@article{johnson_shear_james_2013, title={Novel ways to assess forested wetland restoration in North Carolina using ecohydrological patterns from reference sites}, volume={7}, ISSN={1936-0584}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eco.1390}, DOI={10.1002/eco.1390}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTRestoring jurisdictional wetland hydrology does not ensure that the hydrologic conditions of any specific natural forested wetland community are recreated. This is especially problematic for a state like North Carolina, which has roughly two dozen different forested wetland communities. Because forested wetland communities align themselves across edaphic and hydrologic gradients, we suggest exploiting these relationships to guide restoration design and set performance standards. However, methods to compare hydrology between multiple reference sites and restored wetlands are lacking. To address this, we studied three different forested wetlands across 13 reference sites to determine which measures of water table levels, based on correlation with plant community composition, would be useful to distinguish these three communities. We then used the best measures of water table levels to assess two restoration sites and compare them with the reference sites. Our results showed that monthly median water table levels encompassing the start of the growing season had the strongest correlation with plant community composition, whereas roughly five other measures also had strong correlations. On the basis of the best measures, both of the restoration sites had water table levels that generally fell within the natural range of the reference sites. Because there was variation in water table levels across each restoration site, the different measures where useful to identify which areas were least similar to the reference sites and might need further monitoring in the future. On the basis of our results, we recommend using community‐specific measures of hydrology to guide and assess forested wetland restoration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.}, number={2}, journal={Ecohydrology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Johnson, Yari Ben and Shear, Theodore Henry and James, April Lynda}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={692–702} }
 @article{johnson_shear_james_2011, title={Identifying ecohydrological patterns in natural forested wetlands useful to restoration design}, volume={5}, ISSN={1936-0584}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eco.227}, DOI={10.1002/eco.227}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTWetland restoration projects across the United States commonly lack the species and hydrology of the targeted community being restored. A better understanding of natural wetlands would help restoration project designers achieve community composition and hydrologic regimes that more closely resemble natural conditions. We investigated two different methods to identify patterns in hydrologic regime useful to restoration design. The first method was based on success criteria commonly used by North Carolina wetland mitigation projects. The second method was based on The Nature Conservancy's Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration. To test these two methods, we collected hydrologic and compositional data across the natural variation of nonriverine wet hardwood forest stands, a rare wetland community type commonly restored in North Carolina. Our results show that hydrologic parameters from the first method, based on current success criteria used in North Carolina, are not related to community composition. Hydrologic parameters from the second method, e.g. the maximum water table level over a 3‐day span, explained much of the variation in nonriverine wet hardwood forest community composition. Our results found that clear relationships do exist between hydrologic regime and community composition. Hydrologic parameters that are related to community composition need to be used as success criteria in future restoration designs. This will ensure that projects establish the appropriate hydrologic regime necessary to foster the desired wetland community type. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.}, number={3}, journal={Ecohydrology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Johnson, Yari Ben and Shear, Theodore Henry and James, April Lynda}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={368–379} }