TY - JOUR TI - MSL1 plays a central role in assembly of the MSL complex, essential for dosage compensation in Drosophila AU - Scott, M. J. T2 - The EMBO Journal AB - Article4 January 2000free access MSL1 plays a central role in assembly of the MSL complex, essential for dosage compensation in Drosophila Maxwell J. Scott Corresponding Author Maxwell J. Scott Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Search for more papers by this author Lewis L. Pan Lewis L. Pan Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Search for more papers by this author Sheralee B. Cleland Sheralee B. Cleland Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Search for more papers by this author Andrea L. Knox Andrea L. Knox Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Present address: Wellcome/CRC Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR UK Search for more papers by this author Jörg Heinrich Jörg Heinrich Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Search for more papers by this author Maxwell J. Scott Corresponding Author Maxwell J. Scott Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Search for more papers by this author Lewis L. Pan Lewis L. Pan Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Search for more papers by this author Sheralee B. Cleland Sheralee B. Cleland Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Search for more papers by this author Andrea L. Knox Andrea L. Knox Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Present address: Wellcome/CRC Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR UK Search for more papers by this author Jörg Heinrich Jörg Heinrich Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Search for more papers by this author Author Information Maxwell J. Scott 1, Lewis L. Pan1, Sheralee B. Cleland1, Andrea L. Knox1,2 and Jörg Heinrich1 1Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand 2Present address: Wellcome/CRC Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR UK *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] The EMBO Journal (2000)19:144-155https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/19.1.144 PDFDownload PDF of article text and main figures. ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyWechatReddit Figures & Info In male Drosophila, histone H4 acetylated at Lys16 is enriched on the X chromosome, and most X-linked genes are transcribed at a higher rate than in females (thus achieving dosage compensation). Five proteins, collectively called the MSLs, are required for dosage compensation and male viability. Here we show that one of these proteins, MSL1, interacts with three others, MSL2, MSL3 and MOF. The latter is a putative histone acetyl transferase. Overexpression of either the N- or C-terminal domain of MSL1 has dominant-negative effects, i.e. causes male-specific lethality. The lethality due to expression of the N-terminal domain is reduced if msl2 is co-overexpressed. MSL2 co-purifies over a FLAG affinity column with the tagged region of MSL1, and both MSL3 and MOF co-purify with the FLAG-tagged MSL1 C-terminal domain. Furthermore, the MSL1 C-terminal domain binds specifically to a GST–MOF fusion protein and co-immunoprecipitates with HA-tagged MSL3. The MSL1 C-terminal domain shows similarity to a region of mouse CBP, a transcription co-activator. We conclude that a main role of MSL1 is to serve as the backbone for assembly of the MSL complex. Introduction Drosophila melanogaster dosage compensate (i.e. equalize X-linked gene products) by doubling the amount of gene expression from the one male X chromosome to equal that from the two female X chromosomes (reviewed by Bashaw and Baker, 1996; Lucchesi, 1998). Males homozygous for loss-of-function mutations in the male-specific lethal1 (msl1), male-specific lethal2 (msl2), male-specific lethal3 (msl3), maleless (mle) or males absent on the first (mof) genes die due to a failure to dosage compensate. Antibody-binding studies have shown that the MSL1, MSL2, MSL3, MLE and MOF proteins, collectively called the MSLs, co-localize to hundreds of sites along the length of the male X chromosome (Lucchesi, 1998). Acetylation of histone H4 at Lys16 is associated preferentially with the male X chromosome and is dependent on the binding of the MSLs (Turner et al., 1992; Bone et al., 1994). MOF shows homology to the ESA1 and Tip60 histone acetyl transferases (Hilfiker et al., 1997; Smith et al., 1998). Histone acetylation would decrease the affinity of histone for DNA (Struhl, 1998) and could destabilize higher order chromatin structure by weakening the interaction between adjacent nucleosomes (Luger et al., 1997). Furthermore, several transcription co-activators have been shown to have histone acetyl transferase activity (Brownell and Allis, 1996; Struhl, 1998). This suggests that altering chromatin structure via histone acetylation is a key element of the mechanism by which the MSLs increase X-linked gene expression in males. Of the other MSLs, MLE codes for an RNA–DNA helicase (Lee et al., 1997), MSL2 is a RING finger protein (Bashaw and Baker, 1995; Kelley et al., 1995; Zhou et al., 1995) and MSL3 is a chromodomain protein (Koonin et al., 1995). MSL1, however, has no recognizable domains but does have regions that are rich in acidic amino acids (Palmer et al., 1993). The MSL complex is not unique in containing both an RNA helicase and histone acetyl transferase. The CREB-binding protein (CBP) transcription co-activator is a histone acetyl transferase (Bannister and Kouzarides, 1996) and binds to RNA helicase A (Nakajima et al., 1997). Coupling a helicase with a histone acetyl transferase could be advantageous as histone acetylation could destabilize the chromatin structure and thus facilitate passage of the helicase along the chromosome. There are several lines of evidence suggesting that the MSLs form a complex. First, the localization of any one of the MSLs to the male X chromosome requires all five msl+ activities (Palmer et al., 1994; Gorman et al., 1995; Kelley et al., 1995; Gu et al., 1998). Furthermore, the stability of the MSL1 protein is strongly dependent on the presence of MSL2 (Chang and Kuroda, 1998). Similarly, MSL3 stability is dependent upon MSL1 and MSL2 (Gorman et al., 1995). MSL2 and MSL3 interact with MSL1 in a yeast two-hybrid system (Copps et al., 1998). MSL1, MSL2 and MSL3 co-immunoprecipitate and chromatographically co-fractionate from Drosophila SL2 cell extract (Copps et al., 1998). MLE, however, appears not to be tightly associated with the other MSLs. In addition to the MSLs, the X-linked non-coding roX1 (RNA on the X chromosome) and roX2 genes may have a role in dosage compensation. The male-specific accumulation of roX1 and roX2 RNAs is dependent upon the MSLs, and roX1 RNA ‘paints’ the male X chromosome in a manner strikingly similar to the ‘painting’ of the mammalian inactive X chromosome by Xist RNA (Amrein and Axel, 1997; Meller et al., 1997). Since an RNA component is essential for association of MLE with the X chromosome (Richter et al., 1996), this suggests that a possible role for the roX RNAs is to stabilize the interaction of MLE with the other MSLs (Meller et al., 1997; Chang and Kuroda, 1998). The binding of MSL1 and MSL2 to several ‘high affinity’ sites on the X chromosome does not require MLE, MOF or MSL3 (Lyman et al., 1997). Furthermore, the binding of these three proteins to the male X chromosome is absolutely dependent on MSL1 and MSL2 (Gu et al., 1998). Together, these results suggest that the MSLs may bind sequentially to the X. In the first step, the MSL1 and MSL2 complex binds to high affinity sites on the X. Secondly, MSL1 and MSL2 then recruit MSL3, MLE and MOF to the X. The MSL complex does not associate with the female X chromosomes because MSL2 protein is absent from females (Bashaw and Baker, 1995; Kelley et al., 1995; Zhou et al., 1995). With the long-term goal of improving our understanding of the mechanism of dosage compensation, we have sought to identify the domains of MSL1 that are important for function in vivo. We find that overexpression of two regions of MSL1 causes male-specific lethality, i.e. they behave as dominant-negative mutant forms of MSL1. We present genetic and biochemical evidence that one region interacts with MSL2, the other with both MSL3 and MOF. Our results suggest a central role for MSL1 in assembly of the MSL complex. Results Overexpression of regions of MSL1 causes male-specific lethality We hypothesized that overexpression of a truncated version of MSL1 could cause male-specific lethality if it bound to one or more of the MSLs and reduced the concentration of this MSL available to bind to endogenous MSL1 below a critical threshold required for dosage compensation (and thus male viability). Transgenic flies homozygous for an msl1 expression construct (Figure 1) were raised at 30°C and heat shocked daily for 1 h at 37°C to maximize MSL1 protein synthesis. Expression of MSL1 and its truncated derivatives was controlled with the hsp70 heat-shock promoter, which has significantly higher constitutive activity at 30°C compared with 22°C (O'Brien and Lis, 1991). We found that there was 100% male lethality in transformant lines carrying either the FΔ84, FΔ84ΔC*, FN, C or FC constructs (Table I). There was also a smaller but nevertheless significant decrease in male viability in lines expressing either the FMSL1, Δ84 or Δ84ΔC* proteins. Transformant lines expressing either full-length MSL1 or the MID region of MSL1 under these conditions produced approximately equal numbers of males and females (Table I). These results suggest that there are at least two regions of MSL1, one near the N-terminus and the other at the C-terminus, defined by FN and C, respectively, which could be important for assembly of the MSL complex in vivo. Interestingly, although the FLAG-tagged FΔ84 and FΔ84ΔC* proteins are essentially identical to the Δ84 and Δ84ΔC* proteins, respectively, overexpression of the former has a much more severe effect on male viability (Table I). Similarly, overexpression of FLAG-tagged MSL1 (FMSL1) but not MSL1 resulted in a small but significant decrease in male viability. Figure 1.msl1 constructs used in this study. The numbers at the beginning and end of each construct indicate the region of MSL1 that is expressed. Full-length MSL1 (1039 amino acids) is shown at the top. The proteins encoded by FΔ84, FΔ84ΔC* and FC are identical to those encoded by Δ84, Δ84ΔC* and C, respectively, except that the former encode a FLAG tag (DYKDDDDK, shaded black) at their N-termini. The FMSL1 protein is identical to MSL1 except that it has a FLAG peptide at the N-terminus and a linker peptide (RPQKTT, shaded with dots) between the FLAG and the start of MSL1. Features of MSL1 that are highlighted are a predicted amphipathic α-helix (cross-hatched, amino acids 96–172), a highly acidic stretch (shaded grey, amino acids 368–391) and a region where half the amino acids are either S, T or P (chequered, amino acids 708–801). Also indicated is a region (amino acids 712–988) that shows similarity to amino acids 863–1117 of mouse CBP (see Results). The expression of all MSL1 derivatives in transgenic flies was controlled by the hsp70 promoter. Download figure Download PowerPoint Table 1. Overexpression of FLAG-tagged derivatives of MSL1 causes male-specific lethality Construct a Males Females Male/female ratio b hsp·msl1 319 289 1.1 FMSL1 377 565 0.67 Δ84 296 633 0.46 FΔ84 0 272 0 Δ84ΔC* 416 1041 0.4 FΔ84ΔC* 0 374 0 FN 0 189 0 MID 601 559 1.08 C 0 425 0 FC 0 666 0 a All lines were homozygous for the construct. Vials were heat shocked daily for 1 h at 37°C. For simplicity, data are shown for just one line although at least two and usually three lines were examined for each construct, all of which gave a similar result. b Significant reduction in male viability (p <0.01, χ2 test) for all lines except hsp·msl1 and MID. Viability of FΔ84 but not C males is reduced if heterozygous for msl2 If the dominant-negative mutant forms of MSL1 are binding to a particular MSL, then lowering the concentration of that MSL could reduce male viability further, since less of the MSL is available to bind to full-length MSL1. The concentration of a particular MSL was reduced by 50% by crossing either an FΔ84 or C line with a null mutation for an msl (Table II). This experiment could not be carried out easily with mof since it is X-linked (Hilfiker et al., 1997). In order to detect if any of the msl mutations can enhance the male-lethal effects of either FΔ84 or C, conditions were used that result in only a modest reduction in male viability. Thus, the offspring of the crosses carry only one copy of either the FΔ84 or C transgenes (homozygous flies were used in Table I), and were raised under milder incubation conditions (either 22°C incubation or 30 min heat shock) than used previously (Table I). This resulted in lower expression of FΔ84 or C proteins. The viability of males carrying the FΔ84 construct was reduced significantly (p <0.01, χ2 test) if the males were heterozygous for msl2 (Table II). There was no significant difference in the relative viability of heterozygous msl1, mle or msl3 males compared with their respective wild-type siblings (Table II). These results indicate that in FΔ84 males the concentration of MSL2 available for dosage compensation is limiting. This is perhaps not surprising since MSL2 is the male-specific MSL (Zhou et al., 1995). However, there was no significant difference in the relative viability of heterozygous msl2, mle or msl3 C males compared with their respective wild-type siblings (Table II). While this assay was not informative about which MSL could be interacting with the C region, it would seem unlikely that it is MSL2 given the results with the FΔ84 construct. Table 2. Viability of FΔ84 but not C males is reduced if heterozygous for msl2 Constructa msl msl/+ +/+ Males Females M/F ratio Males Females M/F ratio FΔ84b msl1 100 301 0.33 147 390 0.38 msl2 42 495 0.08c 105 481 0.22 mle 141 498 0.28 151 521 0.29 msl3 158 406 0.39 166 393 0.42 Cd mle 65 189 0.34 40 157 0.26 msl2 45 140 0.32 43 131 0.33 msl3 41 180 0.22 19 170 0.12 a FΔ84 Crosses were raised at 22°C and shocked daily at 37°C for 1 h. C crosses were raised at 30°C and shocked daily at 37°C for 30 min. b Full genotype of FΔ84 crosses (female×male): msl1, w P[FΔ84 w+]34×msl1γ269 bw/CyO; msl2, w P[FΔ84 w+]34×msl2γ136 cn bw/CyO; mle, w P[FΔ84 w+]34×mleγ286 bw/CyO; and msl3, w P[FΔ84 w+]34×mle31 red/TM3, Sb Ser. c Viability significantly reduced (p <0.01, χ test) relative to +/+ siblings. d Full genotype of C crosses (female×male): msl2, y w; P[C w+]25×msl2γ136 cn bw/CyO; mle, y w; P[C w+]25×mleγ286 bw/CyO; and msl3, y w; P[C w+]25×mle31 red/TM3, Sb Ser. Co-expression of MSL2 rescues males from the lethal effects of dominant-negative mutant forms of MSL1 (ΔMSL1) If FΔ84 and MSL2 do interact, then co-expression of both proteins should improve male viability compared with expression of FΔ84 alone. An FΔ84 line was crossed with a transformant line carrying an hsp·msl2 construct (msl2 expression driven by the hsp70 promoter). The offspring of the cross were raised at 30°C and heat shocked daily for 1 h at 37°C. The viability of males that carried both constructs was significantly improved compared with males that carried only the FΔ84 construct (Table III). Rescue of FΔ84 males was not complete, probably because the FΔ84 protein contains the C-terminal domain of MSL1 that associates with other MSLs (see below). Table 3. Co-expression of MSL2 rescues males from the lethal effects of dominant-negative mutant forms of MSL1 (ΔMSL1) Construct a ΔMSL1 ΔMSL1 + msl2 Males Females M/F ratio Males Females M/F ratio FΔ84 b 86 354 0.24 268 474 0.57 c FΔ84ΔC* 172 336 0.51 403 415 0.97c FN 23 110 0.21 129 157 0.82c a Crosses were raised at 30°C and heat shocked daily at 37°C for 1 h. Offspring contained either one copy of the ΔMSL1 construct or one copy of the ΔMSL1 construct plus one copy of hsp·msl2. Thus, expression of the msl1 constructs and msl2 was controlled by the hsp70 promoter. Under these incubation conditions, expression of msl2 has no effect on female viability (data not shown). b Full genotype of crosses (female×male): FΔ84, w1118; P[FΔ84 w+]33×P[hsp·msl2]13/TM3, Sb e; FΔ84ΔC*, w1118; P[FΔ84ΔC* w+]13×P[hsp·msl2]13/TM3, Sb e; FN alone, y w × y w; P[FN w+]13; and FN + msl2, y w P[hsp·msl2]14×y w; P[FN w+]13. c Significant improvement in male viability (p <0.01, χ2 test) compared with males that carry only the msl1 construct. To identify the region of MSL1 that interacts with MSL2, transformants carrying either the FΔ84ΔC* or FN constructs were also crossed with hsp·msl2. Co-expression of msl2 significantly improves the viability of both FΔ84ΔC* and FN males (Table III). These results suggest that the domain of MSL1 that interacts with MSL2 maps to the region expressed by the FN construct. In comparison, the viability of C males was not improved by co-expression of MSL2, MLE, MSL3 or MOF (data not shown). Dominant-negative mutant forms of MSL1 interact with MSL2, MSL3 and MOF Immunoprecipitation assays show that MSL1 and MSL2 are part of a complex (Kelley et al., 1995), and yeast two-hybrid experiments suggest that MSL1 and MSL2 interact directly in Drosophila (Copps et al., 1998). We used FLAG affinity chromatography to determine if any of the dominant-negative truncated versions of MSL1 associate with MSL2. To maximize the likelihood of detecting an association between any of the MSL1 forms and MSL2 in a crude fly extract, we co-overexpressed MSL2 with each FLAG-tagged form of MSL1. FMSL1, FΔ84, FΔ84ΔC*, FN and FC transformant lines were each crossed with hsp·msl2 and the offspring given a single heat shock to induce MSL1 and MSL2 protein synthesis prior to homogenization. Crude cell lysate was applied to an anti-FLAG affinity gel. After repeated washing of the column, bound protein was eluted with an excess of free FLAG peptide. All of the FLAG-tagged versions of MSL1 bound specifically to the anti-FLAG affinity gel (Figure 2A). There was no significant retention of MSL2 alone on the affinity gel (Figure 2B). However, MSL2 did bind to the affinity gel if it was co-expressed with FMSL1, FΔ84, FΔ84ΔC* or FN, but not FC (Figure 2B). We conclude that the dominant-negative effect of the FN region of MSL1 (amino acids 85–263) is due to association with MSL2. This is consistent with yeast two-hybrid experiments which have shown that part of the FN region of MSL1 (amino acids 85–186) associates with MSL2 (Copps et al., 1998). Figure 2.FLAG affinity chromatography of FLAG-tagged MSL1–MSL2 complexes. Protein extracts were prepared from transformant flies that co-overexpressed MSL2 and either FLAG-MSL1 (lanes 1 and 2), FΔ84ΔC* (lanes 3 and 4), FN (lanes 5 and 6), FΔ84 (lanes 7 and 8) or FC (lanes 9 and 10). Protein extract was also prepared from a line that overexpressed MSL2 alone (lanes 11 and 12). Aliquots of either unpurified extract (E; lanes 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11) or FLAG affinity-purified protein (P; lanes 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12) were separated by SDS–PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. The amount loaded on the extract lanes corresponds to ∼8% of the material applied to the FLAG affinity gel. Western blots were incubated with either anti-MSL1 (A) or anti-MSL2 (B) primary antibodies. Download figure Download PowerPoint Similar affinity chromatography experiments were performed to determine if MOF, MSL3 or MLE associate with any of the dominant-negative mutant forms of MSL1. FMSL1, FΔ84, FΔ84ΔC* and FC transformant lines were each crossed with either hsp·mof or hsp·msl3 and the offspring heat shocked prior to homogenization to induce MSL1 and either MOF or MSL3 synthesis. The crude fly extracts were applied to FLAG affinity columns and bound material eluted with excess FLAG peptide. All of the FLAG-tagged forms of MSL1 were retained on the affinity gels (Figures 3A and 4A). Both MOF (Figure 3B) and MSL3 (Figure 4B) co-purified with FMSL1, FΔ84 and FC, but not FΔ84ΔC*. This suggests that both MOF and MSL3 interact with the C-terminal domain of MSL1 and that these associations are responsible for the dominant-negative effects of this region of MSL1. In contrast, MLE did not co-purify with either the FΔ84 or FC proteins (Figure 5). This is consistent with immunoprecipitation and chromatographic purification experiments that have shown that MLE is only weakly associated with the MSL complex (Copps et al., 1998). Immunofluorescence studies have shown that mle+ function is required for the localization of MOF and MSL3 to the X chromosome (Gu et al., 1998). One interpretation of this result is that MLE interacts directly with either MSL3 or MOF. To test this prediction, we co-overexpressed FC, MSL3, MOF and MLE and partially purified the protein complex over FLAG affinity columns. FC (Figure 5A, lanes 7 and 8), MSL3 and MOF (data not shown), but not MLE (Figure 5B, lanes 7 and 8), were retained on the affinity gel. We conclude that either MLE does not interact with either MSL3 or MOF, or any interaction could not be detected by using this approach. Figure 3.FLAG affinity chromatography of FLAG-tagged MSL1–MOF complexes. Protein extracts were prepared from transformant flies that co-overexpressed MOF and either FLAG-MSL1 (lanes 1 and 2), FΔ84 (lanes 3 and 4), FΔ84ΔC* (lanes 5 and 6) or FC (lanes 7 and 8). Western blots containing either unpurified extract (E; lanes 1, 3, 5 and 7) or FLAG affinity-purified protein (P; lanes 2, 4, 6 and 8) were incubated with either anti-MSL1 (A) or anti-MOF (B) primary antibodies as described in the legend to Figure 2. (C) Silver stain of affinity-purified proteins Download figure Download PowerPoint Figure 4.FLAG affinity chromatography of FLAG-tagged MSL1–MSL3 complexes. Protein extracts were prepared from transformant flies that co-overexpressed MSL3 and either FLAG MSL1 (lanes 1 and 2), FΔ84 (lanes 3 and 4), FΔ84ΔC* (lanes 5 and 6) or FC (lanes 7 and 8). Western blots containing either unpurified extract (E; lanes 1, 3, 5 and 7) or FLAG affinity-purified protein (P; lanes 2, 4, 6 and 8) were incubated with either anti-MSL1 (A) or anti-MSL3 (B) primary antibodies as described in the legend to Figure 2. Download figure Download PowerPoint Figure 5.FLAG affinity chromatography of FLAG-tagged MSL1 co-expressed with MLE. Protein extracts were prepared from transformant flies that co-overexpressed MLE and either FΔ84 (lanes 3 and 4), FC (lanes 5 and 6) or FC, MSL3 and MOF (lanes 7 and 8). Protein extract was also prepared from a line that overexpressed MLE alone (lanes 1 and 2). Western blots containing either unpurified extract (E; lanes 1, 3, 5 and 7) or FLAG affinity-purified protein (P; lanes 2, 4, 6 and 8) were incubated with either anti-MSL1 (A) or anti-MLE (B) primary antibodies as described in the legend to Figure 2. Download figure Download PowerPoint To confirm the interaction between the C-terminal domain of MSL1 and MOF by an alternative method, we prepared GST–MOF fusion protein in Escherichia coli. The fusion protein was mixed with crude fly extracts from transformant lines expressing either MSL1 or one of the truncated versions of MSL1. As a control, we also incubated GST with each of the fly extracts. The protein mixes were then applied to glutathione–Sepharose and bound protein eluted with excess glutathione. MSL1 co-purified with GST–MOF but not with GST (Figure 6). This result confirms that MSL1 and MOF interact. The Δ84 (which includes the C-terminal domain) and FC proteins also co-purify specifically with GST–MOF over the glutathione affinity column (Figure 6). However, the Δ84ΔC* and MID proteins do not co-purify with GST–MOF (Figure 6). These results confirm that it is the C-terminal domain of MSL1 that interacts with MOF. Figure 6.Glutathione affinity chromatography of GST–MOF–MSL1 complexes. Fly extracts (E) from transformant lines that had been heat shocked to induce protein synthesis were incubated with glutathione–Sepharose beads containing either bound GST (G) or GST–MOF (GM). Bound proteins were eluted with glutathione. An aliquot of each sample was fractionated by SDS–PAGE, transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane, then incubated with anti-MSL1 antibody. The amount loaded on the input lanes corresponds to ∼7% of the material applied to the glutathione affinity beads. The band at 68 kDa seen in all panels is an E.coli protein that co-purifies with GST–MOF and reacts with the anti-MSL1 antibody. Elution of GST and GST–MOF was confirmed by probing identical membranes with anti-GST antibody (Sigma) (data not shown). Download figure Download PowerPoint To confirm the interaction between MSL3 and the C-terminal domain of MSL1, we generated transformant lines that express a haemagglutinin (HA) epitope-tagged form of MSL3 following a heat shock. The hsp·HAmsl3 lines were crossed with hsp·msl1, FΔ84ΔC* or FC lines and the offspring heat shocked prior to homogenization to induce MSL1 and HA·MSL3 synthesis. The crude fly extracts were incubated with high affinity HA antibody and immune complexes precipitated using protein G–agarose. HA-tagged MSL3 was precipitated efficiently by the HA antibody (Figure 7A). MSL1 and FC but not FΔ84ΔC* co-precipitated with HA·MSL3 (Figure 7B). These results confirm that the C-terminal domain of MSL1 associates with MSL3. Figure 7.MSL1 co-immunoprecipitates with HA-tagged MSL3. Protein extracts were prepared from transformant flies that co-overexpressed HA·MSL3 and either MSL1 (lanes 1, 2 and 3), FΔ84ΔC* (lanes 4, 5 and 6) or FC (lanes 7, 8 and 9). Aliquots of either unpurified extracts (E; lanes 1, 4 and 7), protein purified by incubation with protein G beads plus anti-HA antibody (+HA; lanes 2, 5 and 8) or protein precipitated by protein G beads alone (−HA; lanes 3, 6 and 9) were separated by SDS–PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. The amount loaded on the extract lanes corresponds to ∼4% of the material incubated with protein G beads. Western blots were incubated with either anti-HA (A) or anti-MSL1 (B) primary antibodies. Download figure Download PowerPoint Since all of the above affinity purifications of MSL1–MSL complexes were from crude fly extracts, it is possible that the interactions between MSL1 and the other MSLs are not direct. To test this possibility, we performed in vitro translations with MSL1 C-terminal domain, HA·MSL3 and HA·MOF RNA templates. The [35S]methionine-labelled proteins were mixed and immunoprecipitated with anti-HA antibody (Figure 8). We found that C co-immunoprecipitated with HA·MSL3 but not HA·MOF (Figure 8). These experiments show that the C-terminal domain interacts directly with MSL3 but that the interaction with MOF requires either another factor present in fly extracts or post-translational modification of MSL1 or MOF. We favour the latter since a silver stain of FLAG affinity-purified FC–MOF complex separated by SDS–PAGE shows only two main bands corresponding to the sizes expected for FC and MOF (Figure 3). Figure 8.In vitro translated MSL1 C-terminal domain co-immunoprecipitates with in vitro translated HA·MSL3 but not with HA·MOF. In vitro translation reactions were carried out with RNA templates for HA·MOF (lane 1), MSL1 C-terminal domain (A, lane 4; B, lane 1) or HA·MSL3 (A, lane 7; B, lane 2) in the presence of [35S]methionine. C was mixed with either HA·MOF (A, lane 2) HA·MSL3 (A, lane 5; B, lane 5) or both (A, lane 6), and immunoprecipitated with anti-HA antibody and protein G beads. Proteins were separated by SDS–PAGE and either exposed to X-ray film (A) or transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane and incubated with anti-MSL1 antibody (B). The amount loaded on the translated protein lanes (T) corresponds to ∼5–10% of the protein that was mixed with anti-HA antibody and protein G beads (P). C co-immunoprecipitated with HA·MSL3 (A and B, lane 5) but not with HA·MOF (A, lane 2). Download figure Download PowerPoint The C-terminal domain of MSL1 contains a region that is high in Ser, Thr and Pro. Not surprisingly, a FASTA homology search of the protein database with the C-terminal domain amino acid sequence identified a number of proteins with similarity restricted to the Ser-, Thr- and Pro-rich region. However, both mouse and human CBP showed similarity across essentially the entire C-terminal domain (24% identity, 58% similarity to amino acids 863–1117 of mouse CBP; 23% identity and 58% similarity to amino acids 861–1116 of human CBP). A comparison of mouse CBP with Drosophila CBP (Akimaru et al., 1997) showed that, with the exception of the start of the bromodomain, the MSL1-similar region of mouse CBP is not well conserved in Drosophila CBP (28% identity to amino acids 1356–1690 of Drosophila CBP, 18 gaps in the alignment). Th DA - 2000/1/4/ PY - 2000/1/4/ DO - 10.1093/emboj/19.1.144 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 144-155 OP - SN - 1460-2075 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emboj/19.1.144 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - MSL1 plays a central role in assembly of the MSL complex, essential for dosage compensation in Drosophila AU - Scott, Maxwell J AU - Pan, Lewis L AU - Cleland, Sheralee B AU - Knox, Andrea L AU - Heinrich, Jörg T2 - The EMBO journal DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 144-155 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A repressible female-specific lethal genetic system for making transgenic insect strains suitable for a sterile-release program AU - Heinrich, Jörg C. AU - Scott, Maxwell J. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - We have developed a tetracycline-repressible female-specific lethal genetic system in the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster. One component of the system is the tetracycline-controlled transactivator gene under the control of the fat body and female-specific transcription enhancer from the yolk protein 1 gene. The other component consists of the proapoptotic gene hid under the control of a tetracycline-responsive element. Males and females of a strain carrying both components are viable on medium supplemented with tetracycline, but only males survive on normal medium. A strain with such properties would be ideal for a sterile-insect release program, which is most effective when only males are released in the field. DA - 2000/7/11/ PY - 2000/7/11/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.140142697 VL - 97 IS - 15 SP - 8229-8232 J2 - Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. LA - en OP - SN - 0027-8424 1091-6490 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.140142697 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survival and Reproductive Success of Tobacco Thrips on Three Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Infected and Noninfected Peanut Cultivars AU - Garcia, L. E. AU - Kennedy, G. G. AU - Brandenburg, R. L. T2 - Peanut Science AB - Abstract A comparison of the survival and reproductive success of Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on tomato spotted wilt virus (Bunyviridae: Tospovirus) (TSWV) infected and uninfected peanut plants was conducted under greenhouse conditions in North Carolina. Three cultivars—NC 9, NC-V11, and NC 12C—adapted to North Carolina production practices were evaluated. A total of 180 individually caged plants, in three replicates, were infested with 20 female F. fusca each. Adult and larval thrips were collected after 30 d on the plants. Final counts were square root transformed and a mixed model analysis of variance conducted. Effects of cultivar and the virus-by-cultivar interaction were not statistically significant. TSWV-infected plants had significantly fewer adult and larval F. fusca than did uninfected plants for adults (P = 0.04) and for larvae (P = 0.01). This study reports on an alternative method of assessing TSWV resistance among peanut cultivars and the trend appears to support the conclusions of a previous field study, which found NC 9 more susceptible to TSWV than either NC-V11 or NC 12C. DA - 2000/7/1/ PY - 2000/7/1/ DO - 10.3146/i0095-3679-27-2-2 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 49-52 LA - en OP - SN - 0095-3679 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-27-2-2 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship between tissue-specific hydrocarbon profiles and lipid melting temperatures in the cockroach Blattella germanica AU - YOUNG, HP AU - LARABEE, JK AU - GIBBS, AG AU - SCHAL, C T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 26 IS - 5 SP - 1245-1263 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Consentience on the necessity of Juvenile Hormone for vitellogenesis in the German cockroach - Reply AU - HOLBROOK, GL AU - BACHMANN, JA AU - SCHAL, C T2 - PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 208-210 ER - TY - JOUR TI - New frontiers in the study of dispersal and spatial analysis of epidemics caused by species in the genus Phytophthora AU - Ristaino, Jean Beagle AU - Gumpertz, Marcia L T2 - Annual Review of Phytopathology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 38 IS - 1 SP - 541-576 ER - TY - JOUR TI - BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY-Commercial Fungicide Formulations Induce In Vitro Oo-spore Formation and Phenotypic Change in Mating Type in Phytophthora infestans AU - Groves, CT AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - Phytopathology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 90 IS - 11 SP - 1201-1208 ER - TY - JOUR TI - ADVANCES IN TEMPERATURE PREDICTIVE MODELS FOR SOIL SOLARIZATION AU - Ristaino, JB AU - Perry, KB AU - Wu, Y T2 - FAO PLANT PRODUCTION AND PROTECTION PAPERS DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 463-471 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A history of research on the link between (micro) aggregates, soil biota and soil organic matter dynamics. AU - Babalola, OA AU - Adesodun, JK AU - Olasantan, FO AU - Adekunle, AF AU - Aggelides, SM AU - Londra, PA AU - Akintokun, AK AU - Akande, GA AU - Akintokun, PO AU - Popoola, TOS AU - others T2 - International Journal of Soil Science DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 253-259 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Commercial fungicide formulations induce in vitro oospore formation and phenotypic change in mating type in Phytophthora infestans AU - Groves, Carol Trout AU - Ristaino, Jean Beagle T2 - Phytopathology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 90 IS - 11 SP - 1201-1208 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tolerance level of Alternaria sesami and the effect of seed infection on yield of sesame in Kenya. AU - Ojiambo, PS AU - Ayiecho, PO AU - Narla, RD AU - Mibey, RK T2 - Experimental agriculture. AB - Field plots of sesame ( Sesamum indicum ) with six different levels of seed infection with Alternaria sesami were monitored for Alternaria leaf spot severity at Kibwezi, eastern Kenya. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of seed transmission of the pathogen on yield and tolerance level of the fungus in sesame seed. Increase in percentage leaf area diseased and percentage defoliation fitted the Gompertz model more closely than the logistic model. Areas under disease progress curves (AUDPC), infection and defoliation rates varied among the six infection levels. Disease severity increased with increase in seed infection and was least and most severe in plots established with seeds with 0 and 8% infection levels respectively. Yields ranged from 234.9 to 300.1 kg ha −1 compared with 312.5 kg ha −1 for the control, and losses due to seed infection ranged from 4% to 25%. Disease severity was negatively correlated with seed yield, 1000-seed weight and seeds per capsule. Alternaria leaf spot severity had a major effect on the seed weight component of yield. Tolerance level of A. sesami in sesame seed was determined to be less than 2%. DA - 2000/7// PY - 2000/7// DO - 10.1017/s0014479700003069 VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - 335-342 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/AGR/IND22088533 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Infection of sesame seed by Alternaria sesami (Kawamura) Mohanty and Behera and severity of Alternaria leaf spot in Kenya AU - Ojiambo, P.S. AU - Narla, R.D. AU - Ayiecho, P.O. AU - Mibey, R.K. T2 - International Journal of Pest Management DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 121-124 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034035753&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing different epidemiological models in field evaluations of selected genotypes from solanum tuberosum CIP population A for resistance to Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) De Bary in Kenya. AU - Ojiambo, PS AU - Nyanapah, JO AU - Lung'aho, C AU - Karinga, JK AU - Kidanemariam, HM T2 - Euphytica. DA - 2000/1// PY - 2000/1// DO - 10.1023/a:1003810408976 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/AGR/IND22049397 KW - epidemiology KW - horizontal resistance KW - lateblight KW - Solanum tuberosum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Host adaptation to potato and tomato within the US-1 clonal lineage of Phytophthora infestans in Uganda and Kenya. AU - Vega-Sanchez, ME AU - Erselius, LJ AU - Rodriguez, AM AU - Bastidas, O AU - Hohl, AU - Ojiambo, PS AU - Mukalazi, J AU - Vermeulen, T AU - Fry, WE AU - Forbes, GA T2 - Plant pathology. AB - Twenty isolates of Phytophthora infestans from potato and twenty‐two from tomato, collected in Uganda and Kenya in 1995, were compared for dilocus allozyme genotype, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype, mating type and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) fingerprint using probe RG57. Based on RFLP fingerprint and mtDNA haplotype, all isolates were classified in the US−1 clonal lineage. Nonetheless, isolates from potato differed from isolates from tomato in several characteristics. Isolates from potato had the 86/100 glucose‐6‐phosphate isomerase ( Gpi ) genotype, while those from tomato were 100/100, which represents a variant of US−1 that had been identified previously as US−1.7. Furthermore, while pure cultures of the pathogen were acquired from infected potato leaflets by first growing the isolates on potato tuber slices, this approach failed with infected tomato tissue because the isolates grew poorly on this medium. Tomato isolates were eventually purified using a selective medium. Six isolates from each host were compared for the diameter of lesions they produced on three tomato and three potato cultivars in one or two detached‐leaf assays (four isolates from the first test were repeated in the second). On potato leaflets, isolates from potato caused larger lesions than isolates from tomato. On tomato leaflets, isolates from that host caused larger lesions than did isolates from potato, but the difference was significant in only one test. The interaction between source of inoculum (potato or tomato) and inoculated host (potato or tomato) was significant in both tests. Isolates from tomato were highly biotrophic on tomato leaflets, producing little or no necrosis during the seven days following infection, even though abundant sporulation could be seen. In contrast, isolates from potato sporulated less abundantly on tomato leaflets and produced darkly pigmented lesions that were most visible on the adaxial side of the leaflets. Nonetheless, all isolates infected and sporulated on both hosts, indicating that host adaptation is not determined by an ability to cause disease but rather by quantitative differences in pathogenic fitness. Assessment of Gpi banding patterns, mtDNA haplotype and RFLP fingerprint of 39 isolates from potato collected in Uganda and Kenya in 1997 indicated that the population had not changed on this host. The population of P. infestans from Kenya and Uganda provides an interesting model for the study of quantitative host adaptation. DA - 2000/10// PY - 2000/10// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00487.x VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - 531-539 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/AGR/IND22085340 KW - adaptation KW - lineages KW - Phytophthora infestans KW - populations KW - potato KW - tomato ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification and chromosomal localization of the monkey retrotransposon in Musa sp. AU - Balint-Kurti, P. J. AU - Clendennen, S. K. AU - Doleželová, M. AU - Valárik, M. AU - Doležel, J. AU - Beetham, P. R. AU - May, G. D. T2 - Molecular and General Genetics MGG DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.1007/s004380000265 VL - 263 IS - 6 SP - 908-915 J2 - Mol Gen Genet LA - en OP - SN - 0026-8925 1432-1874 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380000265 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fruit-specific lectins from banana and plantain AU - Peumans, Willy J. AU - Zhang, Wenling AU - Barre, Annick AU - Astoul, Corinne Houlè\mathsemicolons AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter J. AU - Rovira, Paula AU - Rougé\mathsemicolon, Pierre AU - May, Gregory D. AU - Leuven, Fred Van AU - Truffa-Bachi, Paolo AU - Damme, Els J. M. Van T2 - Planta DA - 2000/9// PY - 2000/9// DO - 10.1007/s004250000307 VL - 211 IS - 4 SP - 546-554 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033786158&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - fruit lectins KW - jacalin KW - lectin KW - mannose KW - Musa KW - plantain ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal changes in habitat preference by Coleomegilla maculata: Implications for Colorado potato beetle management in potato AU - Nault, BA AU - Kennedy, GG T2 - BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AB - Seasonal abundance, dispersal, and overwintering of the 12-spotted ladybird beetle, Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer), in the mid-Atlantic states were investigated to assess the potential to manipulate the habitat of this predator to increase its impact on Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), management in commercial potato plantings. C. maculata populations were highest in corn fields through August, and overwintering aggregations were found most commonly in habitats adjacent to these fields. Although adult and larval populations of C. maculata were synchronized with first-generation potato beetle eggs and small larvae, they were concentrated in wheat rather than potato fields because most of the potato plants had not yet emerged when C. maculata adults dispersed from their overwintering sites. The subsequent generation of C. maculata tended to aggregate in corn rather than potato in late May and early June. Therefore, given the current mixture of crops as well as climatic and marketing limitations on planting date for potatoes, the potential for habitat manipulation to increase the impact of C. maculata on Colorado potato beetle management in potato in the mid-Atlantic states appears to be limited. DA - 2000/2// PY - 2000/2// DO - 10.1006/bcon.1999.0781 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 164-173 SN - 1049-9644 KW - Coleomegilla maculata KW - Leptinotarsa decemlineata KW - overwintering KW - dispersal KW - seasonal abundance ER - TY - JOUR TI - New phycitine records for the Dominican Republic and description of a new species of Nefundella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae) AU - Neunzig, H. H. T2 - Tropical Lepidoptera DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 7 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection of resistant insects and IPM AU - Roe, R. M. AU - Bailey, W. D. AU - Gould, F. AU - Sorenson, C. E. AU - Kennedy, G. G. AU - Bacheler, J. S. AU - Rose, R. L. AU - Hodgson, E. AU - Sutula, C. L. T2 - Emerging technologies for integrated pest management : concepts, research, and implementation DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 67 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sustainable use of genetically modified crops in developing countries AU - Gould, F. AU - Cohen, M. B. T2 - Agricultural biotechnology and the poor: proceedings of an international conference, Washington, DC, USA, 21-22 October, 1999 DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 139 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reassessing autocidal pest control AU - Gould, F. AU - Schliekelman, P. T2 - Emerging technologies for integrated pest management : concepts, research, and implementation DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 190 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integrating new insecticide technologies in IPM AU - Bradley, J. R., Jr. T2 - Emerging technologies for integrated pest management : concepts, research, and implementation DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 384 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Revision of the New World delphacid planthopper genus Pissonotus (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) AU - Bartlett, C. R. AU - Deitz, L. L. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// PB - Lanham, MD: Entomological Society of America ER - TY - CHAP TI - Trichogramma nontarget impacts: A method for biological control risk assessment. AU - Orr, D. B. AU - Garcia-Salazar, C. AU - Landis, D. A. T2 - Nontarget effects of biological control A2 - P. A. Follett, A2 - Duan, J. J. CN - SB975 .N66 1999 PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1007/978-1-4615-4577-4_8 SP - 111-125 PB - Boston :Kluwer Academic Publishers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tolerance of selected cotton lines to Rotylenchulus reniformis AU - Koenning, S. R. AU - Barker, K. R. AU - Bowman, D. T. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 32 IS - 4 SP - 519-523 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surface and subsurface application of Beauveria bassiana for controlling mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) in golf courses AU - Xia, Y. AU - Hertl, P. T. AU - Brandenburg, R. L. T2 - Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - 177-189 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nematode gene sequences, December 2000 update AU - McCarter, J.P. AU - Bird, D.McK. AU - Clifton, S.W. AU - Waterston, R.H. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 32 IS - 4 SP - 331-333 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034353966&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Environmental impacts of entomopathogenic nematodes used for biological control in soil. AU - Barbercheck, M. E. AU - Millar, L. C. T2 - Nontarget effects of biological control A2 - P. A. Follett, A2 - Duan, J. J. CN - SB975 .N66 1999 PY - 2000/// SP - 287-308 PB - Boston :Kluwer Academic Publishers ER - TY - BOOK TI - Emerging technologies for integrated pest management: Concepts, research, and implementation CN - SB950.6 .E64 2000 DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// PB - St. Paul, MN: APS Press SN - 0890542465 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Density-dependent yield of Heterodera glycines-resistant and -susceptible cultivars AU - Koenning, S. R. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 32 IS - 4 SP - 502-507 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of modified nucleosides of yeast tRNA(Phe) in ribosomal binding AU - Ashraf, SS AU - Guenther, RH AU - Ansari, G AU - Malkiewicz, A AU - Sochacka, E AU - Agris, PF T2 - CELL BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1385/CBB:33:3:241 VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 241-252 SN - 1559-0283 KW - tRNA(Phe) KW - anticodon KW - ASL KW - nucleoside modification KW - ribosome ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rapid gene discovery in plant parasitic nematodes via Expressed Sequence Tags AU - McCarter, J AU - Abad, P AU - Jones, JT AU - Bird, D T2 - NEMATOLOGY AB - Abstract Projects currently underway are generating thousands of publicly available DNA sequences representing numerous genes from plant parasitic nematodes. Use of these data has the potential to revolutionise gene discovery, as well as aiding in genome physical mapping and expression profiling experiments. This article introduces sequences called expressed sequence tags or ESTs, which are single-sequence reads from randomly-selected cDNA clones. We review the process used to create these sequences and outline the strengths and weaknesses of ESTs as research tools. Instructions on how to access and use EST data also are provided. Découverte rapide de gènes chez les nématodes parasites des plantes: le point sur l'utilisation des Etiquettes de Séquences Exprimées - Les projets actuellement en cours génèrent des milliers de séquences d'ADN, publiquement disponibles, représentant de nombreux gènes de nématodes parasites des plantes. L'utilisation de ces données pourrait révolutionner la découverte des gènes en facilitant aussi bien les expériences de cartographie physique que celles de profils d'expression. Cet article présente les séquences dérivées de clones d'ADNc sélectionnés au hasard, appelées étiquettes de séquences exprimées (ESTs). Nous exposons le processus utilisé pour les générer de même que les avantages et les inconvénients des ESTs comme outils de recherche. Les instructions concernant l'accès et l'utilisation des ESTs sont également fournies. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1163/156854100509574 VL - 2 IS - 7 SP - 719-731 SN - 1388-5545 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034467290&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Caenorhabditis elegans KW - clustering KW - EST KW - Globodera KW - Meloidogyne KW - NemaGene ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plant parasitic nematodes: Habitats, hormones, and horizontally-acquired genes AU - Bird, D.M. AU - Koltai, H. T2 - Journal of Plant Growth Regulation DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 183-194 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033758702&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transovarial transmission of symbiotic bacteria in Mastotermes darwiniensis (Isoptera : mastotermitidae): Ultrastructural aspects and phylogenetic implications AU - Sacchi, L AU - Nalepa, CA AU - Lenz, M AU - Bandi, C AU - Corona, S AU - Grigolo, A AU - Bigliardi, E T2 - ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA AB - Journal Article Transovarial Transmission of Symbiotic Bacteria in Mastotermes darwiniensis (Isoptera: Mastotermitidae): Ultrastructural Aspects and Phylogenetic Implications Get access L Sacchi, L Sacchi Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Pavia, Piazza Botta 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar C A Nalepa, C A Nalepa Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7613 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M Lenz, M Lenz Division of Entomology, CSIRO, GPO Box 1700, Canberra ACT 2601 Australia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar C Bandi, C Bandi Istituto di Patologia Generale Veterinaria, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S Corona, S Corona Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Pavia, Piazza Botta 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A Grigolo, A Grigolo Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Pavia, Piazza Botta 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar E Bigliardi E Bigliardi Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Volume 93, Issue 6, 1 November 2000, Pages 1308–1313, https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1308:TTOSBI]2.0.CO;2 Published: 01 November 2000 Article history Received: 15 January 2000 Published: 01 November 2000 DA - 2000/11// PY - 2000/11// DO - 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1308:TTOSBI]2.0.CO;2 VL - 93 IS - 6 SP - 1308-1313 SN - 0013-8746 KW - Mastotermes darwiniensis KW - symbiotic bacteria KW - transovarial transmission KW - ultrastructure KW - bacteriocytes KW - fat body ER - TY - JOUR TI - The juvenile hormones: historical facts and speculations on future research directions AU - Gilbert, LI AU - Granger, NA AU - Roe, RM T2 - INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB - It is well known that sublethal dose of insecticides induces life history trait changes of both target and non-target insect species, however, the underlying mechanisms remain not well understood. In this study, the effects of low concentrations of the anthranilic diamide insecticide chlorantraniliprole on the development and reproduction of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, were evaluated, and the underlying mechanisms were explored. The results showed that exposure of FAW to LC10 and LC30 chlorantraniliprole prolonged the larvae duration, decreased the mean weight of the larvae and pupae, and lowered the pupation rate as well as emergence rate. The fecundity of female adults was also negatively affected by treatment with low concentrations of chlorantraniliprole. Consistently, we found that exposure of FAW to LC30 chlorantraniliprole downregulated the mRNA expression of juvenile hormone (JH) esterase (SfJHE), leading to the increase of JH titer in larvae. We also found that treatment with low concentrations of chlorantraniliprole suppressed the expression of ribosomal protein S6 kinase1 (SfS6K1) in female adults, resulting in the downregulation of the gene encoding vitellogenin (SfVg). These results provided insights into the mechanisms underlying the effects of low concentrations of insecticides on insect pests, and had applied implications for the control of FAW. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00034-5 VL - 30 IS - 8-9 SP - 617-644 SN - 1879-0240 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sublethal acute and chronic exposure of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) to the delta-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis AU - Costa, SD AU - Barbercheck, ME AU - Kennedy, GG T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Sublethal exposure of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), larvae to the delta-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis variety tenebrionis (Berliner) caused a dose-dependent reduction in feeding and weight gain when tested in a leaf disk bioassay. The highest doses of chronic (continuous-lower concentration) exposure resulted in peak foliage consumption on day 1 as compared with peak consumption on days 3 and 4 when exposure was acute (24-h higher concentration). Dose and exposure regimen interacted significantly in their effects on the extension of development. When development time was analyzed separately for each exposure regimen, only acute exposure caused significant delays in development that extended through to adult eclosion. The efficiency of conversion of ingested material to biomass (ECI) declined significantly with both exposure regimens. The lethal and most sublethal effects of exposure to delta-endotoxin were not cumulative, in that similar total doses, whether delivered acutely or chronically, produced different effects. Female adults that survived acute and chronic exposure to delta-endotoxin as larvae had significantly reduced weight and longevity, and tended to produce fewer eggs (45 and 44% reductions in acute and chronic exposures, respectively) when compared with control adults. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) and net reproductive rate (R0) also appeared to be reduced. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-93.3.680 VL - 93 IS - 3 SP - 680-689 SN - 0022-0493 KW - Leptinotarsa decemlineata KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - sublethal stress KW - ECI ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soluble, template-dependent extracts from Nicotiana benthamiana plants infected with potato virus X transcribe both plus- and minus-strand RNA templates AU - Plante, CA AU - Kim, KH AU - Pillai-Nair, N AU - Osman, TAM AU - Buck, KW AU - Hemenway, CL T2 - VIROLOGY AB - We have developed a method to convert membrane-bound replication complexes isolated from Nicotiana benthamiana plants infected with potato virus X (PVX) to a soluble, template-dependent system for analysis of RNA synthesis. Analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity in the membrane-bound, endogenous template extracts indicated three major products, which corresponded to double-stranded versions of PVX genomic RNA and the two predominant subgenomic RNAs. The endogenous templates were removed from the membrane-bound complex by treatment with BAL 31 nuclease in the presence of Nonidet P-40 (NP-40). Upon the addition of full-length plus- or minus- strand PVX transcripts, the corresponding-size products were detected. Synthesis was not observed when red clover necrotic mosaic dianthovirus (RCNMV) RNA 2 templates were added, indicating template specificity for PVX transcripts. Plus-strand PVX templates lacking the 3′ terminal region were not copied, suggesting that elements in the 3′ region were required for initiation of RNA synthesis. Extracts that supported RNA synthesis from endogenous templates could also be solublized using sodium taurodeoxycholate and then rendered template-dependent by BAL 31 nuclease/NP-40 treatment. The solubilized preparations copied both plus- and minus-strand PVX transcripts, but did not support synthesis from RCNMV RNA 2. These membrane-bound and soluble template-dependent systems will facilitate analyses of viral and host components required for PVX RNA synthesis. DA - 2000/9/30/ PY - 2000/9/30/ DO - 10.1006/viro.2000.0512 VL - 275 IS - 2 SP - 444-451 SN - 0042-6822 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polymorphism at trinucleotide microsatellite loci in the subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes AU - Vargo, EL T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - Molecular EcologyVolume 9, Issue 6 p. 817-820 Polymorphism at trinucleotide microsatellite loci in the subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes E. L. Vargo, Corresponding Author E. L. Vargo Department of Entomology, Box 7613, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7613, USA Edward L. Vargo. Fax: +1 919 515 7746; E-mail: ed_vargo@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this author E. L. Vargo, Corresponding Author E. L. Vargo Department of Entomology, Box 7613, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7613, USA Edward L. Vargo. Fax: +1 919 515 7746; E-mail: ed_vargo@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 December 2001 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00915.xCitations: 66Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume9, Issue6June 2000Pages 817-820 RelatedInformation DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00915.x VL - 9 IS - 6 SP - 817-820 SN - 1365-294X KW - genetic variability KW - microsatellites KW - population structure KW - Reticulitermes flavipes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pheromone blend variation and cross-attraction among populations of the black cutworm moth (Lepidoptera : noctuidae) AU - Gemeno, C AU - Lutfallah, AF AU - Haynes, KF T2 - ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA AB - Sex pheromone quantity, blend ratio, and cross-attraction were studied in four populations of the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel). Analysis of pheromone gland extracts showed that the three pheromone components of A. ipsilon, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7–12:Ac), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14:Ac) and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11–16:Ac) were present in all four populations. On average, Z7–12:Ac was the most abundant component in the populations from Kentucky and Kansas, whereas in the Egyptian and French populations Z11–16:Ac was the most abundant component. All populations had a similar quantity of Z7–12:Ac. The population from Kentucky had significantly more Z9–14:Ac than the population from Kansas, and the other two populations had intermediate quantities of this component (P < 0.05). The Egyptian population had significantly more Z11–16:Ac than the French population, which had significantly more than the populations from Kentucky and Kansas (P < 0.05). Comparing Nearctic (Kentucky and Kansas) versus Palearctic (Egypt and France) populations showed significant differences in the quantity of Z11–16:Ac and in the ratio of Z11–16:Ac to Z7–12:Ac (P < 0.01). Full-sib analysis revealed significant heritabilities in pheromone components and blend ratios in two of the populations. Cross-attraction between individuals from Kansas and from each of the other three populations was tested in paired experiments in a wind tunnel using live females as the source of pheromone. Males did not discriminate between females from their own population and females from the reference population. Thus, significant differences in pheromone blend among geographically distant populations of A. ipsilon did not prevent cross-attraction under laboratory conditions. DA - 2000/11// PY - 2000/11// DO - 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1322:PBVACA]2.0.CO;2 VL - 93 IS - 6 SP - 1322-1328 SN - 1938-2901 KW - Agrotis ipsilon KW - sex pheromone KW - populations KW - male response KW - communication KW - heritability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multiple glandular origins of queen pheromones in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta AU - Vargo, EL AU - Hulsey, CD T2 - JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY AB - The poison sac of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta is the only identified glandular source of pheromones produced by a functional ant queen. This structure, which contains the poison gland, has previously been shown to be the source of a releaser pheromone that mediates queen recognition and tending by workers. The poison sac has also been demonstrated to be the source of a primer pheromone that inhibits winged, virgin queens from shedding their wings (dealating) and developing their ovaries. To determine if the poison sac was the only source of these pheromones, we excised the poison sac from queens and observed whether operated queens retained their pheromonal effects. In a first experiment, the poison sac was removed from functional (egg-laying) queens which were then paired with unoperated nestmate queens in small colonies. Counts of the workers surrounding each queen two weeks after the operation showed that queens without poison sac were as effective as their unoperated nestmates in attracting worker retinues. In a second experiment, we removed the poison sacs of virgin queens which had not yet begun laying eggs and thus had not begun producing queen pheromone. After allowing them to develop their ovaries, these individuals produced amounts of queen recognition pheromone comparable to those secreted by unoperated or sham operated virgin queens as determined by bioassay. Testing the head, thorax and abdomens of functional queens separately revealed that the head was the most attractive region in relation to its relative surface area. Bioassays of extracts of two cephalic glands-the mandibular gland and postpharyngeal gland-showed that the postpharyngeal gland is a second source of the queen recognition pheromone. Finally, we found that virgin queens whose poison sacs were removed before they began producing queen pheromone initiated production of a primer pheromone that inhibits winged virgin queens from dealating, indicating that this pheromonal effect also has an additional but as yet undetermined source. These results parallel those on the honey bee in which several of the pheromonal effects of functional queens appear to have multiple glandular sources. DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.1016/S0022-1910(99)00226-7 VL - 46 IS - 8 SP - 1151-1159 SN - 1879-1611 KW - communication KW - poison gland KW - postpharyngeal gland KW - mandibular gland KW - dealation KW - queen recognition pheromone ER - TY - JOUR TI - Larval dispersal and survival of Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) and Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) on cry1Ab-transformed and non-transgenic rice AU - Dirie, AM AU - Cohen, MB AU - Gould, F T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Journal Article Larval Dispersal and Survival of Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on cry1Ab-transformed and Non-transgenic Rice Get access Ahmed M. Dirie, Ahmed M. Dirie 1Entomology and Plant Pathology Division, International Rice Research Institute, MCPO Box 3127, Makati City 1271, Philippines. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Michael B. Cohen, Michael B. Cohen 1Entomology and Plant Pathology Division, International Rice Research Institute, MCPO Box 3127, Makati City 1271, Philippines. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Fred Gould Fred Gould 2Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7634. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Environmental Entomology, Volume 29, Issue 5, 1 October 2000, Pages 972–978, https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-29.5.972 Published: 01 October 2000 Article history Received: 16 November 1999 Accepted: 25 May 2000 Published: 01 October 2000 DA - 2000/10// PY - 2000/10// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X-29.5.972 VL - 29 IS - 5 SP - 972-978 SN - 0046-225X KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - Scirpophaga incertulas KW - Chilo suppressalis KW - resistance management KW - dispersal KW - rice ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inhibition of insect juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase: asymmetric synthesis and assay of glycidol-ester and epoxy-ester inhibitors of Trichoplusia ni epoxide hydrolase AU - Linderman, RJ AU - Roe, RM AU - Harris, SV AU - Thompson, DM T2 - INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB - Juvenile hormone (JH) undergoes metabolic degradation by two major pathways involving JH esterase and JH epoxide hydrolase (EH). While considerable effort has been focussed on the study of JH esterase and the development of inhibitors for this enzyme, much less has been reported on the study of JH-EH. In this work, the asymmetric synthesis of two classes of inhibitors of recombinant JH-EH from Trichoplusia ni, a glycidol-ester series and an epoxy-ester series is reported. The most effective glycidol-ester inhibitor, compound 1, exhibited an I(50) of 1.2x10(-8) M, and the most effective epoxy-ester inhibitor, compound 11, exhibited an I(50) of 9.4x10(-8) M. The potency of the inhibitors was found to be dependent on the absolute configuration of the epoxide. In both series of inhibitors, the C-10 R-configuration was found to be significantly more potent that the corresponding C-10 S-configuration. A mechanism for epoxide hydration catalyzed by insect EH is also presented. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00048-5 VL - 30 IS - 8-9 SP - 767-774 SN - 0965-1748 KW - juvenile hormone KW - epoxide hydrolase KW - JH metabolism KW - Trichoplusia ni KW - inhibitors KW - enantioselective ER - TY - JOUR TI - Higher-level phylogeny of the Therevidae (Diptera : Insecta) based on 28S ribosomal and elongation factor-1 alpha gene sequences AU - Yang, LL AU - Wiegmann, BM AU - Yeates, DK AU - Irwin, ME T2 - MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION AB - Therevidae (stilleto flies) are a little-known family of asiloid brachyceran Diptera (Insecta). Separate and combined phylogenetic analyses of 1200 bases of the 28S ribosomal DNA and 1100 bases of elongation factor-1α were used to infer phylogenetic relationships within the family. The position of the enigmatic taxon Apsilocephala Kröber is evaluated in light of the molecular evidence. In all analyses, molecular data strongly support the monophyly of Therevidae, excluding Apsilocephala, and the division of Therevidae into two main clades corresponding to a previous classification of the family into the subfamilies Phycinae and Therevinae. Despite strong support for some relationships within these groups, relationships at the base of the two main clades are weakly supported. Short branch lengths for Australasian clades at the base of the Therevinae may represent a rapid radiation of therevids in Australia. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1006/mpev.1999.0771 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - 440-451 SN - 1095-9513 KW - Therevidae KW - stiletto fly KW - elongation factor-1 alpha KW - 28S ribosomal DNA KW - phylogeny KW - Diptera ER - TY - JOUR TI - High throughput cellular localization of specific plant mRNAs by liquid-phase in situ reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of tissue sections AU - Koltai, H AU - Bird, DM T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Advances in high throughput DNA sequencing and bioinformatic gene discovery far outpace our ability to analyze gene function, necessitating development of more efficient means to examine expression at the cellular level. Here we present a polymerase chain reaction-based method to detect mRNA species in situ in which essentially all of the steps are carried out in liquid phase in a 96-well microtiter tray and only the final signal detection is performed on a microscope slide. We demonstrate the sensitivity of the method by the cellular localization of mRNA for the Tkn2 transcription factor in a wide variety of plant tissues, and its selectivity in discriminating a single gene family member by the in situ localization of rbcs3 transcripts. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utility of the in-well in situ method in detecting FDL and IFL1 transcripts in Arabidopsis sections, thus establishing the method as a tool to determine spatial expression pattern of sequences obtained from genomic sequencing projects. Being amenable to robotic processing, in-well in situ reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction permits a great enhancement in the number of tissue samples that can be processed. Consequently, this method may become a powerful tool for functional genomics studies, permitting the cellular site of transcription of large numbers of sequences obtained from databases to be rapidly established. DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.1104/pp.123.4.1203 VL - 123 IS - 4 SP - 1203-1212 SN - 0032-0889 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033836945&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - PAT TI - Fungal gene encoding resistance to the phytotoxin cercosporin AU - Upchurch, R. G. AU - Callahan, T. M. AU - Ehrenshaft, M. C2 - 2000/// DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fertilizer management impacts on stand establishment, disease, and yield of Irish potato AU - Crozier, CR AU - Creamer, NG AU - Cubeta, MA T2 - POTATO RESEARCH DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1007/BF02358513 VL - 43 IS - 1 SP - 49-59 SN - 1871-4528 KW - Solanum tuberosum L. KW - soil fertility KW - soluble salts KW - plant spacing KW - Rhizoctonia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of insecticides on Trichogramma exiguum (Trichogrammatidae : Hymenoptera) preimaginal development and adult survival AU - Suh, CPC AU - Orr, DB AU - Van Duyn, JW T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - The effect of insecticides on Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner emergence, adult survival, and fitness parameters was investigated. Insecticides tested were lambda cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, thiodicarb, profenophos, spinosad, methoxyfenozide, and tebufenozide. All insecticides, with the exception of methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide, adversely affected Trichogramma emergence from Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) host eggs when exposed at different preimaginal stages of development (larval, prepupal, or pupal). Regardless of the developmental stage treated, none of the insecticides tested had a significant effect on the sex ratio or frequency of brachyptery of emerged females. However, the mean life span of emerged T. exiguum females significantly varied among insecticide treatments, and was significantly affected by the developmental stage of parasitoid when treated. Based on LC50 values, spinosad and prophenofos were the most toxic compounds to female T. exiguum adults, followed by lambda cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, and thiodicarb. Insecticides field-weathered for four to 6 d on cotton leaves showed no activity against female T. exiguum adults. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-93.3.577 VL - 93 IS - 3 SP - 577-583 SN - 0022-0493 KW - Trichogramma exiguum KW - bollworm insecticides KW - biological control KW - cotton ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dispersal by larvae of the stem borers Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) and Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) in plots of transplanted rice AU - Cohen, MB AU - Romena, AM AU - Gould, F T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - We studied larval dispersal behavior of two rice stem borers, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) and Chilo suppressalis (Walker), to evaluate the potential of seed mixtures for resistance management in B. thuringiensis (Bt) rice. Both species showed extensive movement among plants (or “hills”) in plots of transplanted rice, during the course of larval development. On rice plants at the vegetative stage, almost all S. incertulas larvae dispersed on the day of eclosion. On plants at booting stage, most S. incertulas bored into hills on which egg masses were placed (referred to as the “release hill”). Almost all neonate C. suppressalis also bored into the release hill, at both vegetative and booting stages. At both rice growth stages, most larvae of both species dispersed to new hills between 7 and 18 d after eclosion. Both S. incertulas and C. suppressalis moved among tillers within the release hill, as indicated by an increase in dispersion among tillers over time. The distance and direction of dispersal of ballooning S. incertulas larvae was influenced by wind speed and direction. Larval recovery within plots generally declined rapidly over the first 5 d after egg hatch and then more slowly thereafter. Because many S. incertulas and C. suppressalis larvae move among tillers within hills and among hills within plots, many larvae in plots planted to seed mixtures will consume tissue from both Bt and non-Bt plants. This behavior will reduce the cumulative dose of toxin ingested and can accelerate the evolution of resistance. DA - 2000/10// PY - 2000/10// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X-29.5.958 VL - 29 IS - 5 SP - 958-971 SN - 1938-2936 KW - Scirpophaga incertulas KW - Chilo suppressalis KW - larval dispersal KW - resistance management KW - rice ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of pheromone-mediated mating disruption and conventional insecticides for management of tufted apple bud moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) AU - Borchert, DM AU - Walgenbach, JF T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Large-plot studies were used to compare pheromone-mediated mating disruption and conventional insecticide applications for management of tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), in North Carolina in 1993 and 1994. Pheromone trap catches were reduced in mating disruption blocks, and traps placed in the lower stratum of the canopy had a higher level of trap capture reduction compared with traps placed in the upper stratum. First-generation tufted apple bud moth exposure to either pheromones for mating disruption or insecticides affected second generation pheromone trap catches in the lower and upper canopy. More second generation male moths were caught in pheromone traps placed in the upper compared with the lower canopy in blocks treated with pheromones for mating disruption during the first generation, whereas the opposite was true in blocks treated with insecticides during the first generation. Despite reduced trap catches in pheromone-treated blocks, egg mass densities were not reduced in these blocks compared with insecticide-treated blocks. Furthermore, fruit damage was not significantly different between mating disruption blocks and conventionally treated blocks in orchards with relatively low populations of tufted apple bud moth, but damage was greater in mating disruption blocks in orchards with higher moth densities. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-93.3.769 VL - 93 IS - 3 SP - 769-776 SN - 1938-291X KW - Platynota idaeusalis KW - mating disruption KW - apples ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of pheromone application rates, point source densities, and dispensing methods for mating disruption of tufted apple bud moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) AU - Meissner, HE AU - Atterholt, CA AU - Walgenbach, JF AU - Kennedy, GG T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Small-plot (approximately 0.1 ha) studies were used to evaluate different pheromone dispensing systems, application rates, and point-source densities for mating disruption of the tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker). Using polyvinyl chloride spirals impregnated with tufted apple bud moth pheromone (1:1 ratio of E11-tetradecenyl alcohol/E11-tetradecenyl acetate), pheromone rates of > or = 1,482 spirals per hectare (74.1 g pheromone per hectare) were superior to a rate of 988 spirals per hectare (49.4 g pheromone per hectare) in decreasing male response to pheromone traps in 1995, whereas no differences were detected among rates of 988, 1,482 and 1,975 spirals per hectare in 1996. Within a range of 370-988 pheromone dispensers per hectare, point source densities were equally effective in suppressing male response to pheromone traps. Pheromone-impregnated paraffin disks were equally effective at inhibiting male response to pheromone traps compared with polyvinyl chloride spirals. However, a paraffin emulsion formulation of pheromone applied with a hand-held grease gun provided longer residual communication disruption effects than polyvinyl chloride spirals. Dilution of paraffin emulsion pheromone formulations in water for application with a backpack sprayer and airblast sprayer rendered them ineffective in reducing male response to pheromone traps. The releases of pheromone from polyvinyl chloride spirals and paraffin disks aged in the field were described by a linear and negative logarithmic curve, respectively, indicating that dispenser life time should be longer for spirals. The ratio of acetate to alcohol components of pheromone released from spirals increased over time, whereas the release ratio remained more constant for paraffin disks. This suggests that the disruption efficacy of spirals may be prematurely reduced because of imbalance of the released components. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-93.3.820 VL - 93 IS - 3 SP - 820-827 SN - 1938-291X KW - Platynota idaeusalis KW - mating disruption KW - dispensing systems KW - biorational control ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of greenhouse screening materials for excluding whitefly (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) and thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) AU - Bell, ML AU - Baker, , JR T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Twenty-eight greenhouse screening materials, with predetermined airflow resistance values, were evaluated for exclusion of the silverleaf whitefly Bemisia argentifolii Perring & Bellows and thrips from a mixed-species population. Screens differed in exclusion efficacy, expressed as a percentage of the fiberglass window screen control and at an approach velocity of 92 m/min, from -35 to 94% for silverleaf whitefly and from -13 to 95% for thrips. Seventeen screens excluded more silverleaf whitefly than did the window screen control, whereas only seven excluded more thrips. One material differentially excluded whitefly over thrips; many more differentially excluded thrips over whitefly. Airflow resistance, indicative of mesh hole size, did not necessarily correspond with degree of exclusion. Not all materials characterized as highly resistant to airflow provided significant exclusion. Exclusion of both types of pests was attained with several moderate- and one low-resistance screen. Another low-resistance screen excluded silverleaf whitefly only. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-93.3.800 VL - 93 IS - 3 SP - 800-804 SN - 1938-291X KW - Bemisia argentifolii KW - greenhouse screening KW - exclusion KW - physical control ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin proteins show a correlation in toxicity and short circuit current inhibition against Helicoverpa zea AU - Karim, S AU - Gould, F AU - Dean, DH T2 - CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY DA - 2000/9// PY - 2000/9// DO - 10.1007/s002840010122 VL - 41 IS - 3 SP - 214-219 SN - 1432-0991 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A phylogenetic reconsideration of the pollen starch-pollination correlation AU - Roulston, T. H. AU - Buchmann, S. L. T2 - Evolutionary Ecology Research DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 2 IS - 5 SP - 627-643 ER - TY - JOUR TI - "You are what you eat": Diet modifies cuticular hydrocarbons and nestmate recognition in the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile AU - Liang, D AU - Silverman, J T2 - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN DA - 2000/9// PY - 2000/9// DO - 10.1007/s001140050752 VL - 87 IS - 9 SP - 412-416 SN - 1432-1904 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trichogramma releases in North Carolina cotton: Why releases fail to suppress heliothine pests AU - Suh, CPC AU - Orr, DB AU - Van Duyn, JW T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Field studies were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to determine the fate of naturally oviposited F3 heliothine eggs in cotton plots treated with augmentative releases of Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner and nontreated plots. Four cohorts of newly oviposited eggs (< 24 h old) were followed in 1996 and two cohorts in 1997. In 1996, mean +/- SD percent parasitism, estimated by in-field studies following the fate of naturally oviposited eggs, ranged from 7 +/- 7 to 61 +/- 8% in T. exiguum release plots and 0 +/- 0 to 35 +/- 13% in control plots. The mean +/- SD percent of eggs hatched in T. exiguum release plots ranged from 1 +/- 2 to 11 +/- 4% and 7 +/- 4 to 28 +/- 10% in control plots. In 1997, mean +/- SD percent egg parasitism ranged from 27 +/- 4 to 40 +/- 3% in T. exiguum release plots and 15 +/- 18 to 25 +/- 8% in control plots. The mean +/- SD percent of eggs hatched in T. exiguum release plots ranged from 7 +/- 3 to 12 +/- 2% and 18 +/- 6 to 28 +/- 8% in control plots. Despite increased parasitism and reduced egg hatch in T. exiguum release plots, overall, there was no significant difference in larval density (all instars combined) between T. exiguum release and control plots. Combined analysis of the heliothine larval populations and egg fate data revealed that the additional egg mortality produced by released T. exiguum was offset by lower larval mortality in release plots. Because of the occurrence of compensatory mortality, the egg stage of heliothines is not an appropriate target for biological control using Trichogramma wasp releases. DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-93.4.1137 VL - 93 IS - 4 SP - 1137-1145 SN - 0022-0493 KW - Trichogramma exiguum KW - heliothines KW - egg fate KW - compensatory mortality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trichogramma exiguum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) releases in North Carolina cotton: Evaluation of heliothine pest suppression AU - Suh, CPC AU - Orr, DB AU - Van Duyn, JW AU - Borchert, DM T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Journal Article Trichogramma exiguum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Releases in North Carolina Cotton: Evaluation of Heliothine Pest Suppression Get access Charles P.-C. Suh, Charles P.-C. Suh 1 Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613 1Current address: USDA-ARS at the Southern Plains Agriculture Research Center, College Station, TX 77845. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar David B. Orr, David B. Orr Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar John W. Van Duyn, John W. Van Duyn Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Daniel M. Borchert Daniel M. Borchert Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 93, Issue 4, 1 August 2000, Pages 1127–1136, https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-93.4.1127 Published: 01 August 2000 DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-93.4.1127 VL - 93 IS - 4 SP - 1127-1136 SN - 0022-0493 KW - Trichogramma exiguum KW - augmentation biological control KW - cotton bollworm ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Formosan subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki AU - Vargo, EL AU - Henderson, G T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - Molecular EcologyVolume 9, Issue 11 p. 1935-1938 Identification of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Formosan subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki E. L. Vargo, Corresponding Author E. L. Vargo Department of Entomology, Box 7613, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA, Edward L. Vargo. Fax: +1 919 515 7746; E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorG. Henderson, G. Henderson Department of Entomology, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USASearch for more papers by this author E. L. Vargo, Corresponding Author E. L. Vargo Department of Entomology, Box 7613, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA, Edward L. Vargo. Fax: +1 919 515 7746; E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorG. Henderson, G. Henderson Department of Entomology, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 December 2001 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.0090111935.xCitations: 22Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References Glenn T (1996) Microsatellite Manual, MsatManV6, ftp://onyx.si.edu/protocols/ Korman AK & Pashley DP (1991) Genetic comparisons among U.S. populations of Formosan subterranean termites. Sociobiology, 19, 41 50. Oetting WS, Lee HK, Flanders DJ, Wiesner GL, Sellers TA, King RA (1995) Linkage analysis with multiplexed short tandem repeat polymorphisms using infrared fluorescence and M13 tailed primers. Genomics, 30, 450 458. Raymond M & Rousset F (1995) GENEPOP (Version 1.2): population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism. Journal of Heredity, 86, 248 249. Strong KL & Grace JK (1993) Low allozyme variation in Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) colonies in Hawaii. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 69, 51 56. Su N-Y & Tamashiro M (1987) An overview of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in the world. In: Biology and Control of the Formosan Subterranean Termite (eds M Tamashiro, N-Y Su), pp. 3 15. College of Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Thorne BL, Traniello JFA, Adams ES, Bulmer M (1999) Reproductive dynamics and colony structure of subterranean termites of the genus Reticulitermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): a review of the evidence from behavioral, ecological, and genetic studies. Etholology, Ecology and Evolution, 11, 149 169. Vargo EL (2000) Polymorphism at trinucleotide microsatellite loci in the subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes. Molecular Ecology, 9, 817 829. Wang J & Grace JK (1999) Current status of Coptotermes Wasmann (Isoptera. Rhinotermitidae) in China, Japan, Australia and the American Pacific. Sociobiology, 33, 295 305. Citing Literature Volume9, Issue11November 2000Pages 1935-1938 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2000/11// PY - 2000/11// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.0090111935.x VL - 9 IS - 11 SP - 1935-1938 SN - 0962-1083 KW - Coptotermes formosanus KW - genetic variability KW - microsatellites KW - population structure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heritability of tolerance to the Cry1Ab toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis in Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) AU - Alinia, F AU - Cohen, MB AU - Gould, F T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Heritability of Chilo suppressalis (Walker) tolerance to the Cry1Ab toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner was estimated using a half-sibling design. Artificial diet with and without Cry1Ab was infested with progenies of 20 males, each mated with 2 females, and mortality was scored 5 d after infestation. The progeny of each female was reared and scored separately. Mean mortality of the 20 families on the Cry1Ab diet was 46.5%. The effects of both male parent and of female parent within male parent were significant. Heritability was estimated to be 0.52, suggesting that a high proportion of phenotypic variation was because of genetic differences. Mortality on the Cry1Ab diet was not correlated with mortality on control diet, indicating that differences among families in tolerance to Cry1Ab were not attributable to differences in general fitness. Our results indicate that “high dose” Bt rice plants may be particularly important for Cry1Ab resistance management in C. suppressalis populations. DA - 2000/2// PY - 2000/2// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-93.1.14 VL - 93 IS - 1 SP - 14-17 SN - 0022-0493 KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - Chilo suppressalis KW - insecticide resistance KW - heritability KW - rice ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of inundative releases of Trichogramma exiguum (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae) for suppression of nantucket pine tip moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) in pine (Pinaceae) plantations AU - Orr, DB AU - Suh, CPC T2 - CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST AB - Abstract Inundative releases of Trichogramma exiguum Pinto and Platner were evaluated for suppression of the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), in first-year loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., plantations. Three releases, spaced 7 d apart, were made in three 0.4-ha plots during second-generation R . frustrana egg deposition. Each release included three cohorts of T . exiguum developmentally separated by 25 degree-days. Mean ± SD field release rate for each cohort was 328 238 ± 88 379 females/ha. Mean T . exiguum emergence under laboratory conditions for released cohorts was 96 ± 2%, with 74 ± 3% females, of which 1 ± 1% of females displayed brachyptery; female longevity was 18 ± 3 d. Field emergence averaged 96 ± 4%. Parasitism of R . frustrana eggs was significantly increased, ranging from 40 ± 19 to 73 ± 22% in T . exiguum -treated plots and 17 ± 17 to 67 ± 21% in control plots. Data from all treated plots combined showed R . frustrana egg survival (hatching) was significantly reduced by 46%, and larval populations were significantly reduced by 60%. There was no significant difference in the percentage of terminals damaged between T . exiguum -treated (31 ± 16%) and control plots (45 ± 10%); however, length of terminal damage was significantly lower in treated plots. The percentage of damage to top whorl shoots was significantly lower in T . exiguum -treated plots compared with control plots, but there was no significant difference in length of tunneling damage. Damage to remaining shoots was not significantly different between T . exiguum -treated and control plots. Microhabitat significantly influenced both mean maximum and minimum temperature and the number of consecutive hours per day that were at or above 35 °C (critical temperature for T . exiguum survival). Soil surface with no cover had the greatest number of hours at or above 35 °C, followed by soil surface with herbaceous cover, and canopies of small trees (0.4 m tall). Canopy habitats in larger trees (0.9–1.8 m tall) had the most moderate temperature conditions. Parasitoid emergence was significantly reduced in response to increasing number of consecutive hours at or above 35 °C. Predation of parasitoids prior to emergence was significantly affected by microhabitat and by the length of time capsules were in the field before T . exiguum emergence ( i . e ., cohort number). DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.4039/Ent132373-3 VL - 132 IS - 3 SP - 373-386 SN - 1918-3240 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of 'ABG-9008' against burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) on bananas AU - Marin, D. H. AU - Barker, K. R. AU - Sutton, T. B. T2 - Nematropica DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 1-8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determination of receptor binding properties of Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins to cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa zea) and pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) midgut brush border membrane vesicles AU - Karim, S AU - Riazuddin, S AU - Gould, F AU - Dean, DH T2 - PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY AB - Pesticidal activity and receptor binding properties of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins to cotton pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) and cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa zea) were investigated. P. gossypiella was susceptible to Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, and Cry2Aa toxins. To H. zea, Cry1Ac and Cry1Ab were more potent than Cry1Aa and Cry2Aa. Cry1Ba, Cry1Ca, Cry1Da, Cry1Ea, Cry1Fa, Cry1Ga, Cry1Ha, and Cry2Ba were not potent against both pests. Binding assays were performed with 125I-labeled toxins (Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, and Cry2Aa) and brush border membrane vesicles (BBMVs) prepared from H. zea and P. gossypiella midguts. Both Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac toxins showed saturable, high-affinity binding to P. gossypiella and H. zea BBMVs. Cry2Aa and Cry1Aa toxins bound to BBMVs with relatively low binding affinity but with high binding site concentration. Heterologous competition binding assays were performed to investigate the binding site cross reactivity. The results showed that Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, and Cry1Ac recognize the same binding site, which is different from Cry2Aa. Ligand blot assay showed that Cry1Ac toxin binds to a 120-kDa BBMV protein in P. gossypiella and Cry1Ab binds to a major 210-kDa protein. DA - 2000/7// PY - 2000/7// DO - 10.1006/pest.2000.2491 VL - 67 IS - 3 SP - 198-216 SN - 1095-9939 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) feeding, development, and survival to adulthood after continuous exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp tenebrionis-treated potato foliage from the field AU - Nault, BA AU - Costa, SD AU - Kennedy, GG T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), feeding, development, and survival to adulthood were examined after continuously exposing large larvae to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis-treated potato foliage from the field. In laboratory assays, the overall consumption and the length of period to become prepupae were determined for larvae, which began as 3rd and 4th instars, that were offered potato leaf disks with naturally declining levels of B. thuringiensis residue. In small-cage field experiments, survival to adulthood and the period to adult emergence for beetles confined to potato plants treated with B. thuringiensis beginning as 3rd and 4th instars also were examined. Third instars remaining on plants after a B. thuringiensis application were unlikely to feed and 4th instars consumed only approximately 50% as much foliage as those fed untreated foliage. Many late instars subjected to B. thuringiensis-treated foliage failed to survive to adulthood; 58-83% of these beetles died during the larval stage. Reduced feeding and poor survival of late instars suggest that counts of large larvae after application do not provide a complete picture of the efficacy of the B. thuringiensis treatment. Late instar Colorado potato beetles that were exposed continually to naturally declining levels of B. thuringiensis-treated potato foliage took an average of 1.8-4.5 d longer to become prepupae and 4-8 d longer to emerge as adults compared with those provided with untreated foliage. Delayed emergence of adults that fed on B. thuringiensis-treated potatoes as late instars indicated that development was prolonged in these insects because of ingestion of a sublethal dose of B. thuringiensis. DA - 2000/2// PY - 2000/2// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-93.1.149 VL - 93 IS - 1 SP - 149-156 SN - 0022-0493 KW - Colorado potato beetle KW - Bacillus thuringiensis subsp tenebrionis KW - feeding KW - development KW - survival ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation in performance on cry1Ab-transformed and nontransgenic rice varieties among populations of Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) from Luzon Island, Philippines AU - Bentur, JS AU - Cohen, MB AU - Gould, F T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - We quantified variation in performance under greenhouse conditions among seven populations of Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) from Luzon Island, Philippines, on three rice varieties: 'IR58' transformed with the cry1Ab gene from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, and nontransgenic IR58 and IR62. On IR62, S. incertutas performance did not differ among provinces for any of the 10 parameters measured, but there was a significant effect of town within province for one parameter, 20-d-old larval weight. Larval survival after 48 h on cy1Ab-transformed IR58 did not differ significantly among provinces, but did differ significantly among towns within a province. There was no geographic variation in larval survival after 48 h on control plants of IR58. Surviving insects from the cry1Ab-transformed IR58 were transferred to IR62 to complete development. There was no geographic variation in the percentage of insects completing development to adult emergence and the time required by the transferred female insects to complete development. However, there was variation among provinces in male developmental time. The absence of geographic variation on nontransgenic IR58 and the very limited variation on IR62 indicated that there was little variation in general vigor among the S. incertulas populations and thus that the variation in performance oil cry1Ab-transformed IR58 was probably attributable to differences in susceptibility to Cry1Ab. DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-93.6.1773 VL - 93 IS - 6 SP - 1773-1778 SN - 0022-0493 KW - Scirpophaga incertulas KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - rice KW - resistance management ER - TY - JOUR TI - The ootheca of Mastotermes darwiniensis Froggatt (Isoptera : Mastotermitidae): homology with cockroach oothecae AU - Nalepa, CA AU - Lenz, M T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - The basal termite Mastotermes darwiniensis produces an egg mass, the nature of which is controversial. The debate centres on whether it is homologous with the oothecae of mantids and cockroaches and, if so, whether its simple structure is plesiomorphic or apomorphic within the Dictyoptera. To help resolve these issues we observed primary reproductives of M. darwiniensis during oviposition and examined the morphology of the reproductive product. Oviposition is cockroach-like in that the egg mass is assembled within the vestibulum and the eggs are issued externally in pairs. The reproductive product is an ootheca of the blattarian type. A distinct, tanned outer covering is stretched over the two parallel rows of eggs. No keel is present and no calcium oxalate crystals were apparent in the outer covering. We cannot rule out the possibility that the simple structure of the ootheca is plesiomorphic within Dictyoptera. However, based on (i) apomorphies shared by Mastotermes and Blattaria, and (ii) the life habits of Isoptera, a secondary reduction is the more plausible explanation. DA - 2000/9/7/ PY - 2000/9/7/ DO - 10.1098/rspb.2000.1214 VL - 267 IS - 1454 SP - 1809-1813 SN - 0962-8452 KW - Dictyoptera KW - termites KW - oviposition KW - eggs KW - reproduction KW - phylogeny ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pest control by the release of insects carrying a female-killing allele on multiple loci AU - Schliekelman, P AU - Gould, F T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - With recent advances in genetics, many new strategies for pest control have become feasible. This is the second article in which we model new techniques for pest control based on the mass release of genetically modified insects. In this article we model the release of insects carrying a dominant and redundant female killing or sterilizing (FK) allele on multiple genetic loci. If such insects are released into a target population, the FK allele can become widely spread in the population through the males while reducing the population each generation by killing females. We allow the number of loci used to vary from 1 to 20. We also allow the FK allele to carry a fitness cost in males due to the gene insertions. Using a model, we explore the effectiveness and optimal strategies for such releases. In the most ideal circumstances (no density-dependence and released insects equal in fitness to wild ones), FK releases are several orders of magnitude more effective than equal sized sterile male releases. For example, a single release of 19 FK-bearing males for every two wild males, with the released males carrying the FK allele on 10 loci, reduces the target population to 0.002% of no-release size. An equal sized sterile release reduces the target population to 5% of no-release size. We also show how the effectiveness of the technique decreases as the fitness cost of the FK alleles in males increases. For example, the above mentioned release reduces the target population to 0.7% of no-release size if each FK allele carries a fitness cost in males of 5%. Adding a simple model for density-dependence and assuming that each of the released males carries the FK allele on six loci, we show that the release size necessary to reduce the target population to 1/100 of no-release size in 10 generations of releases varies from 0.44:1 to 4:1 (depending on parameter values). We also calculate the optimal number of loci on which to put the FK allele under various circumstances. DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-93.6.1566 VL - 93 IS - 6 SP - 1566-1579 SN - 0022-0493 KW - genetic control KW - sterile insect technique KW - multilocus KW - female-killing autocidal ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pest control by the introduction of a conditional lethal trait on multiple loci: Potential, limitations, and optimal strategies AU - Schliekelman, P AU - Gould, F T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Advances in genetics have made it feasible to genetically engineer insect strains carrying a conditional lethal trait on multiple loci. We model the release into a target pest population of insects carrying a dominant and fully penetrant conditional lethal trait on 1-20 loci. Delaying the lethality for several generations after release allows the trait to become widely spread in the target population before being activated. To determine effectiveness and optimal strategies for such releases, we vary release size, number of generations until the conditional lethality, nonconditional fitness cost resulting from gene insertions, and fitness reduction associated with laboratory rearing. We show that conditional lethal releases are potentially orders of magnitude more effective than sterile male releases of equal size, and that far smaller release sizes may be required for this approach than necessary with sterile males. For example, a release of male insects carrying a conditional lethal allele