TY - JOUR TI - The non-dosage compensated Lsp1α gene of Drosophila melanogaster escapes acetylation by MOF in larval fat body nuclei, but is flanked by two dosage compensated genes AU - Weake, Vikki M AU - Scott, Maxwell J T2 - BMC Molecular Biology AB - In Drosophila melanogaster dosage compensation of most X-linked genes is mediated by the male-specific lethal (MSL) complex, which includes MOF. MOF acetylates histone H4 at lysine 16 (H4K16ac). The X-linked Larval serum protein one alpha (Lsp1alpha) gene has long been known to be not dosage compensated. Here we have examined possible explanations for why the Lsp1alpha gene is not dosage compensated.Quantitative RNase protection analysis showed that the genes flanking Lsp1alpha are expressed equally in males and females and confirmed that Lsp1alpha is not dosage compensated. Unlike control X-linked genes, Lsp1alpha was not enriched for H4K16ac in the third instar larval fat body, the tissue in which the gene is actively expressed. X-linked Lsp1alpha promoter-lacZ reporter transgenes are enriched for H4K16ac in third instar larval fat body. An X-linked reporter gene bracketed by Lsp1alpha flanking regions was dosage compensated. One of the genes flanking Lsp1alpha is expressed in the same tissue. This gene shows a modest enrichment for H4K16ac but only at the part of the gene most distant from Lsp1alpha. Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences of the genomes of 12 Drosophila species shows that Lsp1alpha is only present within the melanogaster subgroup of species.Lsp1alpha is not modified by the MSL complex but is in a region of the X chromosome that is regulated by the MSL complex. The high activity or tissue-specificity of the Lsp1alpha promoter does not prevent regulation by the MSL complex. The regions flanking Lsp1alpha do not appear to block access by the MSL complex. Lsp1alpha appears to have recently evolved within the melanogaster subgroup of Drosophila species. The most likely explanation for why Lsp1alpha is not dosage compensated is that the gene has not evolved a mechanism to independently recruit the MSL complex, possibly because of its recent evolutionary origin, and because there appears to be a low level of bound MSL complex in a nearby gene that is active in the same tissue. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1186/1471-2199-8-35 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 35 J2 - BMC Mol Biol OP - SN - 1471-2199 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2199-8-35 DB - Crossref ER - TY - ER - TY - CONF TI - Historical diversification of the earliest true flies (Diptera: Nematocera) based on molecular divergence time estimates AU - Bertone, Matthew C2 - 2007/// C3 - The 2007 ESA Annual Meeting, December 9-12, 2007 DA - 2007/// ER - TY - CHAP TI - Laboratory exercises with zoosporic plant pathogens AU - Cubeta, M. AU - Porter, D. AU - Mozley-Standridge, S. T2 - Plant Pathology: Concepts and Laboratory Exercises A2 - Trigiano, R.N. A2 - Windham, M.T. PY - 2007/// ET - 2nd PB - CRC Press SN - 9781420046700 9781482226935 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Slimes Molds and Zoosporic Fungi AU - Mozley-Standridge, S. AU - Porter, D. AU - Cubeta, M. T2 - Plant Pathology: Concepts and Laboratory Exercises A2 - Trigiano, R.N. A2 - Windham, M.T. PY - 2007/// ET - 2nd PB - CRC Press SN - 9781420046700 9781482226935 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Grace Marion Waterhouse (1906 – 1996), Phytophthora systematist and taxonomist AU - Stamps, J.Brady AU - Ristaino, J. T2 - Pioneering Women in Plant Pathology A2 - Ristaino, J.B. PY - 2007/// SP - 143-153 PB - APS Press ER - TY - CHAP TI - Effie A. Southworth (1860-1947), First Woman Plant Pathologist Hired at the United States Department of Agriculture AU - Ristaino, J. AU - Peterson, P. T2 - Pioneering Women in Plant Pathology A2 - Ristaino, J.B. PY - 2007/// SP - 19-27 PB - APS Press ER - TY - BOOK TI - Pioneering Women in Plant Pathology AU - Ristaino, J. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// PB - APS Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mapping EST-derived SSRs and ESTs involved in resistance to bacterial blight in Manihot esculenta AU - Somers, Daryl AU - López, Camilo E. AU - Quesada-Ocampo, Lina M. AU - Bohórquez, Adriana AU - Duque, Myriam Cristina AU - Vargas, Jaime AU - Tohme, Joe AU - Verdier, Valérie T2 - Genome AB - Cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a major root crop widely grown in the tropics. Cassava bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam), is an important disease in Latin America and Africa resulting in significant losses. The preferred control method is the use of resistant genotypes. Mapping expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and determining their co-localization with quantitative trait loci (QTLs) may give additional evidence of the role of the corresponding genes in resistance or defense. Twenty-one EST-derived simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were mapped in 16 linkage groups. ESTs showing similarities with candidate resistance genes or defense genes were also mapped using strategies such as restriction fragment length polymorphisms, cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences, and allele-specific primers. In total, 10 defense-related genes and 2 bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) containing resistance gene candidates (RGCs) were mapped in 11 linkage groups. Two new QTLs associated with resistance to Xam strains CIO121 and CIO151 were detected in linkage groups A and U, respectively. The QTL in linkage group U explained 61.6% of the phenotypic variance and was associated with an RGC-containing BAC. No correlation was found between the new EST-derived SSRs or other mapped ESTs and the new or previously reported QTLs. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1139/g07-087 VL - 50 IS - 12 SP - 1078-1088 KW - cassava KW - EST KW - SSR KW - QTL mapping KW - cassava bacterial blight resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Video analysis to determine how habitat strata affects predator diversity and predation of Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in a vineyard AU - Frank, Steven D. AU - Wratten, Stephen D. AU - Sandhu, Harpinder S. AU - Shrewsbury, Paula M. T2 - Biological Control AB - Preserving arthropod predator abundance and diversity in agricultural ecosystems may reduce pest populations and subsequent loss in yield. However, since natural enemy species vary in their impact on pest populations, it is crucial to identify which predators are effective at reducing pest abundance. Leafrollers spend part of their life on the ground and part in the canopy of vineyards. In this experiment, predation of tethered leafrollers on the ground and in the vine canopy was compared in a New Zealand vineyard. Leafrollers in each stratum were recorded using video equipment to identify predators that were consuming leafrollers. A separate experiment investigated the behavior of Epiphyas postvittana larvae when encountered by earwigs on vines or concealed within leaf shelters. Predation rates of leafrollers did not differ between the ground and canopy strata. However, predator activity, attack rate, and species richness were higher on the ground. Six predator taxa consumed leafrollers on the ground whereas only earwigs consumed leafrollers in the canopy. Earwigs were more active, and killed significantly more leafrollers in the canopy than on the ground, compensating for the relatively low activity and diversity of other predators in that stratum. This research demonstrates the value of video recording in biological control research, as it permits identification of the predators contributing to pest reduction. In addition, it highlights the need to understand the contributions of individual predator taxa to biological control to better conserve the ‘right diversity’ in agricultural systems and benefit from this ecosystem service. DA - 2007/5// PY - 2007/5// DO - 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2007.01.012 VL - 41 IS - 2 SP - 230-236 J2 - Biological Control LA - en OP - SN - 1049-9644 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2007.01.012 DB - Crossref KW - biological control KW - habitat structure KW - predator activity KW - leafroller behavior KW - Dermaptera KW - Forficula auricularia KW - video recording ER - TY - JOUR TI - Do Refuge Requirements for Biotechnology Crops Promote Economic Efficiency? Some Evidence for Bt Cotton AU - Livingston, Michael J. AU - Storer, Nicholas P. AU - Van Duyn, John W. AU - Kennedy, George G. T2 - Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics AB - We examine producer behavior, resistance evolution, and returns under alternative refuge requirements in an eastern North Carolina region with multiple corn, cotton, and soybean fields infested by a mobile pest. Returns are highest, pyrethroid sprays occur least frequently, and pyrethroid resistance evolution is delayed most effectively with no refuge requirement. Complying with the current 20% refuge requirement costs the producer $8.67 per cotton acre, or $34.21 per non-transgenic insecticidal (Bt) cotton acre. Returns are highest under each refuge requirement when one-toxin Bt cotton is not phased out; however, removal of the technology at the earliest phase-out date minimizes regional pyrethroid sprays. DA - 2007/4// PY - 2007/4// DO - 10.1017/S1074070800022823 VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - 171-185 J2 - J. Agric. Appl. Econ. LA - en OP - SN - 1074-0708 2056-7405 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1074070800022823 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transmission of the M2 double-stranded RNA in Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 3 (AG-3) AU - Charlton, Nikki D. AU - Cubeta, Marc A. T2 - Mycologia AB - Horizontal transmission of the 3.57 kb M2 double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) between mycelia of somatically incompatible isolates of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 3 (AG-3), an economically important pathogen of cultivated plants in the family Solanaceae, was investigated. Nine donor isolates of R. solani AG-3 containing the M2 dsRNA were paired on potato-dextrose agar with each of three different recipient isolates where the M2 dsRNA was absent. Reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) was used to detect horizontal transmission of the M2 dsRNA via hyphal anastomosis from donor to recipient isolates by examining hyphal explants taken 3 cm from the hyphal interaction zone. PCR-RFLP genetic-based markers of two nuclear loci and one mitochondrial locus were used to confirm identity and transmission between donor and recipient isolates of R. solani AG-3. The frequency of transmission observed between 72 pairings of the eight donor and three recipient isolates was approximately 4% of the total pairings, and differences in the phenotype of the recipient isolates after acquisition of the M2 dsRNA via horizontal transmission were observed. To our knowledge this represents the first demonstration of transmission of dsRNA between genetically different individuals of R. solani confirmed with nuclear and mitochondrial markers. These results suggest that transmission can occur between somatically incompatible isolates of R. solani AG-3 but that maintenance of the dsRNA in the recipient isolates was not stable after repeated subculturing on nutrient medium. DA - 2007/11// PY - 2007/11// DO - 10.1080/15572536.2007.11832517 VL - 99 IS - 6 SP - 859–867 SN - 0027-5514 1557-2536 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2007.11832517 ER - TY - JOUR TI - piggyBac-based insertional mutagenesis in Tribolium castaneum using donor/helper hybrids AU - Lorenzen, M. D. AU - Kimzey, T. AU - Shippy, T. D. AU - Brown, S. J. AU - Denell, R. E. AU - Beeman, R. W. T2 - Insect Molecular Biology AB - We describe an efficient method for generating new piggyBac insertions in the germline of F(1) hybrid Tribolium castaneum derived from crosses between transgenic helper and donor strains. Helper strains carried single Minos elements encoding piggyBac transposase. The donor strain carried a single piggyBac element inserted into an actin gene, expanding the eye-specific, 3xP3-EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) reporter expression domain to include muscle. Remobilization of the donor element is accompanied by loss of muscle fluorescence but retention of eye fluorescence. In a pilot screen, the piggyBac donor was remobilized in 84% of the hybrid crosses, generating hundreds of new lethal, enhancer-trap, semisterile and other insertions. The jumpstarter system described herein makes genome-wide, saturation insertional mutagenesis a realistic goal in this coleopteran species. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2007.00727.x VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 265-275 J2 - Insect Mol Biol LA - en OP - SN - 0962-1075 1365-2583 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2583.2007.00727.x DB - Crossref KW - piggyBac KW - Minos KW - germline transformation KW - EGFP KW - enhancer trap ER - TY - JOUR TI - Farm Management Effects on Rhizosphere Colonization by Native Populations of 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol-Producing Pseudomonas spp. and Their Contributions to Crop Health AU - Rotenberg, Dorith AU - Joshi, Raghavendra AU - Benitez, Maria-Soledad AU - Chapin, Laura Gutierrez AU - Camp, Amara AU - Zumpetta, Clara AU - Osborne, Adam AU - Dick, Warren A. AU - Gardener, Brian B. McSpadden T2 - Phytopathology AB - ABSTRACT Analyses of multiple field experiments indicated that the incidence and relative abundance of root-colonizing phlD+ Pseudomonas spp. were influenced by crop rotation, tillage, organic amendments, and chemical seed treatments in subtle but reproducible ways. In no-till corn plots, 2-year rotations with soybean resulted in plants with approximately twofold fewer phlD+ pseudomonads per gram of root, but 3-year rotations with oat and hay led to population increases of the same magnitude. Interestingly, tillage inverted these observed effects of cropping sequence in two consecutive growing seasons, indicating a complex but reproducible interaction between rotation and tillage on the rhizosphere abundance of 2,4-diacetlyphloroglucinol (DAPG) producers. Amending conventionally managed sweet corn plots with dairy manure compost improved plant health and also increased the incidence of root colonization when compared with nonamended plots. Soil pH was negatively correlated to rhizosphere abundance of phlD+ pseudomonads in no-till and nonamended soils, with the exception of the continuous corn treatments. Chemical seed treatments intended to control fungal pathogens and insect pests on corn also led to more abundant populations of phlD in different tilled soils. However, increased root disease severity generally was associated with elevated levels of root colonization by phlD+ pseudomonads in no-till plots. Interestingly, within a cropping sequence treatment, correlations between the relative abundance of phlD and crop stand or yield were generally positive on corn, and the strength of those correlations was greater in plots experiencing more root disease pressure. In contrast, such correlations were generally negative in soybean, a difference that may be partially explained by difference in application of N fertilizers and soil pH. Our findings indicate that farming practices can alter the relative abundance and incidence of phlD+ pseudomonads in the rhizosphere and that practices that reduce root disease severity (i.e., rotation, tillage, and chemical seed treatment) are not universally linked to increased root colonization by DAPG-producers. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1094/phyto-97-6-0756 VL - 97 IS - 6 SP - 756-766 J2 - Phytopathology LA - en OP - SN - 0031-949X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-97-6-0756 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multiple statistical approaches of community fingerprint data reveal bacterial populations associated with general disease suppression arising from the application of different organic field management strategies AU - Benítez, María-Soledad AU - Tustas, Fulya Baysal AU - Rotenberg, Dorith AU - Kleinhenz, Mathew D. AU - Cardina, John AU - Stinner, Deborah AU - Miller, Sally A. AU - McSpadden Gardener, Brian B. T2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry AB - Multiple statistical analyses of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) data were used to screen and identify bacterial populations involved in general disease suppression in an organically managed soil. Prior to sampling three different management strategies (i.e. mixed hay (H), tilled fallowing and open-field vegetables production) were used during the transition from conventional to organic farming, with and without compost amendment. The H transition strategy consistently led to the lowest damping-off disease incidence on two different crops in separate greenhouse and field experiments. Bacterial population structure in bulk soil and the rhizosphere of both crops was characterized using T-RFLP analyses of amplified 16S rDNA sequences. First, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed changes in the relative abundance of bacterial terminal restriction fragments (TRF) in response to transition strategy and/or compost amendment in eight different experimental contexts. In each context, a different subset of TRF substantially contributed to the variation along the first two principal components. However, terminal restriction fragment M148 contributed significantly to the observed variation in 6 out of the 8 experiments, and moderately in the remaining 2 experiments. As a second approach, nonparametric analyses of variance revealed that the relative abundance of TRF differed among treatments. While the responsive subsets identified varied somewhat by experimental context, M137, M139 and M141 were more abundant in samples from the H transition strategy in multiple experimental contexts. Subsequent correlation analyses revealed that TRF associated with disease suppressive treatments (i.e. H with and without compost) were frequently negatively correlated with damping-off disease incidence. As a group, these TRF were disproportionately associated with lower disease levels further indicating their role in disease suppression. Interestingly, in silico analysis of the bacterial 16S rDNA sequence database revealed that the TRF identified in this study (e.g. M137, M139, M141, and M148) might correspond to well-characterized genera of bacterial biological control agents. DA - 2007/9// PY - 2007/9// DO - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.03.028 VL - 39 IS - 9 SP - 2289-2301 J2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry LA - en OP - SN - 0038-0717 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.03.028 DB - Crossref KW - bacterial communities KW - damping-off KW - disease suppression KW - terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism KW - transition strategy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil properties associated with organic matter-mediated suppression of bean root rot in field soil amended with fresh and composted paper mill residuals AU - Rotenberg, Dorith AU - Wells, Ana Jiménez AU - Chapman, Elisabeth J. AU - Whitfield, Anna E. AU - Goodman, Robert M. AU - Cooperband, Leslie R. T2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry AB - The ability of an organic amendment to suppress soil-borne disease is mediated by the complex interactions between biotic and abiotic soil factors. Various microbiological and physicochemical soil properties were measured in field soils with histories of receiving 4 or 5 years of spring additions of paper mill residuals (PMR), PMR composted alone (PMRC), PMR composted with bark (PMRB), or no amendment under a conventionally managed vegetable crop rotation. The objectives of this study were to (i) determine the residual and re-amendment effects of the organic materials on root rot disease severity; (ii) determine the influence of amendment type on the structure of bacterial communities associated with snap bean roots grown in these soils; and (iii) quantify the relative contributions of microbiological and physicochemical properties to root rot suppression in the field and greenhouse. While all amendment types significantly suppressed root rot disease compared to non-amended soils in both environments, only soils amended with PMR or PMRB sustained suppressive conditions 1 year after the most recent amendment event. Disease severity was inversely related to microbial activity (fluorescein diacetate assay) in recently amended soils only. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of the 16s rRNA gene was performed to obtain bacterial profiles. Principal component analysis (PCA) of terminal restriction fragments (TRFs) revealed general differences in bacterial community composition (PC1) among amendment types, and specific TRFs contributed to these differences. Correlation and multiple regression analyses of the measured soil variables revealed that the composition of root-associated bacterial communities and the amount of particulate organic matter—carbon in bulk soils imparted independent and relatively equal contributions to the variation in disease severity documented in the field and greenhouse. Together, our findings provide evidence that disease suppression induced by annual PMR inputs was mediated by their differential effects on bacterial communities and the amount and quality of organic matter in these soils. DA - 2007/11// PY - 2007/11// DO - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.06.011 VL - 39 IS - 11 SP - 2936-2948 J2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry LA - en OP - SN - 0038-0717 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.06.011 DB - Crossref KW - paper mill residuals KW - compost KW - terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) KW - particulate organic matter KW - microbial community KW - disease suppression KW - common root rot KW - rhizosphere ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tetranuclear nickel(II) complexes composed of pairs of dinuclear LNi 2 fragments linked by acetylenedicarboxylate, terephthalate, and isophthalate dianions: Synthesis, structures and magnetic properties AU - Klingele, J. AU - Klingele, M.H. AU - Baars, O. AU - Lozan, V. AU - Buchholz, A. AU - Leibeling, G. AU - Plass, W. AU - Meyer, F. AU - Kersting, B. T2 - European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry AB - Abstract The tetranuclear nickel(II) complexes [(LNi II 2 ) 2 (acetylenedicarboxylate)][BPh 4 ] 2 ( 2 [BPh 4 ] 2 ), [(LNi II 2 ) 2 (terephthalate)][BPh 4 ] 2 ( 3 [BPh 4 ] 2 ), and [(LNi II 2 ) 2 (isophthalate)][BPh 4 ] 2 ( 4 [BPh 4 ] 2 ), where L 2– represents a macrocyclic hexaaza‐dithiophenolate ligand, have been synthesized and characterised by UV/Vis spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, X‐ray crystallography, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Each dicarboxylate dianion acts as a quadridentate bridging ligand linking two bioctahedral LNi 2 units via μ 1,3 ‐bridging carboxylate functions to generate discrete [(LNi II 2 ) 2 (dicarboxylate)] 2+ dications with a central LNi 2 (O 2 C–R–CO 2 )Ni 2 L core. The structures differ mainly in the distance between the center of the Ni ··· Ni axes of the isostructural LNi 2 units (8.841(1) Å in 2 [BPh 4 ] 2 , 10.712(1) in 3 [BPh 4 ] 2 , and 9.561(1) in 4 [BPh 4 ] 2 ) and the tilting angle between the two Ni 2 O 2 planes (86.3° in 2 [BPh 4 ] 2 , 58.2° in 3 [BPh 4 ] 2 , 20.9° in 4 [BPh 4 ] 2 ). Magnetic susceptibility measurements on the complexes over the range 2.0–295 K reveal the presence of weak ferromagnetic exchange interactions between the Ni II ions within the dinuclear subunits with values for the magnetic exchange constant J 1 of 23.1(5), 18.1(5), and 14.2(5) cm –1 for 2 [BPh 4 ] 2 , 3 [BPh 4 ] 2 , and 4 [BPh 4 ] 2 , respectively ( H = –2 J S 1 S 2 ). The magnitude of the exchange interaction J 2 across the dicarboxylate bridges is in all cases less than 0.1 cm –1 , suggesting that no significant interdimer exchange coupling occurs in 2 [BPh 4 ] 2 – 4 [BPh 4 ] 2 . (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007) DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1002/ejic.200700748 IS - 33 SP - 5277-5285 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-36549051163&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - macrocyclic ligands KW - dicarboxylato ligands KW - nickel KW - polynuclear complexes KW - magnetic properties ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vector and Rodent Borne Diseases in Europe and North America: Distribution, Public Health Burden, and Control AU - Reiskind, Michael H. T2 - Florida Entomologist DA - 2007/9// PY - 2007/9// DO - 10.1653/0015-4040(2007)90[589:varbdi]2.0.co;2 VL - 90 IS - 3 SP - 589-590 J2 - Florida Entomologist LA - en OP - SN - 0015-4040 1938-5102 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/0015-4040(2007)90[589:varbdi]2.0.co;2 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Larval competition alters susceptibility of adult Aedes mosquitoes to dengue infection AU - Alto, Barry W AU - Lounibos, L. Philip AU - Mores, Christopher N AU - Reiskind, Michael H T2 - Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences AB - Dengue, the most important human arboviral disease, is transmitted primarily by Aedes aegypti and, to a lesser extent, by Aedes albopictus. The current distributions of these invasive species overlap and are affected by interspecific larval competition in their container habitats. Here we report that competition also enhances dengue infection and dissemination rates in one of these two vector species. We determined the effects of competition on adult A. aegypti and A. albopictus, comparing their susceptibility to infection with a Southeast Asian strain of dengue-2 virus. High levels of intra- or interspecific competition among larvae enhanced the susceptibility of A. albopictus to dengue virus infection and potential for transmission, as indicated by disseminated infections. Doubling the number of competing larvae (A. albopictus or A. aegypti), led to a significant (more than 60%) increase in the proportion of A. albopictus with disseminated dengue-2 infection. Competition-enhanced vector competence appears to result from a reduction in 'barriers' (morphological or physiological) to virus infection and dissemination and may contribute to the importance of A. albopictus in dengue transmission. Similar results for other unrelated arboviruses suggest that larval competition, common in mosquitoes, should be considered in estimates of vector competence for pathogens that infect humans. DA - 2007/12/12/ PY - 2007/12/12/ DO - 10.1098/rspb.2007.1497 VL - 275 IS - 1633 SP - 463-471 J2 - Proc. R. Soc. B LA - en OP - SN - 0962-8452 1471-2954 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.1497 DB - Crossref KW - Aedes aegypti KW - Aedes albopictus KW - larval competition KW - dengue virus infection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Laboratory oviposition responses of Aedes aegypti to volatiles from plant infusions and cultured bacterial isolates from plant infusions AU - PONNUSAMY, L AU - SCHAL, C AU - APPERSON, C T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 77 IS - 5 SP - 169 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cockroach Allergen Reduction by Extermination Alone in Low-Income, Urban Homes-A Randomized Control Trial AU - Sever, M.L. AU - Arbes, S.J., Jr. AU - Zeldin, D.C. AU - Schal, C. AU - Santangelo, R.G. AU - Gore, J.C. AU - Vaughn, B. AU - Mitchell, H. T2 - Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology DA - 2007/1// PY - 2007/1// DO - 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.11.554 VL - 119 IS - 1 SP - S157 J2 - Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology LA - en OP - SN - 0091-6749 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.11.554 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - A novel lethal trap for gravid Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus AU - APPERSON, C AU - CZOKAIJLO, D AU - KIRSCH, P AU - ABU AYYASH, L AU - WESSON, D AU - SCHAL, C T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 77 IS - 5 SP - 254 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil nematodes inhabiting an original dry meadow and an abandoned vineyard in the National Park Seewinkel, Eastern Austria AU - Zolda, P AU - Háněl, L T2 - Helminthologia DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - 112-117 ER - TY - CONF TI - Genome dynamics in the pathogen/host arms race: initial analysis of the Phytophthora infestans genome AU - Zody, MC AU - Jiang, RHY AU - Handsaker, R AU - Grabherr, M AU - Kodira, CD AU - Govers, F AU - Birch, P AU - Whisson, S AU - Win, J AU - Judelson, H AU - others C2 - 2007/// C3 - American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting, San Diego, California, USA DA - 2007/// SP - S146 ER - TY - CONF TI - Genetic structure of populations of the tobacco blue mold pathogen, Peronospora tabacina in North America, Central America, the Caribbean and Europe AU - Blanco-Meneses, M AU - Carbone, I AU - Ristaino, J T2 - AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA C2 - 2007/// C3 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY DA - 2007/// VL - 97 SP - S11-S11 M1 - 7 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of soil solarization and Trichoderma on strawberry production. AU - Reanprayoon, Pradub AU - Pathomsiriwong, Wattanachai AU - Abdulla, HM AU - El-Shatoury, S AU - Alves-Prado, HF AU - Pavezzi, FC AU - Leite, RSR AU - De Oliveira, VM AU - Sette, LD AU - Dasilva, R AU - others T2 - Journal of Applied Sciences DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 12 IS - 18 SP - 850-853 ER - TY - CONF TI - Phytophthora infestans identified in archival potato tubers from Hoosfield plot trials of Sir John Bennet Lawes and Joseph Gilbert at Rothamsted, 1876-1901 AU - Ristaino, J AU - Hu, C AU - Fitt, B T2 - AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA C2 - 2007/// C3 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY DA - 2007/// VL - 97 SP - S99-S99 M1 - 7 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temporal Dynamics of Septoria Leaf Spot of Blueberry and its Relationship to Defoliation and Yield AU - Ojiambo, P. