TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Defoliation with Concomitant European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Damage on Potato Yield AU - Nault, Brian A. AU - Kennedy, George G. T2 - Journal of Economic Entomology AB - The relationship between Irish potato, Solanum tuberosum L., yield and Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), defoliation has been established in many regions but rarely has been considered coincident damage by other pests. In eastern North Carolina, the Colorado potato beetle and the European com borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübnpr), attack potato each spring, and the potential exists for reduced potato yields caused by a combination of potato beetle and com borer damage. Yields from potatoes damaged by both pests were evaluated in small-plot experiments for 3 yr. Plant damage was achieved by manipulating pest densities with insecticides and by augmenting plots with potato beetles from nearby commercial fields. Yields were measured at the end of each growing season in late June to early July. Defoliation caused by Colorado potato beetle during bloom significantly reduced yields of U.S. No. 1 tubers in ‘Atlantic’ each year, whereas European com borer damage did not. Absence of an interaction effect between com borer damage and defoliation on potato yield indicated that the yield/damage relationship for each pest can be defined independently. DA - 1996/4/1/ PY - 1996/4/1/ DO - 10.1093/jee/89.2.475 VL - 89 IS - 2 SP - 475-480 LA - en OP - SN - 1938-291X 0022-0493 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/89.2.475 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Damage to Potato and Foliage Availability on Overwinter Survival of First-Generation Colorado Potato Beetle Adults (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in North Carolina AU - Nault, Brian A. AU - French, Ned M., II AU - Kennedy, George G. T2 - Journal of Economic Entomology AB - Journal Article Influence of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Damage to Potato and Foliage Availability on Overwinter Survival of First-Generation Colorado Potato Beetle Adults (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in North Carolina Get access Brian A. Nault, Brian A. Nault Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Ned M. French, II, Ned M. French, II Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar George G. Kennedy George G. Kennedy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 89, Issue 1, 1 February 1996, Pages 124–130, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/89.1.124 Published: 01 February 1996 Article history Received: 01 June 1995 Accepted: 25 August 1995 Published: 01 February 1996 DA - 1996/2/1/ PY - 1996/2/1/ DO - 10.1093/jee/89.1.124 VL - 89 IS - 1 SP - 124-130 LA - en OP - SN - 0022-0493 1938-291X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/89.1.124 DB - Crossref ER - TY - RPRT TI - Plant pathogen resistance genes and uses thereof AU - Balint-Kurti, P.J. AU - Jones, D.A. AU - Jones, J.D.G. AU - Thomas, C.M. DA - 1996/11// PY - 1996/11// M1 - WO1996035790 A1 M3 - Patent SN - WO1996035790 A1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - PCR amplification of the fas-1 gene for the detection of virulent strains of Rhodococcus fascians AU - STANGE, R. R. AU - JEFFARES, D. AU - YOUNG, C. AU - SCOTT, D. B. AU - EASON, J. R. AU - JAMESON, P. E. T2 - Plant Pathology AB - Thirty‐six isolates of the fasciation‐inducing bacterium Rhodococcus fascians were evaluated for the presence and location of the fas‐1 gene, which codes for an isopentenyl transferase, the committed step in cytokinin biosynthesis. The presence of fas‐1 was determined by PCR using a set of primers to the most conserved regions of the gene and by Southern hybridization to genomic digests using the PCR fragment as a probe. Both methods revealed the presence of the gene in 18 virulent isolates and the absence of the gene in 18 avirulent isolates. Thus, there is a strong relationship between the presence of the gene and virulence of the organism. The location of fas‐1 was determined by probing blots of linear and circular DNA. For most of the virulent isolates, the gene was localized to a 200 ± 10 kb linear plasmid. Three virulent isolates lacked a plasmid of this size, but contained fas‐1 either on a linear plasmid of 130 kb or on a large circular plasmid. DA - 1996/6// PY - 1996/6// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-3059.1996.d01-154.x VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - 407-417 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Novel and Complex Chromosomal Arrangement ofRhizobium/otiNodulation Genes AU - Scott, D. Barry T2 - MPMI AB - A mutational and structural analysis of Rhizobium loti nodulation genes in strains NZP2037 and NZP2213 was carried out. Unlike the case with other Rhizobium strains examined to date, nodB was found on an operon separate from nodACIJ. Sequence analysis of the nodACIJ and nodB operon regions confirm that R. loti common nod genes have a gene organization different from that of other Rhizobium spp. At least 4 copies of nodD-like sequences were identified in R. loti. The complete nucleotide sequence of one of these, nodD3, was determined. A new host-specific nod gene, nolL, was identified adjacent to nodD3. NolL shares homology with NodX and other O-acetyl transferases. Mutational analysis of the nod regions of strains NZP2037 and NZP2213 showed that nodD3, nodI, nodJ, and nolL were all essential for R. loti strains to effectively nodulate the extended host Lotus pedunculatus, but were not necessary for effective nodulation of the less restrictive host, Lotus corniculatus. Both nodD3 and nolL were essential for R. loti strains to nodulate Leucaena leucocephala. DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// DO - 10.1094/mpmi-9-0187 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 187 KW - nodulation gene rearrangements ER - TY - JOUR TI - First report of Fusarium oxysporum on clary sage in North America AU - Subbiah, V. AU - Riddick, M. AU - Peele, D. AU - Reynolds, R.J. AU - Cubeta, M.A. T2 - Plant Disease DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 80 IS - 9 SP - 1080 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Benefits of cleaning products containing the repellent methyl neodecanamide against Blattella germanica (L.) AU - Kinscherf, K.M AU - Steltenkamp, R.J. AU - Connors, T.F. AU - Schal, C. T2 - International Pest Control DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 38 IS - 3 SP - 88–91 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Agriculture, Methyl Bromide and the Ozone Hole: Filling the Gaps AU - Ristaino, J.B. T2 - 1996 Reports of the Environmental Science and Engineering Fellows Program PY - 1996/// SP - 65-73 PB - American Association for the Advancement of Science and United States Environmental Protection Agency ER - TY - CHAP TI - Molecular Analysis of Ribosomal RNA Genes in Rhizoctonia Fungi AU - Cubeta, Marc A. AU - Vilgalys, Rytas AU - Gonzalez, Dolores T2 - Rhizoctonia Species: Taxonomy, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Pathology and Disease Control PY - 1996/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-2901-7_7 SP - 81-86 OP - PB - Springer Netherlands SN - 9789048145973 9789401729017 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2901-7_7 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development-activity relationships in nymphal corpora allata of the cockroach, Diploptera punctata AU - CHIANG, AS AU - HOLBROOK, GL AU - SCHAL, C T2 - PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 21 IS - 4 SP - 268-274 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Control of cell proliferation in the corpora allata during the reproductive cycle of the cockroach Diploptera punctata AU - CHIANG, AS AU - TSAI, WH AU - HOLBROOK, GL AU - SCHAL, C T2 - ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 32 IS - 3-4 SP - 299-313 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Allatostatin