-3}, journal={Journal of Nuclear Materials}, author={Lu, W. and Gallmeier, F. X. and Geoghegan, P. J. and Ferguson, P. D. and Wechsler, M. S.}, year={2012}, pages={33–38} }
 @article{wechsler_lu_2008, title={Radiation flux and damage at accelerator-driven spallation neutron sources}, volume={377}, ISSN={["0022-3115"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.02.089}, abstractNote={Radiation damage (displacement, helium, and hydrogen production) at proton-driven spallation neutron sources is analyzed and compared for SNS SB (316SS at the nose of the Hg-container vessel), SNS PEW (Al6061 at a hypothetical proton entrance window), and SINQ EW (Al–3 wt% Mg entrance window at Target 5). Spallation neutrons at the three components exhibit differential fluxes, ϕ′, that increase monotonically with decreasing energy E. For SINQ EW, ϕ’ is roughly proportional to 1/E, which is attributed to the moderating effect of the D2O coolant and moderator tank. For 316SS at SNS SB, the calculated total displacement production rate due to protons and neutrons is 34 dpa/yr at full power, with about 37% due to protons. For the Al at SNS PEW and SINQ EW, however, the total rate is 4–5 dpa/yr, with about 90% due to protons. He and H production in all three components is dominated by the incident protons. For He, comparison of experimental and calculated production cross sections for protons on 316SS and Al indicates the need to employ the non-default Jülich ILVDEN option in running LAHET. The resulting total production rates for SNS SB, SNS PEW, and SINQ EW are about 3000, 2400, and 1900 appmHe/yr, respectively. These rates are 1.5–2 times the rates previously calculated using the default GCCI ILVDEN option. The high mobility of H atoms promotes H escape from thin targets of 316SS and Al. For 0.1 cm-thick samples, we tallied the H where it comes to rest using IOPT 14, and obtained production rates at SNS SB, SNS PEW, and SINQ EW of 11500, 4300, and 3500 appmH/yr, respectively.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS}, author={Wechsler, M. S. and Lu, W.}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={275–284} }
 @article{wechsler_2007, title={Proceedings of the Symposium on Radiation Effects, Deformation and Phase Transformations in Metals and Ceramics, Organized in Honor of Prof. Monroe S. Wechsler - TMS Annual Meeting, San Antonio, Texas, USA 12-16 March 2006 - Foreword}, volume={361}, number={2-3}, journal={Journal of Nuclear Materials}, author={Wechsler, M. S.}, year={2007}, pages={XI-} }
 @article{lu_wechsler_2007, title={The radiation damage database: Section on helium cross section}, volume={361}, ISSN={["1873-4820"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jnucmat.2006.12.005}, abstractNote={Abstract A radiation damage database with emphasis on spallation interactions is described. Currently, the database contains damage energy, displacement, helium, and hydrogen cross sections for 23 elemental targets irradiated by proton and neutron projectiles up to 3.2 GeV. In this paper, the focus is on proton-induced helium cross sections, but it is shown that for high energies (above about 500 MeV) proton- and neutron-induced helium cross sections are almost equal. The cross section calculations were run on the Cascade–Exciton Model code (no options) and also on the Bertini code with three nuclear level-density models and multistage pre-equilibrium model on and off. Calculation and experimental results are compared. For various targets, we tried to determine which code and options give best agreement with experiment. In some cases, such determinations are uncertain, partly because of limited and conflicting experimental information and partly perhaps because of the need for modifications in the codes.}, number={2-3}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS}, author={Lu, W. and Wechsler, M. S.}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={282–288} }