that is activated in the F4 generation on 10 loci reduces the target populatioin to 10(-4) of no-release size if there are initially two released males for every wild male. We show how the effectiveness of conditional lethal releases decreases as the nonconditional fitness reduction (i.e., fitness reduction before the trait becomes lethal) associated with the conditional lethal genes increases. For example, if there is a 5% nonconditional fitness cost per conditional lethal allele, then a 2:1 (released male:wild male) release with conditional lethal alleles that are activated in the F4 generation reduces the population to 2-5% (depending on the degree of density dependence) of the no-release size. If there is a per-allele reduction in fitness, then as the number of loci is increased there is a trade-off between the fraction of offspring carrying at least one conditional lethal allele and the fitness of the released insects. We calculate the optimal number of loci on which to insert the conditional lethal gene given various conditions. In addition, we show how laboratory-rearing fitness costs, density-dependence, and all-male versus male-female releases affect the efficiency of conditional lethal releases. DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-93.6.1543 VL - 93 IS - 6 SP - 1543-1565 SN - 0022-0493 KW - conditional lethal KW - genetic control KW - multilocus KW - sterile male KW - model ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular phylogenetics of the holly leaf miners (Diptera : Agromyzidae : Phytomyza): Species limits, speciation, and dietary specialization AU - Scheffer, SJ AU - Wiegmann, BM T2 - MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION AB - A molecular phylogenetic analysis was conducted to determine relationships and to investigate character evolution in the Phytomyza ilicis group of leafmining flies on hollies (Aquifoliaceae: Ilex). A total of 2207 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and II genes were sequenced for all known holly leafminers, as well as for several undescribed members of this group. Maximum-parsimony analysis of the sequence data indicates that these leafminers form a monophyletic group with the inclusion of an undescribed leafminer that feeds on the distantly related plant Gelsemium sempevirens (Loganiaceae). Species boundaries of previously known and of undescribed holly leafmining species were confirmed with the molecular data, with one exception. Optimization of variable ecological and morphological characters onto the most parsimonious phylogeny suggests that these traits are evolutionarily labile, requiring multiple instances of convergence and/or reversal to explain their evolutionary history. Speciation in holly leafminers is associated with host shifts and appears to involve colonization of new hosts more often than cospeciation as the hosts diverge. Monophagy is the most common feeding pattern in holly leafminers, and more generalized feeding is inferred to have evolved at least two separate times, possibly as a prelude to speciation. DA - 2000/11// PY - 2000/11// DO - 10.1006/mpev.2000.0830 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 244-255 SN - 1095-9513 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic mapping of a fusarium wilt resistance gene (Fom-2) in melon (Cucumis melo L.) AU - Wang, YH AU - Thomas, CE AU - Dean, RA T2 - MOLECULAR BREEDING DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.1023/A:1009671925793 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - 379-389 SN - 1380-3743 KW - AFLP KW - co-dominant markers KW - Cucumis melo KW - fusarium wilt KW - marker-assisted selection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of two computer techniques and a visual technique for the estimation of wheat leaf consumption by cereal leaf beetle (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) AU - Sorenson, CE AU - Ihrig, RA AU - Bradley, , JR AU - Van Duyn, JW AU - Herbert, DA T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - Three techniques for estimating wheat foliage defoliation by cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), larvae were evaluated. The techniques were visual estimation, computer estimation with image capture through a flatbed scanner (Lanalyze), and a commercially available video computer image analysis system (CIAS). Both computer-assisted techniques exhibited high levels of repeatability. Both consistently produced errors of less than 3 percent, although each system exhibited different error patterns. The Lanalyze system tended to systematically underestimate actual defoliation of mock leaves, while the CIAS system tended to overestimate actual defoliation. Visual estimators exhibited greater variation among estimates and, on average, greater discrepancies from actual defoliation when compared with the computer assisted techniques. The experience of the observer had a bearing on the accuracy and consistency of visual estimates; more experienced observers had the best accuracy. DA - 2000/10// PY - 2000/10// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-35.4.391 VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 391-401 SN - 0749-8004 KW - defoliation estimation KW - cereal leaf beetle KW - Oulema melanopus KW - visual estimation KW - image analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Wolbachia infections in native and introduced populations of fire ants (Solenopsis spp.) AU - Shoemaker, DD AU - Ross, KG AU - Keller, L AU - Vargo, EL AU - Werren, JH T2 - INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB - Wolbachia are cytoplasmically inherited bacteria that induce a variety of effects with fitness consequences on host arthropods, including cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis, male-killing and feminization. We report here the presence of Wolbachia in native South American populations of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta, but the apparent absence of the bacteria in introduced populations of this pest species in the USA. The Wolbachia strains in native S. invicta are of two divergent types (A and B), and the frequency of infection varies dramatically between geographical regions and social forms of this host. Survey data reveal that Wolbachia also are found in other native fire ant species within the Solenopsis saevissima species complex from South America, including S. richteri. This latter species also has been introduced in the USA, where it lacks Wolbachia. Sequence data reveal complete phylogenetic concordance between mtDNA haplotype in S. invicta and Wolbachia infection type (A or B). In addition, the mtDNA and associated group A Wolbachia strain in S. invicta are more closely related to the mtDNA and Wolbachia strain found in S. richteri than they are to the mtDNA and associated group B Wolbachia in S. invicta. These data are consistent with historical introgression of S. richteri cytoplasmic elements into S. invicta populations, resulting in enhanced infection and mtDNA polymorphisms in S. invicta. Wolbachia may have significant fitness effects on these hosts (either directly or by cytoplasmic incompatibility) and therefore these microbes potentially could be used in biological control programmes to suppress introduced fire ant populations. DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2000.00233.x VL - 9 IS - 6 SP - 661-673 SN - 1365-2583 KW - biological control KW - fire ants KW - mtDNA KW - introgression KW - reproductive isolation KW - Solenopsis invicta KW - Wolbachia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Uncitruncata leuschneri, a new genus and species of Phycitinae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from California and Oregon AU - Neunzig, H. H. T2 - Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 102 IS - 2 SP - 408-411 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil-free collection of Argentine ants (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) based on food-directed brood and queen movement AU - Silverman, J AU - Nsimba, B T2 - FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST AB - The movement of Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr), colonies was studied in the laboratory. Workers transported brood from the main colony to satellite nests within 2 h. Queens also moved into the satellite nests. Up to 70% of the brood were moved out of the main colony by 48 h. Although most of the brood and queens migrated to a satellite nest 60 cm from the main nest, a substantial number of brood and queens moved 12.2 m to a nest 60 cm from a food source. We subsequently employed these findings to induce a portion of a field colony of L. humile to enter artificial colony dishes within the laboratory. Workers, brood, and queens were collected continuously and effortlessly using this technique. DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.2307/3496222 VL - 83 IS - 1 SP - 10-16 SN - 1938-5102 KW - Argentine ant KW - Linepithema humile KW - colony movement KW - soil-free KW - collection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monophyly and relationships of the Tabanomorpha (Diptera : Brachycera) based on 28S ribosomal gene sequences AU - Wiegmann, BM AU - Tsaur, SC AU - Webb, DW AU - Yeates, DK AU - Cassel, BK T2 - ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA AB - Higher-level relationships among the earliest lineages of brachyceran Diptera remain poorly resolved by comparative morphology. Nucleotide sequence data should be useful in clarifying brachyceran relationships, especially where morphological evidence is either contradictory or controversial. We examined phylogenetic relationships among the family-level taxa of the brachyceran infraorder Tabanomorpha using sequences of a large portion of the 28S ribosomal DNA. Twenty-five species were sequenced, including five outgroup species from the Stratiomyomorpha and Xylophagomorpha. Parsimony and maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analysis of 2,371 alignable sites yielded identical inferred tree topologies. 28S rDNA supports the monophyly of the Tabanomorpha (Vermileonidae, Rhagionidae, Pelecorhynchidae, Athericidae and Tabanidae). Our results contradict several published hypotheses that associate Vermileonidae with asiloid or eremoneuran taxa remote from the Tabanomorpha. The molecular data also support monophyly for all of the included family-level lineages, and corroborate several recent phylogenetic hypotheses based on comparative morphology. DA - 2000/9// PY - 2000/9// DO - 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1031:MAROTT]2.0.CO;2 VL - 93 IS - 5 SP - 1031-1038 SN - 1938-2901 KW - Tabanomorpha KW - Tabanidae KW - phylogeny KW - 28S ribosomal DNA KW - molecular systematics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modified constructs of the tRNA T Psi C domain to probe substrate conformational requirements of m(1)A(58) and m(5)U(54) tRNA methyltransferases AU - Sengupta, R AU - Vainauskas, S AU - Yarian, C AU - Sochacka, E AU - Malkiewicz, A AU - Guenther, RH AU - Koshlap, KM AU - Agris, PF T2 - NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH AB - The TΨC stem and loop (TSL) of tRNA contains highly conserved nucleoside modifications, m5C49, T54, Ψ55 and m1A58. U54 is methylated to m5U (T) by m5U54 methyltransferase (RUMT); A58 is methylated to m1A by m1A58 tRNA methyltransferase (RAMT). RUMT recognizes and methylates a minimal TSL heptadecamer and RAMT has previously been reported to recognize and methylate the 3′-half of the tRNA molecule. We report that RAMT can recognize and methylate a TSL heptadecamer. To better understand the sensitivity of RAMT and RUMT to TSL conformation, we have designed and synthesized variously modified TSL constructs with altered local conformations and stabilities. TSLs were synthesized with natural modifications (T54 and Ψ55), naturally occurring modifications at unnatural positions (m5C60), altered sugar puckers (dU54 and/or dU55) or with disrupted U-turn interactions (m1Ψ55 or m1m3Ψ55). The unmodified heptadecamer TSL was a substrate of both RAMT and RUMT. The presence of T54 increased thermal stability of the TSL and dramatically reduced RAMT activity toward the substrate. Local conformation around U54 was found to be an important determinant for the activities of both RAMT and RUMT. DA - 2000/3/15/ PY - 2000/3/15/ DO - 10.1093/nar/28.6.1374 VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - 1374-1380 SN - 0305-1048 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Limited transmission of turkey coronavirus in young turkeys by adult Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) AU - Watson, DW AU - Guy, JS AU - Stringham, SH T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY DA - 2000/5// PY - 2000/5// DO - 10.1603/0022-2585(2000)037[0480:LTOTCI]2.0.CO;2 VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 480-483 SN - 0022-2585 KW - litter beetle KW - darkling beetle KW - lesser mealworm KW - turkey disease KW - coronavirus KW - poult enteritis mortality syndrome ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integration of repellents, attractants, and insecticides in a "push-pull" strategy for managing German cockroach (Dictyoptera : Blattellidae) populations AU - Nalyanya, G AU - Moore, CB AU - Schal, C T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY DA - 2000/5// PY - 2000/5// DO - 10.1603/0022-2585(2000)037[0427:IORAAI]2.0.CO;2 VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 427-434 SN - 1938-2928 KW - Blattella germanica KW - German cockroach KW - repellent KW - attractant KW - methyl neoalkanamide ER - TY - PAT TI - Insecticide resistance assay AU - Roe, R. M. AU - Bailey, W. D. AU - Gould, F. AU - Kennedy, G. G. C2 - 2000/// DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic variation in the Myzus persicae complex (Homoptera : Aphididae): Evidence for a single species AU - Clements, KM AU - Wiegmann, BM AU - Sorenson, CE AU - Smith, CF AU - Neese, PA AU - Roe, RM T2 - ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA AB - Journal Article Genetic Variation in the Myzus persicae Complex (Homoptera: Aphididae): Evidence for a Single Species Get access Kieran M Clements, Kieran M Clements Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7647 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Brian M Wiegmann, Brian M Wiegmann Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7647 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Clyde E Sorenson, Clyde E Sorenson Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7647 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Clyde F Smith, Clyde F Smith Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7647 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Paul A Neese, Paul A Neese Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7647 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R Michael Roe R Michael Roe Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7647. To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dearstyne Entomology Building, Box 7647, W. Ligon Street Extension, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7647. Fax: 919-515-4325, michael_roe@ncsu.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Volume 93, Issue 1, 1 January 2000, Pages 31–46, https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0031:GVITMP]2.0.CO;2 Published: 01 January 2000 Article history Accepted: 06 July 1999 Published: 01 January 2000 DA - 2000/1// PY - 2000/1// DO - 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0031:GVITMP]2.0.CO;2 VL - 93 IS - 1 SP - 31-46 SN - 1938-2901 KW - Myzus nicotianae KW - Myzus persicae KW - cytochrome oxidase II KW - elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1 alpha) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Field surveys and evaluation of native and established predators of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Homoptera : Adelgidae) in the southeastern United States AU - Wallace, MS AU - Hain, FP T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Journal Article Field Surveys and Evaluation of Native and Established Predators of the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae) in the Southeastern United States Get access Matthew S. Wallace, Matthew S. Wallace Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Fred P. Hain Fred P. Hain Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Environmental Entomology, Volume 29, Issue 3, 1 June 2000, Pages 638–644, https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-29.3.638 Published: 01 June 2000 Article history Received: 07 June 1999 Accepted: 08 February 2000 Published: 01 June 2000 DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X-29.3.638 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 638-644 SN - 0046-225X KW - Adelges tsugae KW - adelgid KW - hemlock KW - exclusion cages KW - field survey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Factors that affect development of collar rot on tobacco seedlings grown in greenhouses AU - Gutierrez, WA AU - Shew, HD T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Collar rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is an important disease of tobacco transplants produced under greenhouse conditions. Factors that affect the development of the disease were studied, including age of seedlings, presence of an external source of nutrients (leaf extract), clipping (leaf removal) practices, exposure to low temperature, and leaf injury caused by heat and a chemical. Flue-cured tobacco seedlings, cultivar K-326, were grown in polystyrene cell trays floating on a nutrient solution. Trays were maintained in a phytotron growth chamber with a 28/18°C day/night temperature regime. Seedlings were inoculated with ascospores of S. sclerotiorum at the desired stage of growth by placing mature apothecia in the growth chamber and inducing ascospore release and deposition. Disease incidence was determined by examining seedlings for the presence of stem lesions over the next 15 to 21days. Seedlings between 35 and 53 days old were more susceptible to collar rot than younger or older seedlings. Inoculum efficiency was highest and disease was most severe when an external source of nutrients was present on leaf surfaces. Clipping of leaf tips did not increase disease, but if the leaf pieces created by clipping were left on seedlings, collar rot development was enhanced compared with treatments where debris was removed. Heat and chemical injuries that resulted in necrotic tissue provided highly susceptible infection courts for ascospores of S. sclerotiorum, but exposure to low temperature, which caused no visible injury, did not enhance infection. Adoption of cultural practices that minimize accumulation of leaf debris and eliminate factors that cause necrotic injury on leaves should greatly reduce the severity of collar rot of tobacco seedlings. DA - 2000/10// PY - 2000/10// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.10.1076 VL - 84 IS - 10 SP - 1076-1080 SN - 1943-7692 KW - apothecium production KW - ascospore inoculation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development and survival of immature Aedes albopictus and Aedes triseriatus (Diptera : Culicidae) in the laboratory: Effects of density, food, and competition on response to temperature AU - Teng, HJ AU - Apperson, CS T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Effects of food, density, and heterospecific interactions on temperature-dependent development of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes triseriatus (Say) larvae and pupae were described using a degree-day model. Under all conditions, the predicted number of degree-days (DD(T0)) to complete larval development was less, and the threshold temperature (T0) for initiation of larval development was higher for Ae. albopictus than for Ae. triseriatus. The DD(T0) for both species was food and density dependent. However, the per capita food ration appeared to exert a greater influence on the developmental times of Ae. triseriatus immatures, whereas for Ae. albopictus effects of density were not completely eliminated by an increase in the per capita food ration. The presence of heterospecific larvae did not prolong the DD(T0) of either species. At the low food ration, DD(T0) for both species were significantly greater under conspecific conditions. The DD(T0) for Ae. triseriatus increased directly as the proportion of conspecific larvae increased. However, when a higher per capita food ration was provided, conspecific effects on DD(T0) were mitigated. For Ae. albopictus, estimated DD(T0) values for larvae reared in pure culture were significantly higher than when heterospecific larvae were present, regardless of the per capita amount of food provided. Survivorship of immatures was density and food-dependent for both species. Ae. albopictus exhibited higher immature survivorship under all conditions relative to Ae. triseriatus. For both species, survival probabilities were lowest under conditions of high density and low food. Addition of food improved survival for both species. The presence of heterospecific larvae exerted a differential effect on the survivorship response of Ae. albopictus immatures to temperature. Lowest probability of survival for Ae. albopictus was occurred at low temperature when the proportion of heterospecific larvae in containers was the highest. In contrast, at high temperatures, survivorship of immatures improved, but was lowest for pure species cultures. For Ae. triseriatus, survivorship of immatures was consistently lower for pure species cultures regardless of the temperature. Standing crop production of adults of both species was primarily food rather that density-dependent. Under field conditions, Ae. triseriatus were predicted to initiate development sooner and exhibit faster population growth early in the season than Ae. albopictus. However, because of the shorter DD(T0), Ae. albopictus population growth was predicted to surpass that of Ae. triseriatus populations later in the season. Based on optimal DD(T0) values from laboratory experiments, spring emergence dates of Ae. triseriatus females in western North Carolina for 1989 and 1990 were predicted from accumulated degree-days calculated from local air temperature records. Predicted emergence dates were congruent with results of a previous survey for the same locality, indicating that accumulated degree-days can be used to accurately predict the seasonal occurrence of Ae. triseriatus. The utility of the degree-day approach in predicting the phenology of Ae. albopictus remains to be established. DA - 2000/1// PY - 2000/1// DO - 10.1603/0022-2585-37.1.40 VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 40-52 SN - 0022-2585 KW - Aedes albopictus KW - Aedes triseriatus KW - immature development KW - degree-day ER - TY - JOUR TI - Density and distribution of Dirofilaria immitis (Nematoda : Filarioidea) third-stage larvae in Aedes sollicitans and Aedes taeniorhynchus (Diptera : Culicidae) AU - Parker, BM T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Numbers and the distribution of third-stage larvae (L3) were investigated in Aedes sollicitans (Walker) and Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) female mosquitoes fed Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy) infectious-blood with densities of microfilariae (mf) ranging from approximately 7,100-43,400 mf/ml. At each microfilarial density, a maximum of 63-66 infective larvae were recovered from an Ae. sollicitans alive on day 15 after infection. In comparison with Ae. taeniorhynchus, Ae. sollicitans averaged greater numbers of L3 and from 1.4 to 2.4 times more L3 in the head and labium per infected female. The trend was for greater numbers of L3 to be found in the labium than in the head of Ae. sollicitans, but there were no significant differences between numbers of L3 recovered from these sites in differentially infected females. However, numbers of L3 recovered from the head versus the labium of differentially infected Ae. taeniorhynchus varied significantly with the infectious blood microfilarial density. At the two lowest and highest microfilarial densities, greater numbers of L3 were recovered from the head and labium, respectively. Variations among species in the female body size, blood meal size, and retention of L3 may be factors responsible for differences observed between the total numbers and percentage distribution of D. immitis L3 recovered from the simultaneous blood-fed Ae. sollicitans and Ae. taeniorhynchus. DA - 2000/9// PY - 2000/9// DO - 10.1603/0022-2585-37.5.695 VL - 37 IS - 5 SP - 695-700 SN - 1938-2928 KW - Dirofilaria immiti KW - mosquitoes KW - Aedes sollicitans KW - Aedes taeniorhynchus KW - dog heartworm KW - vector competence ER - TY - CHAP TI - Dampwood termites AU - Nalepa, C. A. T2 - Handbook of household and structural insect pests A2 - R. E. Gold, A2 - Jones, S. C. CN - SB931 .H3154 2000 PY - 2000/// SP - 113-116 PB - Lanham, Md.: Entomological Society of America ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Consentience on the necessity of Juvenile Hormone for vitellogenesis in the German cockroach - Reply AU - Holbrook, GL AU - Bachmann, JA AU - Schal, C AB - Physiological EntomologyVolume 25, Issue 3 p. 208-210 Reply − Consentience on the necessity of Juvenile Hormone for vitellogenesis in the German cockroach G. L. Holbrook, G. L. Holbrook Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A. Search for more papers by this authorJ. A. Bachmann, J. A. Bachmann Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A. Search for more papers by this authorC. Schal, C. Schal Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A. Search for more papers by this author G. L. Holbrook, G. L. Holbrook Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A. Search for more papers by this authorJ. A. Bachmann, J. A. Bachmann Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A. Search for more papers by this authorC. Schal, C. Schal Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A. Search for more papers by this author First published: 25 December 2001 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3032.2000.00199-1.