inhibition and farnesol stimulation of corpus allatum activity in embryos of the viviparous cockroach, Diploptera punctata AU - HOLBROOK, GL AU - CHIANG, AS AU - SCHAL, C T2 - ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 32 IS - 3-4 SP - 341-352 ER - TY - CONF TI - Effect of inoculum source type and cultural practices on the spread of Phytophthora capsici in bell pepper AU - Ristaino, JB AU - Parra, G AU - Campbell, CL T2 - American Society for Horticultural Science C2 - 1996/// C3 - Proceedings of the national pepper conference DA - 1996/// M1 - RESEARCH ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating temperature of mulched and bare soil from meteorological data AU - Wu, Y. AU - Perry, K.B. AU - Ristaino, J.B. T2 - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology AB - In order to investigate the application potential for soil solarization in the southern US without conducting labor intensive field tests and expensive experiments, a numerical model has been developed to estimate the temperature profile of both mulched and bare soils. Atmospheric and soil conditions, as well as the transmissivity, reflectivity and emissivity of mulch are considered in the model. The required dynamic inputs are hourly measurements of global radiation, air temperature, dewpoint, wind speed and rainfall. The model was validated using hourly observations from 12 contiguous days of July 6–18, 1990 at the North Carolina State University Horticultural Crops Research Station near Clinton. Different weather occurred during the period. The model worked very well on both clear and rainy days except July 17 when large, rapid changes of the air temperature and solar radiation occurred. However, the percentages of the absolute differences less than 2.0°C between the hourly estimated and measured soil temperatures at 10, 20, and 30 cm were 89, 95 and 95 for mulched soil, and 94, 98 and 100 for bare soil, respectively. The correlation between estimated and measured temperatures yielded R-square values between 0.82 and 0.93. The model was very successful to satisfy the main objectives in this study. Model sensitivities to 23 parameters were analyzed. Relative sensitivity coefficients were higher for soil bulk density, quartz fraction, and mulch transmissivity to solar radiation, than for surface roughness length, soil clay fraction and mulch transmissivity to long wave radiation. DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// DO - 10.1016/0168-1923(95)02320-8 VL - 81 IS - 3-4 SP - 299-323 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030437209&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Molecular markers, forest genetics, and tree breeding AU - O'Malley, D. M. AU - Grattapaglia, D. AU - Chaparro, J. X. AU - Wilcox, P. L. AU - Amerson, H. V. AU - Liu, B-H AU - Whetten, R. AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Kuhlman, E. G. AU - McCord, S. AU - Crane, B. AU - Sederoff, R. A2 - Gustafson, J. P. A2 - Flavell, R. B. AB - Several years ago, Strauss et al. (1992) thoughtfully evaluated the application of molecular markers in forest tree breeding for marker aided selection. The purpose of their paper was to emphasize the limitations and shortcomings of marker-aided selection particularly in conifers. They argued that studies of quantitative trait loci identified in agronomic crops, which have significant utility (e.g. Stuber, 1992; Stuber et al., 1992), are of little relevance to assessing the potential for marker aided selection in populations of forest trees, and that the near term usefulness of molecular markers for forest tree breeding will be limited. The major barriers to application included cost, the lack of association of markers with traits across breeding populations due to linkage equilibrium, variation in expression of loci affecting quantitative traits due to differences in genetic background, genotype environment interactions, and stability of marker-trait associations over multiple generations. In addition, Strauss et al. (1992) noted that marker-aided selection would be most useful for within family selection, where the economic values of the traits are high, the trait heritabilities are low, and where markers are able to explain much of the genetic variance. However, they argued that important traits in forest trees such as wood volume, are likely to be controlled by large numbers of genes with small effects, and therefore, are unlikely to have useful marker trait associations. C2 - 1996/// C3 - Genomes of Plants and Animals: 21 Stadler Genetics Symposium DA - 1996/// DO - 10.1007/978-1-4899-0280-1_7 SP - 87-102 PB - Plenum Press, NY ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reservoir competence of the southeastern five-lined skink (Eumeces inexpectatus) and the green anole (Anolis carolinensis) for Borrelia burgdorferi AU - Levin, M AU - Levine, JF AU - Yang, S AU - Howard, P AU - Apperson, CS T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE AB - "Reservoir Competence of the Southeastern Five-Lined Skink (Eumeces inexpectatus) and the Green Anole (Anolis carolinensis) for Borrelia burgdorferi" published on Jan 1996 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. DA - 1996/1// PY - 1996/1// DO - 10.4269/ajtmh.1996.54.92 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - 92-97 SN - 1476-1645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reservoir competence of raccoons (Procyon lotor) for Borrelia burgdorferi AU - Norris, D. E. AU - Levine, J. F. AU - Menard, M. AU - Nagagaki, K. AU - Howard, P. AU - Apperson, C. S. T2 - Journal of Wildlife Diseases DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 32 SP - 300-314 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biochemical mechanisms and diagnostic microassays for pyrethroid, carbamate, and organophosphate insecticide resistance/cross-resistance in the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens AU - Zhao, GY AU - Rose, RL AU - Hodgson, E AU - Roe, RM T2 - PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY AB - Tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens,larvae were collected from wild velvet leaf in Macon Ridge (LA) where insecticide resistance in cotton was previously reported. The initial resistance levels were 58.0-fold for thiodicarb and 16.0-fold for cypermethrin compared to a susceptible laboratory population. Selection of this Macon Ridge population with thiodicarb on cotton increased resistance for thiodicarb to 172.9-fold and resulted in cross-resistance for cypermethrin to 161.3-fold compared to the susceptible control. Thiodicarb-selected Macon Ridge budworms were also resistant to methyl parathion (7.6-fold), profenofos (59.9-fold), and azinphosmethyl (>38.8-fold). Cytochrome P450 metabolism ofp-nitroanisole was elevated 30.1-, 16.8-, and 18.8-fold in midgut, fat body, and carcass, respectively, of the selected Macon Ridge budworms. The P450 content was also increased. Ester hydrolysis of 1-naphthyl acetate andp-nitrophenyl acetate as well as 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene glutathioneS-transferase activity were elevated approximately 2-fold with some variability among the specific tissues examined. Piperonyl butoxide increased thiodicarb toxicity by 14.8-fold, methyl parathion by 9.3-fold, and cypermethrin by 19.4-fold.S,S,S-Tributylphosphorothioate increased thiodicarb toxicity by 14.5-fold, methyl parathion by 6.6-fold, and profenofos by 7.2-fold. These results suggests that both cytochrome P450 and esterase play an important role in tobacco budworm resistance and cross-resistance between carbamates, organophosphates, and pyrethroids. Acetylthiocholine hydrolysis was 3.4- and 3.5-fold insensitive to paraoxon and methomyl, respectively, in the thiodicarb-selected Macon Ridge strain. Microassays based onp-nitroanisole andp-nitrophenyl acetate metabolism were successfully used to diagnose resistance in field populations of the tobacco budworm in different geographical areas of the U.S. DA - 1996/11// PY - 1996/11// DO - 10.1006/pest.1996.0072 VL - 56 IS - 3 SP - 183-195 SN - 1095-9939 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Insecticide residues in the ambient air of commercial pest control buildings, 1993 AU - Wright, CG AU - Leidy, RB AU - Dupree, HE T2 - BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY DA - 1996/1// PY - 1996/1// DO - 10.1007/s001289900004 VL - 56 IS - 1 SP - 21-28 SN - 0007-4861 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Timing insecticide applications for managing European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) infestations in potato AU - Nault, Brian A. AU - Kennedy, George G. T2 - Crop Protection AB - European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), management using insecticides was investigated in Irish potato, Solatium tuberosum L, in eastern North Carolina. Additionally, activity of corn borer larvae on untreated ‘Kennebec’ potato plants was evaluated. Corn borer larvae produced new tunnels at the same rate throughout their development and ultimately produced 4.7 ± 0.4 (mean ± SEM) tunnels per plant per larva. Thus, for any given corn borer infestation level, estimates of damage to the crop will increase as the season progresses. Application timing of carbofuran, methamidophos and esfenvalerate were evaluated for control of corn borer damage in ‘Atlantic’ potato. The type and rate of insecticide and the level of corn borer damage at the time of application affected the level of damage at the end of the season. The greatest reduction in damage occurred when the insecticide was applied when many neonates were observed penetrating the plant. A single application of either carbofuran (1.12 kg a.i. ha−1) or methamidophos (0.84 or 1.12 kg a.i. ha−1) when ≈20–40% of the stems are damaged in early May should improve European corn borer management in potato. DA - 1996/8// PY - 1996/8// DO - 10.1016/0261-2194(96)00012-9 VL - 15 IS - 5 SP - 465-471 J2 - Crop Protection LA - en OP - SN - 0261-2194 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(96)00012-9 DB - Crossref KW - Ostrinia nubilalis KW - Irish potato KW - insecticide control ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temperature-dependent development and survival of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus AU - Rueda, LM AU - Axtell, RC T2 - MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY AB - Abstract. Development, growth and survival of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), were determined at six constant temperatures. No egg hatch or larval development occurred at 17 o C. At temperatures of 20, 25, 30, 35 and 38 o C the median development times (days), respectively, were for eggs (13.4, 6.0, 4.4, 2.6 and 2.6), larvae (133.0, 46.0, 26.2, 22.4 and 23.9), pupae (17.0, 8.0, 5.5, 4.0 and 4.1), and from oviposition to adult emergence (164.4, 60.2, 37.9, 29.0 and 30.8). The Sharpe & DeMichele (1977) model was used to describe the temperature‐dependent development. The mean egg survival (hatching) ranged from 61% to 86%, with lowest hatch at 20 o C. Survival of the larvae and pupae ranged from 32% to 73% and from 85% to 95%, respectively, with lowest survival at 20 o C. Pupae had significantly lower weights at 35 o C and adults at 38 o C than at the other temperatures. Female pupae (20 mg) and female adults (16 mg) were significantly heavier than male pupae (17 mg) and male adults (13 mg). Adults (0.5–9 months old) laid 4–7 eggs per female per day at 25 o C. DA - 1996/1// PY - 1996/1// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2915.1996.tb00085.x VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 80-86 SN - 0269-283X KW - Alphitobius diaperinus KW - lesser mealworm KW - darkling beetle KW - temperature-dependent development KW - poultry litter ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sequential Sampling Plans for Use in Timing Insecticide Applications for Control of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Potato AU - Nault, Brian A. AU - Kennedy, George G. T2 - Journal of Economic Entomology AB - Journal Article Sequential Sampling Plans for Use in Timing Insecticide Applications for Control of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Potato Get access Brian A. Nault, Brian A. Nault Department of Entomology, Box 7630, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar George G. Kennedy George G. Kennedy Department of Entomology, Box 7630, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 89, Issue 6, 1 December 1996, Pages 1468–1476, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/89.6.1468 Published: 01 December 1996 Article history Received: 14 February 1996 Accepted: 09 July 1996 Published: 01 December 1996 DA - 1996/12/1/ PY - 1996/12/1/ DO - 10.1093/jee/89.6.1468 VL - 89 IS - 6 SP - 1468-1476 LA - en OP - SN - 1938-291X 0022-0493 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/89.6.1468 DB - Crossref KW - presence-absence sampling KW - binomial and beta-binomial probability distributions KW - action thresholds KW - decision making ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal occurrence and abundance of Aedes triseriatus and other mosquitoes in a La Crosse virus-endemic area in western North Carolina AU - Szumlas, D. E. AU - Apperson, C. S. AU - Powell, E. E. T2 - Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 184 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relative abundance and species composition of mosquito populations (Diptera: Culicidae) in a LaCrosse virus-endemic area in western North Carolina AU - Szumlas, DE AU - Apperson, CS AU - Powell, EE AU - Hartig, P AU - Francy, B AU - Karabotsos, N T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Container surveys were conducted in 5 communities on the Cherokee Indian Reservation, an area of western North Carolina endemic for transmission of La Crosse (LAC) virus, to determine the potential for peridomestic mosquito breeding, the relative abundance of mosquito species, and the standing crop of mosquitoes per residence. Eleven species of mosquitoes were collected, but 80.9% of all mosquitoes reared from containers were Aedes triseriatus (Say). All communities averaged >6 containers per residence, indicating that the potential for mosquito production was high. The Breteau index and mean standing crop of adults per residence in the 5 communities were highly concordant. LAC virus was isolated from 2 pools of 56 female and 36 male Ae. triseriatus adults that were reared from eggs collected by ovitraps. The minimum field infection rate was 0.26 per 1,000 adults tested. Aedes triseriatus, the most frequently collected blood-fed mosquito (98/112 blood-engorged specimens), fed predominantly on dogs (40.4%), rabbits (26.6%), and turtles (22.3%). Only 7.5% of the bloodfed mosquitoes had fed on eastern chipmunks. Peridomestic conditions on the Reservation appear to contribute to the maintenance of LAC virus transmission. Production of Ae. triseriatus occurs in artificial containers discarded around residences, and wooded areas immediately adjacent to residences provide resting cover for mosquitoes as well as suitable habitat for LAC virus reservoir hosts. DA - 1996/7// PY - 1996/7// DO - 10.1093/jmedent/33.4.598 VL - 33 IS - 4 SP - 598-607 SN - 1938-2928 KW - Aedes triseriatus KW - La Crosse virus KW - mosquito abundance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular and genetic determinants of diversity in tomato spotted wilt virus AU - Moyer, AU - J. W., Qiu WenPing T2 - Acta Horticulturae DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// DO - 10.17660/actahortic.1996.431.19 IS - 431 SP - 219 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mechanism of action and cloning of epoxide hydrolase from the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni AU - Roe, RM AU - Kallapur, V AU - Linderman, RJ AU - Viviani, F AU - Harris, SV AU - Walker, EA AU - Thompson, DM T2 - ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY AB - The majority of the JH III epoxide hydrolase activity in last stadium day 3 (gate 