 @article{lu_wechsler_dai_2006, title={The NCSU radiation damage database; proton-induced damage energy and application to radiation damage at SINQ}, volume={356}, ISSN={["0022-3115"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jnucmat.2006.05.011}, abstractNote={The NCSU radiation damage database is described. It contains proton and neutron cross sections for production of damage energy, displacements, helium, hydrogen, and heavier transmutation products. The targets in the database include 23 elements from Mg to U and eight practical alloys, but for this paper attention is focused on Al, Fe, and W. Damage energy cross sections are presented for 20–3200-MeV protons based on intranuclear cascade (INC) models (Bertini, CEM2k, and ISABEL) and for 1–2000-MeV protons based on classical Rutherford scattering and SRIM. These cross sections are used to calculate displacement production at SINQ Target 5. It is shown that the SRIM-calculated cross sections can make a significant contribution to proton-induced displacement production in Al at the entrance window and in Fe at Rods 1 and 15.}, number={1-3}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS}, author={Lu, W. and Wechsler, M. S. and Dai, Y.}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={280–286} }
 @article{lu_wechsler_dai_2003, title={Radiation damage at the aluminum entrance window of the SINQ Target 3}, volume={318}, ISSN={["1873-4820"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0022-3115(03)00082-5}, abstractNote={Calculations are underway to determine radiation damage (displacement, helium, and hydrogen production) at the entrance window of the SINQ Target 3 (Mark II Type). Damage production rates were determined in two ways. In Method 1, the displacement, He, and H cross-sections were folded into the proton and neutron fluxes to give the three defect production rates separately for protons and neutrons. In Method 2, MCNPX with a computer model of SINQ was used directly to calculate the three production rates due to the combined effects of protons and neutrons. The production rates at the central tip of the target by Method 1 are 4.1 and 0.47 dpa/yr per mA for protons and neutrons, respectively, giving a total of 4.6 dpa/yr per mA. By Method 2 using several approaches, we obtain a range of production rates from 3.6 to 4.1 dpa/yr per mA. For helium, the production rates are calculated to be about 1000 and a range from 950 to 1580 appmHe/yr per mA, respectively. LAHET calculations indicate that the helium is completely retained in the irradiated aluminum. For hydrogen, the calculations indicate that perhaps only about half of the hydrogen produced is retained. Method 1 gives about 3500 appmH/yr per mA retained and Method 2 gives a range from 3500 to 4400 appmH/yr per mA.}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS}, author={Lu, W and Wechsler, MS and Dai, Y}, year={2003}, month={May}, pages={176–184} }
 @inproceedings{zheng_wechsler_dudziak_hunn_mansur_2001, title={Near-surface radiation damage due to recoils from adjacent proton-irradiated materials at applied to SNS and APT}, booktitle={Proceedings, Fourth Topical Meeting on Nuclear Applications of Accelerator Technology, ANS, La Grange Park, Illinois}, author={Zheng, Y. and Wechsler, M. S. and Dudziak, D. J. and Hunn, J. D. and Mansur, L. K.}, year={2001}, pages={381–387} }
 @article{barnett_wechsler_dudziak_mansur_murphy_2001, title={Radiation damage to the 316 stainless steel target container vessel at SNS}, volume={296}, ISSN={["1873-4820"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0022-3115(01)00499-8}, abstractNote={In the past, our calculations of radiation damage (concentrations of displacements, helium atoms, and hydrogen atoms) to the 316 stainless steel (316SS) container vessel at the spallation neutron source (SNS) mercury target dealt with the average damage rates in a volume at the nose of the vessel. This paper describes an attempt to improve the accuracy of estimates of the damage rates at the center of the proton beam where the damage rates are expected to be the highest. Four series of calculations (Series I–IV) were conducted to determine the damage rates within volumes (tally volumes) that varied systematically in location in the vessel. This permitted extrapolation to the rates at the tip of the vessel nose (Z=0) and at the center of the proton beam (X=Y=0). The total damage rates due to protons and neutrons were found to be: 36 dpa/yr, 1400 appmHe/yr, and 20 000 appmH/yr. In addition, insight was gained into how the damage rates vary with position in the vessel nose and at locations further downstream in the vessel.