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume25, Issue3September 2000Pages 208-210 RelatedInformation DA - 2000/9// PY - 2000/9// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-3032.2000.00199-1.x SP - 208-210 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Testing Bt refuge strategies in the field AU - Gould, F T2 - NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.1038/73693 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 266-267 SN - 1087-0156 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of two fungi in the apple sooty blotch complex to temperature and relative humidity AU - Johnson, EM AU - Sutton, TB T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Peltaster fructicola and Leptodontium elatius, two of the causal fungi of apple sooty blotch, responded differently to temperature and relative humidity in vitro. Conidia of L. elatius germinated from 12 to 32 degrees C at relative humidities >/=97%, whereas conidia of P. fructicola germinated from 12 to 24 degrees C at relative humidities >/=95%. Germination of conidia of L. elatius was optimum at 32 degrees C and 99% relative humidity compared with 24 degrees C and 97 or 99% relative humidity for P. fructicola. When L. elatius and P. fructicola were grown in Parafilm culture, sporulation was greatest at relative humidities of 97 to 99%. In agar culture, mycelia of L. elatius expanded radially from 12 to 32 degrees C, and that of P. fructicola at 12 to 28 degrees C. Mycelia of P. fructicola did not survive exposure for 7 days or more to temperatures >/=32 degrees C. Mycelial growth was inhibited at relative humidities <95% for both fungi and no growth occurred at 88% relative humidity. Conidia of P. fructicola were more sensitive to air drying than were those of L. elatius. Conidial viability of P. fructicola was reduced significantly after 8 h of air drying and nearly completely inhibited after 12 h. Conidia of L. elatius required 24 h of air drying before a significant reduction in conidial viability was observed. These results support the hypothesis that environmental factors influence the temporal and geographical distributions of the fungi associated with the apple sooty blotch disease. DA - 2000/4// PY - 2000/4// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.4.362 VL - 90 IS - 4 SP - 362-367 SN - 0031-949X KW - Gloeodes pomigena KW - Malus domestica ER - TY - JOUR TI - New species of Puerto Rican Phycitinae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) AU - Neunzig, H. H. T2 - Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 102 IS - 4 SP - 838-842 ER - TY - JOUR TI - New frontiers in the study of dispersal and spatial analysis of epidemics caused by species in the genus Phytophthora AU - Ristaino, JB AU - Gumpertz, ML T2 - ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - Diseases caused by species in the genus Phytophthora are responsible for significant economic losses on a wide range of host plants. Spatial pattern is one of the most characteristic ecological properties of a species, and reflects environmental and genetic heterogeneity and reproductive population growth acting on the processes of reproduction, dispersal, and mortality. Species of Phytophthora can be dispersed either in soil, via surface water movement down rows, from rain splash dispersal, by air, or via movement by humans or invertebrate activity. Dispersal results in patchiness in patterns of disease or inoculum in soil. In this chapter we discuss the mechanisms of dispersal of members of this important genus and describe several methods that can be used to statistically analyze data for which spatial coordinates are known. The methods include testing spatial autocorrelation for binary data or continuous data, semivariograms, and regression models for spatial data. The goal of spatial pattern analysis is to gain an understanding of the mechanisms of dispersal of propagules and to sort out the physical and biological factors that are important for spread of plant pathogens and ultimately, for disease management. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1146/annurev.phyto.38.1.541 VL - 38 IS - 2000 SP - 541-+ SN - 1545-2107 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033748429&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - dispersal KW - epidemiology KW - management KW - molecular epidemiology KW - spatial pattern analysis KW - Phytophthora diseases ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modified nucleoside dependent Watson-Crick and wobble codon binding by tRNA(UUU)(Lys) species AU - Yarian, C AU - Marszalek, M AU - Sochacka, E AU - Malkiewicz, A AU - Guenther, R AU - Miskiewicz, A AU - Agris, PF T2 - BIOCHEMISTRY AB - Nucleoside modifications are important to the structure of all tRNAs and are critical to the function of some tRNA species. The transcript of human tRNA(Lys3)(UUU) with a UUU anticodon, and the corresponding anticodon stem and loop domain (ASL(Lys3)(UUU)), are unable to bind to poly-A programmed ribosomes. To determine if specific anticodon domain modified nucleosides of tRNA(Lys) species would restore ribosomal binding and also affect thermal stability, we chemically synthesized ASL(Lys) heptadecamers and site-specifically incorporated the anticodon domain modified nucleosides pseudouridine (Psi(39)), 5-methylaminomethyluridine (mnm(5)U(34)) and N6-threonylcarbamoyl-adenosine (t(6)A(37)). Incorporation of t(6)A(37) and mnm(5)U(34) contributed structure to the anticodon loop, apparent by increases in DeltaS, and significantly enhanced the ability of ASL(Lys3)(UUU) to bind poly-A programmed ribosomes. Neither ASL(Lys3)(UUU)-t(6)A(37) nor ASL(Lys3)(UUU)-mnm(5)U(34) bound AAG programmed ribosomes. Only the presence of both t(6)A(37) and mnm(5)U(34) enabled ASL(Lys3)(UUU) to bind AAG programmed ribosomes, as well as increased its affinity for poly-A programmed ribosomes to the level of native Escherichia coli tRNA(Lys). The completely unmodified anticodon stem and loop of human tRNA(Lys1,2)(CUU) with a wobble position-34 C bound AAG, but did not wobble to AAA, even when the ASL was modified with t(6)A(37). The data suggest that tRNA(Lys)(UUU) species require anticodon domain modifications in the loop to impart an ordered structure to the anticodon for ribosomal binding to AAA and require a combination of modified nucleosides to bind AAG. DA - 2000/11/7/ PY - 2000/11/7/ DO - 10.1021/bi001302g VL - 39 IS - 44 SP - 13390-13395 SN - 0006-2960 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Life systems of polyphagous arthropod pests in temporally unstable cropping systems AU - Kennedy, George AU - Storer, N. P. T2 - Annual Review of Entomology AB - Annual cropping systems consist of a shifting mosaic of habitats that vary through time in their availability and suitability to insect pests. Agroecosystem instability results from changes that occur within a season with crop planting, development, and harvest. Further instability results from continuous alterations in biotic and abiotic insect life system components and from agricultural inputs. Changes to agroecosystems occur across seasons with changing agricultural practices, changing cropping patterns, and technological innovations. Much of this instability is a result of events unconnected with pest management. The abilities of polyphagous pest species to move among and utilize different habitat patches in response to changes in suitability enable the pests to exploit unstable cropping systems. These pest characteristics determine the location and timing of damaging populations. Habitat suitability is influenced by plant species and cultivar, crop phenology, and agricultural inputs. Pest movement is affected by a suite of intrinsic factors, such as population age structure and mobility, and extrinsic factors, including weather systems and habitat distribution. The life systems of three selected polyphagous pests are presented to demonstrate how an understanding of such systems in agricultural ecosystems improves our ability to predict and hence manage these populations. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.467 VL - 45 IS - 2000 SP - 467–493 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of soil calcium, potassium, and pH on development of leaf tipburn of cabbage in eastern North Carolina AU - Cubeta, MA AU - Cody, BR AU - Sugg, RE AU - Crozier, CR T2 - COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS AB - Abstract Three hypotheses that involved manipulation of soil calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and pH in relation to the occurrence of leaf tipburn of cabbage in eastern North Carolina (NC) were formulated and tested: 1) adding K to soil will increase (induce) leaf tipburn; 2) adding Ca and K together to soil will block K‐related tipburn induction, and 3) raising soil pH to levels of 6.0 to 6.5 will decrease leaf tipburn. Six experiments were conducted in commercial cabbage production fields in eastern NC in 1996 and 1997 to test these hypotheses. Hypothesis 1 was accepted since higher rates of K significantly (p<0.05) increased leaf K concentration, soil K content and leaf tipburn incidence compared with the control. Total cabbage yield increased as K rates increased, however, significant differences were only observed between the control and the highest rate (365 kg K ha‐1) in 1996. Hypothesis 2 was accepted since adding increased amounts of Ca and K. did not significantly increase leaf tipburn incidence. Hypothesis 3 was rejected since a range of soil pH from 5.3 to 6.6 did not increase or decrease leaf tipburn incidence, nutrient uptake or total yield. These data suggest that leaf tipburn of cabbage can be increased (induced) with excessive K fertilization and that this practice may be associated with the disorder observed in NC. Also, the addition of Ca with K may potentially reduce the risk associated with K‐related leaf tipburn of cabbage. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1080/00103620009370435 VL - 31 IS - 3-4 SP - 259-275 SN - 1532-2416 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Incidence of Tomato spotted wilt virus (Bunyaviridae) and tobacco thrips in Virginia-type peanuts in North Carolina AU - Garcia, LE AU - Brandenburg, RL AU - Bailey, JE T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivars were monitored for incidence of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and abundance of Frankliniella fusca, the tobacco thrips, in North Carolina during 1995 and 1996. A preliminary evaluation of 225 peanut genotypes for TSWV-resistant or -tolerant genotypes was conducted in 1995. The incidence of TSWV in cultivar NC-9 was twice that of cultivar NC-V11. In 1996, field trials designed to evaluate TSWV susceptibility were conducted with three widely grown commercial peanut cultivars in North Carolina. They were NC-9, NC-V11, and NC-12C, a newly released cultivar. A randomized complete block design was utilized at three locations. Disease incidence was evaluated weekly from 2 weeks postplanting until 2 weeks prior to harvest. Mechanical inoculation of the three cultivars resulted in no difference in relative leaf virus titer as determined from optical density readings following DAS-ELISA for 4 successive weeks beginning at 13 days postinoculation. NC-9 ranked highest in incidence of disease (7%), followed by NC-12C (6%) and NC-V11 (5%). Thrips counts were greatest on NC-V11, followed by NC-9 and NC-12C. Disease incidence overall was 5.96%, but ranged from 3.08 to 11.15% among the three sites. Yield was affected by the temporal occurrence of symptoms beginning at the fifth week postplanting. Greatest yield losses occurred in those plants with the earliest visible foliar symptoms. DA - 2000/4// PY - 2000/4// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.4.459 VL - 84 IS - 4 SP - 459-464 SN - 1943-7692 KW - disease management KW - peanut virus disease ER - TY - CHAP TI - Improved mole cricket management through an enhanced understanding of pest behavior AU - Brandenburg, R. L. AU - Hertl, P. T. AU - Villani, M. G. T2 - Fate and management of turfgrass chemicals A2 - J. M. Clark, A2 - Kenna, M. P. AB - An economically and environmentally-sound approach to the management of a serious turfgrass pest to golf courses is effectively developed through an improved understanding of the pests biology and behavior. The subterranean turf pests in the group called mole crickets cause significant turf damage throughout the southeastern United States. The underground habitat of this pest renders this group both difficult and expensive to monitor and control. The development of a sound data base of mole cricket biology, ecology, and behavior is critical for the development an effective management plan. The use of a multi-tactic management approach is essential to provide the desired level of population suppression in an environmentally sound manner. The findings of a broad research effort (1993-1998) directed at mole crickets on golf courses have permitted the integration of new strategies into an effective management program. CN - SB608.T87 F38 2000 [Hill] PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1021/bk-2000-0743.ch025 VL - 743 SP - 397-407 PB - Washington, DC: American Chemical Society ER - TY - JOUR TI - Functional anticodon architecture of human tRNA(Lys3) includes disruption of intraloop hydrogen bonding by the naturally occurring amino acid modification, t(6)A AU - Stuart, JW AU - Gdaniec, Z AU - Guenther, R AU - Marszalek, M AU - Sochacka, E AU - Malkiewicz, A AU - Agris, PF T2 - BIOCHEMISTRY AB - The structure of the human tRNALys3 anticodon stem and loop domain (ASLLys3) provides evidence of the physicochemical contributions of N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t6A37) to tRNALys3 functions. The t6A37-modified anticodon stem and loop domain of tRNALys3UUU (ASLLys3UUU- t6A37) with a UUU anticodon is bound by the appropriately programmed ribosomes, but the unmodified ASLLys3UUU is not [Yarian, C., Marszalek, M., Sochacka, E., Malkiewicz, A., Guenther, R., Miskiewicz, A., and Agris, P. F., Biochemistry 39, 13390−13395]. The structure, determined to an average rmsd of 1.57 ± 0.33 Å (relative to the mean structure) by NMR spectroscopy and restrained molecular dynamics, is the first reported of an RNA in which a naturally occurring hypermodified nucleoside was introduced by automated chemical synthesis. The ASLLys3UUU-t6A37 loop is significantly different than that of the unmodified ASLLys3UUU, although the five canonical base pairs of both ASLLys3UUU stems are in the standard A-form of helical RNA. t6A37, 3‘-adjacent to the anticodon, adopts the form of a tricyclic nucleoside with an intraresidue H-bond and enhances base stacking on the 3‘-side of the anticodon loop. Critically important to ribosome binding, incorporation of the modification negates formation of an intraloop U33·A37 base pair that is observed in the unmodified ASLLys3UUU. The anticodon wobble position U34 nucleobase in ASLLys3UUU-t6A37 is significantly displaced from its position in the unmodified ASL and directed away from the codon-binding face of the loop resulting in only two anticodon bases for codon binding. This conformation is one explanation for ASLLys3UUU tendency to prematurely terminate translation and −1 frame shift. At the pH 5.6 conditions of our structure determination, A38 is protonated and positively charged in ASLLys3UUU-t6A37 and the unmodified ASLLys3UUU. The ionized carboxylic acid moiety of t6A37 possibly neutralizes the positive charge of A+38. The protonated A+38 can base pair with C32, but t6A37 may weaken the interaction through steric interference. From these results, we conclude that ribosome binding cannot simply be an induced fit of the anticodon stem and loop, otherwise the unmodified ASLLys3UUU would bind as well as ASLLys3UUU-t6A37. t6A37 and other position 37 modifications produce the open, structured loop required for ribosomal binding. DA - 2000/11/7/ PY - 2000/11/7/ DO - 10.1021/bi0013039 VL - 39 IS - 44 SP - 13396-13404 SN - 0006-2960 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Epistatic repression of PHANTASTICA and class 1 KNOTTED genes is uncoupled in tomato AU - Koltai, H AU - Bird, DM T2 - PLANT JOURNAL AB - Summary Class 1 KNOTTED genes ( KNOX ) and PHANTASTICA ( PHAN ) are both central to meristem establishment and maintenance and, in maize and Antirrhinum , it has been proposed that PHAN acts as an epigenetic repressor of KNOX . In tomato, a distinct spatial distribution of Tkn2 KNOX transcripts compared to Antirrhinum and maize suggests either a different spatial distribution of tomato PHAN ( Le‐phan ) transcripts, or that PHAN alone is insufficient for KNOX repression in tomato. We established the pattern of Le‐phan expression, including a first demonstration of PHAN expression in healthy roots, and found Le‐phan and Tkn2 transcripts to be temporally and spatially coincidental, with PHAN exhibiting an expression pattern in tomato distinct from that in plants with simple leaves. Our results imply that the expression of Le‐phan is insufficient for the repression of Tkn2 in tomato and suggest an expanded role for either gene in the establishment of cell identity in plant development. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2000.00754.x VL - 22 IS - 5 SP - 455-459 SN - 0960-7412 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034086796&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cuticular hydrocarbons of the dampwood termite, Zootermopsis nevadensis: Caste differences and role of lipophorin in transport of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon metabolites AU - Sevala, VL AU - Bagneres, AG AU - Kuenzli, M AU - Blomquist, GJ AU - Schal, C T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.1023/A:1005440624678 VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 765-789 SN - 0098-0331 KW - lipophorin KW - hydrocarbon KW - termite KW - Isoptera KW - castes KW - cuticle KW - metabolism ER - TY - JOUR TI - Commercial fungicide formulations induce in vitro oospore formation and phenotypic change in mating type in Phytophthora infestans AU - Groves, CT AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - A wide range of commercially formulated fungicides cause in vitro effects on mating behavior in specific isolates of Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight of potato and tomato. Four isolates of P. infestans representing each of the four common US genotypes, US-1, US-6, US-7, and US-8 and varying in their sensitivity to metalaxyl, were exposed to a variety of fungicides used to control late blight in petri dish assays at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 μg a.i./ml. Exposure of each of these normally heterothallic single mating type isolates of P. infestans to 9 of the 11 commercial fungicide formulations tested resulted in the formation of oospores after 2 to 4 weeks. The highest numbers of oospores were formed on media amended with Ridomil 2E (metalaxyl) and Ridomil Gold EC (mefenoxam) at 0.1 to 10 μg a.i./ml, averaging as many as 471 and 450 oospores per petri dish, respectively. Several other fungicides including Maneb, Manzate (Mancozeb), Curzate (cymoxanil + mancozeb), and Acrobat MZ (dimethomorph + mancozeb) also induced oospore formation, producing from 0 to 200 oospores per plate at fungicide concentrations from 0.1 to 10 μg a.i./ml. The metalaxyl resistant isolates formed oospores in response to the fungicides more often than the metalaxyl sensitive isolates. No oospores were formed on media amended with Bravo (chlorothalonil) or Tattoo C (chlorothalonil + propamocarb HCl) and these compounds completely suppressed growth of the isolates at 0.1 and 1 μg a.i./ml. Three metalaxyl resistant A2 isolates mated with both A1 and A2 isolates after exposure to the fungicides Ridomil 2E and Ridomil Gold EC. Alterations in mating type expression were also observed in a metalaxyl sensitive A1 isolate after exposure to Benlate (benomyl). Copious amounts of chemicals are applied annually to potato and tomato production areas to control late blight. Our results indicate that a wide range of chemically diverse fungicides can induce normally heterothallic metalaxyl resistant isolates of P. infestans to form oospores in vitro after short exposures to the fungicides. DA - 2000/11// PY - 2000/11// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.11.1201 VL - 90 IS - 11 SP - 1201-1208 SN - 0031-949X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033745281&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - fungicide resistance KW - Irish potato famine KW - oomycetes KW - potato late blight KW - Solanum tuberosum ER - TY - CHAP TI - Characterizing the ancestors: Paedomorphosis and termite evolution AU - Nalepa, C. A. AU - Bandi, C. T2 - Termites: Evolution, sociality, symbioses, ecology A2 - T. Abe, D. E. Bignell A2 - Higashi, M. CN - QL529 .T43 2000 PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-3223-9_3 SP - 53-75 PB - Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) vuillemin - a promising microbial control agent of the satin moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) AU - Zurek, L AU - Keddie, BA T2 - BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AB - A new isolate of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana , was tested by laboratory bioassays for potential use as a microbial control agent of the early (third) and last (seventh) instars of the satin moth, Leucoma salicis L. Results demonstrate that this fungus is very effective against last instars of this lepidopteran pest. Although B. bassiana was cultured successfully from internal contents of all cadavers examined, vegetative hyphae emerged from intact cadavers of L. salicis infected as early (third) instar caterpillars only. DA - 2000/10// PY - 2000/10// DO - 10.1080/095831500750016433 VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - 641-644 SN - 0958-3157 KW - Beauveria bassiana KW - satin moth KW - Leucoma salicis KW - poplar KW - biological control ER - TY - JOUR TI - Absence of insect juvenile hormones in the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (Acari : Ixodidae), and in Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley (Acari : Argasidae) AU - Neese, PA AU - Sonenshine, DE AU - Kallapur, VL AU - Apperson, CS AU - Roe, RM T2 - JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Synganglia, salivary gland, midgut, ovary, fat body and muscle alone and in combination from the ixodid tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), or the argasid tick, Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley, were incubated in vitro in separate experiments with L-[methyl-(3)H]methionine and farnesoic acid or with [1-(14)C]acetate. Life stages examined in D. variabilis were 3 and 72 h old (after ecdysis) unfed nymphs, partially fed nymphs (18 and 72 h after attachment to the host), fully engorged nymphs (2 d after detachment from host), 3 and 72 h old (after eclosion) unfed females, partially fed unmated females (12-168 h after attachment to host) and mated replete females (2 d after detachment from the host). Those from O. parkeri were third and fourth stadium nymphs and female O. parkeri, 1-2 d after detachment. Corpora allata from Diploptera punctata, Periplaneta americana and Gromphadorina portentosa were used as positive controls in these experiments. No farnesol, methyl farnesoate, JH I, JH II, JH III, or JHIII bisepoxide was detected by radio HPLC from any tick analysis while JH III, methyl farnesoate, and farnesol were detected in the positive controls. To examine further for the presence of a tick, insect-juvenilizing agent, Galleria pupal-cuticle bioassays were conducted on lipid extracts from 10 and 15 d old eggs, unfed larvae (1-5 d after ecdysis), unfed nymphs (1-7 d after ecdysis), and partially fed, unmated female adults (completed slow feeding phase) of D. variabilis. Whole body extracts of fourth stadium D. punctata and JH III standard were used as positive controls. No juvenilizing activity in any of the tick extracts could be detected. Electron impact, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of hemolymph extracts from fed, virgin (forcibly detached 7 d after attachment) and mated, replete (allowed to drop naturally) D. variabilis and fully engorged (1-2 d after detachment) O. parkeri females also failed to identify the common insect juvenile hormones. The same procedures were successful in the identification of JH III in hemolymph of fourth stadium D. punctata. Last stadium nymphal (female) O. parkeri implanted with synganglia from second nymphal instars underwent normal eclosion to the adult. The above studies in toto suggest that D. variabilis and O. parkeri do not have the ability to make the common insect juvenile hormones, and these juvenile hormones do not regulate tick metamorphosis or reproduction as hypothesized in the literature. DA - 2000/4// PY - 2000/4// DO - 10.1016/S0022-1910(99)00134-1 VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - 477-490 SN - 0022-1910 KW - American dog tick KW - Dermacentor variabilis KW - Ornithodoros parkeri KW - juvenile hormone KW - embryogenesis KW - metamorphosis KW - vitellogenesis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reproductive strategies and karyotype of the burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis AU - Kaplan, D. T. AU - Opperman, C. H. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 126-133 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogenetic analysis of geographically diverse Radopholus similis via rDNA sequence reveals a monomorphic motif AU - Kaplan, D. T. AU - Thomas, W. K. AU - Frisse, L. M. AU - Sarah, J. L. AU - Stanton, J. M. AU - Speijer, P. R. AU - Marin, D. H. AU - Opperman, C. H. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 134-142 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isolation of beta-1,4-endoglucanase genes from Globodera tabacum and their expression during parasitism AU - Goellner, M. AU - Smant, G. AU - De Boer, J. M. AU - Baum, T. J. AU - Davis, E. L. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 154-165 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of biological and chemical seed treatments to improve stand of snap bean across the southern United States AU - Keinath, AP AU - Batson, WE AU - Caceres, J AU - Elliott, ML AU - Sumner, DR AU - Brannen, PM AU - Rothrock, CS AU - Huber, DM AU - Benson, DM AU - Conway, KE AU - Schneider, RN AU - Motsenbocker, CE AU - Cubeta, MA AU - Ownley, BH AU - Canaday, CH AU - Adams, PD AU - Backman, PA AU - Fajardo, J T2 - CROP PROTECTION AB - Thirteen bacterial, four fungal, and four chemical fungicide seed treatments were evaluated one or more years in multiple field locations across the southern United States. Snap bean seed was treated in bulk with fungicides and most biocontrol agents, shipped to individual locations, and stored until planting or treated on site immediately before planting. Populations of biocontrol agents on seeds were assayed after seed treatment and planting. Analysis of variance of percent plant stand at 28 days after sowing revealed highly significant (P<0.01) effects of location and treatment in 1996, 1997 and 1998. A treatment by location interaction also occurred in 1996 and 1997. When treatments tested in two or three years were analyzed together, no biological seed treatments significantly affected percent stand. Carboxin significantly increased percent stand compared with nontreated seed in data sets combined from 1997 and 1998 and 1996 to 1998; captan and carboxin plus metalaxyl also increased stand in 1997 and 1998. Improvements in efficacy and consistency of biological seed treatments are necessary before they can be recommended for use in snap bean production. DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00047-8 VL - 19 IS - 7 SP - 501-509 SN - 1873-6904 KW - biocontrol agents KW - seed treatments KW - fungicides ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of ovariectomy and mating on the activity of the corpora allata in adult female Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera : Blattellidae) AU - Holbrook, GL AU - Bachmann, JAS AU - Schal, C T2 - PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Summary In adult female cockroaches, the ovary greatly affects the synthesis of Juvenile Hormone (JH) by the corpora allata, and in females of some cockroach species, removal of the ovaries results in a permanent depression of JH synthesis. We report that the corpora allata in ovariectomised, adult virgins of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), increase and then decrease in activity, as they do in intact females. Moreover, the distal tubules in the left colleterial glands of ovariectomised females accumulate abundant protein, the production of which is regulated by JH. In both ovariectomised and sham‐operated females, the activity of the corpora allata more than tripled between days 1 and 4 of adulthood, during which the oöcytes of sham‐operated females grew considerably in length. The corpora allata of sham‐operated females produced even more JH on day 7, but very little on day 10, by which time all females had oviposited. The glands of ovariectomised females, by constrast, produced a similar amount of JH on day 7 as on day 4, but much less on day 10. Beginning on day 13, the activity of the corpora allata increased again in ovariectomised females, an increase that did not occur until day 22 in sham‐operated females. Mating of ovariectomised females on day 6 resulted in a significant increase in the activity of the corpora allata by day 10. We conclude that both the ovary and mating stimulate the synthesis of JH early in the reproductive cycle, but that neither is needed for the occurrence of a complete cycle of JH synthesis. DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-3032.2000.00161.x VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 27-34 SN - 0307-6962 KW - Blattella germanica KW - colleterial glands KW - corpora allata KW - Juvenile Hormone KW - mating KW - ovariectomy KW - vitellogenesis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of irrigation on the efficacy of insecticides for controlling two species of mole crickets (Orthoptera : Gryllotalpidae) on golf courses AU - Xia, YL AU - Brandenburg, RL T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Journal Article Effect of Irrigation on the Efficacy of Insecticides for Controlling Two Species of Mole Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) on Golf Courses Get access Yulu Xia, Yulu Xia Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Box 7613, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Rick L. Brandenburg Rick L. Brandenburg Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Box 7613, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 93, Issue 3, 1 June 2000, Pages 852–857, https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-93.3.852 Published: 01 June 2000 DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-93.3.852 VL - 93 IS - 3 SP - 852-857 SN - 0022-0493 KW - Scapteriscus borellii KW - Scapteriscus vicinus KW - irrigation KW - turfgrass KW - insecticides ER - TY - JOUR TI - Segregation of leptine glycoalkaloids and resistance to Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)) in F2 Solanum tuberosum (4x) x S-chacoense (4x) potato progenies AU - Yencho, GC AU - Kowalski, SP AU - Kennedy, GG AU - Sanford, LL T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1007/BF02853941 VL - 77 IS - 3 SP - 167-178 SN - 1874-9380 KW - insect resistance KW - host plant resistance KW - plant breeding KW - solanine KW - chaconine KW - leptinine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of feeding in the reproductive 'group effect' in females of the German cockroach Blattella germanica (L.) AU - Holbrook, GL AU - Armstrong, E AU - Bachmann, JAS AU - Deasy, BM AU - Schal, C T2 - JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY AB - We have found that whether a female German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), is kept alone or in the presence of another female has a major impact on how fast it reproduces and how much it eats. By the sixth day of adulthood, females paired since adult eclosion had substantially larger oöcytes than did females isolated during the same time, and females paired with intact females, or with ones rendered incapable of feeding, consumed more rat chow in the first six days of adulthood than did isolated females. The stimulatory effect of pairing on reproduction was, however, partially independent of feeding because the oöcytes of solitary and paired females differed in size on day 6 even when they were given, and had consumed, the same amount of food. This result was confirmed with analysis of covariance using the total food intake of a female as the covariate in the analysis. A female's social condition probably influenced the development of its oöcytes by affecting the quantity of juvenile hormone synthesized by its corpora allata. The corpora allata of paired females produced more hormone than did those of isolated ones, even when all females had consumed an equivalent amount of food. Moreover, females treated with a juvenile hormone analog, fenoxycarb, reproduced more quickly than identically reared and fed control females, showing that juvenile hormone could influence reproduction independently of feeding. We conclude that both group rearing and food intake accelerate oöcyte development by diminishing the brain's inhibition on the synthesis of juvenile hormone. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1016/S0022-1910(99)00201-2 VL - 46 IS - 6 SP - 941-949 SN - 1879-1611 KW - cockroach KW - reproduction KW - feeding KW - group effect KW - social facilitation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pollen nutritional content and digestibility for animals AU - Roulston, TH AU - Cane, JH T2 - PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1007/BF00984102 VL - 222 IS - 1-4 SP - 187-209 SN - 1615-6110 KW - pollen chemistry KW - pollen digestion KW - pollination syndrome KW - palynology KW - bees KW - nutrition ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nuclear genes resolve Mesozoic-aged divergences in the insect order Lepidoptera AU - Wiegmann, BM AU - Mitter, C AU - Regier, JC AU - Friedlander, TP AU - Wagner, DM AU - Nielsen, ES T2 - MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION AB - Compared to the number of genes available for study of both younger and older divergences, few genes have yet been identified that can strongly resolve phylogenetic splits of Mesozoic age ( approximately 65-250 mya). Thus, reconstruction of Mesozoic-age phylogenies, exemplified by basal divergences within the major orders of holometabolous insects, is likely to be especially dependent on combining multiple lines of evidence. This study tests the potential of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene for reconstructing Mesozoic-aged divergences within the insect order Lepidoptera and its ability when combined with a second, previously analyzed nuclear gene (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, PEPCK) to strongly resolve these relationships. 18S sequences were obtained for 21 taxa, representing major clades of Lepidoptera plus outgroups from the other "panorpoid orders. A well-corroborated morphology-based "test phylogeny was used to evaluate the effects of partitioning the 18S gene according to variable versus conserved domains, paired versus unpaired sites in the secondary structure, and transition versus transversion substitutions. Likelihood and unweighted parsimony analyses of the 18S data recover the "test phylogeny" almost completely, with no improvement of agreement or support provided by any form of weighting or partitioning. No conflict in signal between 18S and PEPCK was detected by the partition homogeneity test. Combined parsimony analysis yielded strong bootstrap support for nearly all relationships, much higher than for either gene alone, thereby also providing strong evidence on several hypotheses about the early evolution of lepidopteran-plant interactions. These genes in combination may be widely useful for resolving insect divergences of comparable age. DA - 2000/5// PY - 2000/5// DO - 10.1006/mpev.1999.0746 VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - 242-259 SN - 1095-9513 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Incidence of Phytophthora root rot of Fraser fir in North Carolina and sensitivity of isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi to metalaxyl AU - Benson, DM AU - Grand, LF T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - A survey of Fraser fir Christmas trees in North Carolina for incidence of Phytophthora root rot was conducted during 1997 and 1998. Field sites (7- to 13-year-old trees) and nursery transplant beds (4- to 5-year-old trees) selected at random were surveyed based on foliar symptoms of Phytophthora root rot. Field sites were surveyed with a random transect method (>3,000 trees/field) or by counting all trees (<3,000 trees/field). Overall, incidence of Phytophthora root rot averaged 9% over the 58 field sites sampled, with a range of 0 to 75%. No relationship was found between number of years Fraser fir had been planted in the field site and disease incidence. Disease incidence did not increase as field sites were rotated through second or third crops of Fraser fir. Phytophthora spp. were recovered from 1.8% of asymptomatic trees sampled from 58 field sites across the state. P. cinnamomi accounted for 91% of the Phytophthora isolates recovered. In nursery transplant beds where a systematic sampling procedure was used, incidence of diseased trees averaged 2%, with a range of 0 to 12% across 16 locations. Recovery of Phytophthora spp. averaged 1.2% from root samples collected from 50 asymptomatic seedlings at each location. Isolates collected from the field and nursery transplant beds were grown on cornmeal agar incorporated with 0, 1, 1.25, 10, or 100 μg a.i. metalaxyl/ml. All 166 isolates of P. cinnamomi tested were sensitive to metalaxyl at 1 or 1.25 μg a.i. metalaxyl/ml. Although incidence of Phytophthora root rot has not increased in the state compared to a survey done in 1976 to 1977, the disease continues to limit production of Fraser fir in North Carolina. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1094/pdis.2000.84.6.661 VL - 84 IS - 6 SP - 661-664 SN - 0191-2917 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic, biochemical, and behavioral uniformity among populations of Myzus nicotianae and Myzus persicae AU - Clements, KM AU - Sorenson, CE AU - Wiegmann, BM AU - Neese, PA AU - Roe, RM T2 - ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA AB - Abstract Prior to designation as distinct species, an appellation presently in question, the tobacco aphid, Myzus nicotianae Blackman (Homoptera: Aphididae), was classified as a tobacco‐feeding form of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). In this study, RAPD polymorphisms distinguished members of the Myzus persicae complex ( M. persicae and M. nicotianae ) from three outgroup Myzus species ( M. cerasi (F.), M. hemerocallis Takahashi, and M. varians Davidson). Polymorphisms within the complex did not separate populations on the basis of host association (tobacco versus other host plants) or geographic origin (collections from the United States, Europe, and Japan). Similarly, while GC‐MS analysis of cuticular hydrocarbon profiles revealed both developmental and inter‐populational differences within the M. persicae complex, it did not separate populations of tobacco feeding aphids from those collected off non‐tobacco hosts. Finally, with the exception of their responses to a choice between lettuce and collards, the host preference behavior of a green peach aphid population, a red tobacco aphid population, and a green tobacco aphid population was indistinguishable in host preference experiments. These results add to a growing body of evidence suggesting M. nicotianae and M. persicae are conspecific. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2000.00666.x VL - 95 IS - 3 SP - 269-281 SN - 1570-7458 KW - green peach aphid KW - cuticular hydrocarbons KW - Myzus nicotianae KW - Myzus persicae KW - RAPD-PCR KW - tobacco KW - tobacco aphid KW - Homoptera KW - Aphididae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic control of O-3 sensitivity in a cross between two cultivars of snap bean AU - Reinert, RA AU - Eason, G T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE AB - Identification of genetic control of ozone (O 3 ) sensitivity is desirable for selection of plant cultivars which are indicators of O 3 stress. A cross was made between two cultivars of snap bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L . ), `Oregon 91' (P 1 ) and `Wade Bush' (P 2 ), an O 3 -sensitive and O 3 -insensitive cultivar, respectively. Ten genetic populations (generations), `Oregon 91' (P 1 ), `Wade Bush' (P 2 ), F 1 , F 2 , backcrosses to both parents, and all reciprocal crosses, were field planted in each of two summers and evaluated for injury to O 3 . Ozone responses for the reciprocal crosses were not significantly different for any generation, so injury ratings from the reciprocal crosses were combined for each generation to provide six populations (P 1 , P 2 , F 1 , F 2 , BC 1 , and BC 2 ) for analysis. When components of genetic variation were estimated from the six generations, additive genetic variance was the most important component in the total genetic variance available, although dominance variance was also a significant component. There was an inconsistency in the magnitude and the direction of the factors contributing to the dominance effects and also a large environmental component making up the phenotypic variance. Estimates of broad-sense heritability and narrow-sense heritability were 60% and 44%, respectively. Results suggest that O 3 -sensitive and O 3 -insensitive selections could be screened and evaluated in an ambient O 3 environment. Several generations will be necessary, however, to develop `Bush Blue Lake' type selections that vary only in sensitivity to O 3 . DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.21273/jashs.125.2.222 VL - 125 IS - 2 SP - 222-227 SN - 0003-1062 KW - Phaseolus vulgaris KW - air pollution KW - plant breeding ER - TY - JOUR TI - Field resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus in transgenic peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) expressing an antisense nucleocapsid gene sequence AU - Magbanua, ZV AU - Wilde, HD AU - Roberts, JK AU - Chowdhury, K AU - Abad, J AU - Moyer, JW AU - Wetzstein, HY AU - Parrott, WA T2 - MOLECULAR BREEDING DA - 2000/4// PY - 2000/4// DO - 10.1023/A:1009649408157 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 227-236 SN - 1572-9788 KW - antisense DNA KW - co-transformation KW - nucleocapsid gene KW - pathogen-derived resistance KW - somatic embryogenesis KW - transformation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development and evaluation of a standard method for screening for resistance to Radopholus similis in bananas AU - Marin, DH AU - Barker, KR AU - Kaplan, DT AU - Sutton, TB AU - Opperman, CH T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - The description and evaluation of a standard assay method for screening for resistance of bananas to the burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) under greenhouse conditions is presented. Seven banana genotypes, ranging from susceptible to resistant, were used to evaluate the method. Banana plants from tissue culture, grown in 0.4-liter Styrofoam cups containing sterilized sand as substrate, were maintained in the greenhouse for 4 weeks before inoculation. Two hundred burrowing nematodes, reared in monoxenic carrot-disk culture, were used as inoculum for each container. Plants were kept in the greenhouse for an additional 8 weeks at about 27°C and 80% relative humidity after inoculation. Burrowing nematodes reproduced well in the susceptible cultivars False Horn, Grande Naine, Valery, and Lacatan, whereas the reproductive fitness was very low in the resistant cultivars Pisang Jari Buaya and Yangambi. An intermediate reaction between these two groups was observed with Pisang mas. A similar trend was obtained in a follow-up field test, which indicated that the method is accurate and reliable. Assessments of total-root necrosis associated with this pathogen were also comparable between greenhouse and field conditions. However, nematode effects on the roots were more severe in the greenhouse test than in the field. In spite of low nematode reproductive fitness, root necrosis was relatively high in the two resistant cultivars tested in the greenhouse trial. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1094/pdis.2000.84.6.689 VL - 84 IS - 6 SP - 689-693 SN - 0191-2917 KW - Cavendish KW - Musa AAA KW - nematode resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biocontrol of damping-off of Catharanthus roseus caused by Pythium ultimum with Trichoderma virens and binucleate Rhizoctonia fungi AU - Burns, , JR AU - Benson, DM T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Four isolates of Trichoderma (Gliocladium) virens (G-45, G-65, G-85, and G-93) and two isolates of binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. (BNR621 and P9023) were evaluated for biocontrol of preemergence damping-off of Catharanthus roseus (vinca) caused by Pythium ultimum. Putative biocontrol agents were amended to a soilless mix 1, 3, or 6 days prior to seeding and pathogen infestation to determine if colonization of the mix before infestation was important for biocontrol efficacy. Biocontrol of preemergence damping-off of vinca with the four isolates of T. virens was variable. Only isolate G-93 gave control of preemergence damping-off (10 to 18% disease) regardless of the length of time the mix was amended prior to seeding and infestation compared to the infested control (43% disease). In contrast, preemergence damping-off was 10 to 15% with SoilGard (based on isolate GL-21 of T. virens). For isolate G-65, preemergence damping-off of vinca was 0% in lots of mix amended 1 day prior to seeding, but over 60% in lots of mix amended 6 days prior to seeding, compared to 43% in the infested control. With the exception of isolate G-65 in the lot amended 6 days before seeding, the isolates of T. virens were as effective as metalaxyl (19% damping-off) for control of P. ultimum in lots of mix amended 1 to 6 days before seeding. In contrast to T. virens, biocontrol efficacy of isolates BNR621 and P9023 of binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. in a Pesta formulation improved as lots of mix were amended up to 6 days before seeding and infestation. As length of initial amendment increased from 1 to 6 days, preemergence damping-off decreased from 37 to 16% for BNR621, and from 42 to 22% for P9023. Preemergence damping-off was observed in vinca in control treatments with only the putative biocontrol agents (BNR621, 14% disease and P9023, 19.6%); therefore, additional bedding plant species were evaluated for susceptibility to the BNR isolates. In the absence of P. ultimum, isolates BNR621 and P9023 in a Pesta formulation caused an average 82.5, 56.5, and 5.8% damping-off of snapdragon, petunia, and impatiens, respectively. Our results suggest that binucleate Rhizoctonia isolates, although effective for biocontrol of P. ultimum on vinca, should be evaluated for pathogenicity on a crop by crop basis before use on other crops. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1094/pdis.2000.84.6.644 VL - 84 IS - 6 SP - 644-648 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of intraspecies polymorphism in the ribosomal DNA cluster of the cockroach Blattella germanica AU - Mukha, DV AU - Sidorenko, AP AU - Lazebnaya, , IV AU - Wiegmann, BM AU - Schal, C T2 - INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB - HindIII restriction digests of the rDNA repeat unit of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, reveal significant intraspecies sequence polymorphism. This variability is probably caused by structural differences within the nontranscribed spacer regions (NTS) of the ribosomal repeat unit. HindIII rDNA fragment polymorphisms in three cockroach strains show that individuals from different populations may have different HindIII rDNA patterns, whereas individuals within populations exhibit relatively similar rDNA patterns. We suggest that HindIII restriction fragment polymorphisms within cockroach ribosomal DNA will be a valuable tool for measuring population-level parameters within and between natural cockroach populations. DA - 2000/4// PY - 2000/4// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2000.00175.x VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 217-222 SN - 0962-1075 KW - Blattella KW - ribosomal DNA structure KW - polymorphism ER - TY - JOUR TI - A scientific note on the threat of small hive beetles (Aethina tumida Murray) to bumble bee (Bombus spp.) colonies in the United States AU - Ambrose, JT AU - Stanghellini, MS AU - Hopkins, DI T2 - APIDOLOGIE AB - Note scientifique sur la menace que represente le petit coleoptere des ruches (Aethina tumida Murray) pour les colonies de bourdons (Bombus spp.) aux Etats-Unis. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1051/apido:2000136 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 455-456 SN - 0044-8435 KW - small hive beetle KW - Aethina tumida KW - bumble bee KW - Bombus spp. KW - parasite ER - TY - JOUR TI - Varying migration and deme size and the feasibility of the shifting balance AU - Peck, SL AU - Ellner, SP AU - Gould, F T2 - EVOLUTION AB - EvolutionVolume 54, Issue 1 p. 324-327 Free Access VARYING MIGRATION AND DEME SIZE AND THE FEASIBILITY OF THE SHIFTING BALANCE Steven L. Peck, Steven L. Peck USDA/ARS, Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 4459, Hilo, Hawaii 96720 E-mail: sp@aloha.net Present address: Zoology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602–5255; E-mail: steven_peck@byu.edu.Search for more papers by this authorStephen P. Ellner, Stephen P. Ellner Biomathematics Graduate Program, Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695–8203 E-mail: ellner@stat.ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorFred Gould, Fred Gould Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695–7634 E-mail: fgould@unity.ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this author Steven L. Peck, Steven L. Peck USDA/ARS, Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 4459, Hilo, Hawaii 96720 E-mail: sp@aloha.net Present address: Zoology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602–5255; E-mail: steven_peck@byu.edu.Search for more papers by this authorStephen P. Ellner, Stephen P. Ellner Biomathematics Graduate Program, Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695–8203 E-mail: ellner@stat.ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorFred Gould, Fred Gould Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695–7634 E-mail: fgould@unity.ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 09 May 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00035.xCitations: 17 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume54, Issue1February 2000Pages 324-327 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2000/2// PY - 2000/2// DO - 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00035.x VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - 324-327 SN - 0014-3820 KW - pesticide resistance KW - shifting balance theory KW - stepping stone model KW - stochastic migration KW - varying deme size ER - TY - JOUR TI - Synthesis and properties of uniquely modified oligoribonucleotides: Yeast tRNA(Phe) fragments with 6-methyluridine and 5,6-dimethyluridine at site-specific positions AU - Sochacka, E AU - Czerwinska, G AU - Guenther, R AU - Cain, R AU - Agris, PF AU - Malkiewicz, A T2 - NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS AB - Abstract The phosphoramidites of 6-methyluridine and 5,6-dimethyluridine were synthesized and the modified uridines site-selectively incorporated into heptadecamers corresponding in sequence to the yeast tRNAPhe anticodon and TΦC domains. The oligoribonucleotides were characterized by NMR, MALDI-TOF MS and UV-monitored thermal denaturations. The 6-methylated uridines retained the syn conformation at the polymer level and in each sequence location destabilized the RNAs compared to that of the unmodified RNA. The decrease in RNA duplex stability is predictable. However, loss of stability when the modified uridine is in a loop is sequence context dependent, and can not, at this time, be predicted from the location in the loop. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1080/15257770008035004 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 515-531 SN - 1525-7770 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Rhizoctonia AU - Cubeta, M. A. AU - Vilgalys, R. T2 - Encyclopedia of microbiology (2nd ed.) CN - QR9 .E53 2000 PY - 2000/// VL - 4 SP - 109-116 PB - San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survival and development of tobacco hornworm larvae on tobacco plants grown under elevated levels of ozone AU - Jackson, DM AU - Rufty, TW AU - Heagle, AS AU - Severson, RF AU - Eckel, RVW T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY DA - 2000/1// PY - 2000/1// DO - 10.1023/A:1005440025509 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 1-19 SN - 0098-0331 KW - insecta KW - tobacco hornworm KW - Manduca sexta KW - tobacco KW - Nicotiana tabacum KW - ozone KW - weather fleck KW - Lepidoptera KW - Sphingidae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic mapping of the Tsw locus for resistance to the Tospovirus Tomato spotted wilt virus in Capsicum spp. and its relationship to the Sw-5 gene for resistance to the same pathogen in tomato AU - Jahn, M AU - Paran, I AU - Hoffmann, K AU - Radwanski, ER AU - Livingstone, KD AU - Grube, RC AU - Aftergoot, E AU - Lapidot, M AU - Moyer, J T2 - MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS AB - The Tsw gene conferring dominant resistance to the Tospovirus Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in Capsicum spp. has been tagged with a random amplified polymorphic DNA marker and mapped to the distal portion of chromosome 10. No mapped homologues of Sw-5, a phenotypically similar dominant TSWV resistance gene in tomato, map to this region in C. annuum, although a number of Sw-5 homologues are found at corresponding positions in pepper and tomato. The relationship between Tsw and Sw-5 was also examined through genetic studies of TSWV. The capacity of TSWV-A to overcome the Tsw gene in pepper and the Sw-5 gene in tomato maps to different TSWV genome segments. Therefore, despite phenotypic and genetic similarities of resistance in tomato and pepper, we infer that distinct viral gene products control the outcome of infection in plants carrying Sw-5 and Tsw, and that these loci do not appear to share a recent common evolutionary ancestor. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1094/MPMI.2000.13.6.673 VL - 13 IS - 6 SP - 673-682 SN - 0894-0282 KW - comparative genetic mapping KW - Nx KW - Solanaceae KW - viral genome reassortment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of seedlings of Fraser momi, and Siberian fir for resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi AU - Hinesley, L. E. AU - Parker, K. C. AU - Benson, D. M. T2 - HortScience DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 87-88 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The multicolored Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae): Orientation to aggregation sites AU - Nalepa, CA AU - Kidd, KA AU - Hopkins, DI T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - Several studies were conducted to determine the cues used by the lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) when orienting to aggregation sites in autumn: (1) artificial shelters modeled after those commercially available in mail order catalogues were baited with live adults and hung on the outside of buildings known from past years to be aggregation sites, (2) differential arrival of the two sexes at overwintering sites was examined by collecting and sexing the beetles alighting on buildings at two points in time during the aggregation period, and (3) the distribution of overwintering H. axyridis among beehives was determined in ten apiaries. Results indicate no preference for the artificial shelters and no orientation to the conspecifics within them. Sex ratios of beetles arriving at aggregation sites were consistent over time in two of the three sites examined. During winter, adult H. axyridis were non-randomly distributed among physically similar beehives. We conclude that there is little evidence for volatile aggregation pheromones and suggest that the chemical cues that mediate the final stages of aggregation behavior in H. axyridis may be based on contact chemoreception with conspecifics or the feces and residues that persist in aggregation sites from previous years. DA - 2000/4// PY - 2000/4// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-35.2.150 VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 150-157 SN - 0749-8004 KW - Harmonia axyridis KW - lady beetles KW - overwintering KW - beehives KW - pheromones KW - aggregation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temporal dynamics of Phytophthora blight on bell pepper in relation to the mechanisms of dispersal of primary inoculum of Phytophthora capsici in soil AU - Sujkowski, LS AU - Parra, GR AU - Gumpertz, ML AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - The effect of components of primary inoculum dispersal in soil on the temporal dynamics of Phytophthora blight epidemics in bell pepper was evaluated in field and growth-chamber experiments. Phytophthora capsici may potentially be dispersed by one of several mechanisms in the soil, including inoculum movement to roots, root growth to inoculum, and root-to-root spread. Individual components of primary inoculum dispersal were manipulated in field plots by introducing (i) sporangia and mycelia directly in soil so that all three mechanisms of dispersal were possible, (ii) a plant with sporulating lesions on the soil surface in a plastic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube so inoculum movement to roots was possible, (iii) a wax-encased peat pot containing sporangia and mycelia in soil so root growth to inoculum was possible, (iv) a wax-encased peat pot containing infected roots in soil so root-to-root spread was possible, (v) noninfested V8 vermiculite media into soil directly as a control, or (vi) wax-encased noninfested soil as a control. In 1995 and 1996, final incidence of disease was highest in plots where sporangia and mycelia were buried directly in soil and all mechanisms of dispersal were operative (60 and 32%) and where infected plants were placed in PVC tubes on the soil surface and inoculum movement to roots occurred with rainfall (89 and 23%). Disease onset was delayed in 1995 and 1996, and final incidence was lower in plants in plots where wax-encased sporangia (6 and 22%) or wax-encased infected roots (22%) were buried in soil and root growth to inoculum or root-to-root spread occurred. Incidence of root infections was higher over time in plots where inoculum moved to roots or all mechanisms of dispersal were possible. In growth-chamber studies, ultimately all plants became diseased regardless of the dispersal mechanism of primary inoculum, but disease onset was delayed when plant roots had to grow through a wax layer to inoculum or infected roots in tension funnels that contained small volumes of soil. Our data from both field and growth-chamber studies demonstrate that the mechanism of dispersal of the primary inoculum in soil can have large effects on the temporal dynamics of disease. DA - 2000/2// PY - 2000/2// DO - 10.1094/phyto.2000.90.2.148 VL - 90 IS - 2 SP - 148-156 SN - 0031-949X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033958523&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - root disease KW - spatial dynamics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Review of the new world treehopper tribe Stegaspidini (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Stegaspidinae): III: Flexocentrus Goding, Stylocentrus Stal, and Umbelligerus Deitz AU - Cryan, J. R. AU - Deitz, L. L. T2 - Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 102 IS - 1 SP - 82-98 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship between apple fruit epicuticular wax and growth of Peltaster fructicola and Leptodontidium elatius, two fungi that cause sooty blotch disease AU - Belding, RD AU - Sutton, TB AU - Blankenship, SM AU - Young, E T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Sooty blotch severity varied among apple cultivars or selections surveyed in 1989 and 1992. No mycelial growth was observed on russetted areas of the cuticle that are considered impermeable. Ursolic acid and n-alkanes were the most prominent components of the epicuticular waxes of the cultivars or selections evaluated. Although there were differences in the relative proportions of these compounds among the cultivars, the differences were not related to the severity of sooty blotch. Peltaster fructicola and Leptodontidium elatius were grown on compounds that comprise the epicuticular wax of the fruit to determine if one or more of these were needed for growth. The fungi did not grow on any of the five major components of the epicuticular wax unless dilute apple juice was included. Scanning electron microscopy studies showed that mycelia of P. fructicola grew on the surface of the wax and did not appear to degrade it. Our studies support the hypothesis that P. fructicola and L. elatius fungi are epiphytes and obtain their nutrients not from components of the cuticle, but more likely from fruit leachates. DA - 2000/7// PY - 2000/7// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.7.767 VL - 84 IS - 7 SP - 767-772 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of wounds as a factor to infection of cabbage by ascospores of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum AU - Hudyncia, J AU - Shew, HD AU - Cody, BR AU - Cubeta, MA T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - A semi-selective medium was used to examine the aerobiology of ascospores of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in five commercial cabbage fields in eastern North Carolina. Ascospores were present in all five fields from 26 September to 30 November. However, numbers of ascospores varied greatly depending on location, sampling date, and time. In general, peak ascospore deposition occurred between 11:00 A.M. and 1:00 P.M., with the number of colonies recovered ranging from 3 to 55/dish (9 cm in diameter). Peak ascospore numbers at all locations were found from mid- to late October, but a second, smaller peak was also evident at each location in late November. Information obtained was employed to evaluate the role of wounding in infection of cabbage by ascospores of S. sclerotiorum in controlled environmental chambers. A method for production and release of ascospores of S. sclerotiorum was employed in controlled-environment chambers for the inoculation of cabbage plants with one of three representative foliar wounds: a bruise, a cut, or a non-lethal freeze. Wounding treatments were applied to 7-week-old cabbage plants, misting was added to maintain continuous leaf wetness, and ascospores were released from apothecia twice daily for four consecutive days. Spore trapping with a semi-selective medium indicated that inoculum was evenly distributed within the chambers and deposition was similar to levels recorded in the field. At 31 days after inoculation, disease incidence ranged from 0% on the control to 96% on the freeze treatments. Freeze-treated plants showed the highest disease severity throughout the entire incubation period. Mean area under the disease progress curve of severity values were 0, 0.2, 34 and 60 for the control, cut, bruise, and freeze treatments, respectively. Results indicate that freeze and bruise injuries are important factors associated with infection of cabbage by S. sclerotiorum. DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.3.316 VL - 84 IS - 3 SP - 316-320 SN - 0191-2917 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bumble bee colonies as potential alternative hosts for the small hive beetle (Aethina tumida Murray) AU - Stanghellini, M. S. AU - Ambrose, J. T. AU - Hopkins, D. I. T2 - American Bee Journal DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 140 IS - 1 SP - 71-75 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of Lyme disease spirochetes isolated from ticks and vertebrates in North Carolina AU - Ryan, , JR AU - Apperson, CS AU - Orndorff, PE AU - Levine, JF T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - Borrelia burgdorferi isolates obtained from numerous locations and from different hosts in North Carolina, were compared to previously characterized strains of the Lyme disease spirochete and other Borrelia spp. The spirochete isolates were confirmed to be B. burgdorferi sensu stricto based on immunofluorescence (IFA) using a monoclonal antibody to outer surface protein A (Osp A [H5332]) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a species-specific nested primer for a conserved region of the gene that encodes for flagellin. In addition, the isolates tested positive in Western blots with species-specific monoclonal antibodies for outer surface protein A and OspB (84c), and the genus-specific, monoclonal antibody to flagellin (H9724). Infectivity studies with several of these isolates were conducted using Mus musculus and Oryzomys palustris and the isolates exhibited markedly different levels of infectivity. This study demonstrates that B. burgdorferi sensu stricto is present and naturally transmitted on the Outer Banks and in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions of North Carolina. DA - 2000/1// PY - 2000/1// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-36.1.48 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 48-55 SN - 1943-3700 KW - Borrelia burgdorferi KW - isolate characterization KW - Lyme disease KW - ticks KW - vertebrates ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stem canker of cotton caused by Phoma exigua in North Carolina AU - Koenning, S. R. AU - Abdel Alim, F. F. AU - Grand, L. F. T2 - Plant Disease DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 84 IS - 2000 SP - 1251 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Taste sensitivity of insect herbivores to deterrents is greater in specialists than in generalists: A behavioral test of the hypothesis with two closely related caterpillars AU - Bernays, EA AU - Oppenheim, S AU - Chapman, RF AU - Kwon, H AU - Gould, F T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY DA - 2000/2// PY - 2000/2// DO - 10.1023/A:1005430010314 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 547-563 SN - 1573-1561 KW - Heliothis virescens KW - Heliothis subflexa KW - caterpillar KW - diet breadth KW - deterrent compound KW - feeding behavior KW - postingestive toxicity KW - plant secondary metabolite ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogeny of the treehoppers (Insecta : Hemiptera : Membracidae): Evidence from two nuclear genes AU - Cryan, , JR AU - Wiegmann, BM AU - Deitz, LL AU - Dietrich, CH T2 - MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION AB - We present a molecular systematic investigation of relationships among family-group taxa of Membracidae, comprising nearly 3.5 kb of nucleotide sequence data from the nuclear genes elongation factor-1alpha (EF-1alpha: 958 bp) and 28S ribosomal DNA (28S rDNA: 2363 bp); data partitions are analyzed separately and in combination for 79 taxa. Analysis of the combined sequence data provided a better-resolved and more robust hypothesis of membracid phylogeny than did separate analyses of the individual genes. Results support the monophyly of the family Membracidae and indicate the presence of two major lineages (Centrotinae + Stegaspidinae + Centrodontinae and Darninae + Membracinae + Smiliinae). Within Membracidae, molecular data support the following assertions: (1) the previously unplaced genera Antillotolania and Deiroderes form a monophyletic group with Microcentrini; (2) Centrodontini and Nessorhinini are monophyletic clades that arise independently from within the Centrotinae; (3) Centrotinae is paraphyletic with respect to Centrodontinae; (4) the subfamily Membracinae is monophyletic and possibly allied with the darnine tribe Cymbomorphini; (5) the subfamily Darninae is paraphyletic; (6) the subfamily Smiliinae is paraphyletic, with molecular evidence indicating the exclusion of Micrutalini and perhaps Acutalini and Ceresini; and (7) Membracidae arose and diversified in the New World with multiple subsequent colonizations of the Old World. Our phylogenetic results suggest that morphology-based classifications of the Membracidae need to be reevaluated in light of emerging molecular evidence. DA - 2000/11// PY - 2000/11// DO - 10.1006/mpev.2000.0832 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 317-334 SN - 1055-7903 KW - Membracoidea KW - Membracidae KW - treehoppers KW - molecular phylogenetics KW - elongation factor-1 alpha KW - 28S ribosomal DNA KW - combined data analysis KW - biogeography ER - TY - JOUR TI - Periodical and age-related variation in chemical communication system of black cutworm moth, Agrotis ipsilon AU - Gemeno, C AU - Haynes, KF T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY DA - 2000/2// PY - 2000/2// DO - 10.1023/A:1005468203045 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 329-342 SN - 1573-1561 KW - sex pheromone KW - male response KW - calling behavior KW - pheromone emission KW - periodicity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diversity and contribution of the intestinal bacterial community to the development of Musca domestica (Diptera : Muscidae) larvae AU - Zurek, L AU - Schal, C AU - Watson, DW T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - The bacterial diversity in the intestinal tract of Musca domestica L. was examined in larvae collected from turkey bedding and corn silage. Aerobic culturing yielded 25 bacterial species, including 11 from larvae collected from turkey bedding and 14 from larvae collected from corn silage. Providencia rettgeri (Hadley, Elkins & Caldwell) was the only species common to both environments. Two mammalian pathogens, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Pfeiffer) and Ochrobactrum anthropi (Holmes), were isolated from the larval intestinal tracts. The majority of isolates represented facultatively anaerobic heterotrophs capable of fermentation. The significance of these bacteria for development of house fly larvae was evaluated by bioassays on trypticase soy egg yolk agar. Pure cultures of individual bacterial species isolated from the intestinal tract of larvae from turkey bedding supported development of flies to a much greater extent than those isolated from larvae from corn silage. House fly development was best supported by a Streptococcus sanguis (White) isolate. The significance of bacteria for development of house flies is discussed. DA - 2000/11// PY - 2000/11// DO - 10.1603/0022-2585-37.6.924 VL - 37 IS - 6 SP - 924-928 SN - 0022-2585 KW - house fly KW - intestinal tract KW - bacteria KW - artificial medium KW - larval development ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clyde Fuhriman Smith - (1913-2000) - Obituary AU - Farrier, M. H. AU - Deitz, L. L. T2 - Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 102 IS - 4 SP - 1077-1087 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Site-directed mutagenesis of the magB gene affects growth and development in Magnaporthe grisea AU - Fang, EGC AU - Dean, RA T2 - MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS AB - G protein signaling is commonly involved in regulating growth and differentiation of eukaryotic cells. We previously identified MAGB, encoding a Galpha subunit, from Magnaporthe grisea, and disruption of MAGB led to defects in a number of cellular responses, including appressorium formation, conidiation, sexual development, mycelial growth, and surface sensing. In this study, site-directed mutagenesis was used to further dissect the pleiotropic effects controlled by MAGB. Conversion of glycine 42 to arginine was predicted to abolish GTPase activity, which in turn would constitutively activate G protein signaling in magB(G42R). This dominant mutation caused autolysis of aged colonies, misscheduled melanization, reduction in both sexual and asexual reproduction, and reduced virulence. Furthermore, magB(G42R) mutants were able to produce appressoria on both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces, although development on the hydrophilic surface was delayed. A second dominant mutation, magB(G203R) (glycine 203 converted to arginine), was expected to block dissociation of the Gbetagamma from the Galpha subunit, thus producing a constitutively inactive G protein complex. This mutation did not cause drastic phenotypic changes in the wild-type genetic background, other than increased sensitivity to repression of conidiation by osmotic stress. However, magB(G203R) is able to complement phenotypic defects in magB mutants. Comparative analyses of the phenotypical effects of different magB mutations are consistent with the involvement of the Gbetagamma subunit in the signaling pathways regulating cellular development in M. grisea. DA - 2000/11// PY - 2000/11// DO - 10.1094/MPMI.2000.13.11.1214 VL - 13 IS - 11 SP - 1214-1227 SN - 0894-0282 KW - rice blast KW - signal transduction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogenetic revision of Acupalpa Krober (Diptera : Therevidae) AU - Winterton, SL T2 - INSECT SYSTEMATICS & EVOLUTION AB - Abstract Acupalpa is revised to include five described species: A. albitarsa Mann, A. divisa (Walker), A. pollinosa Mann, A. rostrata Kröber and A. semirufa Mann, and one new species, A. irwini sp. n. All species are brightly coloured wasp mimics with morphological and behavioural characteristics associated with mimicry of pompilid wasps. A key to genera and species is presented with male and female genitalia described and figured for the first time. All species of Acupalpa were compared in a cladistic analysis with two species of Agapophytus using 34 states across 16 adult morphological characters, which resulted in three most parsimonious trees (length = 58 steps). The phylogenetic relationships of species of Acupalpa are discussed in light of the analysis. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1163/187631200X00417 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 225-240 SN - 0013-8711 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Frequency of alleles conferring resistance to a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin in a Philippine population of Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) AU - Bentur, JS AU - Andow, DA AU - Cohen, MB AU - Romena, AM AU - Gould, F T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Journal Article Frequency of Alleles Conferring Resistance to a Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin in a Philippine Population of Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Get access J. S. Bentur, J. S. Bentur 1 2 1Entomology and Plant Pathology Division, International Rice Research Institute, MCPO Box 3127, Makati City 1271, Philippines. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar D. A. Andow, D. A. Andow 3 3Department of Entomology, 219 Hodson Hall, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M. B. Cohen, M. B. Cohen 1 1Entomology and Plant Pathology Division, International Rice Research Institute, MCPO Box 3127, Makati City 1271, Philippines. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar A. M. Romena, A. M. Romena 1 1Entomology and Plant Pathology Division, International Rice Research Institute, MCPO Box 3127, Makati City 1271, Philippines. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar F. Gould F. Gould 4 4Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 93, Issue 5, 1 October 2000, Pages 1515–1521, https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-93.5.1515 Published: 01 October 2000 DA - 2000/10// PY - 2000/10// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-93.5.1515 VL - 93 IS - 5 SP - 1515-1521 SN - 1938-291X KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - Scirpophaga incertulas KW - F-2 screen KW - Bt rice KW - Bt resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Daily and temporal occurrence of Frankliniella spp. (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on tomato AU - Cho, K AU - Walgenbach, JF AU - Kennedy, GG T2 - APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY AB - Daily occurrence and flight activity of Frankliniella spp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in tomato fields was studied on five dates in 1990 and four dates in 1992. Higher number of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) were observed on tomato flowers in the morning than in the afternoon on 3 of 5 and 2 of 4 sample dates in 1990 and 1992, respectively. Numbers of Frankliniella tritici (Fitch), Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) and immature thrips on flowers or foliage did not differ among sample hours. On tomato foliage, F. fusca and immature thrips were dominant, while few F. occidentalis or F. tritici were collected. Temperature was an important factor in the flight activity of F. tritici. Populations of F. tritici peaked earlier in the season and declined sooner than those of F. occidentalis. F. occidentalis and F. tritici both inhabited tomato flowers and subdivided this niche temporally, while F. fusca occupied a different niche, tomato foliage. DA - 2000/5// PY - 2000/5// DO - 10.1303/aez.2000.207 VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 207-214 SN - 1347-605X KW - diurnal behavior KW - Frankliniella occidentalis KW - Frankliniella tritici KW - Frankliniella fusca KW - tomato ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alan Francis Bird: 1928-99 AU - Bird, D. M. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - 1-3 ER -