1) wandering Trichoplusia ni was membrane bound with approximately 9% of the activity found in the cytosol. Both the microsomal and cytosolic JH epoxide hydrolases were stable, retaining 30% of their original activity after incubation at 4 degrees C for 15 days. 18O-labeled water underwent enzyme catalyzed regioselective addition to the least substituted C10 position of JH III. In multiple turnover reactions with JH epoxide hydrolase in 97.9% 18O-labeled water, only 91.3% 18O incorporation was observed. This is consistent with an SN2 reaction likely involving a carboxylate in the active site of JH epoxide hydrolase. The DNA amplification cloning of a fragment of a putative T. ni epoxide hydrolase is reported. The deduced amino acid sequence shares 67% similarity to the rat microsomal epoxide hydrolase. DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// DO - 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6327(1996)32:3/4<527::AID-ARCH24>3.0.CO;2-D VL - 32 IS - 3-4 SP - 527-535 SN - 0739-4462 KW - Trichoplusia ni KW - epoxide hydrolase KW - juvenile hormone ER - TY - JOUR TI - Juvenile hormone metabolism in the ovary, gut, head and carcass after blood feeding in the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus AU - Lassiter, M. T. AU - Apperson, C. S. AU - Roe, R. M. T2 - Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology (Online) DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 113 IS - 2 SP - 229 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Host choice of late instar gypsy moths (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) between loblolly pine and sweetgum AU - Strom, BL AU - Hain, FP T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Host choice of late instar (LA-L6) gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar (L.), was evaluated using stems and foliage of loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., and sweetgum, Liquidambar styraciflua L. Upon release as 4th instars, larvae were free to roam within arenas, where their location was recorded several times per day until all had pupated. The number of larvae on a particular host species was highly dependent on larval age. After release into experimlintal arenas, there was nearly unidirectional movement from loblolly pine to sweetgum, resulting in 75% of larvae being found on this host after 4 d. Sweetgum remained the preferred host for most of the larval stage; however, as larvae neared pupation there was strong movement to loblolly pine, which was preferred over sweetgum ≍3 to 1 for pupation. The initial host of release had no effect on larval host-choice for pupation. Host sequence, defined by host of release and host of pupation, affected larval duration and pupal weight only in the following cases. Insects that began and pupated on loblolly pine developed at a slower rate and weighed less than those that began and pupated on sweetgum. Individuals that switched hosts for pupation generally were not significantly different (in pupal weight or development time) from either of these. Implications of the observed pattern of host use, especially the overwhelming choice of loblolly pine for pupation, on gypsy moth interactions with natural enemies in the southeastern United States are discussed. DA - 1996/6// PY - 1996/6// DO - 10.1093/ee/25.3.603 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 603-610 SN - 0046-225X KW - Lymantria dispar KW - Finns taeda KW - Liquidambar KW - host selection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Field performance of F-1-sterile gypsy moth larvae (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) on loblolly pine and sweetgum AU - Strom, BL AU - Hain, FP AU - Ayres, MP T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Journal Article Field Performance of F 1 -Sterile Gypsy Moth Larvae (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) on Loblolly Pine and Sweetgum Get access Brian L. Strom, Brian L. Strom 1 Departments of Entomology and Forestry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 1 Current Address: USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2500 Shreveport Highway, Pineville, LA 71360. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Fred P. Hain, Fred P. Hain Departments of Entomology and Forestry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Matthew P. Ayres Matthew P. Ayres 2 Departments of Entomology and Forestry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Environmental Entomology, Volume 25, Issue 4, 1 August 1996, Pages 749–756, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/25.4.749 Published: 01 August 1996 Article history Received: 03 January 1995 Accepted: 01 April 1996 Published: 01 August 1996 DA - 1996/8// PY - 1996/8// DO - 10.1093/ee/25.4.749 VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 749-756 SN - 0046-225X KW - Lymantria dispar KW - Pinus taeda KW - Liquidambar KW - host switching ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cloning of a putative juvenile hormone-responsive storage protein gene from the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens AU - Thompson, D. M. AU - Anspaugh, D. D. AU - Gahan, L. J. AU - Heckel, D. G. AU - Roe, R. M. T2 - Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 32 IS - 3 SP - 439 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changing options for the control of deciduous fruit tree diseases AU - Sutton, TB T2 - ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - ▪ Abstract The evolution of disease management programs for deciduous fruit trees in the United States over the past 50 years has been influenced by factors that include public concern over pesticide residues on fruit and in the environment, the development of resistance of many important tree pathogens to fungicides and bactericides, the loss of fungicide registrations and restrictions on their use due to concern for human health and the environment and/or marketing decisions by the manufacturers, and changes in cultural practices and marketing objectives. These factors have led to wider use of forecasting models and cultural controls, the development of resistance management strategies, and the introduction of new equipment and methods for pesticide application. These same factors will most likely continue to drive the fruit industry to adopt disease management programs that rely less on pesticides in the future. DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// DO - 10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.527 VL - 34 SP - 527-547 SN - 0066-4286 KW - integrated pest management KW - fungicide resistance KW - disease forecasting KW - pesticide application techniques ER - TY - JOUR TI - The 5' nontranslated region of potato virus X RNA affects both genomic and subgenomic RNA synthesis AU - Kim, K.-H. AU - Hemenway, C. T2 - Journal of Virology DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 70 IS - 8 SP - 5533 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil solarization and Gliocladium virens reduce the incidence of southern blight (Sclerotium rolfsii) in bell pepper in the field AU - Ristaino, JB AU - Perry, KB AU - Lumsden, RD T2 - BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AB - The timing of solarization with clear plastic mulch in relation to the planting of pepper and the timing of soil amendment with a bran prill formulation of Gliocladium virens were evaluated for the control of southern blight and the survival of sclerotia of the pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii in bell pepper in the field. Solarization during crop growth increased the incidence of southern blight, and G. virens was not effective under the mulch. In addition, pepper yields were low when the soil was solarized during crop growth. In contrast, the solarization of fallow soil in raised beds for 6 weeks prior to crop growth significantly reduced disease incidence in the pepper crop. In addition, in 2 years, G. virens alone reduced southern blight in non-solarized soils and reduced the survival of sclerotia