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship between late blight [Phytophthora infestans] of potato on tuber and foliage, as affected by the disease severity on foliage, cultivar resistance, and atmospheric and soil variables AU - Nyankanga, R. O. AU - Wien, H. C. AU - Olanya, O. M. AU - Ojiambo, P. S. T2 - Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology AB - Potato tuber blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is an important component of the late blight pathosystem. Although the dynamics of tuber blight on potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars have been evaluated, the effects of climatic and soil variables on tuber blight incidence have not been adequately quantified. Field experiments were conducted at two distinct environments: in New York (1998–1999) using the A2 mating type (US-8 clonal lineage), and in Kenya (2000–2001) using the A1 mating type (US-1 clonal lineage). Fungicide applications were scheduled to vary the amount of blight infection. Foliar and tuber blight development, climatic variables, and soil variables were quantified during the cropping seasons. Fungicide application did not have a significant effect on the incidence of tuber blight at both locations. Soil temperature, precipitation, tuber depth, and cultivar resistance were significantly correlated with incidence of tuber blight at both locations. At Freeville, New York, precipitation when soil temperature was 16–18 °C had the highest correlation (r 2 = 0.632) with tuber blight, whereas soil moisture had the highest correlation (r 2 = 0.577) with tuber blight in Kenya. Path coefficient analysis showed that total precipitation during the epidemics and days when soil temperature was 16–18 °C had the largest direct effect on tuber blight in New York and at the field sites in Kenya. Regression models using atmospheric variables, soil variables, and cultivar resistance had moderate predictive ability of tuber blight at New York (0.44 < R 2 < 0.61) but low prediction in Kenya (0.40 < R 2 < 0.46). Similarly, cultivar specific models using foliar blight, atmospheric variables, and soil variables resulted in significant predictions of tuber blight in New York (R 2 > 0.46), whereas few regression equations for Kenya resulted in significant prediction of tuber blight. These results suggest that cultivar resistance, soil variables, and atmospheric variables are the main determinants of foliar and tuber blight infection when inoculum is present. Key words: Phytophthora infestans, Solanum tuberosum, tuber blight, cultivars, environmental factors, resistance. La brûlure du tubercule de la pomme de terre, causée par le Phytophthora infestans, est une importante composante du pathosystème du mildiou. Quoique la dynamique de la brûlure du tubercule de la pomme de terre (Solanum tuberosum) sur les cultivars ait été étudiée, les effets des variables climat et sol sur l'incidence de la brûlure du tubercule n'ont pas été suffisamment quantifiés. Des essais sur le terrain furent menés dans deux environnements distincts : dans l'état de New York (1998–1999) avec le type sexuel A2 (lignage clonal US-8) et au Kenya (2000–2001) avec le type sexuel A1 (lignage clonal US-1). Des applications de fongicides furent programmées de façon à faire varier la quantité de brûlure. Les variables développement de la brûlure des feuilles et du tubercule, climat et sol furent quantifiées pendant les saisons de végétation. L'application de fongicides n'a pas eu d'effets significatifs sur l'incidence de la brûlure du tubercule aux deux endroits. La température du sol, les précipitations, la profondeur des tubercules et la résistance des cultivars étaient significativement corrélées avec l'incidence de la brûlure du tubercule aux deux endroits. À Freeville, New York, les précipitations lorsque la température du sol était située entre 16 et 18 °C furent les plus fortement corrélées (r 2 = 0,632) avec la brûlure du tubercule, alors que l'humidité du sol fut la plus fortement corrélée (r 2 = 0,577) avec la brûlure du tubercule au Kenya. L'analyse des coefficients de direction montra que les précipitations totales pendant les épidémies et pendant les jours où les températures du sol étaient de 16 à 18 °C eurent le plus gros effet direct sur la brûlure du tubercule aux lieux des essais de l'état de New York et du Kenya. Des modèles de régression basés sur des variables atmosphériques et telluriques et sur la résistance variétale furent moyennement capables de prédire la brûlure du tubercule dans l'état de New York (0,44 < R 2 > 0,61), mais ne le furent que faiblement au Kenya (0,40 < R 2 > 0,46). De même, des modèles de régression spécifiques au cultivar et basés sur les variables brûlure des feuilles, atmosphère et sol ont généré des prédictions significatives de la brûlure du tubercule dans l'état de New York (R 2 > 0,46), alors qu'au Kenya, peu d'équations de régression ont donné des prédictions significatives de la brûlure du tubercule. Ces résultats suggèrent que les variables résistance variétale, sol et atmosphère sont les principaux déterminants de l'infection des feuilles et du tubercule lorsque de l'inoculum est présent. Mots-clés : Phytophthora infestans, Solanum tuberosum, brûlure du tubercule, cultivars, facteurs environnementaux, résistance. DA - 2007/12// PY - 2007/12// DO - 10.1080/07060660709507483 VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 372-387 J2 - Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology LA - en OP - SN - 0706-0661 1715-2992 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07060660709507483 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Maize Inbred Lines for Resistance to Fusarium Ear Rot and Fumonisin Accumulation in Grain in Tropical Africa AU - Afolabi, CG AU - Ojiambo, PS AU - Ekpo, EJA AU - Menkir, A AU - Bandyopadhyay, R T2 - Plant disease AB - Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin contamination is a major problem facing maize growers worldwide, and host resistance is the most effective strategy to control the disease, but resistant genotypes have not been identified. In 2003, a total of 103 maize inbred lines were evaluated for Fusarium ear rot caused by Fusarium verticillioides in field trials in Ikenne and Ibadan, Nigeria. Disease was initiated from natural infection in the Ikenne trial and from artificial inoculation in the Ibadan trial. Ear rot severity ranged from 1.0 to 6.0 in both locations in 2003. Fifty-two inbred lines with disease severity ≤3 (i.e., ≤ 10% visible symptoms on ears) were selected and reevaluated in 2004 for ear rot resistance, incidence of discolored kernels, and fumonisin contamination in grain. At both locations, ear rot severity on the selected lines was significantly (P < 0.0020) higher in 2004 than in 2003. The effects of selected inbred lines on disease severity were highly significant at Ikenne (P = 0.0072) and Ibadan (P < 0.0001) in 2004. Inbred lines did not affect incidence of discolored kernels at both locations and across years except at Ikenne (P = 0.0002) in 2004. Similarly, significant effects of inbred lines on fumonisin concentration were observed only at Ikenne (P = 0.0201) in 2004. However, inbred lines 02C14585, 02C14593, 02C14603, 02C14606, 02C14624, and 02C14683 had consistently low disease severity across years and locations. Fumonisin concentration was significantly correlated with ear rot only at Ikenne (R = 0.42, P < 0.0001). Correlation between fumonisin concentration and incidence of discolored kernels was also significant at Ikenne (R = 0.39, P < 0.0001) and Ibadan (R = 0.35, P = 0.0007). At both locations, no significant inbred × year interaction was observed for fumonisin concentration. Five inbred lines, namely 02C14585, 02C14603, 02C14606, 02C14624, and 02C14683, consistently had the lowest fumonisin concentration in both trials. Two of these inbred lines, 02C14624 and 02C14585, had fumonisin levels <5.0 μg/g across years in trials where disease was initiated from both natural infection and artificial inoculation. These lines that had consistently low disease severity are useful for breeding programs to develop fumonisin resistant lines. DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// DO - 10.1094/pdis-91-3-0279 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 279-286 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/AGR/IND43898910 KW - corn KW - mycotoxin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Erratum: Evaluation of maize inbred lines for resistance to fusarium ear rot and fumonisin accumulation in grain in tropical Africa (Plant Disease (2007) 91 (3) (279-286)) AU - Afolabi, C.G. AU - Ojiambo, P.S. AU - Ekpo, E.J.A. AU - Menkir, A. AU - Bandyopadhyay, R. T2 - Plant Disease DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 91 IS - 5 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34247499048&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rapid Screening of Musa Species for Resistance to Black Leaf Streak Using In Vitro Plantlets in Tubes and Detached Leaves AU - Twizeyimana, M AU - Ojiambo, PS AU - Tenkouano, A AU - Ikotun, T AU - Bandyopadhyay, R T2 - Plant disease AB - This study investigated the utility of inoculation of in vitro plantlets in tubes and detached leaves as reliable and rapid assays for screening Musa genotypes against Mycosphaerella fijiensis, the causal agent of black leaf streak. In the first part of the study, three types of inocula were evaluated to determine suitability for in vitro inoculation. Inoculation of in vitro plantlets with mycelial fragments resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of disease severity and faster rates of disease progress compared with inoculations using conidial suspensions. In the detached leaf assay, amending agar medium with plant hormones significantly (P < 0.0001) aided retention of green leaf color. Leaf pieces on medium containing gibberellic acid at 5 mg/liter had about 5% chlorosis at 52 days after plating. When in vitro plantlets in tubes and detached leaves of 10 Musa genotypes with different levels of disease resistance were inoculated with M. fijiensis, there were significant (P < 0.05) differences among genotypes in leaf area infected, incubation time, and symptom evolution time. For incubation time and leaf area infected, cultivars responded depending on their level of disease resistance, with resistant genotypes Calcutta-4 and PITA-17 having significantly (P = 0.001) longer incubation times and lower infected leaf areas compared with the susceptible cultivar Agbagba and moderately resistant cultivar FHIA-23. A similar pattern in cultivar response was observed for symptom evolution time. Leaf area infected was not significantly (P = 0.2817 for two-tailed t test) different when assessed using the two assays, and infected leaf areas in both assays were strongly correlated (r = 0.88, n = 48, P < 0.0001). Although incubation times were significantly (P = 0.0062 for two-tailed t test) different between the two assays, values from the two assays were strongly correlated (r = 0.69, n = 48, P < 0.0001). These results show that these two assays are rapid and space-effective, and can reliably be used for screening Musa genotypes for resistance to black leaf streak. DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// DO - 10.1094/pdis-91-3-0308 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 308-314 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/AGR/IND43898921 KW - banana KW - black Sigatoka KW - plantain ER - TY - JOUR TI - First Report of Soybean Rust Caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi in Ghana. AU - Bandyopadhyay, R AU - Ojiambo, PS AU - Twizeyimana, M AU - Asafo-Adjei, B AU - Frederick, RD AU - Pedley, KF AU - Stone, CL AU - Hartman, GL T2 - Plant disease AB - Nigeria is the only country in West Africa where soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, has been officially reported (1). During a disease survey in Ghana during October 2006, soybean (Glycine max) leaves with rust symptoms (tan, angular lesions with erumpent sori exuding urediniospores) were observed in 11 fields in the following districts: Kassena Nankana in the Upper East Region; East Gonja, Central Gonja, and Tolon-Kumbungu in the Northern Region; and Ejisu-Juabeng in the Ashanti Region. Disease incidence in these fields ranged from 50 to 100% and disease severity ranged between 3 and 40% of the leaf area on infected plants. Urediniospores were hyaline, minutely echinulate, and 23 to 31 × 14 to 18 μm. Within a week of collection, leaf samples were sent to the USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit for verification of pathogen identity. DNA was extracted from leaf pieces containing sori with the Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini kit (Valencia, CA), and all 11 field samples amplified in a real-time fluorescent PCR with the P. pachyrhizi-specific primers Ppm1 and Ppa2 (2). Sequence alignment of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region 2 further confirmed the identification as P. pachyrhizi (2). Infected leaves from three fields were separately washed in sterile water to collect urediniospores that were used to separately inoculate three detached leaves (for each isolate) of susceptible cultivar TGx 1485-1D (3). The abaxial surface of detached leaves was sprayed with 400 μl of spore suspension (1 × 106 spores per ml). A single leaf piece was placed in a 9-cm-diameter petri dish with adaxial side appressed on 1% technical agar amended with 10 μg/ml of kinetin. Lactic acid (1.5 ml/liter) and benomyl (12.5 mg/liter) were added to the agar medium to inhibit growth of saprophytic fungi and bacteria. Petri dishes were incubated at 20°C with a 12-h light/12-h dark cycle. Lesions on inoculated leaves developed 5 to 6 days after inoculation (DAI), and pustules (105 to 120 μm) formed 7 to 8 DAI and erupted 3 days later exuding columns of urediniospores similar in size to the initially collected isolates. Inoculating another set of detached leaves with a spore suspension (1 × 106 spores per ml) from the first set of detached leaves resulted in typical rust symptoms. The PCR assay, alignment of ITS region 2, morphological characters of the isolates, and pathogenicity tests demonstrate that P. pachyrhizi occurs in Ghana. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. pachyrhizi in Ghana. References: (1) O. A. Akinsanmi et al. Plant Dis. 85:97, 2001. (2) R. D. Frederick et al. Phytopathology 92:217, 2002. (3) M. Twizeyimana et al. Online publication. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/ infocenter/topic/soybeanrust/2006/posters/41.asp. Plant Management Network, 2006. DA - 2007/8// PY - 2007/8// DO - 10.1094/pdis-91-8-1057b VL - 8 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/30780460 ER - TY - JOUR TI - First Report of Rust Caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi on Soybean in Democratic Republic of Congo. AU - Ojiambo, PS AU - Bandyopadhyay, R AU - Twizeyimana, M AU - Lema, A AU - Frederick, RD AU - Pedley, KF AU - Stone, CL AU - Hartman, GL T2 - Plant disease AB - Nigeria (1) and Uganda (3) are the closest countries to the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) where soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi has been reported. In February 2007, during a disease survey in DRC, soybean (Glycine max) leaves with rust symptoms (tan, angular lesions with erumpent sori exuding urediniospores) were observed in 10 fields in the following areas in Bas Congo Province: Bangu, Kimpese, Kolo-Fuma, Lukala, Mbanza-Ngungu, Mpalukide, Mvuazi, and Ntemo. Rust incidence in these fields ranged from 85 to 100%, while severity ranged between 3 and 35% of the leaf area on infected plants. Urediniospores were hyaline, minutely echinulate, and 23 to 31 × 16 to 20 μm. Within a week of collection, infected leaf samples were sent to the USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit (FDWSRU) for pathogen identification. DNA was extracted from sections of leaves containing sori with the Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini kit (Valencia, CA), and all 10 field samples amplified in a real-time fluorescent PCR with the P. pachyrhizi-specific primers Ppm1 and Ppa2 (2). Infected leaves of cultivar Vuangi collected from one field each in the INERA Research Station, Kimpese-Crawford, and Kimpese-Ceco were separately washed in sterile water to collect urediniospores that were used to separately inoculate three detached leaves of susceptible cultivar TGx 1485-1D (4). Lesions on inoculated leaves developed 5 days after inoculation (DAI), and pustules (110 to 130 μm) formed 7 DAI and erupted 2 days later exuding columns of urediniospores similar in size to the initially collected isolates. Inoculation of another set of detached leaves with a spore suspension (1 × 10 6 spores per ml) from the first set of detached leaves resulted in typical rust symptoms. Seedlings of cultivar Williams also showed typical rust symptoms when inoculated separately with urediniospores collected from nine fields (i.e., all except Kimpese-Ceco, which was infective in the detached leaf assay). Inoculation and incubation were carried out at the FDWSRU Plant Pathogen Containment Facility at Fort Detrick as described earlier (2). The PCR assay, morphological characters of the isolates, and pathogenicity tests demonstrate that P. pachyrhizi occurs in DRC. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. pachyrhizi infecting soybean in DRC. References: (1) O. A. Akinsanmi et al. Plant Dis. 85:97, 2001. (2) R. D. Frederick et al. Phytopathology 92:217, 2002. (3) E. Kawuki et al. J. Phytopathol. 151:7, 2003. (4) M. Twizeyimana et al. Online publication. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/ infocenter/topic/soybeanrust/2006/posters/41.asp. Plant Management Network, 2006. DA - 2007/9// PY - 2007/9// DO - 10.1094/pdis-91-9-1204c VL - 9 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/30780681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Distribution and toxigenicity of Aspergillus species isolated from maize kernels from three agro-ecological zones in Nigeria. AU - Atehnkeng, J AU - Ojiambo, PS AU - Donner, M AU - Ikotun, T AU - Sikora, RA AU - Cotty, PJ AU - Bandyopadhyay, R T2 - International journal of food microbiology AB - Maize samples were collected during a survey in three agro-ecological zones in Nigeria to determine the distribution and aflatoxin-producing potential of members of Aspergillus section Flavi. The three agro-ecological zones were, Derived Savannah (DS) and Southern Guinea Savannah (SGS) in the humid south and North Guinea Savannah (NGS) in the drier north. Across agro-ecological zones, Aspergillus was the most predominant fungal genera identified followed by Fusarium with mean incidences of 70 and 24%, respectively. Among Aspergillus, A. flavus was the most predominant and L-strains constituted >90% of the species identified, while the frequency of the unnamed taxon S(BG) was <3%. The incidence of atoxigenic strains of A. flavus was higher in all the districts surveyed except in the Ogbomosho and Mokwa districts in DS and SGS zones, respectively, where frequency of toxigenic strains were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of atoxigenic strains. The highest and lowest incidence of aflatoxin positive samples was recorded in the SGS (72%) and NGS (20%), respectively. Aflatoxin contamination in grain also followed a similar trend and the highest mean levels of B-aflatoxins were detected in maize samples obtained from Bida (612 ng g(-1)) and Mokwa (169 ng g(-1)) districts, respectively, in the SGS. Similarly, the highest concentrations of G-aflatoxins were detected in samples from Akwanga district in the SGS with a mean of 193 and 60 ng g(-1), respectively. When agro-ecological zones were compared, B-aflatoxins were significantly (P<0.05) higher in SGS than in NGS, and intermediate in maize samples from the DS agro-ecological zone. DA - 2007/12// PY - 2007/12// DO - 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.062 VL - 2 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/18180068 KW - aflatoxin KW - Aspergillus section Flavi KW - geographical distribution KW - West Africa ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temporal Dynamics of Septoria Leaf Spot of Blueberry and its Relationship to Defoliation and Yield AU - Ojiambo, Peter S. AU - Scherm, Harald AU - Brannen, Phillip M. T2 - Plant Health Progress AB - In field trials on Premier rabbiteye blueberry in Georgia, onset of Septoria leaf spot (caused by Septoria albopunctata) occurred between late April and mid-June. Average disease severity increased sigmoidally until late September, after which it declined due to the abscission of severely affected leaves. Disease severity was highest on early-emerging leaves and on those located on shoots closer to the ground. Pycnidiospore inoculum was present throughout the season, and leaves became infected by S. albopunctata season-long. Disease severity, defoliation, flower bud set, and next season's yield were interrelated; severely affected leaves abscised earlier in the fall than those with low disease severity, and shoots with severely diseased leaves and/or high levels of defoliation had reduced flower bud set. Furthermore, such shoots consistently had low yields the following year. The results form the basis for identifying disease levels that can be tolerated during specific periods of crop development without negatively impacting flower bud set and yield. Accepted for publication 15 March 2007. Published 26 July 2007. DA - 2007/1// PY - 2007/1// DO - 10.1094/php-2007-0726-05-rs VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 68 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of field, greenhouse, and detached-leaf evaluations of soybean germplasm for resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi AU - Twizeyimana, M. AU - Ojiambo, P.S. AU - Ikotun, T. AU - Paul, C. AU - Hartman, G.L. AU - Bandyopadhyay, R. T2 - Plant Disease DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 91 IS - 9 SP - 1161-1169 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34548220000&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spectral response of cotton aphid- (Homoptera: Aphididae) and spider mite- (Acari: Tetranychidae) infested cotton: controlled studies AU - Reisig, D.D. AU - Godfrey, L.D. T2 - Environ. Entomol AB - Remote sensing is a precision tool that can detect plant health. Ground-based methods in small-scale experiments were used to explore the applicability of this technology for detection of arthropod-damaged cotton and to find useful indices or wavelengths for detecting arthropod-damaged cotton. Individual leaves of greenhouse-grown cotton plants and cotton plants in the field were infested with populations of cotton aphids, spider mites, and aphids + mites. Several sets of reflectance measurements were collected from the adaxial surface of the leaves at various intervals after infestation using a portable hyperspectral spectrometer with an integrating sphere or a contact probe. Vegetation indices were calculated from the reflectance values; these indices and the raw reflectance values, represented by narrow wavelength bands, were tested to see if arthropod damaged cotton could be distinguished from healthy cotton. Results indicated that it was possible to detect cotton aphid– and spider mite–damaged leaves by tracking the spectral changes in the leaf, although the damage type of each arthropod could not be distinguished spectrally. In addition, spider mite– and aphid-infested cotton leaves increased reflectance in the near infrared wavelength at ≈850 nm in comparison to uninfested leaves. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1603/0046-225x(2007)36[1466:srocah]2.0.co;2 VL - 36 SP - 1466–1474 KW - arthropod damage KW - remote sensing KW - spectrometer KW - integrated pest management KW - near-infrared ER - TY - JOUR TI - Insect-repelling behaviour in bovids: role of mass, tail length, and group size AU - Mooring, M.S. AU - Blumstein, D.T. AU - Reisig, D.D. AU - Osborne, E.R. AU - Niemeyer, J.T. T2 - Biological Journal of the Linnean Society AB - Biting insects are costly to hosts, and insect-repelling movements of the tail, ears, head, and feet are widespread in mammals and effective in reducing bites. We investigate whether the ‘peripheral stimulation model’ can explain the regulation of this widespread behaviour pattern in a comparative study of bovids. The peripheral stimulation hypothesis predicts: (1) a positive association between insect-repelling rates and body size because larger hosts produce more of the sensory cues that attract biting insects; (2) that individuals in larger groups will exhibit a higher rate of insect defense behaviour if group size and insect attraction follows a linear function; and (3) larger species will evolve proportionately longer tails in response to higher rates of insect attack. To test these predictions, we observed insect-repelling behaviour in 26 species of bovids at a zoological park, and controlled for common ancestry with formal phylogenetic analyses (independent contrasts). Consistent with the peripheral stimulation hypothesis, rates of tail-switching and all insect-repelling behaviours combined were positively associated with body mass, whereas ear-flicking was positively associated with proportional tail length. Larger bovids had proportionately longer tails for more effective fly swatting. There was no significant association between insect-repelling rate and group size, suggesting that a nonlinear relationship exists between group size and insect attacks whereby individuals in larger groups do not experience an increased attack rate. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 91, 383–392. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00803.x VL - 91 IS - 3 SP - 383–392 KW - biting insects KW - body size KW - Diptera KW - peripheral stimulation KW - stimulus-driven ER - TY - JOUR TI - From genes to genomes: A new paradigm for studying fungal pathogenesis in magnaporthe oryzae AU - Xu, J. R. AU - Zhao, X. H. AU - Dean, R. A. T2 - Fungal genomics DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 57 SP - 175-218 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using markers in breeding, testing and selection in loblolly pine: Current and future research AU - Isik, F. AU - Whetten, R. AU - Garcia, S. AU - Cumbie, P. AU - McKeand, S. AU - Grissom, J. AU - Batista, T. T2 - GENECAR Meeting: Application of DNA based tools for genetic research, molecular breeding, management and monitoring of genetic resources DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Using markers in breeding, testing and selection in loblolly pine ? current and future research. AU - Isik, F. AU - Whetten, R. AU - Garcia, S. AU - Cumbie, P. AU - McKeand, S. AU - Grissom, J. AU - Batista, T. C2 - 2007/// C3 - Conference Proceedings DA - 2007/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - What can comparative genomics tell us about species concepts in the genus Aspergillus? AU - Rokas, A. AU - Payne, G. AU - Fedorova, N. D. AU - Baker, S. E. AU - Machida, M. AU - Yu, J. AU - Georgianna, D. Ryan AU - Dean, Ralph A. AU - Bhatnagar, Deepak AU - Cleveland, T. E. AU - Wortman, J. R. AU - Maiti, R. AU - Joardar, V. AU - Amedeo, P. AU - Denning, D. W. AU - Nierman, W. C. T2 - STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY AB - Understanding the nature of species" boundaries is a fundamental question in evolutionary biology. The availability of genomes from several species of the genus Aspergillus allows us for the first time to examine the demarcation of fungal species at the whole-genome level. Here, we examine four case studies, two of which involve intraspecific comparisons, whereas the other two deal with interspecific genomic comparisons between closely related species. These four comparisons reveal significant variation in the nature of species boundaries across Aspergillus. For example, comparisons between A. fumigatus and Neosartorya fischeri (the teleomorph of A. fischerianus) and between A. oryzae and A. flavus suggest that measures of sequence similarity and species-specific genes are significantly higher for the A. fumigatus - N. fischeri pair. Importantly, the values obtained from the comparison between A. oryzae and A. flavus are remarkably similar to those obtained from an intra-specific comparison of A. fumigatus strains, giving support to the proposal that A. oryzae represents a distinct ecotype of A. flavus and not a distinct species. We argue that genomic data can aid Aspergillus taxonomy by serving as a source of novel and unprecedented amounts of comparative data, as a resource for the development of additional diagnostic tools, and finally as a knowledge database about the biological differences between strains and species. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.3114/sim.2007.59.02 IS - 59 SP - 11-17 SN - 1872-9797 KW - comparative genomics KW - genetic diversity KW - genome sequences KW - identification of species boundaries ER - TY - PAT TI - Electrochemical detection of nucleic acid sequences AU - Henkens, R. AU - O'Daly, J. AU - Wojciechowski, M. AU - Zhang, H. AU - R., Naser AU - N., Roe AU - R., Stewart AU - T., Thompson AU - D., Sundseth AU - R., AU - Wegner, S. C2 - 2007/// DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - The future of nematode management in cotton AU - Starr, J. L. AU - Koenning, S. R. AU - Eirkpatrick, T. L. AU - Robinson, A. F. AU - Roberts, P. A. AU - Nichols, R. L. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 39 IS - 4 SP - 283-294 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conventional and PCR detection of Aphelenchoides fragariae in diverse ornamental host plant species AU - McCuiston, J. L. AU - Hudson, L. C. AU - Subbotin, S. A. AU - Davis, E. L. AU - Warfield, C. Y. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 39 IS - 4 SP - 343-355 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hanmnia axyridis (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) in buildings: Relationship between body height and crevice size allowing entry AU - Nalepa, Christine A. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Although the introduced lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coc-cinellidae) is an important predator of aphids in a variety of crop systems during the growing season, it is often a pest in fall and winter when it enters buildings seeking overwintering sites. One of the primary recommendations for managing this annual influx is to prevent beetle entry by caulking or otherwise filling potential entry points in buildings. The goal of this study was to determine how small a gap the beetles are able to enter in choice and no-choice studies by experimentally exploiting their behavioral tendency to seek dark shelters at cool temperatures. Within the size range of adults collected in central North Carolina in 2003 (1.99-3.29 mm body height), no beetles entered a 2-mm access during no-choice experiments. Most (83%) entered a 3-mm gap; those failing to cross the 3-mm threshold were significantly larger than those that traversed it. In choice experiments, 98.2% of beetles entered shelters. As in the previous study, no beetles entered shelters with 2-mm gaps. Significantly fewer were found in shelters with 3-mm entrances than in those with 4- or 5-mm access; beetles that entered 3-mm gaps were significantly smaller than the remainder of the test population. Although no H. axyridis crossed a 2-mm threshold in either experiment, a gap of this size may nonetheless allow admission if it has flexible borders (e.g., foam weather stripping); beetles were observed attempting forced entry into too-small crevices. DA - 2007/10// PY - 2007/10// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493(2007)100[1633:HACCIB]2.0.CO;2 VL - 100 IS - 5 SP - 1633-1636 SN - 0022-0493 KW - multicolored Asian lady beetle KW - management KW - aggregation behavior KW - negative phototaxis KW - urban pest ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phenology, apple management and effects of Surround on behavior of the maggot (Diptera : Tephritidae) in North Carolina AU - Villanueva, Raul T. AU - Walgenbach, James F. T2 - CROP PROTECTION AB - Studies were conducted in 2002 and 2003 to evaluate the phenology of the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), in Henderson County, NC, and to compare the efficacy of various products for protection of fruit from maggot infestation. The period of peak trap capture on red spheres differed among orchards, with two orchards having peak captures in early June, and in an abandoned orchard peak capture occurred in late July–September. Surround WP, a particle film kaolin clay product, was evaluated for management of apple maggot at 28.0 kg/ha at two spray volumes (935 and 1870 L/ha) and two application intervals (7- and 14-d). The percentage of apple maggot-infested fruit in Surround treatments, regardless of the spray volume evaluated, was equivalent to that of azinphosmethyl and spinosad treatments. Application of Surround with an airblast sprayer resulted in heterogeneous coverage of fruit within the tree canopy, with higher deposition on fruit on the periphery of trees compared with those in the inner or upper canopy. In choice tests with apple maggot populations in an abandoned orchard, fewer flies alighted on Surround-treated foliage or fruit compared with the water controls, suggesting that the whitish color of Surround-treated trees interfered with visual cues used by flies to locate hosts. In an abandoned orchard with >60% of non-treated fruit infested with apple maggot, the chloronicotinyl compounds imidacloprid (10.0%) and thiacloprid (5.3%) resulted in comparable levels of control to that of azinphosmethyl (8.0%), while spinosad, indoxacarb, and thiamethoxam all had >33% infested fruit. These studies demonstrated that Surround and a number of chloronicotinyl insecticides may be alternatives to azinphosmethyl for management of apple maggot in North Carolina. DA - 2007/9// PY - 2007/9// DO - 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.12.001 VL - 26 IS - 9 SP - 1404-1411 SN - 1873-6904 KW - rhagoletis pomonella KW - kaolin KW - choice test KW - reduced-risk insecticides ER - TY - JOUR TI - A developmental database to support insect phenology models AU - Nietschke, Brett S. AU - Magarey, Roger D. AU - Borchert, Daniel M. AU - Calvin, Dennis D. AU - Jones, Edward T2 - CROP PROTECTION AB - Insect phenology models are widely used for decision support in pest management and more recently in phytosanitary risk assessments. The development of generic and flexible modeling tools means that phenology models can be quickly created using an insect's developmental threshold temperatures and degree-day requirements. To assist scientists and field practioners in the rapid development and deployment of phenology models, an Insect Development Database containing the developmental requirements for over 500 insect species was created. DA - 2007/9// PY - 2007/9// DO - 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.12.006 VL - 26 IS - 9 SP - 1444-1448 SN - 1873-6904 KW - insect development KW - temperature KW - degree-day KW - development thresholds KW - phenology model KW - decision support system ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transmission of the M2 double-stranded RNA in Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 3 (AG-3) AU - Charlton, Nikki D. AU - Cubeta, Marc A. T2 - MYCOLOGIA AB - Horizontal transmission of the 3.57 kb M2 double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) between mycelia of somatically incompatible isolates of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 3 (AG-3), an economically important pathogen of cultivated plants in the family Solanaceae, was investigated. Nine donor isolates of R. solani AG-3 containing the M2 dsRNA were paired on potato-dextrose agar with each of three different recipient isolates where the M2 dsRNA was absent. Reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) was used to detect horizontal transmission of the M2 dsRNA via hyphal anastomosis from donor to recipient isolates by examining hyphal explants taken 3 cm from the hyphal interaction zone. PCR-RFLP genetic-based markers of two nuclear loci and one mitochondrial locus were used to confirm identity and transmission between donor and recipient isolates of R. solani AG-3. The frequency of transmission observed between 72 pairings of the eight donor and three recipient isolates was approximately 4% of the total pairings, and differences in the phenotype of the recipient isolates after acquisition of the M2 dsRNA via horizontal transmission were observed. To our knowledge this represents the first demonstration of transmission of dsRNA between genetically different individuals of R. solani confirmed with nuclear and mitochondrial markers. These results suggest that transmission can occur between somatically incompatible isolates of R. solani AG-3 but that maintenance of the dsRNA in the recipient isolates was not stable after repeated subculturing on nutrient medium. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.3852/mycologia.99.6.859 VL - 99 IS - 6 SP - 859-867 SN - 1557-2536 KW - basidiomycete KW - horizontal transmission KW - mitochondrial markers KW - mycovirus KW - nuclear markers ER - TY - JOUR TI - The phylogeny and evolution of host choice in the Hippoboscoidea (Diptera) as reconstructed using four molecular markers AU - Petersen, Frederik Torp AU - Meier, Rudolf AU - Kutty, Suiatha Narayanan AU - Wiegmann, Brian M. T2 - MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION AB - Hippoboscoidea is a superfamily of Diptera that contains the Glossinidae or tsetse flies, the Hippoboscidae or louse flies, and two families of bat flies, the Streblidae and the Nycteribiidae. We reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships within Hippoboscoidea using maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods based on nucleotide sequences from fragments of four genes: nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA and the CPSase domain of CAD, and mitochondrial 16S rDNA and cytochrome oxidase I. We recover monophyly for most of the presently recognized groups within Hippoboscoidea including the superfamily as a whole, the Hippoboscidae, the Nycteribiidae, the bat flies, and the Pupipara (=Hippoboscidae+Nycteribiidae+Streblidae), as well as several subfamilies within the constituent families. Streblidae appear to be paraphyletic. Our phylogenetic hypothesis is well supported and decisive in that most competing topological hypotheses for the Hippoboscoidea require significantly longer trees. We confirm a single shift from a free-living fly to a blood-feeding ectoparasite of vertebrates and demonstrate that at least two host shifts from mammals to birds have occurred. Wings have been repeatedly lost, but never regained. The hippoboscoid ancestor also evolved adenotrophic viviparity and our cladogram is consistent with a gradual reduction in the motility of the deposited final instar larvae from active burrowing in the soil to true pupiparity where adult females glue the puparium within the confines of bat roosts. DA - 2007/10// PY - 2007/10// DO - 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.04.023 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 111-122 SN - 1095-9513 KW - Hippoboscoidea KW - wing loss KW - Ectoparasitism KW - evolution KW - phylogeny KW - CAD ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationships of resistance to Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin contamination with agronomic performance of maize AU - Robertson-Hoyt, Leilani A. AU - Kleinschmidt, Craig E. AU - White, Don G. AU - Payne, Gary A. AU - Maragos, Chris M. AU - Holland, James B. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Resistance to Fusarium ear rot [caused by Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (synonym F. moniliforme Sheldon) (teleomorph: Gibberella moniliformis ) and F. proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg (teleomorph: G. intermedia )] and fumonisin contamination is heritable and controlled by at least 11 gene regions in a maize ( Zea mays L.) population created by backcrossing the highly resistant donor line, GE440, to the susceptible but commercially successful recurrent parent line, FR1064. The relationship between resistances to Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin contamination and agronomic performance has not been reported. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the relationship between disease resistance and agronomic utility in this population by measuring resistances to Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin contamination in BC 1 F 1:2 lines, and yield and agronomic performance in topcrosses of these lines. Fumonisin contamination was not correlated with yield, but two fumonisin quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapped to similar positions as yield QTL. Fusarium ear rot had a small positive correlation with topcross yield ( r = 0.29), but QTL for the two traits mapped to distinct genomic positions. Similar results for other traits indicate that QTL can contribute in opposite directions to the overall genetic correlations between traits and that some trait correlations arise in the absence of detectable QTL effects on both traits. In general, no strong relationships were observed between disease resistance traits and agronomic traits, thus selection for increased resistance should not unduly affect agronomic performance. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2006.10.0676 VL - 47 IS - 5 SP - 1770-1778 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recombination, balancing selection and adaptive evolution in the aflatoxin gene cluster of Aspergillus parasiticus AU - Carbone, Ignazio AU - Jakobek, Judy L. AU - Ramirez-Prado, Jorge H. AU - Horn, Bruce W. T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - Aflatoxins are toxic and carcinogenic polyketides produced by several Aspergillus species that are known to contaminate agricultural commodities, posing a serious threat to animal and human health. Aflatoxin (AF) biosynthesis is almost fully characterized and involves the coordinated expression of approximately 25 genes clustered in a 70-kb DNA region. Aspergillus parasiticus is an economically important and common agent of AF contamination. Naturally occurring nonaflatoxigenic strains of A. parasiticus are rarely found and generally produce O-methylsterigmatocystin (OMST), the immediate precursor of AF. To elucidate the evolutionary forces acting to retain AF and OMST pathway extrolites (chemotypes), we sequenced 21 intergenic regions spanning the entire cluster in 24 A. parasiticus isolates chosen to represent the genetic diversity within a single Georgia field population. Linkage disequilibrium analyses revealed five distinct recombination blocks in the A. parasiticus cluster. Phylogenetic network analyses showed a history of recombination between chemotype-specific haplotypes, as well as evidence of contemporary recombination. We performed coalescent simulations of variation in recombination blocks and found an approximately twofold deeper coalescence for cluster genealogies compared to noncluster genealogies, our internal standard of neutral evolution. Significantly deeper cluster genealogies are indicative of balancing selection in the AF cluster of A. parasiticus and are further corroborated by the existence of trans-species polymorphisms and common haplotypes in the cluster for several closely related species. Estimates of Ka/Ks for representative cluster genes provide evidence of selection for OMST and AF chemotypes, and indicate a possible role of chemotypes in ecological adaptation and speciation. DA - 2007/10// PY - 2007/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03464.x VL - 16 IS - 20 SP - 4401-4417 SN - 1365-294X KW - coalescent KW - compatibility KW - linkage disequilibrium KW - recombination blocks ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pierce's disease of grapevines: Identification of the primary vectors in North Carolina AU - Myers, Ashley L. AU - Sutton, Turner B. AU - Abad, Jorge A. AU - Kennedy, George G. T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT In the past 10 years, the winegrape industry in the southeastern United States has experienced rapid growth; however, further expansion may be inhibited by Pierce's disease (PD). Epidemiological studies were conducted to identify the primary vectors of Xylella fastidiosa, the cause of PD of grape, by surveying sharpshooter population dynamics in the eastern Piedmont and Coastal Plain regions of North Carolina. Sharpshooter species were assessed for the presence of X. fastidiosa in the field. Leafhoppers were trapped in three vineyards in the eastern Piedmont and one vineyard in the northeastern Coastal Plain in 2004 and 2005. Four insects were identified as most abundant: Oncometopia orbona, Graphocephala versuta, Paraphlepsius irroratus, and Agalliota constricta. Adult specimens of O. orbona, G. versuta, and P. irroratus were tested for the presence of X. fastidiosa by nested polymerase chain reaction. In all, 27% of O. orbona, 28% of G. versuta, and 33% of P. irroratus trapped were positive for X. fastidiosa over the two seasons. Transmission experiments demonstrated that both O. orbona and G. versuta have the ability to transmit X. fastidiosa to grape. These vectors are likely to be important in all winegrowing regions of the Southeast, because their presence has been documented throughout the southern states. In DNA analyses, X. fastidiosa strains from insects trapped in North Carolina were genetically similar to one another and to the known "PD strain" from California. This is the first report of these two leafhopper species transmitting X. fastidiosa to grapevines in the Southeast. DA - 2007/11// PY - 2007/11// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO-97-11-1440 VL - 97 IS - 11 SP - 1440-1450 SN - 1943-7684 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improved protocols for functional analysis in the pathogenic fungus Aspergillus flavus AU - He, Zhu-Mei AU - Price, Michael S. AU - OBrian, Gregory R. AU - Georgianna, D. Ryan AU - Payne, Gary A. T2 - BMC MICROBIOLOGY AB - An available whole genome sequence for Aspergillus flavus provides the opportunity to characterize factors involved in pathogenicity and to elucidate the regulatory networks involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Functional analysis of genes within the genome is greatly facilitated by the ability to disrupt or mis-express target genes and then evaluate their result on the phenotype of the fungus. Large-scale functional analysis requires an efficient genetic transformation system and the ability to readily select transformants with altered expression, and usually requires generation of double (or multi) gene deletion strains or the use of prototrophic strains. However, dominant selectable markers, an efficient transformation system and an efficient screening system for transformants in A. flavus are absent.The efficiency of the genetic transformation system for A. flavus based on uracil auxotrophy was improved. In addition, A. flavus was shown to be sensitive to the antibiotic, phleomycin. Transformation of A. flavus with the ble gene for resistance to phleomycin resulted in stable transformants when selected on 100 mug/ml phleomycin. We also compared the phleomycin system with one based on complementation for uracil auxotrophy which was confirmed by uracil and 5-fluoroorotic acid selection and via transformation with the pyr4 gene from Neurospora crassa and pyrG gene from A. nidulans in A. flavus NRRL 3357. A transformation protocol using pyr4 as a selectable marker resulted in site specific disruption of a target gene. A rapid and convenient colony PCR method for screening genetically altered transformants was also developed in this study.We employed phleomycin resistance as a new positive selectable marker for genetic transformation of A. flavus. The experiments outlined herein constitute the first report of the use of the antibiotic phleomycin for transformation of A. flavus. Further, we demonstrated that this transformation protocol could be used for directed gene disruption in A. flavus. The significance of this is twofold. First, it allows strains to be transformed without having to generate an auxotrophic mutation, which is time consuming and may result in undesirable mutations. Second, this protocol allows for double gene knockouts when used in conjunction with existing strains with auxotrophic mutations. To further facilitate functional analysis in this strain we developed a colony PCR-based method that is a rapid and convenient method for screening genetically altered transformants. This work will be of interest to those working on molecular biology of aflatoxin metabolism in A. flavus, especially for functional analysis using gene deletion and gene expression. DA - 2007/11/26/ PY - 2007/11/26/ DO - 10.1186/1471-2180-7-104 VL - 7 SP - SN - 1471-2180 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gene profiling for studying the mechanism of aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus and A-parasiticus AU - Yuy, Jiujiang AU - Ronningy, Catherine M. AU - Wilkinsony, Jeffery R. AU - Campbell, Bruce C. AU - Payne, Gary A. AU - Bhatnagar, Deepak AU - Cleveland, Thomas E. AU - Nierman, William C. T2 - FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS PART A-CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS CONTROL EXPOSURE & RISK ASSESSMENT AB - Aflatoxins are toxic and carcinogenic polyketide metabolites produced by certain fungal species, including Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Many internal and external factors, such as nutrition and environment affect aflatoxin biosynthesis; therefore, we analyzed the transcriptome of A. flavus using expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from a normalized cDNA expression library constructed from mycelia harvested under several conditions. A total of 7218 unique ESTs were identified from 26 110 sequenced cDNA clones. Functional classifications were assigned to these ESTs and genes, potentially involved in the aflatoxin contamination process, were identified. Based on this EST sequence information, a genomic DNA amplicon microarray was constructed at The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR). To identify potential regulatory networks controlling aflatoxin contamination in food and feeds, gene expression profiles in aflatoxin-supportive media versus non-aflatoxin-supportive media were evaluated in A. flavus and A. parasiticus. Genes consistently expressed in several aflatoxin-supportive media are reported. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1080/02652030701513800 VL - 24 IS - 10 SP - 1035-1042 SN - 1944-0057 KW - aspergillus flavus KW - mycotoxin KW - aflatoxin KW - expressed sequence tags ( EST) KW - microarray KW - gene profiling KW - aflatoxin biosynthesis KW - genetic regulation KW - pathogenesis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Function and regulation of aflJ in the accumulation of aflatoxin early pathway intermediate in Aspergillus flavus AU - Du, W. AU - Obrian, G. R. AU - Payne, G. A. T2 - FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS AB - aflJ resides within the aflatoxin biosynthetic gene cluster adjacent to the pathway regulatory gene aflR and is involved in aflatoxin production, but its function is unknown. Over-expression of aflJ in the aflatoxin-producing strain 86-10 resulted in increased aflatoxin. In an effort to study the function and regulation of aflJ, strain 649-1 lacking the entire biosynthetic cluster was transformed with either reporter constructs, expression constructs, or cosmid clones and analysed for gene expression or metabolite accumulation. Over-expression of aflJ did not result in elevated transcription of ver-1, omtA or aflR. To determine if over-expression of aflJ leads to an increase in early pathway intermediates, strain 649-1 was transformed with cosmid 5E6 and either gpdA::aflJ alone, gpdA::aflR alone, or aflJ and aflR together. Cosmid 5E6 contains the genes pksA, nor-1, fas-1, and fas-2, which are required for the biosynthesis of the early pathway intermediate averantin. 649-1 transformants containing 5E6 alone produced no detectable averantin. In contrast, 5E6 transformants with gpdA::aflR produced averantin, but only half as much as those transformants containing both aflR and aflJ. Northern blot analysis showed that 5E6 transformants containing both aflR and aflJ had five times more pksA transcripts and four times more nor-1 transcripts than 5E6 transformants containing gpdA::aflR alone. Further, aflJ transcription was regulated by aflR. Over-expression of aflR resulted in elevated aflJ transcription. aflJ appears to modulate the regulation of early genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1080/02652030701513826 VL - 24 IS - 10 SP - 1043-1050 SN - 0265-203X KW - aflatoxin KW - regulation ER - TY - JOUR TI - A site-specific, weather-based disease regression model for Sclerotinia blight of peanut AU - Smith, D. L. AU - Hollowell, J. E. AU - Isleib, T. G. AU - Shew, B. B. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - In North Carolina, losses due to Sclerotinia blight of peanut, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia minor, are an estimated 1 to 4 million dollars annually. In general, peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is very susceptible to Sclerotinia blight, but some partially resistant virginia-type cultivars are available. Up to three fungicide applications per season are necessary to maintain a healthy crop in years highly favorable for disease development. Improved prediction of epidemic initiation and identification of periods when fungicides are not required would increase fungicide efficiency and reduce production costs on resistant and susceptible cultivars. A Sclerotinia blight disease model was developed using regression strategies in an effort to describe the relationships between modeled environmental variables and disease increase. Changes in incremental disease incidence (% of newly infected plants of the total plant population per plot) for the 2002-2005 growing seasons were statistically transformed and described using 5-day moving averages of modeled site-specific weather variables (localized, mathematical estimations of weather data derived at a remote location) obtained from SkyBit (ZedX, Inc.). Variables in the regression to describe the Sclerotinia blight disease index included: mean relative humidity (linear and quadratic), mean soil temperature (quadratic), maximum air temperature (linear and quadratic), maximum relative humidity (linear and quadratic), minimum air temperature (linear and quadratic), minimum relative humidity (linear and quadratic), and minimum soil temperature (linear and quadratic). The model explained approximately 50% of the variability in Sclerotinia blight index over 4 years of field research in eight environments. The relationships between weather variables and Sclerotinia blight index were independent of host partial resistance. Linear regression models were used to describe progress of Sclerotinia blight on cultivars and breeding lines with varying levels of partial resistance. Resistance affected the rate of disease progress, but not disease onset. The results of this study will be used to develop site- and cultivar-specific spray advisories for Sclerotinia blight. DA - 2007/11// PY - 2007/11// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-91-11-1436 VL - 91 IS - 11 SP - 1436-1444 SN - 1943-7692 KW - groundnut ER - TY - JOUR TI - Uncoupling primer and releaser responses to pheromone in honey bees AU - Grozinger, C. M. AU - Fischer, P. AU - Hampton, J. E. T2 - Naturwissenschaften (Berlin, Germany) DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 94 IS - 5 SP - 375-379 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trranscript profiling of a conifer pathosystem: response of Pinus sylvestris root tissues to pathogen (Heterobasidion annosum) invasion AU - Adomas, Aleksandra AU - Heller, Gregory AU - Li, Guosheng AU - Olson, Ake AU - Chu, Tzu-Ming AU - Osborne, Jason AU - Craig, Deborah AU - Van Zyl, Len AU - Wolfinger, Russ AU - Sederoff, Ron AU - Dean, Ralph A. AU - Stenlid, Jan AU - Finlay, Roger AU - Asiegbu, Frederick O. T2 - TREE PHYSIOLOGY AB - The mechanisms underlying defence reactions to a pathogen attack, though well studied in crop plants, are poorly understood in conifers. To analyze changes in gene transcript abundance in Pinus sylvestris L. root tissues infected by Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. s.l., a cDNA microarray containing 2109 ESTs from P. taeda L. was used. Mixed model statistical analysis identified 179 expressed sequence tags differentially expressed at 1, 5 or 15 days post inoculation. In general, the total number of genes differentially expressed during the infection increased over time. The most abundant group of genes up-regulated upon infection coded for enzymes involved in metabolism (phenylpropanoid pathway) and defence-related proteins with antimicrobial properties. A class III peroxidase responsible for lignin biosynthesis and cell wall thickening had increased transcript abundance at all measurement times. Real-time RT-PCR verified the microarray results with high reproducibility. The similarity of the expression profiling pattern observed in this pathosystem to those documented in crop pathology suggests that angiosperms and gymnosperms use similar genetic programs in responding to invasive growth by microbial pathogens. DA - 2007/10// PY - 2007/10// DO - 10.1093/treephys/27.10.1441 VL - 27 IS - 10 SP - 1441-1458 SN - 1758-4469 KW - antimicrobial peptide KW - microarray KW - peroxidase KW - phenylopropanoid pathway KW - pine KW - plant defence ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thrips tabaci and tomato spotted wilt virus: inheritance of vector competence AU - Rosa, J. C. C. L. AU - Kennedy, George T2 - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1111/j-1570-7458.2007.00564.x VL - 124 IS - 2 SP - 161–166 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pyrethroid insecticide efficacy against tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) in North Carolina flue-cured tobacco: Implications for insecticide resistance management AU - Abney, M. R. AU - Sorenson, C. E. AU - Southern, P. S. T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - Foliar applications of 3 pyrethroid insecticides were made to flue-cured tobacco and compared with Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) bait and sprays of acephate and spinosad for control of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), in 2001, 2002, and 2003. Lambda-cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, and bifenthrin provided significant control of tobacco budworm when compared with untreated checks in all 3 yrs; however, they were generally less efficacious than the other insecticides tested. The level of control among the pyrethroids differed significantly within years but was inconsistent from year to year. The severity of tobacco budworm feeding damage was recorded for individual plants in each treatment, and damage averaged over pyrethroid treatments was 54.17% lower than the untreated control in 2001 and 79.84% lower in 2003. Pyrethroid treatments had no impact on yield of cured leaf in 2001 or 2003 compared with controls. The use of pyrethroid insecticides in flue-cured tobacco will increase the selection pressure placed on tobacco budworm populations in North Carolina. As a result, resistance to this class of insecticides may develop at an accelerated rate. DA - 2007/10// PY - 2007/10// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-42.4.582 VL - 42 IS - 4 SP - 582-588 SN - 0749-8004 KW - Heliothis virescens KW - insecticide resistance KW - pyrethroid insecticides ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plant nitrogen acquisition and interactions under elevated carbon dioxide: impact of endophytes and mycorrhizae AU - Chen, Xin AU - Tu, Cong AU - Burton, Michael G. AU - Watson, Dorothy M. AU - Burkey, Kent O. AU - Hu, Shuijin T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Both endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi interact with plants to form symbiosis in which the fungal partners rely on, and sometimes compete for, carbon (C) sources from their hosts. Changes in photosynthesis in host plants caused by atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) enrichment may, therefore, influence those mutualistic interactions, potentially modifying plant nutrient acquisition and interactions with other coexisting plant species. However, few studies have so far examined the interactive controls of endophytes and mycorrhizae over plant responses to atmospheric CO 2 enrichment. Using Festuca arundinacea Schreb and Plantago lanceolata L. as model plants, we examined the effects of elevated CO 2 on mycorrhizae and endophyte ( Neotyphodium coenophialum) and plant nitrogen (N) acquisition in two microcosm experiments, and determined whether and how mycorrhizae and endophytes mediate interactions between their host plant species. Endophyte‐free and endophyte‐infected F. arundinacea varieties, P. lanceolata L., and their combination with or without mycorrhizal inocula were grown under ambient (400 μmol mol −1 ) and elevated CO 2 (ambient + 330 μmol mol −1 ). A 15 N isotope tracer was used to quantify the mycorrhiza‐mediated plant acquisition of N from soil. Elevated CO 2 stimulated the growth of P. lanceolata greater than F. arundinacea , increasing the shoot biomass ratio of P. lanceolata to F. arundinacea in all the mixtures. Elevated CO 2 also increased mycorrhizal root colonization of P. lanceolata , but had no impact on that of F. arundinacea . Mycorrhizae increased the shoot biomass ratio of P. lanceolata to F. arundinacea under elevated CO 2 . In the absence of endophytes, both elevated CO 2 and mycorrhizae enhanced 15 N and total N uptake of P. lanceolata but had either no or even negative effects on N acquisition of F. arundinacea , altering N distribution between these two species in the mixture. The presence of endophytes in F. arundinacea , however, reduced the CO 2 effect on N acquisition in P. lanceolata , although it did not affect growth responses of their host plants to elevated CO 2 . These results suggest that mycorrhizal fungi and endophytes might interactively affect the responses of their host plants and their coexisting species to elevated CO 2 . DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01347.x VL - 13 IS - 6 SP - 1238-1249 SN - 1365-2486 KW - elevated CO2 KW - endophyte KW - Festuca arundinacea KW - mycorrhizae KW - N-15 tracer KW - plant N acquisition KW - Plantago lanceolata ER - TY - JOUR TI - Introducing transgenes into insect populations using combined gene-drive strategies: Modeling and analysis AU - Huang, Yunxin AU - Magori, Krisztian AU - Lloyd, Alun L. AU - Gould, Fred T2 - INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB - Engineered underdominance (EU), meiotic drive (MD) and Wolbachia have been proposed as mechanisms for driving anti-pathogen transgenes into natural populations of insect vectors of human diseases. EU can drive transgenes to high and stable frequencies but requires the release of sizeable numbers of engineered insects. MD and Wolbachia either cannot maintain high frequencies of transgenes or lack appropriate expression in critical tissues, but both can drive the transgenes to spread from very low initial frequencies. Here we use mathematical models to assess the utility of combining EU with MD or with Wolbachia. Under some conditions, the combination of EU and MD results in a more efficient transgene-drive strategy than either mechanism alone. This combined strategy could drive the transgenes to stable fixation and would require fewer released insects than EU alone, especially when only males are released. However, a combination of EU and Wolbachia does not work better than EU alone because it requires the release of even more engineered insects. DA - 2007/10// PY - 2007/10// DO - 10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.06.002 VL - 37 IS - 10 SP - 1054-1063 SN - 0965-1748 KW - insect vectors KW - anti-pathogen transgene KW - gene-drive KW - combined strategy KW - release threshold KW - theoretical assessment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intraspecific variation and population structure of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, revealed with RFLP analysis of the non-transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA AU - Mukha, D. V. AU - Kagramanova, A. S. AU - Lazebnaya, I. V. AU - Lazebnyi, O. E. AU - Vargo, E. L. AU - Schal, C. T2 - MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY AB - Abstract Little information is available on genetic variation within and between populations of pest cockroaches. In this study, intraspecific Hind III polymorphism was investigated in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (Linnaeus) (Dictyoptera, Blattaria: Blattellidae), using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) of the non‐transcribed spacer (NTS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Individual male insects were collected from infestations at three different pig farms. Each population was characterized by Hind III restriction fragment frequencies and haplotype (a particular X‐chromosome pattern) frequencies. The inheritance of the X‐chromosome Hind III rDNA patterns over 12 generations (3 years) follows Mendelian patterns, and the stability of this polymorphic marker indicates infrequent genetic recombination of variable sites. Although pairwise genetic distance measures were uncorrelated with geographical distance, the pattern of genetic differentiation of the three cockroach populations suggests that human‐mediated transport of cockroaches is an important force in shaping the population genetic structure of cockroach infestations, at least at the regional scale of 10–100 km. Sequence variation in the ribosomal NTS is a useful marker, and RFLP of rDNA is a simple, robust and reproducible technique for differentiating recently diverged cockroach populations. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2007.00670.x VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 132-140 SN - 1365-2915 KW - Blattella germanica KW - German cockroach KW - non-transcribed spacer KW - population KW - RFLP KW - ribosomal DNA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Host choice and West Nile virus infection rates in blood-fed mosquitoes, including members of the Culex pipiens complex, from Memphis and Shelby County, Tennessee, 2002-2003 AU - Savage, Harry M. AU - Aggarwal, Deepak AU - Apperson, Charles S. AU - Katholi, Charles R. AU - Gordon, Emily AU - Hassan, K. Hassan AU - Anderson, Michael AU - Charnetzky, Dawn AU - McMillen, Larry AU - Unnasch, Emily A. AU - Unnasch, Thomas R. T2 - VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES AB - The source of bloodmeals in 2,082 blood-fed mosquitoes collected from February 2002 through December 2003 in Memphis and surrounding areas of Shelby County, Tennessee were determined. Members of the genus Culex and Anopheles quadrimaculatus predominated in the collections. Members of the Cx. pipiens complex and Cx. restuans were found to feed predominately upon avian hosts, though mammalian hosts made up a substantial proportion of the bloodmeals in these species. No significant difference was seen in the host class of bloodmeals in mosquitoes identified as Cx. pipiens pipiens, Cx. p. quinquefasciatus, or hybrids between these two taxa. Anopheles quadrimaculatus and Cx. erraticus fed primarily upon mammalian hosts. Three avian species (the American Robin, the Common Grackle, and the Northern Cardinal) made up the majority of avian-derived bloodmeals, with the American Robin representing the most frequently fed upon avian host. An analysis of these host feeding data using a modification of a transmission model for Eastern Equine encephalitis virus suggested that the American Robin and Common Grackle represented the most important reservoir hosts for West Nile virus. A temporal analysis of the feeding patterns of the dominant Culex species did not support a shift in feeding behavior away from robins to mammals late in the summer. However, a significant degree of temporal variation was noted in the proportion of robin-derived bloodmeals when the data were analyzed by semi-monthly periods throughout the summers of 2002 and 2003. This pattern was consistent with the hypothesis that the mosquitoes were preferentially feeding upon nesting birds. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1089/vbz.2006.0602 VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - 365-386 SN - 1557-7759 KW - mosquito host preference KW - mosquito bloodmeal identification KW - Culex pipiens pipiens KW - Culex quinquefasciatus KW - West Nile virus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome-wide analysis reveals differences in brain gene expression patterns associated with caste and reproductive status in honey bees (Apis mellifera) AU - Grozinger, Christina M. AU - Fan, Yongliang AU - Hoover, Shelley E. R. AU - Winston, Mark L. T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - Abstract A key characteristic of eusocial species is reproductive division of labour. Honey bee colonies typically have a single reproductive queen and thousands of sterile workers. Adult queens differ dramatically from workers in anatomy, physiology, behaviour and lifespan. Young female workers can activate their ovaries and initiate egg laying; these ‘reproductive’ workers differ from sterile workers in anatomy, physiology, and behaviour. These differences, however, are on a much smaller scale than those observed between the queen and worker castes. Here, we use microarrays to monitor expression patterns of several thousand genes in the brains of same‐aged virgin queens, sterile workers, and reproductive workers. We found large differences in expression between queens and both worker groups (~2000 genes), and much smaller differences between sterile and reproductive workers (221 genes). The expression patterns of these 221 genes in reproductive workers are more queen‐like, and may represent a core group of genes associated with reproductive physiology. Furthermore, queens and reproductive workers preferentially up‐regulate genes associated with the nurse bee behavioural state, which supports the hypothesis of an evolutionary link between worker division of labour and molecular pathways related to reproduction. Finally, several functional groups of genes associated with longevity in other species are significantly up‐regulated in queens. Identifying the genes that underlie the differences between queens, sterile workers, and reproductive workers will allow us to begin to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of social behaviour and large‐scale remodelling of gene networks associated with polyphenisms. DA - 2007/11// PY - 2007/11// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03545.x VL - 16 IS - 22 SP - 4837-4848 SN - 1365-294X KW - caste KW - eusociality KW - genomics KW - longevity KW - microarrays KW - reproduction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gene duplication, modularity and adaptation in the evolution of the aflatoxin gene cluster AU - Carbone, Ignazio AU - Ramirez-Prado, Jorge H. AU - Jakobek, Judy L. AU - Horn, Bruce W. T2 - BMC EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY AB - The biosynthesis of aflatoxin (AF) involves over 20 enzymatic reactions in a complex polyketide pathway that converts acetate and malonate to the intermediates sterigmatocystin (ST) and O-methylsterigmatocystin (OMST), the respective penultimate and ultimate precursors of AF. Although these precursors are chemically and structurally very similar, their accumulation differs at the species level for Aspergilli. Notable examples are A. nidulans that synthesizes only ST, A. flavus that makes predominantly AF, and A. parasiticus that generally produces either AF or OMST. Whether these differences are important in the evolutionary/ecological processes of species adaptation and diversification is unknown. Equally unknown are the specific genomic mechanisms responsible for ordering and clustering of genes in the AF pathway of Aspergillus. To elucidate the mechanisms that have driven formation of these clusters, we performed systematic searches of aflatoxin cluster homologs across five Aspergillus genomes. We found a high level of gene duplication and identified seven modules consisting of highly correlated gene pairs (aflA/aflB, aflR/aflS, aflX/aflY, aflF/aflE, aflT/aflQ, aflC/aflW, and aflG/aflL). With the exception of A. nomius, contrasts of mean Ka/Ks values across all cluster genes showed significant differences in selective pressure between section Flavi and non-section Flavi species. A. nomius mean Ka/Ks values were more similar to partial clusters in A. fumigatus and A. terreus. Overall, mean Ka/Ks values were significantly higher for section Flavi than for non-section Flavi species. Our results implicate several genomic mechanisms in the evolution of ST, OMST and AF cluster genes. Gene modules may arise from duplications of a single gene, whereby the function of the pre-duplication gene is retained in the copy (aflF/aflE) or the copies may partition the ancestral function (aflA/aflB). In some gene modules, the duplicated copy may simply augment/supplement a specific pathway function (aflR/aflS and aflX/aflY) or the duplicated copy may evolve a completely new function (aflT/aflQ and aflC/aflW). Gene modules that are contiguous in one species and noncontiguous in others point to possible rearrangements of cluster genes in the evolution of these species. Significantly higher mean Ka/Ks values in section Flavi compared to non-section Flavi species indicate increased positive selection acting in the evolution of genes in OMST and AF gene clusters. DA - 2007/7/9/ PY - 2007/7/9/ DO - 10.1186/1471-2148-7-111 VL - 7 SP - SN - 1471-2148 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Elucidation of veA-dependent genes associated with aflatoxin and sclerotial production in Aspergillus flavus by functional genomics AU - Cary, J. W. AU - OBrian, G. R. AU - Nielsen, D. M. AU - Nierman, W. AU - Harris-Coward, P. AU - Bhatnagar, J. Yu D. AU - Cleveland, T. E. AU - Payne, G. A. AU - Calvo, A. M. T2 - APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY DA - 2007/10// PY - 2007/10// DO - 10.1007/s00253-007-1081-y VL - 76 IS - 5 SP - 1107-1118 SN - 0175-7598 KW - Aspergillus flavus KW - veA KW - aflatoxin KW - sclerotia KW - microarray ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of a high throughput transformation system for insertional mutagenesis in Magnaporthe oryzae AU - Betts, Melania F. AU - Tucker, Sara L. AU - Galadima, Natalia AU - Meng, Yan AU - Patel, Gayatri AU - Li, Lei AU - Donofrio, Nicole AU - Floyd, Anna AU - Nolin, Shelly AU - Brown, Doug AU - Mandel, M. Alejandra AU - Mitchell, Thomas K. AU - Xu, Jin-Rong AU - Dean, Ralph A. AU - Farman, Mark L. AU - Orbach, Marc J. T2 - FUNGAL GENETICS AND BIOLOGY AB - Towards the goal of disrupting all genes in the genome of Magnaporthe oryzae and identifying their function, a collection of >55,000 random insertion lines of M. oryzae strain 70-15 were generated. All strains were screened to identify genes involved in growth rate, conidiation, pigmentation, auxotrophy, and pathogenicity. Here, we provide a description of the high throughput transformation and analysis pipeline used to create our library. Transformed lines were generated either by CaCl2/PEG treatment of protoplasts with DNA or by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT). We describe the optimization of both approaches and compare their efficiency. ATMT was found to be a more reproducible method, resulting in predominantly single copy insertions, and its efficiency was high with up to 0.3% of conidia being transformed. The phenotypic data is accessible via a public database called MGOS and all strains are publicly available. This represents the most comprehensive insertional mutagenesis analysis of a fungal pathogen. DA - 2007/10// PY - 2007/10// DO - 10.1016/j.fgb.2007.05.001 VL - 44 IS - 10 SP - 1035-1049 SN - 1087-1845 KW - Magnaporthe oryzae KW - Insertional mutagenesis KW - Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation KW - CaCl2/PEG-mediated transformation KW - pathogenicity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cockroach allergen reduction by cockroach control alone in low-income urban homes: A randomized control trial AU - Sever, Michelle L. AU - Arbes, Samuel J., Jr. AU - Gore, J. Chad AU - Santangelo, Richard G. AU - Vaughn, Ben AU - Mitchell, Herman AU - Schal, Coby AU - Zeldin, Darryl C. T2 - Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology AB - We previously reported significant reductions in cockroach allergen concentrations in urban homes by reducing cockroach infestations.To determine the effectiveness of pest control performed by professional entomologists, compared with commercial companies, in reducing cockroach allergen.This 3-arm randomized controlled trial enrolled 60 cockroach-infested homes in North Carolina. Homes were randomly assigned to a control group or 1 of 2 treatment groups. Treatment 1 had insecticide baits placed by entomologists from North Carolina State University. Treatment 2 received pest control from a randomly assigned commercial company. Vacuumed dust sampling and cockroach trapping were conducted at 0, 6, and 12 months. Dust samples were analyzed by ELISA.In treatment 1 homes, there were significant reductions in geometric mean trap counts compared with control and treatment 2 homes at 12 months. Relative to control, significant 12-month reductions in Bla g 1 were evident in treatment 1 homes at all sampled sites, except bedroom floor. From baseline to month 12, geometric mean Bla g 1 concentrations (U/g) decreased from 64.2 to 5.6 in kitchen, 10.6 to 1.1 in living room, 10.7 to 1.9 on bedroom floor, and 3.6 to 2.3 in bed. Treatment 2 homes showed no significant 12-month allergen reductions versus control.Reductions in Bla g 1 in cockroach-infested homes can be achieved by reducing infestations; however, the magnitude of allergen reduction is dependent on the thoroughness and effectiveness of cockroach eradication efforts.Elimination of cockroaches is an effective method for reducing exposure to cockroach allergen. DA - 2007/10// PY - 2007/10// DO - 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.07.003 VL - 120 IS - 4 SP - 849-855 J2 - Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology LA - en OP - SN - 0091-6749 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2007.07.003 DB - Crossref KW - cockroaches KW - cockroach allergen KW - Bla g 1 KW - Bla g 2 KW - indoor allergens KW - intervention trial ER - TY - JOUR TI - Challenges in quantification of ligninolytic enzymes from Phanerochaete chrysosporium cultivation for pretreatment of cotton stalks AU - Shi, J. AU - Sharma-Shivappa, R. R. AU - Chinn, Mari AU - Dean, Ralph AU - Shivappa, R. B. T2 - Transactions of the ASABE AB - Enzymes play an important role in the breakdown of lignin during microbial pretreatment of lignocellulosic feedstocks. However, quantification of the various enzyme activities with assays developed for enzyme extracts from pure cultures can be challenging. In this study, spectrophotometric assays used for the quantification of peroxidases in enzyme extracts from submerged (SmC) and solid-state (SSC) cultivation of P. chrysosporium on cotton stalks during 14 days pretreatment failed to detect lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) activities. However, results from sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) suggested presence of protein bands with molecular weights corresponding to MnP and LiP in the enzyme extracts from fungal pretreatment cultures. Addition of crude enzyme extracts from SmC and SSC treated samples to fresh cotton stalks showed 3.42% and 7.45% increase in lignin content, respectively. This slight increase may be attributed to components within crude extracts that polymerize the phenolic compounds instead of resulting in delignification. It can be inferred from this study that although qualitative methods for ligninolytic enzyme estimation provide useful information, it is essential to investigate alternative approaches to quantify ligninolytic enzymes during cultivation on natural lignocellulosic materials to overcome the limitations of existing assays. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.13031/2013.24071 VL - 50 IS - 6 SP - 2347–2354 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Attraction of insect natural enemies to habitat plantings in north carolina AU - Witting, B. E. AU - Orr, D. B. AU - Linker, H. M. T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - Two studies were conducted to evaluate the relative attractiveness of floral habitats that may provide nectar and pollen food resources to natural enemies of agricultural insect pests in North Carolina. In the first study, timed observations were made of insect flower-feeding to estimate attraction of natural enemies to 16 plant species in 2004 and 5 plant species in 2005. Insects were identified to the family level and assigned to 1 of 6 feeding groups. In both years, crop predators fed from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill.) flowers in greater abundance than from any other flowers observed. Crop parasitoids fed most often on fennel in 2005. In both years, the remaining insect feeding groups other than pollinators were not significantly affected by flower species. In 2005 the response of representatives of 3 families of egg parasitoids (Mymaridae, Scelionidae, and Trichogrammatidae) to 6 habitat plants (black-eyed Susan, buckwheat, fennel, cock's comb [Celosia cristata L.], Shasta daisy [Leucanthemum × superbum (J. W. Ingram) Berg, ex Kent.], and yarrow [Achillea millefolium L.]) was determined. Crabgrass (Digitaria spp. Haller), that exhibited no obvious flowering, served as a control. Results demonstrated that flower species and height affected insects of all 3 families of parasitoids, but removal of flowers only affected scelionids which were trapped in greater abundance in cock's comb plots at flower height. Mymarids were most abundant at 0.5 times the flower height in black-eyed Susan plots regardless of flower presence, and trichogrammatids were trapped in greatest abundance at 0.5 times the canopy height in unmowed crabgrass plots. Our results indicate that habitat plantings may attract egg parasitoids, but that flowers themselves do not appear to be responsible for this attraction. DA - 2007/10// PY - 2007/10// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-42.4.439 VL - 42 IS - 4 SP - 439-456 SN - 0749-8004 KW - biological control KW - beneficial insects KW - microhymenoptera ER - TY - JOUR TI - Argentine ant foraging activity and interspecific competition in complete vs. queenless and broodless colonies AU - Brightwell, R. J. AU - Silverman, J. T2 - INSECTES SOCIAUX DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1007/s00040-007-0950-9 VL - 54 IS - 4 SP - 329-333 SN - 1420-9098 KW - Linepithema humile KW - argentine ants KW - interspecific competition KW - introduction experiments KW - invasive species ER - TY - JOUR TI - A systematic analysis of T-DNA insertion events in Magnaporthe oryzae AU - Meng, Yan AU - Patel, Gayatri AU - Heist, Melanie AU - Betts, Melania F. AU - Tucker, Sara L. AU - Galadima, Natalia AU - Donofrio, Nicole M. AU - Brown, Doug AU - Mitchell, Thomas K. AU - Li, Lei AU - Xu, Jin-Rong AU - Orbach, Marc AU - Thon, Michael AU - Dean, Ralph A. AU - Farman, Mark L. T2 - FUNGAL GENETICS AND BIOLOGY AB - We describe here the analysis of random T-DNA insertions that were generated as part of a large-scale insertional mutagenesis project for Magnaporthe oryzae. Chromosomal regions flanking T-DNA insertions were rescued by inverse PCR, sequenced and used to search the M. oryzae genome assembly. Among the 175 insertions for which at least one flank was rescued, 137 had integrated in single-copy regions of the genome, 17 were in repeated sequences, one had no match to the genome, and the remainder were unassigned due to illegitimate T-DNA integration events. These included in order of abundance: head-to-tail tandem insertions, right border excision failures, left border excision failures and insertion of one T-DNA into another. The left borders of the T-DNA were frequently truncated and inserted in sequences with micro-homology to the left terminus. By contrast the right borders were less prone to degradation and appeared to have been integrated in a homology-independent manner. Gross genome rearrangements rarely occurred when the T-DNAs integrated in single-copy regions, although most insertions did cause small deletions at the target site. Significant insertion bias was detected, with promoters receiving two times more T-DNA hits than expected, and open reading frames receiving three times fewer. In addition, we found that the distribution of T-DNA inserts among the M. oryzae chromosomes was not random. The implications of these findings with regard to saturation mutagenesis of the M. oryzae genome are discussed. DA - 2007/10// PY - 2007/10// DO - 10.1016/j.fgb.2007.04.002 VL - 44 IS - 10 SP - 1050-1064 SN - 1096-0937 KW - agrobacterium-mediated transformation KW - insertional mutagenesis KW - inverse PCR ER - TY - JOUR TI - Roles of Drosophila Kruppel-Homolog 1 in neuronal morphogenesis AU - Shi, Lei AU - Lin, Suewei AU - Grinberg, Yelena AU - Beck, Yannick AU - Grozinger, Christina M. AU - Robinson, Gene E. AU - Lee, Tzumin T2 - DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY AB - The molecular mechanisms underlying remodeling of neural networks remain largely unknown. In Drosophila, widespread neural remodeling occurs during metamorphosis, and is regulated by ecdysone. Kruppel-homolog 1 (Kr-h1) is a zinc finger transcription factor known to play a role in orchestrating ecdysone-regulated transcriptional pathways and, furthermore, implicated in governing axon morphogenesis. Interestingly, in honey bee workers, neural expression of the Apis mellifera homolog of Kr-h1 is enhanced during their transition to foraging behavior when there is increased neurite outgrowth, branching, and synapse formation. Here, we assessed the role(s) of KR-H1 in Drosophila neuronal remodeling and morphology. We characterized the effect of Kr-h1 expression on neuronal morphology through Drosophila larval, pupal, and adult stages. Increased expression of Kr-h1 led to reduced branching in individual neurons and gross morphological changes in the mushroom bodies (MBs), while knocking down Kr-h1 did not produce any obvious changes in neural morphology. Drosophila Kr-h1 is normally expressed when MB neurons do not undergo active morphogenesis, suggesting that it may play a role in inhibiting morphogenesis. Further, loss of endogenous KR-H1 enhanced the neuronal morphogenesis that is otherwise delayed due to defective TGF-beta signaling. However, loss of KR-H1 alone did not affect neuronal morphogenesis. In addition, Kr-h1 expression remains strongly linked to ecdysone-regulated pathways: Kr-h1 expression is regulated by usp, which dimerizes to the ecdysone receptor, and Kr-h1 expression is essential for proper patterning of the ecdysone receptor isoforms in the late larval central nervous system. Thus, although KR-H1 has a potential for modulating neuronal morphogenesis, it appears physiologically involved in coordinating general ecdysone signaling. DA - 2007/10// PY - 2007/10// DO - 10.1002/dneu.20537 VL - 67 IS - 12 SP - 1614-1626 SN - 1932-846X KW - metamorphosis KW - brain plasticity KW - mosaic analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relative efficacy of selected nematicides for management of Rotylenchulus reniformis in cotton AU - Koenning, S. R. AU - Morrison, D. E. AU - Edmisten, K. L. T2 - Nematropica DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - 227-235 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogeography of the Solanaceae-infecting Basidiomycota fungus Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 based on sequence analysis of two nuclear DNA loci AU - Ceresini, Paulo C AU - Shew, H David AU - James, Timothy Y AU - Vilgalys, Rytas J AU - Cubeta, Marc A T2 - BMC Evolutionary Biology AB - The soil fungus Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 3 (AG-3) is an important pathogen of cultivated plants in the family Solanaceae. Isolates of R. solani AG-3 are taxonomically related based on the composition of cellular fatty acids, phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and beta-tubulin gene sequences, and somatic hyphal interactions. Despite the close genetic relationship among isolates of R. solani AG-3, field populations from potato and tobacco exhibit comparative differences in their disease biology, dispersal ecology, host specialization, genetic diversity and population structure. However, little information is available on how field populations of R. solani AG-3 on potato and tobacco are shaped by population genetic processes. In this study, two field populations of R. solani AG-3 from potato in North Carolina (NC) and the Northern USA; and two field populations from tobacco in NC and Southern Brazil were examined using sequence analysis of two cloned regions of nuclear DNA (pP42F and pP89).Populations of R. solani AG-3 from potato were genetically diverse with a high frequency of heterozygosity, while limited or no genetic diversity was observed within the highly homozygous tobacco populations from NC and Brazil. Except for one isolate (TBR24), all NC and Brazilian isolates from tobacco shared the same alleles. No alleles were shared between potato and tobacco populations of R. solani AG-3, indicating no gene flow between them. To infer historical events that influenced current geographical patterns observed for populations of R. solani AG-3 from potato, we performed an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and a nested clade analysis (NCA). Population differentiation was detected for locus pP89 (Phi ST = 0.257, significant at P < 0.05) but not for locus pP42F (Phi ST = 0.034, not significant). Results based on NCA of the pP89 locus suggest that historical restricted gene flow is a plausible explanation for the geographical association of clades. Coalescent-based simulations of genealogical relationships between populations of R. solani AG-3 from potato and tobacco were used to estimate the amount and directionality of historical migration patterns in time, and the ages of mutations of populations. Low rates of historical movement of genes were observed between the potato and tobacco populations of R. solani AG-3.The two sisters populations of the basidiomycete fungus R. solani AG-3 from potato and tobacco represent two genetically distinct and historically divergent lineages that have probably evolved within the range of their particular related Solanaceae hosts as sympatric species. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1186/1471-2148-7-163 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 163 J2 - BMC Evol Biol OP - SN - 1471-2148 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-7-163 DB - Crossref ER - TY - PAT TI - Method of repelling insects AU - Roe, R. M. C2 - 2007/// DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of population structure on genetic diversity of a potential vaccine target in the canine hookworm (Ancylostoma caninum) AU - Moser, Jennifer M. AU - Carbone, Ignazio AU - Arasu, Prema AU - Gibson, Greg T2 - JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AB - Ancylostoma caninum is a globally distributed canine parasitic nematode. To test whether positive selection, population structure, or both affect genetic variation at the candidate vaccine target Ancylostoma secreted protein 1 (asp-1), we have quantified the genetic variation in A. caninum at asp-1 and a mitochondrial gene, cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox-1), using the statistical population analysis tools found in the SNAP Workbench. The mitochondrial gene cox-1 exhibits moderate diversity within 2 North American samples, comparable to the level of variation observed in other parasitic nematodes. The protein coding portion for the C-terminal half of asp-1 shows similar levels of genetic variation in a Wake County, North Carolina, sample as cox-1. Standard tests of neutrality provide little formal evidence for selection acting on this locus, but haplotype networks for 2 of the exon regions have significantly different topologies, consistent with different evolutionary forces shaping variation at either end of a 1.3-kilobase stretch of sequence. Evidence for gene flow among geographically distinct samples suggests that the mobility of hosts of A. caninum is an important contributing factor to the population structure of the parasite. DA - 2007/8// PY - 2007/8// DO - 10.1645/GE-1096R.1 VL - 93 IS - 4 SP - 796-805 SN - 1937-2345 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fly catcher effect in Harmonia axyridis (Pallas)? No attraction to lady beetle images on flight traps AU - Nalepa, Christine A. T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - Field tests were conducted to determine if, at the conclusion of their autumn migratory flight, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) are attracted to and preferentially alight on targets covered with the printed images of lady beetles. There was no significant difference in the number of beetles that landed on targets bearing depictions of coccinellids compared with the number that landed on blank, white controls. Results suggest that commercial traps that rely on images of lady beetles to attract incoming coccinellids are of little practical value. DA - 2007/10// PY - 2007/10// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-42.4.496 VL - 42 IS - 4 SP - 496-500 SN - 0749-8004 KW - coccinellidae KW - aggregation KW - visual orientation KW - local enhancement KW - migratory flight KW - alighting behavior KW - overwintering KW - management ER - TY - JOUR TI - First report of spring dead spot of zoysiagrass caused by Ophiosphaerella korrae in the United States AU - Tredway, L. P. AU - Butler, E. L. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Since 2002, symptoms of an unknown disease have been observed in ‘El Toro’ zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) in several locations across North Carolina. Symptoms become evident in the spring as the zoysiagrass comes out of winter dormancy. Circular or irregularly shaped patches, 10 to 30 cm in diameter, remain dormant as the surrounding turf resumes growth. These patches eventually collapse and die, leaving sunken depressions in the turf stand. After the initial appearance of symptoms, the zoysiagrass slowly recolonizes the patches by spreading inward from the perimeter. Microscopic observation revealed necrotic stolon and root tissue that was colonized by ectotrophic fungal hyphae, whereas leaf and sheath tissue was colonized by species of Curvularia, Colletotrichum, Alternaria, Ascochyta, Drechslera, or Fusarium. Sections of necrotic root and stolon tissue were washed under flowing tap water for 10 min, submersed in 0.6% NaOCl for 5 min, rinsed with sterile dH 2 O, blotted dry, and placed on ¼ strength potato dextrose agar amended with 100 μg/ml each of streptomycin sulfate and chloramphenicol. A total of 50 isolates were obtained from four locations during 2002 and 2003. A fungus resembling Ophiosphaerella spp. was consistently isolated and was confirmed to be Ophiosphaerella korrae by species-specific PCR assays (3) and rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing. Pathogenicity tests were conducted in the field on ‘El Toro’ zoysiagrass at the Lake Wheeler Turfgrass Field Laboratory in Raleigh, NC. Autoclaved rye grain (Secale cereale L.; 200 g of grain, 5.75 g of CaCO 3 , and 220 ml of H 2 O) was infested with one of eight O. korrae isolates. Plots (1 × 1 m) were inoculated on 13 October 2004 by removing an 11-cm-diameter core from the center of each plot to a 5-cm depth, placing 10 cm 3 of infested rye grain in the bottom of the hole, and replacing the core. Noninoculated and uninfested rye grain treatments served as controls, and each treatment was replicated eight times in a randomized complete block. No symptoms were observed in the experimental area during 2005. In April 2006, five isolates (Zrr20, Zrr36, Zrr57, Zrr58, and Zrr59) incited spring dead spot symptoms in at least four of eight inoculated plots. The average diameter of patches induced by these isolates ranged from 7.9 to 11.4 cm. In April 2007, three isolates (Zrr20, Zrr36, and Zrr57) incited symptoms in at least four plots, with average patch diameters ranging from 14.5 to 16.0 cm. These inoculation success rates and patch diameters were similar to those resulting from O. korrae inoculation of bermudagrass conducted on the same date (L. P. Tredway, unpublished data). No symptoms were observed in noninoculated plots or those amended with uninfested rye grain. O. korrae was consistently reisolated from symptomatic stolons and roots in May 2007 to complete Koch's postulates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of spring dead spot of zoysiagrass caused by O. korrae in the United States. Previously, O. herpotricha was shown to induce spring dead spot symptoms on zoysiagrass in Kansas (1), and O. korrae was reported as a zoysiagrass pathogen in Japan (2). To date, we have only observed spring dead spot on the Zoysia japonica ‘El Toro’. References: (1) D. E. Green et al. Plant Dis. 77:1040, 1993. (2) T. Tani. Color Atlas of Turfgrass Diseases. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, MI, 1997. (3) N. A. Tisserat et al. Phytopathology 84:478, 1994. DA - 2007/12// PY - 2007/12// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-91-12-1684A VL - 91 IS - 12 SP - 1684-1684 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of coexisting plant species on soil microbes and soil enzymes in metal lead contaminated soils AU - Yang, Ruyi AU - Tang, Jianjun AU - Chen, Xin AU - Hu, Shuijin T2 - APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY AB - It is not clear whether plant species coexistence can offset the impacts of heavy metal lead (Pb) on soil microbes and soil enzyme activities. We conducted a factorial experiment to investigate the effects of three plant species combinations (1, 2 and 4 species) on soil microbial and soil enzyme properties under three Pb concentrations (0, 300 and 600 mg kg−1 soil). Microbial biomass carbon (MBC), BIOLOG profiles of soil microbes and soil enzyme activities were measured. Under monoculture, elevated Pb did not reduce soil MBC, had no effects on activities of urease, acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase, but stimulated the activity of alkaline phosphatase. Compared to monoculture, plant species coexistence did not significantly affect soil microbial biomass C but increased microbial functional group diversity index and urease activity under different Pb concentrations. In addition, microbial community structure diverged among plant coexistence treatments under each Pb concentration. These results suggested that coexistence of plant species might alleviate the effects of metal lead on soil microbes and reducing metal lead effect on urease activity. DA - 2007/11// PY - 2007/11// DO - 10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.07.004 VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 240-246 SN - 1873-0272 KW - plant coexistence KW - heavy metal lead KW - soil microbes KW - soil enzyme activities ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of organnic, sustainable, and conventional management strategies in grower fields on soil physical, chemical, and biological factors and the incidence of Southern blight AU - Liu, Bo AU - Tu, Cong AU - Hu, Shuijin AU - Gumpertz, Marcia AU - Ristaino, Jean Beagle T2 - APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY AB - The objectives of our research were to evaluate the impact of organic, sustainable, and conventional management strategies in grower fields on soil physical, chemical, and biological factors including soil microbial species and functional diversity and their effect on the Basidiomycete plant pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii, causal agent of Southern blight. Soils from 10 field locations including conventional, organic and sustainable farms were sampled and assayed for disease suppressiveness in greenhouse assays, and soil quality indicators. Soils from organic and sustainable farms were more suppressive to Southern blight than soils from conventional farms. Soils from organic farms had improved soil chemical factors and higher levels of extractable C and N, higher microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, and net mineralizable N. In addition, soil microbial respiration was higher in soils from organic than sustainable or conventional farms, indicating that microbial activity was greater in these soils. Populations of fungi and thermophiles were significantly higher in soils from organic and sustainable than conventional fields. The diversity of bacterial functional communities was also greater in soils from organic farms, while species diversity was similar. Soils from organic and sustainable farms had improved soil health as indicated by a number of soil physical, chemical and biological factors and reduced disease. DA - 2007/11// PY - 2007/11// DO - 10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.06.007 VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 202-214 SN - 1873-0272 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34748831003&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - chemical and biological properties KW - organic and conventional farms KW - microbial communities KW - functional diversity KW - species diversity KW - biolog KW - DGGE ER - TY - JOUR TI - Divergent evolution of arrested development in the dauer stage of Caenorhabditis elegans and the infective stage of Heterodera glycines AU - Elling, Axel A. AU - Mitreva, Makedonka AU - Recknor, Justin AU - Gai, Xiaowu AU - Martin, John AU - Maier, Thomas R. AU - McDermott, Jeffrey P. AU - Hewezi, Tarek AU - Bird, David Mck AU - Davis, Eric L. AU - Hussey, Richard S. AU - Nettleton, Dan AU - McCarter, James P. AU - Baum, Thomas J. T2 - GENOME BIOLOGY AB - The soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines is the most important parasite in soybean production worldwide. A comprehensive analysis of large-scale gene expression changes throughout the development of plant-parasitic nematodes has been lacking to date. We report an extensive genomic analysis of H. glycines, beginning with the generation of 20,100 expressed sequence tags (ESTs). In-depth analysis of these ESTs plus approximately 1,900 previously published sequences predicted 6,860 unique H. glycines genes and allowed a classification by function using InterProScan. Expression profiling of all 6,860 genes throughout the H. glycines life cycle was undertaken using the Affymetrix Soybean Genome Array GeneChip. Our data sets and results represent a comprehensive resource for molecular studies of H. glycines. Demonstrating the power of this resource, we were able to address whether arrested development in the Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larva and the H. glycines infective second-stage juvenile (J2) exhibits shared gene expression profiles. We determined that the gene expression profiles associated with the C. elegans dauer pathway are not uniformly conserved in H. glycines and that the expression profiles of genes for metabolic enzymes of C. elegans dauer larvae and H. glycines infective J2 are dissimilar. Our results indicate that hallmark gene expression patterns and metabolism features are not shared in the developmentally arrested life stages of C. elegans and H. glycines, suggesting that developmental arrest in these two nematode species has undergone more divergent evolution than previously thought and pointing to the need for detailed genomic analyses of individual parasite species. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r211 VL - 8 IS - 10 SP - SN - 1474-760X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-42949087595&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Two new species and three lectotypifications in the Ibatia-Matelea complex (Apocynaceae : Asclepiadoideae) from northern South America AU - Krings, Alexander AU - Saville, Amanda C. T2 - SYSTEMATIC BOTANY DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1600/036364407783390809 VL - 32 IS - 4 SP - 862-871 SN - 1548-2324 KW - Gonolobinae KW - Matelea fontana KW - Matelea pacifica KW - morphology ER - TY - BOOK TI - The North Carolina winegrape grower's guide AU - Albertson, A. L. AU - Mitchem, W. E. AU - Poling, E. B. AU - Safley, C. D. AU - Sutton, T. B. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// PB - Raleigh, NC: N.C. Cooperative Extension Service ER - TY - JOUR TI - Specificity in chemical profiles of workers, brood and mutualistic fungi in Atta, Acromyrmex, and Sericomyrmex fungus-growing ants AU - Richard, Freddie-Jeanne AU - Poulsen, Michael AU - Drijfhout, Falko AU - Jones, Graeme AU - Boomsma, Jacobus J. T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY DA - 2007/12// PY - 2007/12// DO - 10.1007/s10886-007-9385-z VL - 33 IS - 12 SP - 2281-2292 SN - 1573-1561 KW - cuticular hydrocarbons KW - colony odor KW - recognition KW - symbiosis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Silencing of the aflatoxin gene cluster in a diploid strain of Aspergillus flavus is suppressed by ectopic aflR expression AU - Smith, Carrie A. AU - Woloshuk, Charles P. AU - Robertson, Dominique AU - Payne, Gary A. T2 - GENETICS AB - Abstract Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by a 70-kb cluster of genes in Aspergillus flavus. The cluster genes are coordinately regulated and reside as a single copy within the genome. Diploids between a wild-type strain and a mutant (649) lacking the aflatoxin gene cluster fail to produce aflatoxin or transcripts of the aflatoxin pathway genes. This dominant phenotype is rescued in diploids between a wild-type strain and a transformant of the mutant containing an ectopic copy of aflR, the transcriptional regulator of the aflatoxin biosynthetic gene cluster. Further characterization of the mutant showed that it is missing 317 kb of chromosome III, including the known genes for aflatoxin biosynthesis. In addition, 939 kb of chromosome II is present as a duplication on chromosome III in the region previously containing the aflatoxin gene cluster. The lack of aflatoxin production in the diploid was not due to a unique or a mis-expressed repressor of aflR. Instead a form of reversible silencing based on the position of aflR is likely preventing the aflatoxin genes from being expressed in 649 × wild-type diploids. Gene expression analysis revealed the silencing effect is specific to the aflatoxin gene cluster. DA - 2007/8// PY - 2007/8// DO - 10.1534/genetics.107.073460 VL - 176 IS - 4 SP - 2077-2086 SN - 1943-2631 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Resistance of transgenic tall fescue to two major fungal diseases AU - Dong, Shujie AU - Tredway, Lane P. AU - Shew, H. David AU - Wang, Guo-Liang AU - Sivamani, Elumalai AU - Qu, Rongda T2 - PLANT SCIENCE AB - Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is an open-pollinated, perennial, cool-season turf and forage grass species of great economic importance. The main problems of maintenance of tall fescue, and many other turfgrasses, are two severe fungal diseases: gray leaf spot caused by Magnaporthe grisea, and brown patch caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Three genes from various sources have been introduced into two elite cultivars, ‘Coronado’ and ‘Matador’, of tall fescue through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, and conferred resistance to the diseases. Two genes, the alfalfa β-1,3-glucanase AGLU1 gene and a truncated frog dermaseptin SI gene, conferred resistance to both diseases. The rice Pi9 gene was specific against gray leaf spot. Of 15 T0 transgenic plants examined, 6 showed high levels of resistance to M. grisea, and 3 had enhanced resistance to R. solani. The resistance in most of these cases was highly significant. DA - 2007/11// PY - 2007/11// DO - 10.1016/j.plantsci.2007.08.002 VL - 173 IS - 5 SP - 501-509 SN - 0168-9452 KW - alfalfa AGLU1 gene KW - dermaseptin SI gene KW - fungal resistance KW - Magnaporthe grisea KW - Rhizoctonia solani KW - rice Pi9 gene ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantitative detection of double-stranded RNA-mediated gene silencing of parasitism genes in Heterodera glycines AU - Sukno, S. A. AU - McCuiston, J. AU - Wong, M. Y. AU - Wang, X. H. AU - Thon, M. R. AU - Hussey, R. AU - Baum, T. AU - Davis, E. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 39 IS - 2 SP - 145-152 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polyandry by wood mice in natural populations AU - Booth, W. AU - Montgomery, W. I. AU - Prodohl, P. A. T2 - Journal of Zoology (London, England : 1987) DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 273 IS - 2 SP - 176-182 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogeny and systematics of Diptera: Two decades of progress and prospects AU - Yeates, D. K. AU - Wiegmann, B. M. AU - Courtney, G. W. AU - Meier, R. AU - Lambkin, C. AU - Pape, T. T2 - Zootaxa DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// IS - 1668 SP - 565-590 ER - TY - JOUR TI - IPM program successful in California greenhouse cut roses AU - Casey, C. AU - Newman, J. AU - Robb, K. AU - Tjosvold, S. A. AU - MacDonald, J. D. AU - Parrella, M. P. T2 - California Agriculture (Berkeley, Calif.) DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 61 IS - 2 SP - 71-78 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The appendage role of insect disco genes and possible implications on the evolution of the maggot larval form AU - Patel, Mukund AU - Farzana, Laila AU - Robertson, Lisa K. AU - Hutchinson, Jennifer AU - Grubbs, Nathaniel AU - Shepherd, Mark N. AU - Mahaffey, James W. T2 - DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY AB - Though initially identified as necessary for neural migration, Disconnected and its partially redundant paralog, Disco-related, are required for proper head segment identity during Drosophila embryogenesis. Here, we present evidence that these genes are also required for proper ventral appendage development during development of the adult fly, where they specify medial to distal appendage development. Cells lacking the disco genes cannot contribute to the medial and distal portions of ventral appendages. Further, ectopic disco transforms dorsal appendages toward ventral fates; in wing discs, the medial and distal leg development pathways are activated. Interestingly, this appendage role is conserved in the red flour beetle, Tribolium (where legs develop during embryogenesis), yet in the beetle we found no evidence for a head segmentation role. The lack of an embryonic head specification role in Tribolium could be interpreted as a loss of the head segmentation function in Tribolium or gain of this function during evolution of flies. However, we suggest an alternative explanation. We propose that the disco genes always function as appendage factors, but their appendage nature is masked during Drosophila embryogenesis due to the reduction of limb fields in the maggot style Drosophila larva. DA - 2007/9/1/ PY - 2007/9/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.06.017 VL - 309 IS - 1 SP - 56-69 SN - 0012-1606 KW - drosophila KW - segment identity KW - zinc finger KW - appendage KW - limb KW - pattern formation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sequence and the developmental and tissue-specific regulation of the first complete vitellogenin messenger RNA from ticks responsible for heme sequestration AU - Deborah, M. Thompson AU - Khalil, Sayed M. S. AU - Jeffers, Laura A. AU - Sonenshine, Daniel E. AU - Mitchell, Robert D. AU - Osgood, Christopher J. AU - Roe, R. Michael T2 - INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB - The first full-length mRNA for vitellogenin (Vg) from ticks was sequenced. This also represents the first complete sequence of Vg from the Chelicerata and of a heme binding Vg. The Vg cDNA from the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis was 5744nt in length (GenBank Accession number AY885250), which coded for a protein of 1843 aa with a calculated molecular weight of 208 kD. This protein had an 18 aa signal sequence, a single RXXR cleavage signal that would generate two subunits (49.5 and 157K in molecular weight) and lipoprotein N-terminal and carboxy von Willebrand factor type D domains. Tryptic digest MS analysis of vitellin protein confirmed the function of the cDNA as the tick yolk protein. Apparently, vitellin in D. variabilis is oligomeric (possibly dimeric) and is comprised of a mixture of the uncleaved monomer and subunits that were predicted from the single RXXR cleavage signal. The highly conserved GL/ICG motif close to the C-terminus in insect Vg genes was different in the tick Vg message, i.e., GLCS. This variant was also present in a partial sequence of Vg from Boophilus microplus. Phylogenic analysis showed that the full length Vg cDNA from D. variabilis and the partial cDNA from B. microplus were distinct from insects and Crustacea. The Vg message was not found in whole body RNA from unfed or fed males or in unfed and partially fed (virgin) females as determined by Northern blotting. The message was found in replete (mated) pre-ovipositional females, increased to higher levels in ovipositing females and was absent after egg laying was complete. The endocrine regulation of the Vg mRNA is discussed. The tissue sources of the Vg message are both the gut and fat body. Tryptic digest MS fingerprinting suggests that a second Vg mRNA might be present in the American dog tick, which needs further study. DA - 2007/4// PY - 2007/4// DO - 10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.01.004 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 363-374 SN - 0965-1748 KW - vitellogenin KW - vitellin KW - ticks KW - Acari KW - American dog tick KW - Dermacentor variabilis KW - heme ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular characterization, tissue-specific expression and RNAi knockdown of the first vitellogenin receptor from a tick AU - Mitchell, Robert D., III AU - Ross, Elizabeth AU - Osgood, Christopher AU - Sonenshine, Daniel E. AU - Donohue, Kevin V. AU - Khalil, Sayed M. AU - Thompson, Deborah M. AU - Roe, R. Michael T2 - INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB - This is the first full-length message for a vitellogenin receptor (VgR) sequenced from ticks. VgRs, members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) superfamily, mediate the uptake of the yolk protein, vitellogenin (Vg), from the hemolymph. The VgR message from the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (GenBank accession No. DQ103506.4) comprised 5673 bp which coded for a 1798 aa deduced protein with a predicted 196.6 kDa molecular mass. After removing the 20 aa signal peptide, the 1778 aa deduced mature protein had a predicted 196.6 kDa molecular mass. BLAST comparisons showed the highest similarity to the VgR of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. VgR message was expressed in mated female ovary but absent in female midgut and salivary glands or whole body mRNA from blood fed males, indicating that it is both sex and tissue specific. VgR transcript was absent in virgin (previtellogenic) females but present in ovaries of mated females following drop off. RNAi showed that unfed adult ticks injected with a VgR-dsRNA probe failed to lay eggs, develop brown eggs or fully express VgR transcript (Northern blots). In contrast, controls oviposited numerous normal brown eggs and showed strong expression of VgR transcripts. These results show that the expression of the VgR message is essential for Vg uptake and egg development in the American dog tick. DA - 2007/4// PY - 2007/4// DO - 10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.01.005 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 375-388 SN - 1879-0240 KW - American dog tick KW - Dermacentor variabilis KW - ticks KW - vitellogenin KW - vitellogenin receptor KW - reproduction KW - RNAi ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term effects of organic and synthetic soil fertility amendments on soil microbial communities and the development of southern blight AU - Liu, Bo AU - Gumpertz, Marcia L. AU - Hu, Shuijin AU - Ristaino, Jean Beagle T2 - SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY AB - The effects of tillage and soil fertility amendments on the relationship between the suppressiveness of soils to southern blight and soil physical, chemical and biological factors were examined in experimental station plots in North Carolina. Main plots were either tilled frequently or surface-mulched after one initial tillage. Organic soil amendments including composted cotton gin trash, composted poultry manure, an incorporated rye–vetch green manure, or synthetic fertilizer were applied to subplots in a split-plot design experiment. Incidence of southern blight was lower in surfaced-mulched than tilled soils. Incidence of southern blight was also lower in soils amended with cotton gin trash than those amended with poultry manure, rye–vetch green manure or synthetic fertilizer. Soil water content was negatively correlated with the incidence of disease in both years. Disease incidence was negatively correlated with the level of potassium, calcium, cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation (BS) and humic matter in 2002, and net mineralizable nitrogen in 2001. Although, populations of thermophilic organisms were significantly higher in soils amended with cotton gin trash than the other three fertility amendments in each year, there was no significant correlation between the populations of thermophiles and incidence of the disease. Bacterial community diversity indices based on community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) were significantly higher in soils amended with cotton gin trash than those amended with poultry manure, green manure or synthetic fertilizer. There was a significant negative correlation between the incidence of southern blight, and CLPP and DGGE diversity indices. Greater differences in the richness of bacterial functional groups than genotypes were observed. These results demonstrate that organic soil fertility amendments and cotton gin trash in particular, reduced the development of the disease and affected soil physical, chemical and biological parameters. DA - 2007/9// PY - 2007/9// DO - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.04.001 VL - 39 IS - 9 SP - 2302-2316 SN - 1879-3428 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34250215285&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Sclerotium rolfsii KW - soil physical KW - chemical and biological parameters KW - organic and synthetic fertility amendments KW - disease KW - microbial communities KW - BIOLOG KW - DGGE ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification and characterization of 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica AU - Booth, W. AU - Bogdanowicz, S. M. AU - Prodohl, P. A. AU - Harrison, R. G. AU - Schal, C. AU - Vargo, E. L. T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES AB - Abstract Primer sequences and initial characterization are presented for 10 microsatellite loci isolated from the German cockroach, Blattella germanica . In a sample of 30 individuals from a single population sample, all loci were polymorphic with two to 12 alleles segregating per locus and levels of observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.27 to 0.92. One locus showed a deficit of heterozygotes. Experimental conditions are described for polymerase chain reaction multiplexing, which enables the genotyping of eight loci in three electrophoretic runs consisting of one set of three and two sets of two markers. Seven primer sets cross‐amplify in the related Blattella asahinai . DA - 2007/7// PY - 2007/7// DO - 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01663.x VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - 648-650 SN - 1471-8278 KW - B. asahinai KW - B. germanica KW - dinucleotide microsatellite KW - multiplex PCR KW - tetranucleotide microsatellite KW - trinucleotide microsatellite ER - TY - JOUR TI - Experimental evaluation of Musca domestica (Diptera : Muscidae) as a vector of Newcastle disease virus AU - Watson, D. Wes AU - Nino, Elina L. AU - Rochon, Kateryn AU - Denning, Steve AU - Smith, Lynda AU - Guy, James S. T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - House flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), were examined for their ability to harbor and transmit Newcastle disease virus (family Paramyxoviridae, genus Avulavirus, NDV) by using a mesogenic NDV strain. Laboratory-reared flies were experimentally exposed to NDV (Roakin strain) by allowing flies to imbibe an inoculum consisting of chicken embryo-propagated virus. NDV was detected in dissected crops and intestinal tissues from exposed flies for up to 96 and 24 h postexposure, respectively; no virus was detected in crops and intestines of sham-exposed flies. The potential of the house fly to directly transmit NDV to live chickens was examined by placing 14-d-old chickens in contact with NDV-exposed house flies 2 h after flies consumed NDV inoculum. NDV-exposed house flies contained approximately 10(4) 50% infectious doses (ID50) per fly, but no transmission of NDV was observed in chickens placed in contact with exposed flies at densities as high as 25 flies per bird. Subsequent dose-response studies demonstrated that oral exposure, the most likely route for fly-to-chicken transmission, required an NDV (Roakin) dose > or =10(6) ID50. These results indicate that house flies are capable of harboring NDV (Roakin) but that they are poor vectors of the virus because they carry an insufficient virus titer to cause infection. DA - 2007/7// PY - 2007/7// DO - 10.1603/0022-2585(2007)44[666:EEOMDD]2.0.CO;2 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - 666-671 SN - 0022-2585 KW - Newcastle disease KW - house fly KW - disease vector KW - poultry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of tomato spotted wilt virus isolates, host plants, and temperature on survival, size, and development time of Frankliniella occidentalis AU - Stumpf, Christof F. AU - Kennedy, George G. T2 - ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA AB - Abstract Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) replicates in both its plant hosts and its thrips vectors. Replication of TSWV within thrips suggests the potential for pathological effects that could affect the fitness of its vectors directly, whereas infection of the plant may alter its suitability as a host for thrips development. This study was undertaken to examine the influence of TSWV isolate, host plant, and temperature on potential direct and host‐mediated effects of virus infection of the thrips and the plant on Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), an important vector of TSWV. Neonate F. occidentalis were reared to adult eclosion on excised foliage of Datura stramonium (L.) (Solanaceae) or Emilia sonchifolia (L.) (Compositae) infected with either the CFL or RG2 isolate of TSWV, or not infected. Effects of the TSWV isolates and host plants on thrips were measured at 18.3, 23.9, and 29.4 °C. Results demonstrate significantly improved survival and a small but significant decrease in development time of F. occidentalis on TSWV‐infected plants. These effects resulted from the combined influence of the direct effects of the virus on infected thrips and plant‐mediated effects resulting from virus infection of the thrips’ host plant. Our results extend previous findings and help to explain inconsistencies among previously published reports by demonstrating that the manifestation and magnitude of effects of TSWV on F. occidentalis are dependent on host plant, virus isolate, and temperature. DA - 2007/5// PY - 2007/5// DO - 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2007.00541.x VL - 123 IS - 2 SP - 139-147 SN - 1570-7458 KW - insect vector KW - plant disease KW - western flower thrips KW - Thysanoptera KW - Thripidae KW - TSWV ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comprehensive transcriptome profiling in tomato reveals a role for glycosyltransferase in Mi-mediated nematode resistance AU - Schaff, Jennifer E. AU - Nielsen, Dahlia M. AU - Smith, Chris P. AU - Scholl, Elizabeth H. AU - Bird, David Mck. T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Root-knot nematode (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) is a major crop pathogen worldwide. Effective resistance exists for a few plant species, including that conditioned by Mi in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). We interrogated the root transcriptome of the resistant (Mi+) and susceptible (Mi-) cultivars 'Motelle' and 'Moneymaker,' respectively, during a time-course infection by the Mi-susceptible RKN species Meloidogyne incognita and the Mi-resistant species Meloidogyne hapla. In the absence of RKN infection, only a single significantly regulated gene, encoding a glycosyltransferase, was detected. However, RKN infection influenced the expression of broad suites of genes; more than half of the probes on the array identified differential gene regulation between infected and uninfected root tissue at some stage of RKN infection. We discovered 217 genes regulated during the time of RKN infection corresponding to establishment of feeding sites, and 58 genes that exhibited differential regulation in resistant roots compared to uninfected roots, including the glycosyltransferase. Using virus-induced gene silencing to silence the expression of this gene restored susceptibility to M. incognita in 'Motelle,' indicating that this gene is necessary for resistance to RKN. Collectively, our data provide a picture of global gene expression changes in roots during compatible and incompatible associations with RKN, and point to candidates for further investigation. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1104/pp.106.090241 VL - 144 IS - 2 SP - 1079-1092 SN - 1532-2548 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34250617089&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - BOOK TI - Cockroaches: Ecology, behavior, and natural history AU - Bell, W. J. AU - Roth, L.. M. AU - Nalepa, C. A. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// PB - Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press SN - 0801886163 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Active uptake of cyst nematode parasitism proteins into the plant cell nucleus AU - Elling, Axel A. AU - Davis, Eric L. AU - Hussey, Richard S. AU - Baum, Thomas J. T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY AB - Cyst nematodes produce parasitism proteins that contain putative nuclear localisation signals (NLSs) and, therefore, are predicted to be imported into the nucleus of the host plant cell. The in planta localisation patterns of eight soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) parasitism proteins with putative NLSs were determined by producing these proteins as translational fusions with the GFP and GUS reporter proteins. Two parasitism proteins were found to be imported into the nuclei of onion epidermal cells as well as Arabidopsis protoplasts. One of these two parasitism proteins was further transported into the nucleoli. Mutations introduced into the NLS domains of these two proteins abolished nuclear import and caused a cytoplasmic accumulation. Furthermore, we observed active nuclear uptake for three additional parasitism proteins, however, only when these proteins were synthesised as truncated forms. Two of these proteins were further transported into nucleoli. We hypothesise that nuclear uptake and nucleolar localisation are important mechanisms for H. glycines to modulate the nuclear biology of parasitised cells of its host plant. DA - 2007/9// PY - 2007/9// DO - 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.03.012 VL - 37 IS - 11 SP - 1269-1279 SN - 1879-0135 KW - Heterodera glycines KW - NLS KW - nucleus KW - secretion KW - plant-parasitic nematode ER - TY - JOUR TI - The evolutionary history of Cytochrome P450 genes in four filamentous Ascomycetes AU - Deng, Jixin AU - Carbone, Ignazio AU - Dean, Ralph A. T2 - BMC EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Background The Cytochrome P450 system is important in fungal evolution for adapting to novel ecological niches. To elucidate the evolutionary process of cytochrome P450 genes in fungi with different life styles, we studied the patterns of gene gains and losses in the genomes of four filamentous Ascomycetes, including two saprotrophs ( Aspergillus nidulans (AN) and Neurospora crassa (NC)) and two plant pathogens ( Fusarium graminearum (FG) and Magnaporthe grisea (MG)). Results A total of 376 P450 genes were assigned to 168 families according to standard nomenclature. On average, only 1 to 2 genes per family were in each genome. To resolve conflicting results between different clustering analyses and standard family designation, a higher order relationship was formulated. 376 genes were clustered into 115 clans. Subsequently a novel approach based on parsimony was developed to build the evolutionary models. Based on these analyses, a core of 30 distinct clans of P450s was defined. The core clans experienced contraction in all four fungal lineages while new clans expanded in all with exception of NC. MG experienced more genes and clans gains compared to the other fungi. Parsimonious analyses unanimously supported one species topology for the four fungi. Conclusion The four studied fungi exhibit unprecedented diversity in their P450omes in terms of coding sequence, intron-exon structures and genome locations, suggesting a complicated evolutionary history of P450s in filamentous Ascomycetes. Clan classification and a novel strategy were developed to study evolutionary history. Contraction of core clans and expansion of novel clans were identified. The exception was the NC lineage, which exhibited pure P450 gene loss. DA - 2007/2/26/ PY - 2007/2/26/ DO - 10.1186/1471-2148-7-30 VL - 7 SP - SN - 1471-2148 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of elevated temperature on gene transcription and aflatoxin biosynthesis AU - OBrian, G. R. AU - Georgianna, D. R. AU - Wilkinson, J. R. AU - Yu, J. AU - Abbas, H. K. AU - Bhatnagar, D. AU - Cleveland, T. E. AU - Nierman, W. AU - Payne, G. A. T2 - MYCOLOGIA AB - The molecular regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis is complex and influenced by several environmental conditions; one of these is temperature. Aflatoxins are produced optimally at 28–30 C, and production decreases as temperatures approach 37 C, the optimum temperature for fungal growth. To better characterize the influence of temperature on aflatoxin biosynthesis, we monitored the accumulation of aflatoxin and the expression of more than 5000 genes in Aspergillus flavus at 28 C and 37 C. A total of 144 genes were expressed differentially (P < 0.001) between the two temperatures. Among the 103 genes more highly expressed at 28 C, approximately 25% were involved in secondary metabolism and about 30% were classified as hypothetical. Genes encoding a catalase and superoxide dismutase were among those more highly expressed at 37 C. As anticipated we also found that all the aflatoxin biosynthetic genes were much more highly expressed at 28 C relative to 37 C. To our surprise expression of the pathway regulatory genes aflR and aflS, as well as aflR antisense, did not differ between the two temperatures. These data indicate that the failure of A. flavus to produce aflatoxin at 37 C is not due to lack of transcription of aflR or aflS. One explanation is that AFLR is nonfunctional at high temperatures. Regardless, the factor(s) sensing the elevated temperatures must be acute. When aflatoxin-producing cultures are transferred to 37 C they immediately stop producing aflatoxin. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.3852/mycologia.99.2.232 VL - 99 IS - 2 SP - 232-239 SN - 0027-5514 KW - AFLR KW - biosynthesis KW - micro-arrays ER - TY - JOUR TI - The diversity of Bt resistance genes in species of Lepidoptera AU - Heckel, David G. AU - Gahan, Linda J. AU - Baxter, Simon W. AU - Zhao, Jian-Zhou AU - Shelton, Anthony M. AU - Gould, Fred AU - Tabashnik, Bruce E. T2 - JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY AB - Although the mode of action of Cry1A toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis is fairly well understood, knowledge of the molecular mechanisms by which lepidopteran species have evolved resistance to them is still in its infancy. The most common type of resistance has been called "Mode 1" and is characterized by recessive inheritance, >500-fold resistance to and reduced binding by at least one Cry1A toxin, and negligible cross-resistance to Cry1C. In three lepidopteran species, Heliothis virescens, Pectinophora gossypiella, and Helicoverpa armigera, Mode 1 resistance is caused by mutations in a toxin-binding 12-cadherin-domain protein expressed in the larval midgut. These mutations all interrupt the primary sequence of the protein and prevent its normal localization in the membrane, presumably removing a major toxic binding target of the Cry1A toxins. In Plutella xylostella, however, Mode 1 resistance appears to be caused by a different genetic mechanism, as Cry1A resistance is unlinked to the cadherin gene. Mapping studies in H. virescens have detected an additional major Cry1A resistance gene, which on the basis of comparative linkage mapping is distinct from the one in P. xylostella. An additional resistance mechanism supported by genetic data involves a protoxin-processing protease in Plodia interpunctella, and this is likely to be different from the genes mapped in Plutella and Heliothis. Thus, resistance to Cry1A toxins in species of Lepidoptera has a complex genetic basis, with at least four distinct, major resistance genes of which three are mapped in one or more species. The connection between resistance genes and the mechanisms they encode remains a challenging task to elucidate. DA - 2007/7// PY - 2007/7// DO - 10.1016/j.jip.2007.03.008 VL - 95 IS - 3 SP - 192-197 SN - 0022-2011 KW - Heliothis virescens KW - Plutella xylostella KW - Helicoverpa armigera KW - Pectinophora gossypiella KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - Cry1A toxin KW - genetics KW - resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phytoseiidae (Acari : Mesostigmata) from cover crops in western North Carolina AU - Mangini, Alex C. AU - Hain, Fred P. T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE DA - 2007/7// PY - 2007/7// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-42.3.415 VL - 42 IS - 3 SP - 415-420 SN - 0749-8004 KW - Tetranychidae KW - Abies fraseri KW - soil microarthropods KW - ground cover KW - biological control ER - TY - JOUR TI - Induced systemic resistance and the role of binucleate Rhizoctonia and Trichoderma hamatum 382 in biocontrol of Botrytis blight in geranium AU - Olson, Heather A. AU - Benson, D. Michael T2 - BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AB - Three root-colonizing fungi, binucleate Rhizoctonia (BNR) isolates BNR621 and P9023 and Trichoderma hamatum isolate 382 (T382), were studied for suppression of Botrytis blight in geranium by induction of host systemic resistance. Resistance to Botrytis blight was observed in geraniums transplanted into potting mix amended with formulations of P9023 and T382 2 weeks prior to inoculation with Botrytis cinerea when grown under environments either highly or less conducive to disease development. In the less conducive environment, P9023 and T382 provided protection equal to (P < 0.0001) the fungicide control. Specific stages in infection by B. cinerea were tested by counting germination of conidia in leaf extracts or by assessing lesion size in detached leaves taken from BNR- and T382-treated geraniums. No differences in conidial germination were observed. Lesion area results depended on time between application of inducing agents and detachment of leaves for inoculation. In geranium leaves detached and inoculated 7 days after topdressing with a Pesta formulation of BNR621 and P9023, AUDPC calculated from lesion area was smaller (P < 0.0001) than T382 and the inoculated control. Whereas, leaves detached and inoculated 14 days after topdressing with a formulation of T382 had a smaller (P < 0.0001) AUDPC from lesion area than plants treated with BNR621. Restriction of lesion development may play a role in the suppression of Botrytis blight in geranium. Our results may be the first to demonstrate induced systemic resistance by BNR fungi to a foliar pathogen and support additional research into use of T382 in an integrated management program for B. cinerea. DA - 2007/8// PY - 2007/8// DO - 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2007.05.009 VL - 42 IS - 2 SP - 233-241 SN - 1090-2112 KW - binucleate Rhizoctonia KW - Trichoderma hamatum KW - Botrytis cinerea KW - geranium KW - biological control KW - induced resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - First report of Phoma terrestris causing red root rot on sweet corn (Zea mays) in North Carolina. AU - Koenning, S. R. AU - Frye, J. W. AU - Pataky, J. K. AU - Gibbs, M. AU - Cotton, D. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Red root rot, caused by Phoma terrestris E. M. Hansen, caused premature senescence and yield reductions to fresh-market sweet corn in Hyde County, North Carolina in July 2006. Foliar symptoms developed over a period of 5 to 8 days approximately 1 to 2 weeks after anthesis and included desiccation of leaves and poor development of ears. By 3 weeks after pollination, when the sweet corn was harvested, crowns and the first aboveground internode of affected plants were rotted and reddish colored, but roots appeared normal. The root mass of affected plants tended to be greater than that of unaffected plants. Incidence of symptomatic plants was greater than 30% in some fields and was lower on crops planted and harvested early. Symptomatic and asymptomatic plants were adjacent in affected fields. Diseased plants were more common in fields of sweet corn that followed soybean (Glycine max) or a double-crop of onions (Allium cepa) than in fields that followed corn. Incidence of symptomatic plants also differed among adjacent plantings of different sweet corn hybrids. Hybrids ‘173A’, ‘182A’, ‘378a’, and ‘XTH1178’ had a high incidence of symptomatic plants and ‘372A’, ‘278A’, ‘8101’, and ‘8102’ were less affected. Samples of symptomatic plants of the hybrid ‘182A’ were examined at the North Carolina Plant Disease and Insect Clinic during August. Olivaceous black pycnidia with long setae around the ostioles were imbedded in the stalk near the first node aboveground. Numerous conidia (1.8 to 2.3 × 4.5 to 5.5 μm) were released in cirri from pycnidia. When cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA), the fungus produced a red pigment and intercalary and terminal chlamydospores. Pathogenicity was demonstrated in the greenhouse by transplanting corn seedlings or direct-seeding corn into pots of soil infested with plates of PDA containing chlamydospores and hyphae. A suspension of chlamydospores and hyphae also was injected into the stems of plants 28 days after transplanting. Five replicates of the pathogenicity experiments were repeated twice with noninoculated controls. After 8 weeks, P. terrestris was recovered from the roots of all inoculated plants. Soil inoculation resulted in necrotic root tissue in approximately 25% of inoculated plants. Approximately 90% of inoculated plants had discolored crowns that resembled symptoms from field infected plants. Stem inoculations resulted in necrosis extending 2 to 5 cm from the point of injection and resulted in shoot death of 40% of inoculated plants that resulted in the development of an adventitious shoot. Red root rot was prevalent on field corn in the Delmarva Peninsula throughout the late 1980s and 1990s (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of this disease causing damage to sweet corn in North Carolina. Foliar symptoms and discoloration of crowns of diseased sweet corn plants were similar to previously described symptoms of red root rot on field corn (2), however, roots of affected sweet corn plants were not substantially rotted and did not have a symptomatic reddish pink or dark carmine color, presumably because sweet corn is harvested prior to the development of root symptoms. References: (1) K. W. Campbell et al. Plant Dis. 75:1186, 1991. (2) D. G. White, ed. Compendium of Corn Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, MN, 1999. DA - 2007/8// PY - 2007/8// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-91-8-1054C VL - 91 IS - 8 SP - 1054-1054 SN - 0191-2917 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expressed sequence tags from Phytophthora sojae reveal genes specific to development and infection AU - Torto-Alalibo, Trudy A. AU - Tripathy, Sucheta AU - Smith, Brian M. AU - Arredondo, Felipe D. AU - Zhou, Lecong AU - Li, Hua AU - Chibucos, Marcus C. AU - Qutob, Dinah AU - Gijzen, Mark AU - Mao, Chunhong AU - Sobral, Bruno W. S. AU - Waugh, Mark E. AU - Mitchell, Thomas K. AU - Dean, Ralph A. AU - Tyler, Brett M. T2 - MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS AB - Six unique expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries were generated from four developmental stages of Phytophthora sojae P6497. RNA was extracted from mycelia, swimming zoospores, germinating cysts, and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cv. Harosoy tissues heavily infected with P. sojae. Three libraries were created from mycelia growing on defined medium, complex medium, and nutrient-limited medium. The 26,943 high-quality sequences obtained clustered into 7,863 unigenes composed of 2,845 contigs and 5,018 singletons. The total number of P. sojae unigenes matching sequences in the genome assembly was 7,412 (94%). Of these unigenes, 7,088 (90%) matched gene models predicted from the P. sojae sequence assembly, but only 2,047 (26%) matched P. ramorum gene models. Analysis of EST frequency from different growth conditions and morphological stages revealed genes that were specific to or highly represented in particular growth conditions and life stages. Additionally, our results indicate that, during infection, the pathogen derives most of its carbon and energy via glycolysis of sugars in the plant. Sequences identified with putative roles in pathogenesis included avirulence homologs possessing the RxLR motif, elicitins, and hydrolytic enzymes. This large collection of P. sojae ESTs will serve as a valuable public genomic resource. DA - 2007/7// PY - 2007/7// DO - 10.1094/MPMI-20-7-0781 VL - 20 IS - 7 SP - 781-793 SN - 1943-7706 KW - effectors ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disruption of a maize 9-lipoxygenase results in increased resistance to fungal pathogens and reduced levels of contamination with mycotoxin fumonisin AU - Gao, Xiquan AU - Shim, Won-Bo AU - Goebel, Cornelia AU - Kunze, Susan AU - Feussner, Ivo AU - Meeley, Robert AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter AU - Kolomiets, Michael T2 - MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS AB - Plant oxylipins, produced via the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway, function as signals in defense and development. In fungi, oxylipins are potent regulators of mycotoxin biosynthesis and sporogenesis. Previous studies showed that plant 9-LOX-derived fatty acid hydroperoxides induce conidiation and mycotoxin production. Here, we tested the hypothesis that oxylipins produced by the maize 9-LOX pathway are required by pathogens to produce spores and mycotoxins and to successfully colonize the host. Maize mutants were generated in which the function of a 9-LOX gene, ZmLOX3, was abolished by an insertion of a Mutator transposon in its coding sequence, which resulted in reduced levels of several 9-LOX-derived hydroperoxides. Supporting our hypothesis, conidiation and production of the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 by Fusarium verticillioides were drastically reduced in kernels of the lox3 mutants compared with near-isogenic wild types. Similarly, conidia production and disease severity of anthracnose leaf blight caused by Colletotrichum graminicola were significantly reduced in the lox3 mutants. Moreover, lox3 mutants displayed increased resistance to southern leaf blight caused by Cochliobolus heterostrophus and stalk rots caused by both F. verticillioides and C. graminicola. These data strongly suggest that oxylipin metabolism mediated by a specific plant 9-LOX isoform is required for fungal pathogenesis, including disease development and production of spores and mycotoxins. DA - 2007/8// PY - 2007/8// DO - 10.1094/MPMI-20-8-0922 VL - 20 IS - 8 SP - 922-933 SN - 1943-7706 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34547106821&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - lipid peroxidation ER - TY - JOUR TI - The tobacco Cel7 gene promoter is auxin-responsive and locally induced in nematode feeding sites of heterologous plants AU - Wang, Xiaohong AU - Replogle, Amy AU - Davis, Eric L. AU - Mitchum, Melissa G. T2 - MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY AB - SUMMARY Emerging evidence suggests that plant cell‐wall‐modifying enzymes induced by root‐parasitic nematodes play important roles in feeding cell formation. We previously identified a tobacco endo‐β‐1,4‐glucanase (cellulase) gene, NtCel7 , that was strongly induced in both root‐knot and cyst nematode feeding cells. To characterize further the developmental and nematode‐responsive regulation of NtCel7 , we isolated the NtCel7 promoter and analysed its expression over a time course of nematode infection and in response to auxin, gibberellin, ethylene and sucrose in soybean and tomato hairy roots and in Arabidopsis containing the NtCel7 promoter fused to the β‐glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. Histochemical analyses of transgenic plant materials revealed that the NtCel7 promoter exhibited a unique organ‐specific expression pattern during plant development suggestive of important roles for NtCel7 in both vegetative and reproductive growth. In all plant species tested, strong GUS expression was observed in root tips and lateral root primordia of uninfected roots with weaker expression in the root vasculature. Further analyses of transgenic Arabidopsis plants revealed expression in shoot and root meristems and the vasculature of most organs during plant development. We also determined that the NtCel7 promoter was induced by auxin, but not gibberellin, ethylene or sucrose. Moreover, strong GUS activity was observed in both cyst and root‐knot nematode‐induced feeding sites in transgenic roots of soybean, tomato and Arabidopsis. The conserved developmental and nematode‐responsive expression of the NtCel7 promoter in heterologous plants indicates that motifs of this regulatory element play a fundamental role in regulating NtCel7 gene expression within nematode feeding sites and that this regulation may be mediated by auxin. DA - 2007/7// PY - 2007/7// DO - 10.1111/J.1364-3703.2007.00403.X VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - 423-436 SN - 1364-3703 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The phylogenetic relationships of flies in the superfamily Empidoidea (Insecta : Diptera) AU - Moulton, John K. AU - Wiegmann, Brian M. T2 - MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION AB - We conducted a molecular phylogenetic study of the Empidoidea, a diverse group of 10,000 species of true flies, with two major goals: to reconstruct a taxonomically complete and robustly supported phylogeny for the group and to use this information to assess several competing classifications for the clade. We amassed 3900+ nucleotides of coding data from the carbamoylphosphate synthase domain of the rudimentary locus (CAD) and 1200+ nucleotides from the large nuclear ribosomal subunit (28S) from 72 and 71 species, respectively, representing several orthorrhaphan and cyclorrhaphan families and all previously recognized empidoidean subfamilies. Independent and combined phylogenetic analyses of these data were conducted using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian criteria. The combined matrix included 61 taxa for which both CAD and 28S sequences were obtained. Analyses of CAD first and second codon positions alone and when concatenated with 28S sequences yielded trees with similar and largely stable topologies. Analyses of 28S data alone supported many clades although resolution is limited by low sequence divergence. The following major empidoid clades were recovered with convincing support in a majority of analyses: Atelestidae, Empidoidea exclusive of Atelestidae, Hybotidae sensu lato, Dolichopodidae + Microphorinae (including Parathallassius), and Empididae sensu lato (including Brachystomatinae, Ceratomerinae, Clinocerinae, Empidinae, Hemerodromiinae, Oreogetoninae, and Trichopezinae). The branching arrangement among these four major clades was Atelestidae, Hybotidae, Dolichopodidae/Microphorinae, Empididae. Previously recognized subclades recovered with robust support included Hybotinae, Brachystomatinae, Tachydromiinae, Clinocerinae (in part), Hemerodromiinae, Empidinae, and Empidiini. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.029 VL - 43 IS - 3 SP - 701-713 SN - 1055-7903 KW - diptera KW - dance fly KW - phylogeny KW - systematics KW - DNA KW - protein ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Magnaporthe grisea snodprot1 homolog, MSPI, is required for virulence AU - Jeong, Jun Seop AU - Mitchell, Thomas K. AU - Dean, Ralph A. T2 - FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS AB - Secreted proteins play central roles in plant–microbe interactions acting as signals, toxins, and effectors. One important group of small secreted proteins is the snodprot1 family, members of which have demonstrated phytotoxic properties. A split-marker transformation system was applied for gene deletion of the snodprot1 homolog, MSP1, in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. msp1 mutants were phenotypically indistinguishable from wild type and elaborated apparently normal appressoria. However, the deletion mutants were greatly reduced in virulence primarily due to impaired growth in planta. Western blot analysis showed that the protein was secreted and not associated with the fungal cell wall. When purified MSP1 protein was applied to wounded leaf tissue, no apparent phytotoxic effects were noted. This is the first report to the authors' knowledge that directly implicates a snodprot1 protein as a virulence factor. DA - 2007/8// PY - 2007/8// DO - 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00796.x VL - 273 IS - 2 SP - 157-165 SN - 1574-6968 KW - rice blast KW - hydrophobin KW - pathogenicity KW - rice KW - infection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of insecticides in reducing thrips injury to plants and incidence of tomato spotted wilt virus in virginia market-type peanut AU - Herbert, D. Ames, Jr. AU - Malone, S. AU - Aref, S. AU - Brandenburg, R. L. AU - Jordan, D. L. AU - Royals, B. M. AU - Johnson, P. D. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Tomato spotted wilt virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Tospovirus, TSWV), transmitted by many thrips species, is a devastating pathogen of peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. TSWV has become a serious problem in the Virginia/Carolina peanut-growing region of the United States. During 2002, TSWV was present in 47% of the North Carolina hectarage and caused a 5% yield reduction in Virginia. Factors influencing levels of TSWV in runner market-type peanut cultivars, which are primarily grown in Alabama, Flordia, Georgia, and Texas, have been integrated into an advisory to help those peanut growers reduce losses. An advisory based on the southeast runner market-type version is currently under development for virginia market-type peanut cultivars that are grown primarily in the Virginia/ Carolina region. A version based on preliminary field experiments was released in 2003. One factor used in both advisories relates to insecticide use to reduce the vector populations and disease incidence. This research elucidated the influence of insecticides on thrips populations, thrips plant injury, incidence of TSWV, and pod yield in virginia market-type peanut. Eight field trials from 2003 to 2005 were conducted at two locations. In-furrow application of aldicarb and phorate resulted in significant levels of thrips control, significant reductions in thrips injury to seedlings, reduced incidence of TSWV, and significant increases in pod yield. Foliar application of acephate after aldicarb or phorate applied in the seed furrow further reduced thrips plant injury and incidence of TSWV and improved yield. These findings will be used to improve the current virginia market-type TSWV advisory. DA - 2007/8// PY - 2007/8// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493(2007)100[1241:ROIIRT]2.0.CO;2 VL - 100 IS - 4 SP - 1241-1247 SN - 0022-0493 KW - integrated pest management KW - tomato spotted wilt virus KW - tobacco thrips KW - advisory KW - virginia market-type peanut ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogeny and Bayesian divergence time estimations of small-headed flies (Diptera : Acroceridae) using multiple molecular markers AU - Winterton, Shaun L. AU - Wiegmann, Brian M. AU - Schlinger, Evert I. T2 - MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION AB - The first formal analysis of phylogenetic relationships among small-headed flies (Acroceridae) is presented based on DNA sequence data from two ribosomal (16S and 28S) and two protein-encoding genes: carbomoylphosphate synthase (CPS) domain of CAD (i.e., rudimentary locus) and cytochrome oxidase I (COI). DNA sequences from 40 species in 22 genera of Acroceridae (representing all three subfamilies) were compared with outgroup exemplars from Nemestrinidae, Stratiomyidae, Tabanidae, and Xylophagidae. Parsimony and Bayesian simultaneous analyses of the full data set recover a well-resolved and strongly supported hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships for major lineages within the family. Molecular evidence supports the monophyly of traditionally recognised subfamilies Philopotinae and Panopinae, but Acrocerinae are polyphyletic. Panopinae, sometimes considered "primitive" based on morphology and host-use, are always placed in a more derived position in the current study. Furthermore, these data support emerging morphological evidence that the type genus Acrocera Meigen, and its sister genus Sphaerops, are atypical acrocerids, comprising a sister lineage to all other Acroceridae. Based on the phylogeny generated in the simultaneous analysis, historical divergence times were estimated using Bayesian methodology constrained with fossil data. These estimates indicate Acroceridae likely evolved during the late Triassic but did not diversify greatly until the Cretaceous. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.015 VL - 43 IS - 3 SP - 808-832 SN - 1095-9513 KW - parasitoid KW - diptera KW - phylogeny KW - Bayesian KW - spider KW - divergence times ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of the tobacco blue mold pathogen, Peronospora tabacina, by polymerase chain reaction AU - Ristaino, Jean Beagle AU - Johnson, Andrea AU - Blanco-Meneses, Monica AU - Liu, Bo T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Tobacco blue mold, caused by the oomycete pathogen Peronospora tabacina, is a highly destructive pathogen of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) seed beds, transplants, and production fields in the United States. The pathogen also causes systemic infection in transplants. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the primers ITS4 and ITS5, sequencing, and restriction digestion to differentiate P. tabacina from other important tobacco pathogens, including Alternaria alternata, Cercospora nicotianae, Phytophthora glovera, P. parasitica, Pythium aphanidermatum, P. dissotocum, P. myriotylum, P. ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotium rolfsii, Thielaviopsis basicola, and related Peronospora spp. A specific PCR primer, called PTAB, was developed and used with ITS4 to amplify a 764-bp region of DNA that was diagnostic for P. tabacina. The PTAB/ITS4 primers did not amplify host DNA or the other tobacco pathogens and were specific for P. tabacina on tobacco. DNA was detected to levels of 0.0125 ng. The PTAB primer was useful for detection of the pathogen in fresh, air-dried, and cured tobacco leaves. This primer will be useful for disease diagnosis, epidemiology, and regulatory work to reduce disease spread among fields. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-91-6-0685 VL - 91 IS - 6 SP - 685-691 SN - 1943-7692 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34249085921&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - oomycetes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Endocrine modulation of a pheromone-responsive gene in the honey bee brain AU - Grozinger, Christina M. AU - Robinson, Gene E. T2 - JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY A-NEUROETHOLOGY SENSORY NEURAL AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY DA - 2007/4// PY - 2007/4// DO - 10.1007/s00359-006-0202-x VL - 193 IS - 4 SP - 461-470 SN - 0340-7594 KW - Apis mellifera KW - gene expression KW - juvenile hormone KW - queen mandibular pheromone KW - Kruppel homolog 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) infestation level on budworm-resistant and susceptible varieties of flue-cured tobacco in north Carolina AU - Juba, Thomas R. AU - Bradley, J. R., Jr. AU - Notz, Armando AU - Southern, P. Sterling AU - Sorenson, Clyde E. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Field experiments were conducted from 1972 to 1978 and from 1998 to 1999 to evaluate tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), larval feeding on flue-cured tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum (L.), yield in eastern North Carolina. In the earlier studies, using variety Coker 319, treatment plots were evaluated when either 0 or 100% of plants in a plot were infested with H. virescens larvae. Treatment differences based on actual yield loss (kilograms per hectare) were compared with estimations of yield loss based on leaf consumption and leaf loss. Results indicate actual yield loss when 100% of plants were infested was less than the corresponding estimates of yield loss. In the later experiments, two tobacco budworm-resistant lines, 'CU 263' and 'CU 370', were compared with a commercial susceptible variety, K 326, when 0, 10, 20, or 40% of plants were infested (1998) and 0, 10, 40, 75, or 100% of plants were infested (1999). Although significant increases in leaf equivalents consumed were associated with infestations exceeding the recommended threshold, differences were not detected for yield (kilograms per hectare), quality (dollars per kilogram), and value (dollars per hectare) within each tobacco line. Additionally, there was not a significant correlation between value and infestations level for any of the tobacco lines. These results provide economic support for tolerance of a higher treatment threshold. Although K 326 sustained more leaf equivalent loss than CU 263 and CU 370, the value of K 326 harvested was higher than that of CU 263 and CU 370. To justify use of resistant varieties, the combination of pest pressure and the benefit of host plant resistance must be greater than the capacity of a susceptible variety to produce competitive yields, despite sustaining significantly higher loss. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493(2007)100[801:EOTBLN]2.0.CO;2 VL - 100 IS - 3 SP - 801-807 SN - 0022-0493 KW - flue-cured tobacco KW - treatment threshold KW - damage relationships KW - infestation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Contact sex pheromone components of the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus AU - Nojima, Satoshi AU - Shimomura, Kenji AU - Honda, Hiroshi AU - Yamamoto, Izuru AU - Ohsawa, Kanju T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY DA - 2007/5// PY - 2007/5// DO - 10.1007/s10886-007-9266-5 VL - 33 IS - 5 SP - 923-933 SN - 1573-1561 KW - Callosobruchus maculatus KW - 2,6-dimethyloctane-1,8-dioic acid KW - nonanedioic acid KW - hydrocarbon KW - female contact sex pheromone KW - cowpea weevil KW - Coleoptera KW - Bruchidae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of two fly traps for the capture of horse flies (Diptera : Tabanidae) AU - Watson, D. W. AU - Denning, S. S. AU - Calibeo-Hayes, D. I. AU - Stringham, S. M. AU - Mowrey, R. A. T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - A 2-yr study was conducted to examine differences between two commercially available horse fly traps, the Epps® Biting Fly Trap (Farnum Co., Phoenix, AZ) and the Horse Pal® (Newman Enterprises, Omro, WI), placed on three horse farms located in central North Carolina. Traps captured over 8,422 tabanids, representing 4 genera and 19 species. Tabanus quinquevittatus Wiedemann was the most abundant fly collected (2345), followed by the T. lineola F. species complex (2087), T. fulvulus Weidemann (1397) and T. petiolatus Hine (839). Although the Horse Pal captured more flies than the Epps trap, fly capture differences between traps were not significant for the 2000 and 2001 summer seasons (F = 1.39; df = 3, 143; P ≤ 0.249). The Epps trap was most efficacious for early-season (June and July) trapping of T. quinquevittatus and the T. lineola complex in 2000. In contrast, the Horse Pal was more efficacious for these species during the same period in 2001. The Horse Pal was the preferred trap for relative ease in handling. DA - 2007/4// PY - 2007/4// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-42.2.123 VL - 42 IS - 2 SP - 123-132 SN - 0749-8004 KW - IPM KW - biting fly KW - horse fly KW - fly traps KW - Epps Trap KW - Horse Pal KW - tabanids KW - Tabanidae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vibration signal behaviour and the use of modulatory communication in established and newly founded honeybee colonies AU - Hyland, Kelly M. AU - Cao, Tuan T. AU - Malechuk, Alana M. AU - Lewis, Lee A. AU - Schneider, Stanley S. T2 - ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR AB - We investigated the effects of colony condition on the use of modulatory communication in social insects by examining vibration signal behaviour in established and newly founded colonies of the honeybee, Apis mellifera. Compared to the established colonies, the newly founded colonies had smaller population sizes, built more comb, devoted proportionately more comb space to brood rearing and less to food storage, gained weight, and had higher per capita rates of foraging. In conjunction with the different growth and foraging patterns, the newly founded colonies also had higher per capita vibration rates and slightly but significantly greater proportions of workers that produced the signal. Individual vibrators in the newly founded colonies performed signals on slightly but significantly more of the workers they contacted and focused their vibration activity more strongly on less active recipients than did vibrators in the established colonies. Vibrated recipients showed increased task performance compared to nonvibrated controls, suggesting that the signal increased individual labour rates in both colony types. However, the levels of task performance did not differ between newly founded and established colony recipients, suggesting that the degree to which workers responded to the signal was not altered by colony developmental state. Thus, the vibration signal may have helped to adjust worker activity to the resource and labour demands associated with nest founding primarily by activating larger proportions of the less active work force, rather than by increasing the individual work efforts of recipients in the newly founded colonies relative to those in established colonies. DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// DO - 10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.10.006 VL - 73 SP - 541-551 SN - 1095-8282 KW - Apis mellifera KW - colony founding KW - cooperation KW - honeybee KW - hymenoptera KW - division of labour KW - modulatory communication KW - nest building KW - social stimulation KW - vibration signals ER - TY - JOUR TI - The origin of the chemical profiles of fungal symbionts and their significance for nestmate recognition in Acromyrmex leaf-cutting ants AU - Richard, F. J. AU - Poulsen, M. AU - Hefetz, A. AU - Errard, C. AU - Nash, D. R. AU - Boomsma, J. J. T2 - Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 61 IS - 11 SP - 1637-1649 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Save Isoptera: A comment on Inward et al. AU - Lo, Nathan AU - Engel, Michael S. AU - Cameron, Stephen AU - Nalepa, Christine A. AU - Tokuda, Gaku AU - Grimaldi, David AU - Kitade, Osamu AU - Krishna, Kumar AU - Klass, Klaus-Dieter AU - Maekawa, Kiyoto AU - Miura, Toru AU - Thompson, Graham J. T2 - BIOLOGY LETTERS AB - Restricted accessMoreSectionsView Full TextView PDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Cite this article Lo Nathan, Engel Michael S, Cameron Stephen, Nalepa Christine A, Tokuda Gaku, Grimaldi David, Kitade Osamu, Krishna Kumar, Klass Klaus-Dieter, Maekawa Kiyoto, Miura Toru and Thompson Graham J 2007Save Isoptera: A comment on Inward et al.Biol. Lett.3562–563http://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0264SectionRestricted accessPhylogenySave Isoptera: A comment on Inward et al. Nathan Lo Nathan Lo Behaviour and Genetics of Social Insects Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of SydneySydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia [email protected] Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , Michael S Engel Michael S Engel Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, University of KansasLawrence, KS 66049-2811, USA Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural HistoryNew York, NY 10024, USA Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , Stephen Cameron Stephen Cameron CSIRO Entomology, CanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601, Australia Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , Christine A Nalepa Christine A Nalepa Department of Entomology, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , Gaku Tokuda Gaku Tokuda Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the RyukyusNishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , David Grimaldi David Grimaldi Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural HistoryNew York, NY 10024, USA Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , Osamu Kitade Osamu Kitade Natural History Laboratory, College of Science, Ibaraki UniversityMito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , Kumar Krishna Kumar Krishna Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural HistoryNew York, NY 10024, USA Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , Klaus-Dieter Klass Klaus-Dieter Klass State Natural History Collections Dresden, Museum of Zoology01109 Dresden, Germany Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , Kiyoto Maekawa Kiyoto Maekawa Department of Biology, University of ToyamaGofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , Toru Miura Toru Miura Laboratory of Ecology and Genetics, Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido UniversitySapporo 060-0810, Japan Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author and Graham J Thompson Graham J Thompson Behaviour and Genetics of Social Insects Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of SydneySydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author Nathan Lo Nathan Lo Behaviour and Genetics of Social Insects Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of SydneySydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia [email protected] Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , Michael S Engel Michael S Engel Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, University of KansasLawrence, KS 66049-2811, USA Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural HistoryNew York, NY 10024, USA Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , Stephen Cameron Stephen Cameron CSIRO Entomology, CanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601, Australia Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , Christine A Nalepa Christine A Nalepa Department of Entomology, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , Gaku Tokuda Gaku Tokuda Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the RyukyusNishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , David Grimaldi David Grimaldi Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural HistoryNew York, NY 10024, USA Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , Osamu Kitade Osamu Kitade Natural History Laboratory, College of Science, Ibaraki UniversityMito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , Kumar Krishna Kumar Krishna Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural HistoryNew York, NY 10024, USA Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , Klaus-Dieter Klass Klaus-Dieter Klass State Natural History Collections Dresden, Museum of Zoology01109 Dresden, Germany Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , Kiyoto Maekawa Kiyoto Maekawa Department of Biology, University of ToyamaGofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , Toru Miura Toru Miura Laboratory of Ecology and Genetics, Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido UniversitySapporo 060-0810, Japan Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author and Graham J Thompson Graham J Thompson Behaviour and Genetics of Social Insects Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of SydneySydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author Published:14 August 2007https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0264"Save Isoptera: A comment on Inward et al.." 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Auer L, Lazuka A, Sillam-Dussès D, Miambi E, O'Donohue M and Hernandez-Raquet G (2017) Uncovering the Potential of Termite Gut Microbiome for Lignocellulose Bioconversion in Anaerobic Batch Bioreactors, Frontiers in Microbiology, 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02623, 8 Florencio D, Marins A, Rosa C, Cristaldo P, Araújo A, Silva I, DeSouza O and Lorenzo M (2013) Diet Segregation between Cohabiting Builder and Inquiline Termite Species, PLoS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0066535, 8:6, (e66535) This Issue22 October 2007Volume 3Issue 5 Article InformationDOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0264PubMed:17698448Published by:Royal SocietyOnline ISSN:1744-957XHistory: Manuscript received18/05/2007Manuscript accepted11/06/2007Published online14/08/2007Published in print22/10/2007 License:© 2007 The Royal Society Citations and impact Large datasets are available through Biology Letters' partnership with Dryad DA - 2007/10/22/ PY - 2007/10/22/ DO - 10.1098/rsbl.2007.0264 VL - 3 IS - 5 SP - 562-563 SN - 1744-9561 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogenetic relationships within the leaf-mining flies (Diptera : Agromyzidae) inferred from sequence data from multiple genes AU - Scheffer, Sonja J. AU - Winkler, Isaac S. AU - Wiegmann, Brian M. T2 - MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION AB - The leaf-mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) are a diverse group whose larvae feed internally in leaves, stems, flowers, seeds, and roots of a wide variety of plant hosts. The systematics of agromyzids has remained poorly known due to their small size and morphological homogeneity. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships among genera within the Agromyzidae using parsimony and Bayesian analyses of 2965 bp of DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial COI gene, the nuclear ribosomal 28S gene, and the single copy nuclear CAD gene. We included 86 species in 21 genera, including all but a few small genera, and spanning the diversity within the family. The results from parsimony and Bayesian analyses were largely similar, with major groupings of genera in common. Specifically, both analyses recovered a monophyletic Phytomyzinae and a monophyletic Agromyzinae. Within the subfamilies, genera found to be monophyletic given our sampling include Agromyza, Amauromyza, Calycomyza, Cerodontha, Liriomyza, Melanagromyza, Metopomyza, Nemorimyza, Phytobia, and Pseudonapomyza. Several genera were found to be polyphyletic or paraphyletic including Aulagromyza, Chromatomyia, Phytoliriomyza, Phytomyza, and Ophiomyia. We evaluate our findings and discuss host-use evolution in light of current agromyzid taxonomy and two recent hypotheses of relationships based on morphological data. DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// DO - 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.12.018 VL - 42 IS - 3 SP - 756-775 SN - 1095-9513 KW - phytophagy KW - Acalypterate KW - Opomyzoidea KW - host-use evolution KW - endophagy ER - TY - JOUR TI - New populations of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum from lettuce in California and peas and lentils in Washington AU - Malvarez, Gabriela AU - Carbone, Ignazio AU - Grunwald, Niklaus J. AU - Subbarao, Krishnamurthy V. AU - Schafer, Michelle AU - Kohn, Linda M. T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Four populations of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in North America were inferred previously, based on analyses of both rapidly evolving markers (DNA fingerprint and mycelial compatiblity), and multilocus DNA sequence spanning the range between fast and slow evolution. Each population was defined as an interbreeding unit of conspecific individuals sharing a common recent ancestor and arising in a unique evolutionary event. The present study applies this standard to extend characterization of S. sclerotiorum populations to the Western United States. Isolates of S. sclerotiorum (N = 294) were determined to represent three genetically differentiated populations: California (CA, lettuce), Washington (WA, pea/lentil), and Ontario (ON, lettuce). CA was the most diverse population yet sampled in North America. Clonality was detected in ON and WA. No DNA fingerprints were common among the populations. The index of association (I(A)), based on fingerprint, was closer to zero (0) for CA than it was for the other populations. High diversity and lack of association of markers in California are consistent either with genetic exchange and recombination, or with large population size and high standing genetic variation. Intra- and interlocus conflict among three DNA sequence loci was consistent with recombination. The coalescent IGS genealogy confirmed subdivision and showed CA to be older than WA or ON. The Nearest Neighbor statistic on combined data confirmed subdivision among all present and previously defined populations. All isolates had both MAT1-1 and MAT1-2, consistent with uniform homothallism. DA - 2007/4// PY - 2007/4// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO-97-4-0470 VL - 97 IS - 4 SP - 470-483 SN - 1943-7684 KW - migration KW - MDIV KW - mating type KW - multilocus haplotype KW - MCG KW - population genetics KW - phylogeny KW - vegetative compatibility ER - TY - JOUR TI - NAPPFAST: An internet system for the weather-based mapping of plant pathogens AU - Magarey, R. D. AU - Fowler, G. A. AU - Borchert, D. M. AU - Sutton, T. B. AU - Colunga-Garcia, M. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - HomePlant DiseaseVol. 91, No. 4NAPPFAST: An Internet System for the Weather-Based Mapping of Plant Pathogens PreviousNext OPENOpen Access licenseNAPPFAST: An Internet System for the Weather-Based Mapping of Plant PathogensR. D. Magarey, G. A. Fowler, D. M. Borchert, T. B. Sutton, M. Colunga-Garcia, and J. A. SimpsonR. D. MagareyCorresponding author: R. D. Magarey, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory, 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300, Raleigh, NC 27603; E-mail: E-mail Address: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author, G. A. FowlerSearch for more papers by this author, D. M. BorchertSearch for more papers by this author, T. B. SuttonSearch for more papers by this author, M. Colunga-GarciaSearch for more papers by this author, and J. A. SimpsonSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations R. D. Magarey , Center for Integrated Pest Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh G. A. Fowler D. M. Borchert , Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service-Plant Protection and Quarantine-Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory, Raleigh T. B. Sutton , Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh M. Colunga-Garcia , Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing J. A. Simpson , Department of Agriculture Food and Forestry, Canberra, Australia Published Online:14 Mar 2007https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-91-4-0336AboutSectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 91, No. 4 April 2007SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 25 Jan 2008Published: 14 Mar 2007 Pages: 336-345 Information© 2007 The American Phytopathological SocietyPDF downloadCited byImproved methods for estimating effective accumulated temperature for pest forecastingJournal of Agricultural Meteorology, Vol. 79, No. 2modelación y simulación matemáticas: una herramienta para la protección de cultivos24 October 2022 | Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas, Vol. 13, No. 6Potential Distribution of Invasive Boxwood Blight Pathogen (Calonectriapseudonaviculata) as Predicted by Process-Based and Correlative Models1 June 2022 | Biology, Vol. 11, No. 6Austropuccinia psidii (myrtle rust)CABI Compendium, Vol. CABI CompendiumProbabilistic risk-based model for the assessment of Phyllosticta citricarpa-infected citrus fruit and illicit plant material as pathways for pathogen introduction and establishmentCrop Protection, Vol. 142Early Intervention Strategies for Invasive Species Management: Connections Between Risk Assessment, Prevention Efforts, Eradication, and Other Rapid Responses2 February 2021PPMaP: Reproducible and Extensible Open-Source Software for Plant Phenological Phase Duration Prediction and Mapping in Sub-Saharan Africa30 October 2020 | Agriculture, Vol. 10, No. 11Performance and Profitability of Rain-Based Thresholds for Timing Fungicide Applications in Soybean Rust ControlGustavo C. 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Harmon13 October 2008 | Plant Disease, Vol. 92, No. 11Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Circulionidae: Scolytinae) Invasion in Eastern U.S. Forests1 April 2008 | Environmental Entomology, Vol. 37, No. 2Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Circulionidae: Scolytinae) Invasion in Eastern U.S. ForestsEnvironmental Entomology, Vol. 37, No. 2Climatological Potential for Scirtothrips Dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Establishment in the United StatesFlorida Entomologist, Vol. 91, No. 1 DA - 2007/4// PY - 2007/4// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-91-4-0336 VL - 91 IS - 4 SP - 336-345 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of Thereva and therevine genus-groups (Insecta : Diptera : Therevidae) based on EF-1 alpha, 28S rDNA and mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences AU - Holston, Kevin C. AU - Irwin, Michael E. AU - Wiegmann, Brian M. T2 - INVERTEBRATE SYSTEMATICS AB - Phylogenetic analyses using 28S rDNA, elongation factor (EF)-1α, and mt 16S rDNA sequences were performed to test the monophyly of Thereva Latreille. Two of the three Afrotropical Thereva species groups lack the genitalia characters that unambiguously diagnose Thereva in the Holarctic Region, but phylogenetic relationships among Thereva species groups and therevine genera are poorly understood. Using an extensive taxonomic sample (39 of the 62 therevine genera) and Thereva, sensu lato (15 spp.), simultaneous analyses of all three gene partitions recovered Nearctic and Palaearctic Thereva species in a well supported clade that includes the Afrotropical seminitida-group but excludes the Afrotropical analis- and turneri-groups. Stronger phylogenetic signal from the EF-1α partition, measured by the skewness statistic and proportion of total parsimony informative characters, dominated conflicting signal from the 16S partition and weaker, but more congruent, signal from 28S. Reducing the taxonomic sample in analyses of Therevinae reduced homoplasy, increased phylogenetic structure and partitioned Bremer support values and reduced incongruence with 28S for the 16S partition. Although molecular analyses yielded partial recovery of informal therevine genus-groups, morphological diagnoses of higher-level groups are poorly supported with the exception of Cyclotelini. The ‘Holarctic radiation’ refers to a diverse clade of genera closely related to Pandivirilia Irwin & Lyneborg and Acrosathe Irwin & Lyneborg widely distributed throughout the Holarctic Region that is the sister-group to Thereva, sensu stricto. Results from these analyses underscore the importance of male and female genitalia characters in recognising monophyletic groups and regional endemism in therevine diversification. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1071/IS06005 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 279-296 SN - 1447-2600 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular phylogenetics of the Muscidae (Diptera : Calyptratae): new ideas in a congruence context AU - Schuehli, Guilherme Schnell e AU - Carvalho, Claudio Jose Barros AU - Wiegmann, Brian M. T2 - INVERTEBRATE SYSTEMATICS AB - Hypotheses about the evolution of Muscidae have long been the subject of continuous re-evaluation and reinterpretation. Current understandings of the relationships among these flies are based mainly on a single set of characters and are therefore questionable. Our understanding of muscid phylogeny thus needs greater support and further corroboration from additional suites of characters. In the current study, we analysed phylogenetic relationships among 24 species of muscid flies (18 genera and six subfamilies) using 2989 characters derived from sequences of mitochondrial (COI and COII) and nuclear genes (CAD and EF-1α). Data from each gene partition were analysed both in combined and separate phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. Support was found for the monophyly of the Muscidae in all analyses and for a sister-group relationship between Coenosiini and Phaoniinae. The latter group was placed in a clade with sampled species of Reinwardtiini and Cyrtoneurininae. The genera Ophyra and Hydrotaea were placed in the Muscinae and a sister-group relationship for Musca and Stomoxys was supported. Sampled species of Polietina form a monophyletic lineage, while Morellia was found to be paraphyletic. Combined analysis of gene partitions improved support and resolution for resulting topologies despite significant incongruence between data partitions found through application of the Incongruence Length Difference test. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1071/IS06026 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 263-278 SN - 1447-2600 KW - cytochrome oxidase KW - CAD KW - EF-1 alpha KW - molecular systematics KW - Muscoidea KW - nuclear genes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Magnaporthe grisea infection triggers RNA variation and antisense transcript expression in rice AU - Gowda, Malali AU - Venu, R.-C. AU - Li, Huameng AU - Jantasuriyarat, Chatchawan AU - Chen, Songbiao AU - Bellizzi, Maria AU - Pampanwar, Vishal AU - Kim, HyeRan AU - Dean, Ralph A. AU - Stahlberg, Eric AU - Wing, Rod AU - Soderlund, Cari AU - Wang, Guo-Liang T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Abstract Rice blast disease, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea, is an excellent model system to study plant-fungal interactions and host defense responses. In this study, comprehensive analysis of the rice (Oryza sativa) transcriptome after M. grisea infection was conducted using robust-long serial analysis of gene expression. A total of 83,382 distinct 21-bp robust-long serial analysis of gene expression tags were identified from 627,262 individual tags isolated from the resistant (R), susceptible (S), and control (C) libraries. Sequence analysis revealed that the tags in the R and S libraries had a significant reduced matching rate to the rice genomic and expressed sequences in comparison to the C library. The high level of one-nucleotide mismatches of the R and S library tags was due to nucleotide conversions. The A-to-G and U-to-C nucleotide conversions were the most predominant types, which were induced in the M. grisea-infected plants. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that expression of the adenine deaminase and cytidine deaminase genes was highly induced after inoculation. In addition, many antisense transcripts were induced in infected plants and expression of four antisense transcripts was confirmed by strand-specific reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. These results demonstrate that there is a series of dynamic and complex transcript modifications and changes in the rice transcriptome at the M. grisea early infection stages. DA - 2007/5// PY - 2007/5// DO - 10.1104/pp.107.095653 VL - 144 IS - 1 SP - 524-533 SN - 1532-2548 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Increasing tolerance to Cry1Ac cotton from cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, was confirmed in Bt cotton farming area of China AU - Li, Guo-Ping AU - Wu, Kong-Ming AU - Gould, Fred AU - Wang, Jian-Kang AU - Miaoi, Jin AU - Gao, Xi-Wu AU - Guo, Yu-Yuan T2 - ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Abstract 1. Changes in the frequency of Cry1Ac resistance genes and shifts in tolerance of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera , to the Cry1Ac toxin were assessed using bioassays of F 1 and F 2 offspring of isofemale lines from Anci County of Hebei Province (a multiple‐crop system including corn, soybean, peanut, and Bt cotton) and Xiajin County of Shandong Province (an intensive Bt cotton planting area) in Northern China during 2002–2005. 2. A conservative analysis of the overall results indicated that there was a small increase in the frequency of major, non‐recessive resistance genes over time. 3. The relative average development ratings [RADR – growth rate of a line on a Bt diet in proportion to the growth rate on a non‐Bt (NBT) diet] of the bollworm larvae in F 1 tests increased significantly from year to year, indicating a gradual trend towards higher tolerance to Cry1Ac in the field populations. 4. There were also significant positive correlations between RADR of the lines in the F 1 generation and the RADR of their F 2 offspring, indicating that the tolerance was genetically based. 5. Quantitative genetic simulation analysis showed that resistance of H . armigera to Bt cotton in Xiajin could evolve to a high level in 11–15 years if no effective resistance management measures are carried out. DA - 2007/8// PY - 2007/8// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2311.2007.00891.x VL - 32 IS - 4 SP - 366-375 SN - 1365-2311 KW - Cry1Ac KW - Helicoverpa armigera KW - Bt cotton KW - resistance frequency ER - TY - JOUR TI - First report of pythimn root dysfunction of creeping bentgrass caused by Pythium volutum in North Carolina AU - Kerns, J. P. AU - Tredway, L. P. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - In July and August of 2002 and 2003, a disease of unknown etiology was observed in Charlotte, NC on ‘A-1’ creeping bentgrass (CRB; Agrostis stolonifera L.) putting greens that were constructed in 2000. Symptoms appeared in irregular patches ranging from 15 to 30 cm in diameter. Grass in the affected areas was initially wilted and chlorotic, but later exhibited a yellow-to-orange foliar decline. Similar symptoms were observed in Durham, NC in July and August of 2003 on CRB greens established in 2001 with a 1:1 blend of ‘A-1’ and ‘A-4’. The disease was initially diagnosed as take-all patch, but attempts to isolate Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae and other ectotrophic root pathogens were unsuccessful. Symptoms of the disease reappeared during periods of warm, dry weather in the fall of 2003 and spring of 2004. At that time, examination of affected root tissue revealed bulbous root tips, loose cortical structure, absence of root hairs, and abundant Pythium oospores and hyphae. These signs and symptoms are typical of Pythium root dysfunction (PRD) as described by Hodges and Coleman (2) in 1985 and Feng and Dernoeden (3) in 1999. Isolation of Pythium spp. was performed by plating directly on V8 agar (4) or baiting with ‘A-4’ CRB seedlings. Eleven Pythium isolates were obtained from Charlotte (seven via baiting) and 10 were obtained from Durham (all via baiting). All isolates were transferred to grass leaf-blade cultures (4) to induce development of sporangia, oospores, and antheridia for identification using the keys and descriptions of Dick (1). All isolates produced lobate sporangia, large oospores (27 to 33 ± 2.8 μm), and three to nine diclinous antheridia typical of Pythium volutum. Cone-Tainers (3.8 × 20 cm) containing sand meeting USGA specifications were seeded with ‘A-1’ CRB and grown for 6 weeks in the greenhouse. Each Cone-Tainer was inoculated by cutting the root system at a 5 cm depth, placing five to seven infested grass blades onto the surface of fresh sand, and then replacing the turf. Cone-Tainers inoculated with one of three P. volutum isolates and an uninoculated control (six reps each) were placed in a growth chamber with 12 h of light/dark periods at 24/16°C for 4 weeks to allow pathogen infection and disease development. After 4 weeks, the chamber temperature was raised to 32/26°C to induce symptom development. Two weeks after raising the temperature, all P. volutum isolates caused significant (P = <0.0001) foliar chlorosis and dieback (70 to 100% disease) and reduced root depth and mass by 25 to 65% compared with the uninoculated control. Roots of inoculated plants were colonized with Pythium hyphae, contained numerous oospores, and consistently yielded P. volutum in isolations. To our knowledge, this is the first reported occurrence of PRD in North Carolina and provides further support for the importance of P. volutum as a pathogen of creeping bentgrass. On the basis of our observations, the majority of pathogen activity and disease development occurs in the fall and spring, with foliar symptoms being induced by heat or other stresses. References: (1) M. W. Dick. Keys to Pythium. University of Reading Press, Reading, UK, 1990. (2) C. F. Hodges and L. W. Coleman. Plant Dis. 69:336, 1985. (3) Y. Feng and P. H. Dernoeden. Plant Dis. 83:516, 1999. (4) F. N. Martin. Pythium. Pages 39–49 in: Methods for Research on Soilborne Phytopathogenic Fungi. L. L. Singleton et al., eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1992. DA - 2007/5// PY - 2007/5// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-91-5-0632C VL - 91 IS - 5 SP - 632-632 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - First report of Phakopsora pachyrhizi on Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) in North Carolina and increased incidence of soybean rust on soybean in 2006. AU - Koenning, S. R. AU - Frye, J. W. AU - Butler, S. C. AU - Creswell, T. C. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Asian soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi H. Sydow & Sydow, was first detected in the continental United States in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Louisiana on 6 November 2004 (3) and in kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) in Florida during February 2005 (1). Soybean rust was first confirmed in North Carolina in commercial soybean fields in Brunswick, Columbus, and Robeson counties on 25 October 2005 (2). Subsequently, the disease was detected in soybean in 18 counties, but not in kudzu, even when it was growing adjacent to infected soybean. During 2006, soybean rust was first detected in North Carolina in soybean on 14 September 2006 from a sample from Columbus County that was submitted to the North Carolina State University Plant Disease and Insect Clinic (NCSU-PDIC). Thus, the first detection of soybean rust in North Carolina occurred almost 6 weeks earlier in 2006 than in 2005. Subsequently, in 2006, soybean rust was found in soybean in 42 counties in North Carolina through survey, sentinel plot monitoring, and samples submitted to the NCSU-PDIC. In addition, what appeared to be soybean rust was observed in two samples of kudzu collected on 3 and 6 November 2006 from Moore (35.28313°N, 79.38020°W) and Johnston (35.42742°N, 78.18154°W) counties of North Carolina. The diagnosis of P. pachyrhizi in kudzu was confirmed visually and by ELISA protocol supplied with the EnviroLogix QualiPlate kit (Portland, ME). ELISA tests for each kudzu sample were run in triplicate. PCR was also conducted on infected kudzu samples with a protocol previously reported (1). The PCR master mix that was used came from a dilution scheme based on previous PCR work completed by G. Z. Abad. A total of 24 reactions were run, including four 1-kb molecular markers, four positive controls, four negative controls, and four infected kudzu leaf tissue samples. The results of all diagnostic techniques confirmed the presence of P. pachyrhizi in diseased kudzu. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. pachyrhizi in kudzu in North Carolina. References: (1) P. F. Harmon et al. Online publication. doi:10.1094/PHP-2005-0613-01-RS. Plant Health Progress, 2005. (2) S. R. Koenning et al. Plant Dis. 90:973, 2006. (3) R. W. Schneider et al. Plant Dis. 89:774, 2005. DA - 2007/5// PY - 2007/5// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-91-5-0637A VL - 91 IS - 5 SP - 637-637 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evolutionary patterns in the antR-Cor gene in the dwarf dogwood complex (Cornus, Cornaceae) AU - Fan, Chuanzhu AU - Xiang, Qiu-Yun AU - Remington, David L. AU - Purugganan, Michael D. AU - Wiegmann, Brian M. T2 - GENETICA DA - 2007/5// PY - 2007/5// DO - 10.1007/s10709-006-0016-3 VL - 130 IS - 1 SP - 19-34 SN - 1573-6857 KW - Cornus KW - gene evolution KW - hybridization KW - Myc-like anthocyanin regulatory gene KW - mucleotide polymorphism KW - polyploid KW - speciation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of temperature on delta-9 stearoyl-ACP and microsomal omega-6 desaturase gene expression and fatty acid content in developing soybean seeds AU - Byfield, Grace E. AU - Upchurch, Robert G. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Delta‐9 stearoyl‐ACP ( SAD ) and microsomal omega‐6 oleate ( FAD2 ) desaturases contribute to the maintenance of lipid fluidity in membranes and the fatty acid composition of storage lipids in seed. Since these enzymes must operate at varying environmental temperatures, they are under constitutive control, but they may also be subject to fine regulation both transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally. We measured transcript accumulation of the seed‐expressed SAD‐A and SAD‐B and FAD2‐1A and FAD2‐1B genes in the seeds of three soybean varieties grown at cool (22/18°C), normal (26/22°C), or warm (30/26°C) temperatures during pod fill. At the cool temperature, transcript accumulation of both the SAD and FAD2‐1 genes was significantly elevated, with FAD2‐1B 2‐ to 10‐fold or greater than FAD2‐1A at 35 d after flowering. Expression of both SAD and FAD2‐1 were significantly decreased in seed that developed at the warm temperature. Decreased FAD2‐1 transcript accumulation at the warm temperature was positively associated with significantly increased oleic and decreased linoleic acid content in the three varieties examined. Decreased SAD transcript accumulation at the warm temperature was positively associated with a significantly increased level of stearic acid but only in the high‐stearate mutant line, A6. We conclude that environmental temperature modulates oleic and linoleic acid in developing seed through regulated FAD2‐1 gene expression, but temperature modulation of stearic acid content in wild‐type soybean may be more complex, involving in addition to SAD‐A and ‐B , plastid thioesterase genes FATA and FATB . DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2006.04.0213 VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - 1698-1704 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of residual herbicides used in the last POST-Directed application on weed control and cotton yield in glyphosate- and glufosinate-resistant cotton AU - Koger, C. H. AU - Price, A. J. AU - Faircloth, J. C. AU - Wilcut, J. W. AU - Nichols, S. P. T2 - Weed Technology DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1614/WT-06-026.1 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 378-383 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of parasitic mites in Russian-Hybrid and Italian honey bee (Hymenoptera : Apidae) colonies across three different locations in north Carolina AU - Tarpy, David R. AU - Summers, Joshua AU - Keller, Jennifer J. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Journal Article Comparison of Parasitic Mites in Russian-Hybrid and Italian Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Colonies across Three Different Locations in North Carolina Get access David R. Tarpy, David R. Tarpy Department of Entomology, Campus Box 7613, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Joshua Summers, Joshua Summers Department of Entomology, Campus Box 7613, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Jennifer J. Keller Jennifer J. Keller Department of Entomology, Campus Box 7613, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 100, Issue 2, 1 April 2007, Pages 258–266, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/100.2.258 Published: 26 September 2014 DA - 2007/4// PY - 2007/4// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493(2007)100[258:COPMIR]2.0.CO;2 VL - 100 IS - 2 SP - 258-266 SN - 0022-0493 KW - honey bees KW - Russian stock KW - varroa mite KW - tracheal mite KW - integrative pest management ER - TY - JOUR TI - The influence of the vibration signal on worker interactions with the nest and nest mates in established and newly founded colonies of the honey bee, Apis mellifera AU - Cao, T. T. AU - Hyland, K. M. AU - Malechuk, A. AU - Lewis, L. A. AU - Schneider, S. S. T2 - INSECTES SOCIAUX DA - 2007/5// PY - 2007/5// DO - 10.1007/s00040-007-0921-1 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - 144-149 SN - 1420-9098 KW - vibration signal KW - modulatory communication KW - information flow KW - communication signals KW - trophallaxis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rapid evolution of cuticular hydrocarbons in a species radiation of acoustically diverse Hawaiian crickets (Gryllidae : Trigonidiinae : Laupala) AU - Mullen, Sean P. AU - Mendelson, Tamra C. AU - Schal, Coby AU - Shaw, Kerry L. T2 - EVOLUTION AB - Understanding the origin and maintenance of barriers to gene exchange is a central goal of speciation research. Hawaiian swordtail crickets (genus Laupala) represent one of the most rapidly speciating animal groups yet identified. Extensive acoustic diversity, strong premating isolation, and female preference for conspecific acoustic signals in laboratory phonotaxis trials have strongly supported divergence in mate recognition as the driving force behind the explosive speciation seen in this system. However, recent work has shown that female preference for conspecific male calling song does not extend to mate choice at close range among these crickets, leading to the hypothesis that additional sexual signals are involved in mate recognition and premating isolation. Here we examine patterns of variation in cuticular lipids among several species of Laupala from Maui and the Big Island of Hawaii. Results demonstrate (1) a rapid and dramatic evolution of cuticular lipid composition among species in this genus, (2) significant differences among males and females in cuticular lipid composition, and (3) a significant reduction in the complexity of cuticular lipid profiles in species from the Big Island of Hawaii as compared to two outgroup species from Maui. These results suggest that behavioral barriers to gene exchange in Laupala may be composed of multiple mate recognition signals, a pattern common in other cricket species. DA - 2007/1// PY - 2007/1// DO - 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00019.x VL - 61 IS - 1 SP - 223-231 SN - 1558-5646 KW - acoustic communication KW - biogeography KW - chemical communication KW - courtship KW - Hawaii KW - Laupala KW - premating isolation KW - sexual signals KW - speciation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Precise mapping of quantitative trait loci for resistance to southern leaf blight, caused by Cochliobolus heterostrophus race O, and flowering time using advanced intercross maize lines AU - Balint-Kurti, P. J. AU - Zwonitzer, J. C. AU - Wisser, R. J. AU - Carson, M. L. AU - Oropeza-Rosas, M. A. AU - Holland, J. B. AU - Szalma, S. J. T2 - GENETICS AB - Abstract The intermated B73 × Mo17 (IBM) population, an advanced intercross recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between the maize lines B73 (susceptible) and Mo17 (resistant), was evaluated in four environments for resistance to southern leaf blight (SLB) disease caused by Cochliobolus heterostrophus race O. Two environments were artificially inoculated, while two were not inoculated and consequently had substantially lower disease pressure. Four common SLB resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified in all environments, two in bin 3.04 and one each in bins 1.10 and 8.02/3. There was no significant correlation between disease resistance and days to anthesis. A direct comparison was made between SLB QTL detected in two populations, independently derived from the same parental cross: the IBM advanced intercross population and a conventional recombinant inbred line population. Several QTL for SLB resistance were detected in both populations, with the IBM providing between 5 and, in one case, 50 times greater mapping resolution. DA - 2007/5// PY - 2007/5// DO - 10.1534/genetics.106.067892 VL - 176 IS - 1 SP - 645-657 SN - 1943-2631 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34548569322&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Population dynamics of Trichoderma in fumigated and compost-amended soil and on strawberry roots AU - Leandro, L. F. S. AU - Guzman, T. AU - Ferguson, L. M. AU - Fernandez, G. E. AU - Louws, F. J. T2 - APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY AB - Effectiveness of Trichoderma strains for biocontrol of soilborne pathogens requires an improved understanding of soil and root ecology of this fungus. We compared the population dynamics of Trichoderma hamatum strain T382 (T382) and indigenous Trichoderma spp. in soil and on roots in different strawberry production systems. Strawberry transplants, either amended or not-amended with Trichoderma biocontrol strains, were planted in field soil left untreated or treated with soil fumigant, compost, and compost-amended with T382. Soil and root samples were taken between October and June of two production seasons (2002-03 and 2003-04), and Trichoderma populations were assessed by plating soil dilutions and root pieces onto selective medium. Identity of T382 was confirmed using strain-specific primers. T382 became established and maintained a stable population of 103 cfu/g soil throughout the growing season when added to field soil in amended compost, but T382 was rarely isolated from strawberry roots. Populations of indigenous Trichoderma spp. were up to 60-fold greater in fumigated soil than in any other soil treatment. Indigenous Trichoderma spp. were isolated from a greater proportion (20–50%) of roots in fumigated soil than from roots in the other treatments (0–20%). Transplant treatments did not significantly affect Trichoderma populations on roots or in soil during field production. This study showed that compost may be used as a substrate to establish and promote survival of Trichoderma in field soil, and illustrates how soil manipulation can affect population dynamics of indigenous Trichoderma spp. on roots and in soil. DA - 2007/1// PY - 2007/1// DO - 10.1016/j.apsoil.2006.04.008 VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 237-246 SN - 1873-0272 KW - microbial ecology KW - biocontrol KW - T hamatum T382 KW - T harzianum T22 KW - fumigation KW - rhizosphere ER - TY - JOUR TI - Introducing desirable transgenes into insect populations using Y-linked meiotic drive - A theoretical assessment AU - Huang, Yunxin AU - Magori, Krisztian AU - Lloyd, Alun L. AU - Gould, Fred T2 - EVOLUTION AB - The use of genetic drive mechanisms to replace native mosquito genotypes with individuals bearing antipathogen transgenes is a potential strategy for repressing insect transmission of human diseases such as malaria and dengue. Antipathogen transgenes have been developed and tested, but efficient gene drive mechanisms are lacking. Here we theoretically assess the feasibility of introducing antipathogen genes into wild Aedes aegypti populations by using a naturally occurring meiotic drive system. We consider the release of males having both a Y-linked meiotic drive gene and an X-linked drive-insensitive response allele to which an antipathogen gene is linked. We use mathematical models and computer simulations to determine how the post-introduction dynamics of the antipathogen gene are affected by specific genetic characteristics of the system. The results show that when the natural population is uniformly sensitive to the meiotic drive gene, the antipathogen gene may be driven close to fixation if the fitness costs of the drive gene, the insensitive response allele, and the antipathogen gene are low. However, when the natural population has a small proportion of an X-linked insensitive response allele or an autosomal gene that strongly reduces the effect of the drive gene, the antipathogen gene does not spread if it has an associated fitness cost. Our modeling results provide a theoretical foundation for further experimental tests. DA - 2007/4// PY - 2007/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00075.x VL - 61 IS - 4 SP - 717-726 SN - 1558-5646 KW - autosomal modifier KW - sex-ratio distortion KW - transgene KW - X-chromosome responder KW - Y-chromosome driver ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic characterization of binucleate Rhizoctonia species causing web blight on azalea in Mississippi and Alabama AU - Rinehart, T. A. AU - Copes, W. E. AU - Toda, T. AU - Cubeta, M. A. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Web blight on containerized azalea is an annual problem for commercial nurseries during summer months in the southern United States. Losses to web blight are associated with the cost of fungicide applications, delayed marketing of diseased plants, and plant death. Two hundred and eleven isolates of binucleate Rhizoctonia were recovered from azalea leaves with web blight symptoms from two nurseries in Mississippi and Alabama over 3 years. The internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was sequenced from all isolates to determine genetic identity. A single anastomosis group (AG) of binucleate Rhizoctonia represented 92% of the samples collected from infected leaves. Genetic data and hyphal fusion experiments confirmed that these isolates belong to AG-U, which was recently identified from root and stem infections on miniature rose in Japan. Isolates of binucleate Rhizoctonia belonging to anastomosis groups AG-R, CAG-7 (=AG-S), and AG-G were also identified in the sample in low frequency. This is the first report of the occurrence of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-U in the United States. DA - 2007/5// PY - 2007/5// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-91-5-0616 VL - 91 IS - 5 SP - 616-623 SN - 1943-7692 KW - Ceratobasidium KW - rhododendron ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fungal gene clusters AU - Dean, Ralph A. T2 - NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY AB - The genome of the fungus that causes corn smut disease has been sequenced. DA - 2007/1// PY - 2007/1// DO - 10.1038/nbt0107-67 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 67-67 SN - 1087-0156 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Endocrine effects of social stimuli on maturing queens of the dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticollis AU - Brent, Colin S. AU - Schal, Coby AU - Vargo, Edward L. T2 - PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Abstract The reproductive physiology of social insects is often highly responsive to social stimuli from nestmates, but the mechanisms underlying this sensitivity are usually poorly understood. The effect of varied social conditions on the endocrinology and ovarian maturation in maturing female primary reproductives of the dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticollis Hagen is studied to better understand their developmental responses to conspecifics. Newly dealate queens are paired with a reproductive male, with another maturing female, or are allowed to mature in isolation. Developmental responses are tracked by monitoring rates of juvenile hormone (JH) production by corpora allata in vitro , haemolymph ecdysteroids titres and ovarian development after 5, 10, 15 and 30 days of maturation. Significant declines in rates of JH production rates are observed by days 5, 10 and 30, respectively, for females paired with males, left to mature in isolation or paired with a female. Ecdysteroid titres increase by day 5 and stay elevated in females nesting with males. By contrast, for CA from females that are isolated or paired with another female, the titres decline and stay low until at least day 15, but increase significantly by day 30. These hormonal differences correspond to differential rates of physiological maturation, with more rapid ovarian development occurring in females paired with a male, than in those nesting alone or with another female. The results suggest that JH and ecdysteroids modulate the ovarian response of alates to stimuli from nestmates during this period of maturation, and that JH and ecdysteroid titres may be regulated independently during this period of development. DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-3032.2006.00536.x VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - 26-33 SN - 1365-3032 KW - ecdysteroids KW - isoptera KW - juvenile hormone KW - reproductive maturation KW - queen ER - TY - JOUR TI - Artificial inoculation of wheat for selecting resistance to Stagonospora nodorum blotch AU - Cowger, Christina AU - Murphy, J. Paul T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - In the eastern United States, natural epidemics of Stagonospora nodorum blotch (SNB) are not consistently severe enough to facilitate substantial progress in breeding moderately resistant cultivars of soft red winter wheat. We compared three artificial inoculation methods to natural inoculum in a field experiment involving seven wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars with varying levels of SNB resistance. Artificial inoculation methods were: Phaeosphaeria nodorum conidia applied by atomization to three- to four-leaf wheat in early winter, P. nodorum conidia applied by atomization at boot stage in late spring, and P. nodorum-infected wheat straw applied in early winter. The experiment was conducted at Kinston and Plymouth, NC, in 2003–2004, 2004–2005, and 2005–2006, and all treatments had three replicates. Percent diseased canopy was assessed and comparisons were made using disease severity at a single date (early to soft dough stage) and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The relative resistance level of cultivars was consistent across sites, years, and inoculum methods, although the rankings of moderately susceptible and susceptible cultivars were sometimes switched. On average, late spores and straw caused significantly more disease than early spores or natural inoculum (P ≤ 0.05). Biplot analysis indicated that all artificial methods had a higher mean capacity to discriminate among cultivars than did natural inoculum (P ≤ 0.05). On average, artificial inoculation increased the capacity of environments to separate wheat cultivars by SNB resistance. DA - 2007/5// PY - 2007/5// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-91-5-0539 VL - 91 IS - 5 SP - 539-545 SN - 1943-7692 KW - cereals KW - principal component analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mapping resistance to Southern rust in a tropical by temperate maize recombinant inbred topcross population AU - Jines, M. P. AU - Balint-Kurti, P. AU - Robertson-Hoyt, L. A. AU - Molnar, T. AU - Holland, J. B. AU - Goodman, M. M. T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 2007/2// PY - 2007/2// DO - 10.1007/s00122-006-0466-0 VL - 114 IS - 4 SP - 659-667 SN - 1432-2242 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33846813838&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cross-resistance responses of Cry1Ac-selected Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) to the Bacillus thuringiensis protein Vip3A AU - Jackson, R. E. AU - Marcus, M. A. AU - Gould, F. AU - Bradley, J. R., Jr. AU - Van Duyn, J. W. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - One susceptible and three Cry1Ac-resistant strains of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were used in laboratory studies to determine the level of cross-resistance between the Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) toxins Cry1Ac and Vip3A by using concentration-mortality and leaf tissue experiments. Concentration-mortality data demonstrated that the three Cry1Ac-resistant H. virescens strains, YHD2, KCBhyb, and CxC, were at least 215- to 316-fold resistant to Cry1Ac compared with the susceptible strain, YDK. Results from Vip3A concentration-mortality tests indicated that mortality was similar among all four H. virescens strains. Relative larval growth on Cry1Ac reflected concentration-mortality test results, because YHD2 larval growth was mostly unaffected by the Cry1Ac concentrations tested. Growth ratios for KCBhyb and CXC indicated that they had a more moderate level of resistance to Cry1Ac than did YHD2. Relative larval growth on Vip3A was highly variable at lower concentrations, but it was more consistent on concentrations of Vip3A above 25 microg/ml. Differences in larval growth among strains on Vip3A were not as pronounced as seen in Cry1Ac experiments. Mortality and larval growth also was assessed in leaf tissue bioassays in which YDK, CxC, and KCBhyb neonates were placed onto leaf disks from non-Bt and Bt cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., for 5 d. Three Bt lines were used in an initial bioassay and consisted of two Vip3A-containing lines, COT203 and COT102, and a Cry1Ac-producing line. Mortality of KCBhyb and CXC was lower than that of YDK larvae in the presence of leaf tissue from the Cry1Ac-producing line. Additionally, increased larval growth and leaf tissue consumption on Cry1Ac-containing leaf disks was observed for KCBhyb and CXC. Mortality and larval weights were similar among strains when larvae were fed leaf tissue of either non-Bt, COT203, or COT102. A subsequent leaf tissue bioassay was conducted that evaluated four cotton lines: non-Bt, Cry1Ab-expressing, Vip3A-expressing, and pyramided-toxin plants that produced both Cry1Ab and Vip3A. Mortality levels were similar among strains when fed non-Bt, Vip3A-expressing, or pyramided-toxin leaf tissues. Mortality was higher for YDK than for KCBhyb or CXC on Cry1Ab-expressing leaf tissues. No differences in larval weights were observed among strains for any genotype tested. Results of these experiments demonstrate that cross-resistance is nonexistent between CrylAc and Vip3A in H. virescens. Thus, the introduction of Vip3A-producing lines could delay Cry1Ac-resistance evolution in H. virescens, if these lines gain a significant share of the market. DA - 2007/2// PY - 2007/2// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493(2007)100[180:CROCHV]2.0.CO;2 VL - 100 IS - 1 SP - 180-186 SN - 0022-0493 KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - Vip3A KW - Heliothis virescens KW - cross-resistance KW - resistance management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Atmospheric plasma-aided biocidal finishes for nonwoven polypropylene fabrics. II. Functionality of synthesized fabrics AU - Wafa, D. M. AU - Breidt, F. AU - Gawish, S. M. AU - Matthews, S. R. AU - Donohue, K. V. AU - Roe, R. M. AU - Bourham, M. A. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE AB - Abstract Atmospheric plasma‐aided graft copolymerization of textile materials provides single or multiple functionality polypropylene (PP) modified fabrics. Biocidal PP's are modified ones to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, molds, and fungi, and insect and tick repelling action. Novel PP biocidal fabrics synthesized by graft copolymerization using plasma‐aided technique (see part I of this study) using antibacterial and insect repellent agents have been tested and evaluated and proved to be antimicrobial, tick repellent, and antistatic. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1911–1917, 2007 DA - 2007/2/5/ PY - 2007/2/5/ DO - 10.1002/app.24042 VL - 103 IS - 3 SP - 1911-1917 SN - 1097-4628 KW - nonwoven PP KW - atmospheric oxygenated helium plasma KW - GMA KW - beta-CD KW - MCT beta-CD KW - HTCC KW - antistatic KW - antimicrobial KW - insect repellent fabrics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Insecticidal activity and mode of action of novel nicotinoids synthesized by new acylpyridinium salt chemistry and directed lithiation AU - Stumpf, Christof F. AU - Comins, Daniel L. AU - Sparks, Thomas C. AU - Donohue, Kevin V. AU - Roe, R. Michael T2 - PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY AB - Novel acylpyridinium salt chemistry and directed lithiation methodology was developed to add for the first time substitutions directly to the phenylpyridine heterocyclic ring of nicotine. A variety of 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-4-(alkyl, aromatic, heterocyclic and silanyl) and -N-alkyl pyridines were synthesized (compounds 1–9). In vial tests with the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, compounds 1–4 were 1.1, 1.8, 2.3 and 1.9×, respectively, more active than nicotine and 64, 40, 31 and 38×, respectively, less active than acetamiprid. Against the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, 1–4 were 1.4, 2.1, 2.0 and 1.6×, respectively, more active than nicotine and 9, 6, 6 and 8×, respectively, less active than acetamiprid. For the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, the activity of 1–9 was similar to nicotine. Compounds 7 and 9 when incorporated into artificial diet produced low mortality for larvae of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, but were not active against the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea. When 1–4 and 6–9 were injected into larvae of the beet armyworm, a variety of symptoms similar to acetamiprid were observed which included tremors, uncoordinated movement, diuresis, paralysis and death. In addition, imidacloprid-binding to membranes from the house fly head, Musca domestica, was inhibited by compounds 1–9, when using a concentration range of 1–100 μM. These studies demonstrate that our new chemistry enhances the insecticidal activity of nicotine with an apparent mode of action as an acetylcholine agonist. DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// DO - 10.1016/j.pestbp.2006.07.012 VL - 87 IS - 3 SP - 211-219 SN - 1095-9939 KW - nicotinoid KW - neonicotinoid KW - nicotine KW - acetamiprid KW - insecticidal activity KW - mode of action KW - green peach aphid KW - cotton aphid KW - western flower thrips KW - corn earworm KW - beet armyworm KW - house fly ER - TY - JOUR TI - Infection of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) by Hesperomyces virescens (Ascomycetes : Laboulbeniales): Role of mating status and aggregation behavior AU - Nalepa, Christine A. AU - Weir, Alexander T2 - JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY AB - The ectoparasitic fungus Hesperomyces virescens was studied on Harmonia axyridis in North Carolina, in the southeastern United States. A primary goal was to investigate transmission of the disease by examining the correlation between the pattern of fungal infection and seasonal change in host behavior. Beetles were collected as they arrived at their winter quarters at two sites; in one site they were also subsampled at mid- and late winter. Insects were sexed and weighed, fungal thalli were counted, and their location on the host body mapped; spermathecae of females were examined for sperm. Infection levels varied between sites, differed significantly between the sexes in one site but not the other, and increased by approximately 40% during winter. The distribution of thalli on the body changed seasonally, in concert with behavioral changes in the host. At fall flight, thalli were found most often on the posterior elytra of mated females, virgin females, and males. This is suggestive that the disease had been spread among both sexes via successful and failed copulation attempts; however, the relatively low incidence of infection on the male venter does not fit the sexual transmission scenario. During winter, thallus location shifts in concert with beetle aggregation behavior, with infections more often located on the head and legs. Fresh weight of beetles decreased by approx. 20% during winter, but was not affected by disease status. Prior to spring flight, uninfected females were preferred as mating partners, but the probable relationship between female age and infection status complicates interpretation of the data. DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// DO - 10.1016/j.jip.2006.11.002 VL - 94 IS - 3 SP - 196-203 SN - 0022-2011 KW - Harmonia axyridis KW - lady beetle KW - Coccinellidae KW - Hesperomyces virescens KW - Laboulbeniales KW - spore transmission KW - mate choice KW - pathogenicity KW - sexually transmitted disease KW - socially transmitted disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Andean origin of Phytophthora infestans inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene genealogies AU - Gomez-Alpizar, Luis AU - Carbone, Ignazio AU - Ristaino, Jean Beagle T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary caused the 19th century Irish Potato Famine. We assessed the genealogical history of P. infestans using sequences from portions of two nuclear genes (β- tubulin and Ras ) and several mitochondrial loci P3, ( rpl 14, rpl 5, tRNA) and P4 ( Cox1 ) from 94 isolates from South, Central, and North America, as well as Ireland. Summary statistics, migration analyses and the genealogy of current populations of P. infestans for both nuclear and mitochondrial loci are consistent with an “out of South America” origin for P. infestans . Mexican populations of P. infestans from the putative center of origin in Toluca Mexico harbored less nucleotide and haplotype diversity than Andean populations. Coalescent-based genealogies of all loci were congruent and demonstrate the existence of two lineages leading to present day haplotypes of P. infestans on potatoes. The oldest lineage associated with isolates from the section Anarrhichomenun including Solanum tetrapetalum from Ecuador was identified as Phytophthora andina and evolved from a common ancestor of P. infestans . Nuclear and mitochondrial haplotypes found in Toluca Mexico were derived from only one of the two lineages, whereas haplotypes from Andean populations in Peru and Ecuador were derived from both lineages. Haplotypes found in populations from the U.S. and Ireland was derived from both ancestral lineages that occur in South America suggesting a common ancestry among these populations. The geographic distribution of mutations on the rooted gene genealogies demonstrate that the oldest mutations in P. infestans originated in South America and are consistent with a South American origin. DA - 2007/2/27/ PY - 2007/2/27/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.0611479104 VL - 104 IS - 9 SP - 3306-3311 SN - 0027-8424 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33847647990&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - late blight KW - oomycetes KW - phylogeography KW - Solanum tuberosum KW - stamenopiles ER - TY - JOUR TI - A polymerase chain reaction screen of field populations of Heliothis virescens for a retrotransposon insertion conferring resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin AU - Gahan, Linda J. AU - Gould, Fred AU - Lopez, Juan D., Jr. AU - Micinski, Stephen AU - Heckel, David G. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - The evolution of pest resistance to transgenic crop plants producing insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Berliner poses a continuing threat to their sustainable use in agriculture. One component of the U.S.-wide resistance management plan for Bt cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., involves monitoring the frequency of resistance alleles in field populations. However, existing methods are expensive and may not detect recessive resistance alleles until their frequencies are too high for countermeasures to be effective; therefore, more sensitive methods are needed. The first Bt resistance-causing mutation described at the molecular level was a retrotransposon insertion into the gene encoding a 12-cadherin-domain protein expressed in the midgut of larval Heliothis virescens (F.). We report the first large-scale screen for this mutation using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approach on >7,000 field-collected individuals. The specific insertion was not detected in any of these samples, nor was it detected in three progeny-tested, field-caught males thought to carry a Bt resistance gene. Unlike the targets of many chemical insecticides where a limited number of resistance-causing mutations compatible with viability can occur; a very large number of such mutations seem possible for the 12-cadherin-domain gene. However, even if these mutations are viable in the laboratory, they may not threaten the effectiveness of transgenic crops because of a high fitness cost in the field. The challenge remains to detect the subset of possible resistance-conferring alleles that are still rare but are viable in the field and increasing due to selection by Bt cotton. This situation will complicate PCR-based Bt resistance monitoring strategies. DA - 2007/2// PY - 2007/2// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493(2007)100[187:APCRSO]2.0.CO;2 VL - 100 IS - 1 SP - 187-194 SN - 0022-0493 KW - DNA diagnostics KW - resistance monitoring KW - tobacco budworm KW - cotton ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal diets of insectivorous birds using canopy gaps in a bottomland forest AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Bowen, Liessa T. AU - Kilgo, John C. AU - Sorenson, Clyde E. AU - Hanula, James L. AU - Horn, Scott AU - Ulyshen, Mike D. T2 - JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Little is known about how insectivorous bird diets are influenced by arthropod availability and about how these relationships vary seasonally. We captured birds in forest-canopy gaps and adjacent mature forest during 2001 and 2002 at the Savannah River Site in Barnwell County, South Carolina, and flushed their crops to gather information about arthropods eaten during four periods: spring migration, breeding, postbreeding, and fall migration. Arthropod availability for foliage- and ground-gleaning birds was examined by leaf clipping and pitfall trapping. Coleopterans and Hemipterans were used by foliage- and ground-gleaners more than expected during all periods, whereas arthropods in the orders Araneae and Hymenoptera were used as, or less than, expected based on availability during all periods. Ground-gleaning birds used Homopterans and Lepidopterans in proportions higher than availability during all periods. Arthropod use by birds was consistent from spring through fall migration, with no apparent seasonal shift in diet. Based on concurrent studies, heavily used orders of arthropods were equally abundant or slightly less abundant in canopy gaps than in the surrounding mature forest, but bird species were most frequently detected in gaps. Such results suggest that preferential feeding on arthropods by foliage-gleaning birds in gap habitats reduced arthropod densities or, alternatively, that bird use of gap and forest habitat was not determined by food resources. The abundance of arthropods across the stand may have allowed birds to remain in the densely vegetated gaps where thick cover provides protection from predators. Se conoce poco de como la dieta de insectívoros está influenciada por la disponibilidad de artrópodos y de como estas interacciones varían estacionalmente. Capturamos aves en huecos o aberturas del docel de un bosque, adyacente a un bosque maduro durante el 2001 y el 2002 en Savannah River Site, Condado Garnwell, Carolina del Sur. A las aves le lavamos el buche para obtener información sobre los artrópodos utilizados como alimento durante la migración primaveral, durante la época reproductiva, post-reproductiva y durante la migración otoñal. Para determinar la disponibilidad de artrópodos en el follaje y en el suelo, usamos la técnica de cortar hojas con artrópodos y la de trampas de envases en el suelo. Los coleópteros y los hemípteros fueron utilizados como fuente de alimento, más de lo esperado tanto por aves que se alimentaron en el follaje como en los suelos, durante todos los periodos. Por su parte, los arácnidos y los himenópteros, fueron utilizados menos de lo esperado, basándose en la disponibilidad de estos durante todos los periodos de estudio. Las aves que se alimentaron en los suelos utilizaron homópteros y lepidópteros en mayor proporción que lo esperado, dada su disponibilidad, durante todos los periodos. Los artrópodos utilizados por las aves fueron consistentes desde la primavera hasta la migración otoñal, sin que hubiera desplazamiento o cambios estacionales en la dieta. Basado en estudios concurrentes, los ordenes de artrópodos más utilizados como alimento, estuvieron en similar o un poco más bajo en abundancia en los huecos del docel que en los alrededores de bosque maduro, pero las especies de aves se detectaron con mayor frecuencia en los huecos. Estos resultados sugieren que la alimentación preferencial de artrópodos por aves que se alimentan buscando insectos entre el follaje en habitats con huecos, reducen la densidad de artrópodos, o que el uso de los huecos o de bosque maduro no esta determinado por los recursos alimentarios. La abundancia de artrópodos a lo largo del rodal puede haber permitido que la aves permanecieran en los huecos o aperturas con alta densidad de plantas, en donde el follaje provee de protección contra los depredadores. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1111/j.1557-9263.2006.00081.x VL - 78 IS - 1 SP - 11-20 SN - 1557-9263 KW - arthropods KW - bird diets KW - Coleoptera KW - crop flushing KW - migration KW - postbreeding ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationships among resistances to Fusarium and Aspergillus ear rots and contamination by fumonisin and aflatoxin in maize AU - Robertson-Hoyt, Leilani A. AU - Betran, Javier AU - Payne, Gary A. AU - White, Don G. AU - Isakeit, Thomas AU - Maragos, Chris M. AU - Molnar, Terence L. AU - Holland, James B. T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Fusarium verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and Aspergillus flavus cause ear rots of maize and contaminate the grain with mycotoxins (fumonisin or aflatoxin). The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between resistance to Fusarium and Aspergillus ear rots and fumonisin and aflatoxin contamination. Based on a previous study of 143 recombinant inbred lines from the cross NC300 x B104, 24 lines with the highest and 24 lines with the lowest mean fumonisin concentration were selected for further evaluation. Paired plots of each line were inoculated with F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum or with A. flavus in replicated trials in 2004 and 2005 in Clayton, NC, and College Station, TX. The low-fumonisin group had significantly lower levels of fumonisin, aflatoxin, and Fusarium and Aspergillus ear rots. Across year-location environments, all four traits were significantly correlated; the genotypic correlation (r(G)) ranged from r(G) = 0.88 (aflatoxin and Aspergillus ear rot) to r(G) = 0.99 (Fusarium and Aspergillus ear rots). Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified and their effects estimated. Two QTLs affected both toxin concentrations, one QTL affected both ear rots, and one QTL affected Aspergillus and Fusarium rots and fumonisin. These results suggest that at least some of the genes involved in resistance to ear rots and mycotoxin contamination are identical or genetically linked. DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO-97-3-0311 VL - 97 IS - 3 SP - 311-317 SN - 1943-7684 KW - corn ER - TY - JOUR TI - First report of Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus, a component of sweetpotato virus disease, in North Carolina. AU - Abad, J. A. AU - Parks, E. J. AU - New, S. L. AU - Fuentes, S. AU - Jester, W. AU - Moyer, J. W. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) is the whitefly-transmitted component of the sweet potato virus disease (SPVD), a devastating disease originally described in Africa (4). Two isolates designated as G-01 and T-03 were obtained in North Carolina in July 2001 and October 2003, respectively, from plants of cv. Beauregard exhibiting symptoms typical of SPVD, including stunting, leaf narrowing and distortion, vein clearing, and chlorotic mosaic. Sap extract from symptomatic plants tested positive for SPCSV by nitrocellulose immuno-dot blot, using monoclonal antibodies specific for SPCSV obtained from the International Potato Center. Total RNA was extracted from 100 mg of symptomatic leaf tissue by using the PureLink Total RNA Purification System Kit from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA) with a minor modification (adding 2% PVP-40 and 1% 2-mercaptoethanol to the extraction buffer) (1). Results were confirmed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using primers CP1 and CP3 and HSP70-A/HSP70-B (2), corresponding to the capsid protein and ‘heat shock’ protein genes, respectively. HSP70 amplicons were cloned using the TOPO TA Cloning Kit (Invitrogen) and sequenced. At the nucleotide level, viral sequences from clones from both isolates were an average 99.4% similar to West Africa and 77.9% to East Africa sequences of SPCSV from Genbank (1). Although the isolates were collected from different fields, viral sequences generated from clones for T-03 and G-01 differed by only six nucleotides and were identical at the amino acid level. The neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree constructed using the HSP70 gene fragment (39 nt) delineated two major clusters with two subpopulations each: Cluster 1, “East Africa”, consisted of East Africa and Peru subpopulations; Cluster 2, “West Africa”, consisted of Argentina-Brazil and USA-West Africa subpopulations (1). In addition, SPCSV isolates from East Africa and West Africa clusters were sufficiently distant phylogenetically to suggest that they may correspond to two different criniviruses, with an average similarity between the populations of 78.14% and an average within the populations above 89%. Hudson's tests confirmed the presence of genetically distinct SPCSV groups with high statistical significance (1). Two groups (Peru and East Africa) were differentiated in the East Africa cluster, and three groups (Argentina-Brazil, USA, and West Africa) were differentiated in the West Africa cluster, suggesting that the USA population is not a recent introduction. Although SPCSV was previously reported in the United States, the source was a single accession of cv. White Bunch from the USDA Sweetpotato Germplasm Repository (3). Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) (family Potyviridae, genus Potyvirus), the other component of SPVD, was also detected in both cultivars. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SPCSV in sweetpotato fields in the United States. References: (1) J. A. Abad et al. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 96(suppl.):S1, 2006. (2) T. Alicai et al. Plant Pathol. 48:718, 1999. (3) G. Pio-Ribeiro et al. Plant Dis. 80:551, 1996. (4) G. A. Schaefer and E. R. Terry. Phytopathology 66:642, 1977. DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-91-3-0327B VL - 91 IS - 3 SP - 327-327 SN - 0191-2917 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential attraction of Heliothis subflexa males to synthetic pheromone lures in eastern US and western Mexico AU - Groot, A. T. AU - Santangelo, R. G. AU - Ricci, E. AU - Brownie, C. AU - Gould, F. AU - Schal, Coby T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY DA - 2007/2// PY - 2007/2// DO - 10.1007/s10886-006-9233-6 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 353-368 SN - 1573-1561 KW - sexual communication KW - pheromone KW - pheromone component KW - geographic variation KW - acetate esters KW - 16-carbon alcohol KW - 14-carbon aldehydes KW - dose-response KW - minimal blend KW - complete blend ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cockroach Allergen Biology and Mitigation in the Indoor Environment AU - Gore, J. Chad AU - Schal, Coby T2 - Annual Review of Entomology AB - For nearly a half century, cockroaches have been recognized as a major cause of asthma morbidity in the urban, inner-city environment. Several cockroach-produced allergens have been identified and characterized, and a few have been produced as recombinant proteins. Recent research has moved beyond clinical, patient-based investigations to a more entomological perspective that addresses the production, physiological regulation, and developmental expression of cockroach allergens, thus providing insight into their functional biology and their relationship to current cockroach control strategies. Although successful removal of cockroach allergens from the infested environment has been difficult to accomplish with remedial sanitation, large-scale reductions in cockroach allergens below clinically relevant thresholds have recently been realized through suppression of cockroach populations. Here we review the current understanding of cockroach allergen biology and the demographics associated with human exposure and sensitization. We also critically evaluate allergen mitigation studies from an entomological perspective, highlighting disparities between successful and failed attempts to lessen the cockroach allergen burden in homes. DA - 2007/1// PY - 2007/1// DO - 10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091313 VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - 439-463 J2 - Annu. Rev. Entomol. LA - en OP - SN - 0066-4170 1545-4487 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091313 DB - Crossref KW - Bla g 1 KW - insect allergy KW - asthma KW - indoor air KW - Blattella germanica ER - TY - JOUR TI - Entomopathogenic fungi detection and avoidance by mole crickets (Orthoptera : Gryllotalpidae) AU - Thompson, Sarah R. AU - Brandenburg, Rick L. AU - Roberson, Gary T. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - A chamber to monitor mole cricket behavior was designed using two different soil-filled containers and photosensors constructed from infrared emitters and detectors. Mole crickets (Scapteriscus spp.) were introduced into a center tube that allowed them to choose whether to enter and tunnel in untreated soil or soil treated with Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin. Each time the cricket passed through the photosensor located near the entrance of soil-filled containers, the infrared light was blocked and the exact moment that this occurred was logged onto a computer using custom-written software. Data examined included the first photosensor trigger, total number of sensor triggers, presence of tunneling, and final location of the cricket after 18 h. These behaviors were analyzed to discern differences in mole cricket behavior in the presence of different treatments and to elucidate the mechanism that mole crickets use to detect fungal pathogens. The first study examined substrate selection and tunneling behavior of the southern mole cricket, Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos, to the presence of five strains of B. bassiana relative to a control. There were no differences between the first sensor trigger and total number of triggers, indicating the mole crickets are not capable of detecting B. bassiana at a distance of 8 cm. Changes in mole cricket tunneling and residence time in treated soil occurred for some strains of B. bassiana but not others. One of the strains associated with behavioral changes in the southern mole cricket was used in a second experiment testing behavioral responses of the tawny mole cricket, S. vicinus Scudder. In addition to the formulated product of this strain, the two separate components of that product (conidia and carrier) and bifenthrin, an insecticide commonly used to control mole crickets, were tested. There were no differences in mole cricket behavior between treatments in this study. The differences in behavioral responses between the two species could suggest a more sensitive chemosensory recognition system for southern mole crickets. DA - 2007/2// PY - 2007/2// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X(2007)36[165:EFDAAB]2.0.CO;2 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 165-172 SN - 1938-2936 KW - infrared emitters and detectors KW - Beauveria bassiana KW - Scapteriscus borellii KW - S. vicinus KW - avoidance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of Iphiseiodes quadripilis (Banks) (Acari : Phytoseiidae) on pollen or mite diets and predation on Aculops pelekassi (Keifer) (Acari : Eriophyidae) in the laboratory AU - Villanueva, Raul T. AU - Childers, Carl C. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Development and reproduction of Iphiseiodes quadripilis (Banks) were evaluated on single food diets of pollen (Malephora crocea Jacquin [ice plant] or Quercus sp. [oak]), spider mites, [Eutetranychus banksi (McGregor) or Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae)], or the citrus rust mite Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) (Acari: Eriophyidae). Experiments were conducted in an environmental chamber at 28 degrees +/- 1 degrees C, 14:10 (L:D) daylength, and 45% RH. I. quadripilis completed development and laid viable eggs that subsequently hatched on diets of either ice plant or oak pollen or eggs and motile stages of E. banksi. P. citri was acceptable as prey, but survival of larvae to adults was only 36%, whereas survival on E. banksi, ice plant pollen, and oak pollen was 48, 60, and 68%, respectively. The webbing produced by P. citri seemed to inhibit foraging behavior of I. quadripilis larvae and nymphs. Larvae of I. quadripilis developed only to the second nymphal instar on a diet of P. oleivora alone or water alone. Starved I. quadripilis females and deutonymphs were observed preying on the pink citrus rust mite, Aculops pelekassi (Keifer) (Eriophyidae). During 4-min observation trials, two series of I. quadripilis fed on 1.8 +/- 0.47 and 3.5 +/- 0.45 A. pelekassi motile stages after being starved for 6 and 24 h, respectively. I. quadripilis females did not prey on P. oleivora in arenas containing both rust mite species. DA - 2007/2// PY - 2007/2// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X(2007)36[9:DOIQBA]2.0.CO;2 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 9-14 SN - 1938-2936 KW - citrus KW - Phyllocoptruta oleivora KW - pink citrus rust mite KW - spider mites ER -