}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS}, author={Barnett, MH and Wechsler, MS and Dudziak, DJ and Mansur, LK and Murphy, BD}, year={2001}, month={Jul}, pages={54–60} }
 @article{zheng_wechsler_dudziak_hunn_mansur_2001, title={Simulation of the implantation of recoils and displacement production in the 316 stainless steel mercury-container vessel at SNS}, volume={296}, ISSN={["1873-4820"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0022-3115(01)00500-1}, abstractNote={In this study, the focus is on the possible effect of mercury and transmuted atom recoils that are implanted into the wall of the stainless steel container vessel at SNS. Two computer codes were used: Los Alamos high energy transport (LAHET) and the stopping and range of ions in matter (SRIM). LAHET provided information of the energy distribution of the recoils upon bombardment. Also, SRIM simulated the transport of recoils through the mercury layer adjacent to the stainless steel wall and into the wall itself, and provided recoil and displacement concentration profiles in the wall. The calculated recoil and displacement concentrations in the near-surface region of the wall appear to be quite significant. The recoil and displacement concentrations per year at the surface are determined to be about 0.0015 recoil atoms/wall atom and about 17 dpa at the center of an incident proton beam. These concentrations fall to about one-half of the surface values at a penetration distance of about 0.1 μm, and the concentrations become negligibly small at 0.5 μm and beyond.}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS}, author={Zheng, Y and Wechsler, MS and Dudziak, DJ and Hunn, JD and Mansur, LK}, year={2001}, month={Jul}, pages={61–65} }
 @inproceedings{barnett_wechsler_dudziak_corzine_charlton_mansur_1999, title={Calculations of radiation damage at SNS}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Second Topical Meeting on Nuclear Applications of Accelerator Technology, Le Grange Park, Illinois}, author={Barnett, M. H. and Wechsler, M. S. and Dudziak, D. J. and Corzine, R. K. and Charlton, L. A. and Mansur, L. K.}, year={1999}, pages={555–559} }
 @article{zheng_wechsler_barnett_dudziak_mansur_1999, title={PKA spectrum and radiation damage for 150 Mev electrons on 316 stainless steel}, volume={80}, number={1999}, journal={Transactions of the American Nuclear Society}, author={Zheng, Y. and Wechsler, M. S. and Barnett, M. H. and Dudziak, D. J. and Mansur, L. K.}, year={1999}, pages={95–96} }
 @article{barnett_wechsler_dudziak_charlton_mansur_1999, title={Radiation damage at SNS}, volume={80}, number={1999}, journal={Transactions of the American Nuclear Society}, author={Barnett, M. H. and Wechsler, M. S. and Dudziak, D. J. and Charlton, L. A. and Mansur, L. K.}, year={1999}, pages={96–97} }
 @article{corzine_wechsler_dudziak_ferguson_james_1999, title={Radiation damage calculations for the APT materials test program}, volume={80}, number={1999}, journal={Transactions of the American Nuclear Society}, author={Corzine, R. K. and Wechsler, M. S. and Dudziak, D. J. and Ferguson, P. D. and James, M. R.}, year={1999}, pages={97–98} }
 @article{wechsler_dudziak_1999, title={Radiation damage to materials at spallation neutron sources}, volume={44}, number={6}, journal={Bulletin of the American Physical Society}, author={Wechsler, M. S. and Dudziak, D. J.}, year={1999}, pages={52} }