of S. rolfsii to depths of 30 cm at all locations in soil in both years. These data demonstrate two effective biological control strategies for the management of southern blight in the southeastern US. Keywords: BiocontrolBiological ControlCapsicum AnnuumSolar HeatingIntegrated Pest ManagementAlternative AgricultureBiointensive Integrated Pest ManagementAntagonismGliocladium VirensTrichoderma Virens DA - 1996/12// PY - 1996/12// DO - 10.1080/09583159631226 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - 583-593 SN - 0958-3157 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030301392&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - biocontrol KW - biological control KW - Capsicum annuum KW - solar heating KW - integrated pest management KW - alternative agriculture KW - biointensive integrated pest management KW - antagonism KW - Gliocladium virens KW - Trichoderma virens ER - TY - JOUR TI - Responses of loblolly pine to ozone and simulated acidic rain AU - Reinert, RA AU - Shafer, , SR AU - Eason, G AU - Schoeneberger, MM AU - Horton, SJ T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - Acidic rain and ozone (O 3 ) may have serious consequences on the growth and development of loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.), a tree species of major economic importance in the southeastern United States. In two independent studies, seedlings of open-pollinated families of loblolly pine were exposed to five concentrations of O 3 (0, 80, 160, 240, or 320 nL•L −1 ) and three simulated rain acidities (pH 5.3, 4.3, or 3.3). Following 23 weeks of growth (12 weeks in charcoal-filtered air and 11 weeks of O 3 and simulated acidic rain exposures), stem height, secondary needle dry weight, top and total seedling dry weight, and root/shoot dry weight ratio all were related negatively and linearly with O 3 concentration. Stem diameter and root dry weight were also suppressed by O 3 . Suppression of the growth parameters ranged from 14 to 35% for the greatest O 3 concentration. Acidity of simulated rain did not affect seedlings, nor did it affect seedling responses to O 3 . Results indicate that acid rain probably has little effect on growth of loblolly pine seedlings, but O 3 can suppress growth to varying degrees depending on family. DA - 1996/10// PY - 1996/10// DO - 10.1139/x26-195 VL - 26 IS - 10 SP - 1715-1723 SN - 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nematicides during the third year of use for Southern root-knot on tobacco, 1995 AU - Melton, T. A. AU - Wood, B. K. AU - Porter, D. T2 - Fungicide and Nematicide Tests DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 51 SP - 195 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of larval instars of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes triseriatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae) based on head capsule size AU - Teng H.-J., AU - Apperson, C. S. T2 - Journal of Vector Ecology DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 186 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of nematicides during the third year of use, 1995 AU - Melton, T. A. AU - Wood, B. K. AU - Porter, D. T2 - Fungicide and Nematicide Tests DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 51 SP - 194 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of age and size on mating in Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Implications for resistance management AU - Klepetka, B AU - Gould, F T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine if individuals within populations of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), mate randomly. Our results indicate that within 8-m3 arenas, large and small moths do not show assortative mating or preference for one size class over another. Within the same arenas, nonrandom mating did occur based on mating history coupled with age. Biologically, the most significant effect is that old, sexually experienced moths are less likely to mate than young, virgin moths. This difference in mating propensity is expected to increase the extent of nonrandom mating among early and late emerging moths in the same location. These results are discussed as they relate to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner resistance management. DA - 1996/10// PY - 1996/10// DO - 10.1093/ee/25.5.993 VL - 25 IS - 5 SP - 993-1001 SN - 0046-225X KW - Heliothis virescens KW - mating preference KW - resistance management KW - age KW - size ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of surfactants, Bacillus thuringiensis formulations, and plant damage on oviposition by diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) AU - RigginBucci, TM AU - Gould, F T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Greenhouse and field studies were conducted 1993–1994 to investigate the effects of 2 surfactants, 2 insecticides containing toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, and plant damage on oviposition by the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Greenhouse studies showed no significant difference between the number of eggs laid by moths on broccoli plants treated with B. thuringiensis plus surfactant relative to plants treated with surfactant alone. All greenhouse tests, however, showed that 4-8 times as many eggs were laid on plants treated with the surfactants Latron CS-7 or Ortho X-77 compared with control plants. A positive linear relationship was observed between the number of eggs deposited on a plant and the extent to which that plant had been damaged by herbivory before oviposition occurred. Field tests showed that for plants with equal herbivore damage, moths laid significantly more eggs on plants treated with a tank mix of B. thuringiensis plus the surfactant Latron CS-7 compared with nontreated plants. These data indicate that diamondback moths prefer to lay eggs on plants treated with certain surfactants and also show preference for plants with feeding damage. DA - 1996/8// PY - 1996/8// DO - 10.1093/jee/89.4.891 VL - 89 IS - 4 SP - 891-897 SN - 0022-0493 KW - Plutella xylostella KW - Brassica oleracea KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - oviposition KW - spray adjuvants ER - TY - JOUR TI - Descriptive model of phosphine concentrations and emission rates during controlled aeration of fumigated tobacco warehouses AU - Keever, DW AU - Hamm, LA T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - A model was developed to describe the emission of phosphine gas from the interior of a tobacco warehouse to the outside during controlled aeration after fumigation of the warehouse. We used a fan/stack exhaust system to control the aeration, but other systems can be used. Model inputs include phosphine concentrations in the warehouse just prior to aeration, warehouse characteristics, and characteristics of the system used to release phosphine. Model outputs for any time during aeration include the emission rate of phosphine from the warehouse, the phosphine concentration remaining in the warehouse, and suggested exhaust rates that help fumigators comply with regulatory standards on phosphine emission rates. (Exhaust rate refers to release of air/phosphine mixture from the warehouse [=volume/time], but phosphine emission rate refers to the amount of phosphine [=mass/time]). The model also calculates how much exhaust rates can be increased at regular time intervals to hasten aeration without exceeding the initial phosphine emission rate. The model can be used by fumigators to comply with regulatory standards on phosphine emissions, and by regulators to assess that compliance. Diffusion of phosphine from the packaged tobacco (cases) into the freespace of the warehouse and its impact on the model are discussed. DA - 1996/4// PY - 1996/4// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-31.2.218 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 218-226 SN - 0749-8004 KW - aeration KW - degassing KW - phosphine KW - tobacco warehouse KW - fumigation ER - TY - JOUR TI - The genetic basis of differences in growth and behavior of specialist and generalist herbivore species: Selection on hybrids of Heliothis virescens and Heliothis subflexa (Lepidoptera) AU - Sheck, A. L. AU - Gould, F. T2 - Evolution AB - Two species of moths and their hybrids were studied to determine the genetic basis of host range. One species, Heliothis virescens (HV), has a broad host range and is an agricultural pest on cotton (Malvaceae), soybean (Fabaceae), and tobacco (Solanaceae). The other species, Heliothis subflexa (HS), has a narrow host range, feeding on plants in the genus Physalis (Solanaceae). Experiments were done to determine whether the abilities to feed on cotton, soybean, and tobacco were each under separate genetic control in HV (genetically uncorrelated) or whether feeding on all three hosts was genetically correlated. By repeatedly backcrossing hybrids to HS while selecting for high larval survival and weight on soybean, loci conferring the ability to feed on soybean were moved from HV into the genetic background of the specialist, HS. After six generations of selection on soybean we tested the selected line on soybean, cotton, Physalis, and tobacco to determine if ability to feed on soybean was correlated with feeding ability on these other hosts. We found no evidence to support the hypothesis that feeding on all three hosts was correlated and controlled by a single locus. Compared to HS, the survival and weight of the selected line were significantly higher on soybean, similar on tobacco and Physalis, and slightly, but not significantly, higher on cotton. We also conducted a behavioral choice test to determine if larval preference for soybean was correlated with preference for other hosts. The selected line larvae had higher preference for soybean and cotton than HS. Preference for tobacco was equal in the selected line and in HS. These results support the trends seen in survival and growth tests where performances on soybean and cotton appeared partially correlated and performances on soybean and tobacco were uncorrelated. In conclusion, the generalist, HV, did not have a single set of loci that governed feeding on soybean, cotton and tobacco. It is likely that some of the loci governing performance and preference for soybean also contributed to performance and preference for cotton and that the soybean loci examined did not interact negatively to lower performance and preference for Physalis, the specialist's host. This approach can be applied more widely to address evolutionary questions about host range and other ecological traits. DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// DO - 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03892.x VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - 831 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pest management in the United States greenhouse and nursery industry: II. Disease control AU - Jones, R. K. AU - Chase, A. R. AU - Garber, M. P. AU - Hudson, W. G. AU - Norcini, J. G. AU - Bondari, K. T2 - HortTechnology AB - A national survey of the commercial ornamental industry was conducted to determine the current status of pest control including chemical and nonchemical disease control practices. The fungicides thiophanate methyl, chlorothalonil, mancozeb, and metalaxyl were used in the greatest quantity and by the largest percentage of growers. Metalaxyl was used in greenhouse and field operations by the highest percentage of growers, primarily to control root diseases but many growers reported using metalaxyl to control foliar disease. Overall, more fungicides were used in the field for foliar diseases, whereas almost equal amounts of fungicides were used for foliar and root diseases in the greenhouse. DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// DO - 10.21273/horttech.6.3.200 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 200 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Naturally built queen cells: An introduction to their biology and use in honey bee management AU - Mangum, W. A. T2 - American Bee Journal DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 136 IS - 9 SP - 627 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Laying workers: An introduction to their biology and photographing their egg-laying behavior AU - Mangum, W. A. T2 - American Bee Journal DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 136 IS - 12 SP - 845 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Insect tattoos on humans: A "dermagraphic" study AU - Pearson, G. A. T2 - American Entomologist (Lanham, Md.) DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 42 IS - 2 SP - 99 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vivo and in vitro tissue specific metabolism of juvenile hormone during the last stadium of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni AU - Kallapur, VL AU - Majumder, C AU - Roe, RM T2 - JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY AB - In vitro metabolism of racemic JH III (5 μM) was measured in fat body, midgut and integument homogenate during the last stadium of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. The JH esterase activity per mg protein peaked in these tissues in prewandering larvae on day 2 and was elevated in the fat body only in prepupae (on day 4). The JH epoxide hydrolase activity peaked on day 2 in midgut and on day 3 (in wandering larvae) in fat body and integument. No differences were noted in the overall JH III metabolism in vitro per insect between wandering (day 3) larvae and prepupae (day 4) and in the in vivo metabolism of 10R11S-JH II when injected in oil and buffer or when topically applied at physiological concentrations into these same stages. Regardless of the method of introduction of JH II, JH diol was produced in both wandering larvae and prepupae. JH acid and JH acid, diol were also produced but the predominant product was a water soluble metabolite. The preferred substrate for JH epoxide hydrolase at physiological concentrations was JH II as opposed to JH II acid. Approximately half of the JH II after injection into wandering larvae was associated with the alimentary canal and carcass. The metabolites of JH II were evenly distributed. The importance of JH epoxide hydrolase in JH metabolism in last stadium Lepidoptera is discussed. DA - 1996/2// PY - 1996/2// DO - 10.1016/0022-1910(95)00057-7 VL - 42 IS - 2 SP - 181-190 SN - 0022-1910 KW - cabbage looper KW - Manduca sexta KW - juvenile hormone KW - juvenile hormone esterase KW - epoxide hydrolase ER - TY - JOUR TI - Female grape root borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) mating success under synthetic sesiid sex pheromone treatment AU - Pearson, GA AU - Meyer, , JR T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - Field observations of virgin female grape root borers (Vitacea polistiformis Harris) were made throughout daylight periods under different pheromone treatments and doses. The pheromone compounds used were: the grape root borer pheromone, a 99:1 blend of E,Z-2,13-octadecadien-l-ol acetate (EZ) and Z,Z-3,13-octadecadien-l-ol acetate (ZZ); EZ alone; and ZZ alone. Two different pheromone dispensers were used – rubber septa and Shin-Etzu twist-tie ropes. Treatments with 99:1 EZ: ZZ and 100% ZZ significantly reduced the ability of females to attract a mate. Shin-Etzu ropes were the most effective dispenser for prevention of mating. DA - 1996/7// PY - 1996/7// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-31.3.323 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 323-330 SN - 0749-8004 KW - Insecta KW - sex pheromone KW - Vitacea polistiformis Harris ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential predation by Coleomegilla maculata on Colorado potato beetle strains that vary in growth on tomato AU - Lu, Wenhua AU - Kennedy, George G. AU - Gould, Fred T2 - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata AB - Abstract This study tests the hypothesis that the generalist predator Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer causes differential mortality