 @inproceedings{corzine_barnett_zheng_dudziak_wechsler_1999, title={Radiation effects calculations for spallation neutron sources}, number={1999}, booktitle={Proceedings, Third International Conference on Accelerator-Driven Technologies and Applications, Prague, Czech Republic, June 7 - 11, 1999}, author={Corzine, R. K. and Barnett, M. H. and Zheng, Y. and Dudziak, D. J. and Wechsler, M. S.}, year={1999} }
 @inproceedings{charlton_mansur_wechsler_barnett_1999, title={Recent progress in the neutronic design of the spallation neutron source}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Second Topical Meeting on Nuclear Applications of Accelerator Technology, Le Grange Park, Illinois}, author={Charlton, L. A. and Mansur, L. K. and Wechsler, M. S. and Barnett, M. H.}, year={1999}, pages={245–248} }
 @inproceedings{charlton_mansur_wechsler_barnett_dudziak_1999, title={SNS radiation damage parameters}, number={1999}, booktitle={Proceedings, Third International Workshop on Spallation Materials Technology, Santa Fe, NM, April 29 - May 4, 1999}, author={Charlton, L. A. and Mansur, L. K. and Wechsler, M. S. and Barnett, M. H. and Dudziak, D. J.}, year={1999} }
 @inproceedings{charlton_mansur_barnett_corzine_dudziak_wechsler_1998, title={Calculations of helium production in materials at spallation neutron sources}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Second Topical Meeting on Nuclear Applications of Accelerator Technology, Le Grange Park, Illinois}, author={Charlton, L. A. and Mansur, L. K. and Barnett, M. H. and Corzine, R. K. and Dudziak, D. J. and Wechsler, M. S.}, year={1998}, pages={247–253} }
 @article{corzine_dudziak_wechsler_barnett_mansur_1998, title={Calculations of helium production in materials irradiated at spallation neutron sources}, volume={78}, number={1998}, journal={Transactions of the American Nuclear Society}, author={Corzine, R. K. and Dudziak, D. J. and Wechsler, M. S. and Barnett, M. H. and Mansur, M. H.}, year={1998}, pages={289–290} }
 @article{ferguson_sommer_dudziak_wechsler_barnett_corzine_1998, title={Radiation damage calculations for the LANSCE degrader}, volume={78}, number={1998}, journal={Transactions of the American Nuclear Society}, author={Ferguson, P. D. and Sommer, W. F. and Dudziak, D. J. and Wechsler, M. S. and Barnett, M. H. and Corzine, R. K.}, year={1998}, pages={291–293} }
 @inproceedings{wechsler_1997, title={Calculation of radiation damage to spallation neutron source materials}, number={1997}, booktitle={Proceedings, Second International Workshop on Spallation Materials Technology, Ancona, Italy, September 19 - 22, 1997}, author={Wechsler, M. S.}, year={1997}, pages={161–188} }
 @inproceedings{wechsler_lin_ferguson_mansur_sommer_1997, title={Calculations of radiation damage in target, container, and window materials for spallation neutron sources}, volume={2}, number={1997}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Accelerator-Driven Transmutation Technologies and Applications, Kalmar, Sweden, June 3 - 7, 1996}, publisher={Upsala, Sweden: Upsala University}, author={Wechsler, M. S. and Lin, C. and Ferguson, P. D. and Mansur, L. K. and Sommer, W. F.}, year={1997}, pages={968–974} }
 @inbook{wechsler_barnett_dudziak_mansur_charlton_barnes_johnson_1997, title={Calculations of radiation effects in 316 stainless steel container materials for the NSNS}, booktitle={Materials for Spallation Neutron Sources, Proceedings of the Symposium on Materials for Spallation Neutron Sources, Orlando, Florida, February 9 - 13, 1997}, publisher={Warrendale, Pa.: Minerals, Metals & Materials Society}, author={Wechsler, M. S. and Barnett, M. H. and Dudziak, D. J. and Mansur, L. K. and Charlton, L. A. and Barnes, J. M. and Johnson, J. O.}, year={1997}, pages={23–28} }
 @inproceedings{mansur_farrell_hunn_lee_wechsler_1997, title={Materials considerations for the NSNS Target}, number={1997}, booktitle={Proceedings, Second International Workshop on Spallation Materials Technology, Ancona, Italy, September 19 - 22, 1997}, author={Mansur, L. K. and Farrell, K. and Hunn, J. D. and Lee, E. H. and Wechsler, M. S.}, year={1997}, pages={359–378} }
 @inbook{mansur_distefano_farrell_lee_pawel_wechsler_1997, title={Materials considerations for the national spallation neutron source target}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Topical Meeting on Nuclear Applications of Accelerator Technology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, November 16-20, 1997}, publisher={La Grange Park, Ill.: American Nuclear Society}, author={Mansur, L. K. and DiStefano, J. R. and Farrell, K. and Lee, E. H. and Pawel, S. J. and Wechsler, M. S.}, year={1997}, pages={301–311} }
 @inproceedings{sommer_wechsler_maloy_1997, title={Qualification tests of materials for spallation neutron sources}, volume={2}, number={1997}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Accelerator-Driven Transmutation Technologies and Applications, Kalmar, Sweden, June 3 - 7, 1996}, publisher={Upsala, Sweden: Upsala University}, author={Sommer, W. F. and Wechsler, M. S. and Maloy, S.}, year={1997}, pages={983} }
 @article{wechsler_lin_sommer_daemen_ferguson_1997, title={Radiation effects in materials for accelerator-driven neutron technologies}, volume={244}, ISSN={["0022-3115"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0022-3115(96)00735-0}, abstractNote={Accelerator-driven neutron technologies include facilities for neutron scattering research, accelerator transmutation of waste (ATW), and accelerator production of tritium. These systems use spallation neutron sources (SNS's) in which high-energy protons (E = 1000–2000 MeV) strike a heavy-metal target, producing spallation neutrons with energies extending up to the incident proton energy. The nature of the spallation process and the codes used to calculate spallation radiation damage are reviewed. Calculations of displacement and helium production in a major target material, tungsten, are described. Displacement cross sections reach about 9000 b for 1600 MeV neutrons or protons. In a simulated high-current-density ATW SNS, displacement production rates are about 0.1 and 1 dpa/d due to the spallation neutrons and incident 1600 MeV protons, respectively, and the He production rates are about 1 and 250 appm He/d, respectively. These damage rates probably represent an upper limit to what can be tolerated. More realistic solid-target SNS's will operate at lower current densities, and the damage rates are likely to be reduced by a factor of 3 or 4 from the values cited above. In any case, however, radiation damage to target and container materials is a major consideration in the design of SNS's.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS}, author={Wechsler, MS and Lin, C and Sommer, WF and Daemen, LL and Ferguson, PD}, year={1997}, month={Apr}, pages={177–184} }
 @inbook{wechsler_barnett_dudziak_corzine_sommer_pitcher_ferguson_mansur_farrell_charlton_et al._1997, title={Radiation effects on stainless steel materials in accelerator-based spallation neutron sources}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Topical Meeting on Nuclear Applications of Accelerator Technology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, November 16-20, 1997}, publisher={La Grange Park, Ill.: American Nuclear Society}, author={Wechsler, M. S. and Barnett, M. H. and Dudziak, D. J. and Corzine, R. K. and Sommer, W. F. and Pitcher, E. J. and Ferguson, P. D. and Mansur, L. K. and Farrell, K. and Charlton, L. A. and et al.}, year={1997}, pages={21–28} }
 @inbook{pitcher_ferguson_russell_prael_madland_court_daemen_wechsler_1997, title={The effect of the new nucleon-nucleus elastic scattering data in LAHET version 2.8 on neutron displacement cross section calculations}, booktitle={Materials for Spallation Neutron Sources, Proceedings of the Symposium on Materials for Spallation Neutron Sources, Orlando, Florida, February 9 - 13, 1997}, publisher={Warrendale, Pa.: Minerals, Metals & Materials Society}, author={Pitcher, E. J. and Ferguson, P. D. and Russell, G. J. and Prael, R. E. and Madland, D. G. and Court, J. D. and Daemen, L. L. and Wechsler, M. S.}, year={1997}, pages={15–22} }