of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), larvae differing in their degree of genetic adaptation to tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) as a host plant. Results of a series of laboratory experiments demonstrate that adult C. maculata can cause higher mortality to nonadapted than adapted Colorado potato beetle larvae. The extent of differential mortality caused by C. maculata depended on age of potato beetle larvae; presence of potato beetle eggs; whether or not the predator had a choice among prey items; and, in choice situations, the ratio of adapted to nonadapted potato beetle larvae. Although adult C. maculata have the potential to prey differentially on tomato‐adapted and nonadapted Colorado potato beetle larvae in mixed populations, the magnitude of differential predation in a natural setting could be highly variable. DA - 1996/10// PY - 1996/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb02008.x VL - 81 IS - 1 SP - 7-14 J2 - Entomologia Exp Applicata LA - en OP - SN - 0013-8703 1570-7458 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb02008.x DB - Crossref KW - Coleomegilla maculata KW - predation KW - preference KW - Leptinotarsa decemlineata ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation in thrips species composition in field crops and implications for tomato spotted wilt epidemiology in North Carolina AU - Eckel, Craig S. AU - Cho, Kijong AU - Walgenbach, James F. AU - Kennedy, George G. AU - Moyer, James W. T2 - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata AB - Abstract Thrips were surveyed in tomato spotted wilt‐susceptible crops in five areas across North Carolina. Tomato, pepper, and tobacco plants in commercial fields were sampled and 30 species of thrips were collected over a 3‐year period. The most common species overall was Frankliniella tritici (Fitch). The most common thrips species that are known to vector Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) were F. fusca (Hinds), and F. occidentalis (Pergande). Relatively low numbers of Thrips tabaci Lindeman, another reported vector, were collected. The spatial and temporal occurrence of vectors varied with sampling method, crop species, region of North Carolina, and localized areas within each region. In a laboratory experiment, no difference was detected between the ability of F. fusca and F. occidentalis to acquire and transmit a local isolate of TSWV. Based on vector efficiency and occurrence, F. fusca is considered the most important vector of TSWV in tobacco, whereas both F. fusca and F. occidentalis are important vectors of TSWV in tomato and pepper. DA - 1996/1// PY - 1996/1// DO - 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb00761.x VL - 78 IS - 1 SP - 19-29 J2 - Entomologia Exp Applicata LA - en OP - SN - 0013-8703 1570-7458 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb00761.x DB - Crossref KW - Frankliniella occidentalis KW - Frankliniella fusca KW - Thrips tabaci KW - thrips KW - tomato KW - pepper KW - tobacco KW - tomato spotted wilt virus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Postharvest infection of highbush blueberries following contact with infested surfaces AU - Cline, WO T2 - HORTSCIENCE AB - The effects of inoculum, surface wetness, and stem scar on postharvest fungal infection of highbush blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum L.) fruit were evaluated by exposing berries of the cultivars Bluechip (small, dry stem scar) and Blueray (large, wet stem scar) to infested and noninfested surfaces under wet or dry conditions. Rots caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz. and Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze:Fr.) Wiltshire were evaluated. Field-harvested berries stored for 7 days at 21 °C resulted in baseline infection levels of 1.5% (`Bluechip') and 18.7% (`Blueray') for C. gloeosporioides , and 10.1% vs. 28.9%, respectively, for A. tenuissima . Wet stem scars, infestation of handling surfaces, and addition of moisture were all responsible for increasing postharvest rots; however, most of the significant increases in rots occurred with a combination of two or more of these factors. DA - 1996/10// PY - 1996/10// DO - 10.21273/hortsci.31.6.981 VL - 31 IS - 6 SP - 981-983 SN - 0018-5345 KW - Vaccinium KW - quality KW - sanitation KW - decay KW - Colletotrichum KW - Alternaria ER - TY - JOUR TI - Greenhouse evaluation of selected soybean germplasm for resistance to North Carolina populations of Heterodera glycines, Rotylenchulus reniformis, and Meloidogyne species AU - Davis, E. L. AU - Koenning, S. R. AU - Burton, J. W. AU - Barker, K. R. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 590 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Controlling cotton pests AU - Bradley, J. R. T2 - Science DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// DO - 10.1126/science.273.5282.1642a VL - 273 IS - 5282 SP - 1642 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Boll weevil eradication: Economic benefits to North Carolina and program status AU - Bradley, J. R., Jr. T2 - Special Report (University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Agricultural Experiment Station) DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// IS - 178 SP - 40 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Manipulation of host gene expression by root-knot nematodes AU - Bird, DM T2 - JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AB - Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) establish elaborate feeding sites in their host. Unique patterns of gene expression are induced in root cells, resulting in formation of a novel cell type called a giant cell. Based on analysis of approximately 220 giant cell expressed genes, key elements of giant cell function and regulation have been identified; examples are discussed in the context of giant cell biology and ontogeny. The potential to effect nematode control by manipulating these genes in transgenic host plants is considered, and models for giant cell induction are presented. DA - 1996/12// PY - 1996/12// DO - 10.2307/3284193 VL - 82 IS - 6 SP - 881-888 SN - 1937-2345 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030474165&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental Issues Associated with Enhancing the Impact of Biological Control Agents AU - Gould, Fred AU - Kennedy, George AU - Kopanic, Robert T2 - American Entomologist AB - One major goal of graduate education is to familiarize students with the concepts, facts, and techniques that are essential to progress in a specific discipline. An additional goal should be to prepare students to use their newly acquired knowledge. One important challenge to scientists working in both basic and applied fields is to use incomplete and often conflicting sets of facts and theories in formulating public policies with broad impacts, or in prioritizing research programs at the level of the individual laboratory or at more general levels. DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// DO - 10.1093/ae/42.3.160 VL - 42 IS - 3 SP - 160-174 LA - en OP - SN - 2155-9902 1046-2821 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ae/42.3.160 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Deploying pesticidal engineered crops in developing countries AU - Gould, F. T2 - Biotechnology and integrated pest management PY - 1996/// SP - 264 PB - Oxon : CAB International SN - 0851989306 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soybean maturity group and planting date effects on seed yield and population densities of Heterodera glycines AU - Koenning, S. R. AU - Schmitt, D. P. AU - Barker, K. R. T2 - Fundamental and Applied Nematology DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 135 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pesticides labeled for greenhouse ornamental insect and related pest control AU - Baker, J. R. AU - Bailey, D. A. T2 - North Carolina Flower Growers' Bulletin DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 41 IS - 5 SP - 5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of soil texture on the reproductive and damage potentials of Rotylenchulus reniformis and Meloidogyne incognita on cotton AU - Koenning, S. R. AU - Walters, S. A. AU - Barker, K. R. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 527 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of host plant and cucurbitacin on growth of larval Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi AU - Hirsh, IS AU - Barbercheck, ME T2 - ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA AB - The effects of host plant and dietary cucurbitacin on the growth of larval southern corn rootworm (SCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber (Chrysomelidae: Luperini), were investigated. SCR were reared on four hosts: corn, Zea mays; peanuts, Arachis hypogaea; and two squash varieties, Cucurbita pepo cv. Ambassador (containing cucurbitacin D (0.08 mg g−1 fr.wt.) = bitter), and C. pepo cv. Early Yellow Crookneck (lacking cucurbitacin = non-bitter). Larval growth was significantly greater on corn and peanuts than on either squash variety. After four weeks, adults had emerged from corn and peanut plants, while squash-reared larvae had not yet entered the pupal stage. There was no difference in larval growth on the two varieties of squash. Primary metabolite measurements showed no nutritional differences between the two squash varieties. Artificial diet experiments were used to test the effect of three concentrations of cucurbitacin D (0.0, 0.1, and 0.6 mg g−1 diet) on growth of larval SCR. Larvae reared on diet containing 0.6 mg g−1 cucurbitacin weighed significantly less than larvae reared on diet containing 0.1 mg g−1 or no cucurbitacin after 10 d. No significant difference in growth was measured between the 0.1 mg g−1 diet and the 0.0 mg g−1 diet. Results are discussed relative to theories about the relationship between diabroticites and cucurbitacins. DA - 1996/10// PY - 1996/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb02013.x VL - 81 IS - 1 SP - 47-51 SN - 0013-8703 KW - southern corn rootworm KW - plant-insect interaction KW - plant chemistry KW - Coleoptera KW - Chrysomelidae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of cucurbitacin D on in vitro growth of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus spp, symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes AU - Barbercheck, ME AU - Wang, J T2 - JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY AB - In vitroassays were conducted to determine the effect of cucurbitacin D, an oxygenated tetracyclic triterpenoid found in cucurbits, on the growth ofXenorhabdusisolated fromSteinernema carpocapsae(All, Mexican, Agriotos strains),Steinernema riobravis, Steinernema glaseri(NC strain, strain 27), andPhotorhabdusfromHeterorhabditis bacteriophora(NC, Lewiston strains), andHeterorhabditissp. (FL2122 strain). Cucurbitacin D inhibited the growth of four isolates, had no effect on the growth of four isolates, and stimulated the growth of one isolate. Results are discussed in relation to progeny production of entomopathogenic nematodes from insects that have eaten plant material containing cucurbitacin D. This is the first report of an effect of a plant secondary compound on the bacterial symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes. DA - 1996/9// PY - 1996/9// DO - 10.1006/jipa.1996.0071 VL - 68 IS - 2 SP - 141-145 SN - 1096-0805 KW - entomopathogenic nematodes KW - Xenorhabdus KW - Photorhabdus KW - cucurbitacin KW - tritrophic level effects ER - TY - JOUR TI - Allatostatin inhibition and farnesol stimulation of corpus allatum activity in embryos of the viviparous cockroach, Diploptera punctata AU - Holbrook, GL AU - Chiang, AS AU - Schal, C T2 - ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY AB - Juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis by corpora allata (CA) from embryos of the cockroach Diploptera punctata was measured at four stages during the latter half of embryogenesis. Individual glands from 32-day-old embryos that had completed 49% of embryonic development synthesized 0.3 pmol JH III h−1. By day 46 (70% development) gland activity rose to 1.1 pmol JH h−1, but on subsequent days JH synthetic rates declined, measuring only 0.8 pmol h−1 on day 56 (86% development) and 0.5 pmol h−1 on day 60 (92% development). Differences in JH biosynthesis by CA from different-aged embryos were more evident when gland activity was corrected for either corpus allatum cell number, which increased progressively from fewer than 200 cells per gland on day 32 to almost 700 cells per gland on day 60, or embryo mass, which increased from 1.6 mg per embryo on day 32 to 10.8 mg per embryo on day 60. JH biosynthetic rates were significantly inhibited in a medium containing 10−8 M Dip-allatostatin 7 which suppressed CA activity by 68, 83, 76, and 51% on days 32, 46, 56, and 60, respectively. In all embryonic stages JH production was significantly stimulated by incubation of glands with 200 μM farnesol, a late precursor in the JH biosynthetic pathway. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// DO - 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6327(1996)32:3/4<341::AID-ARCH7>3.3.CO;2-X VL - 32 IS - 3-4 SP - 341-352 SN - 0739-4462 KW - cockroach KW - embryos KW - corpora allata KW - juvenile hormone KW - allatostatin KW - farnesol ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predators Feeding on the Colorado Potato Beetle in Insecticide-Free Plots and Insecticide-Treated Commercial Potato Fields in Eastern North Carolina AU - Hilbeck, Angelika AU - Kennedy, George G. T2 - Biological Control AB - Field studies in insecticide-free research plots and insecticide-treated commercial potato fields were conducted to determine the identity and seasonal abundance of the predators feeding on the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Say) in eastern North Carolina. Taxa were classified as predaceous on Colorado potato beetle eggs or larvae only if they were observed to feed on them in the field or to readily accept and survive for a prolonged period on a diet of eggs and small larvae in laboratory studies. Excluding soil arthropods, which were not sampled, Colorado potato beetle eggs and larvae were by far the most abundant prey available in potato fields during this study. The coccinellidColeomegilla maculata(DeGeer) was the most abundant predator but its abundance varied independently of prey abundance. In addition, 13 insect genera, at least three spider families, one phalangid, and one mite species were found to prey on the Colorado potato beetle. Prior to the application of carbofuran to commercial potato fields for control of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalisHubner) and Colorado potato beetle, dynamics and composition of the predator communities were generally similar to those in the much smaller untreated research plantings. Although carbofuran applications always suppressed or eliminated the predator population, predators recolonized the commercial fields within 1 to 2 weeks following its application. DA - 1996/4// PY - 1996/4// DO - 10.1006/bcon.1996.0034 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 273-282 J2 - Biological Control LA - en OP - SN - 1049-9644 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bcon.1996.0034 DB - Crossref KW - Leptinotarsa decemlineata KW - Coleomegilla maculata KW - Calleida decora KW - Lebia analis KW - Lebia grandis KW - Hippodamia convergens KW - Collops quadrimaculatus KW - Perillus bioculatus KW - Podisus maculaventris KW - Stiretus anchorago KW - Geocoris punctipes KW - Acanthapeira stellata KW - Peucetia viridans KW - Tetragnatha labriosa KW - Latrodectus mactans KW - Solanum tuberosum KW - potato KW - Colorado potato beetle KW - European corn borer KW - predators KW - biological control KW - carbofuran ER - TY - PAT TI - Insecticide resistance associated cytochrome 450 AU - Roe, R. AU - Hodgson, E. AU - Rose, R. C2 - 1996/// DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// ER -