TY - JOUR TI - Sexual Development in Lucilia cuprina (Diptera, Calliphoridae) Is Controlled by the Transformer Gene AU - Concha, Carolina AU - Scott, Maxwell J T2 - Genetics AB - Insects use an amazing variety of genetic systems to control sexual development. A Y-linked male determining gene (M) controls sex in the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina, an important pest insect. In this study, we isolated the L. cuprina transformer (Lctra) and transformer2 (Lctra2) genes, which are potential targets of M. The LCTRA and LCTRA2 proteins are significantly more similar to homologs from tephritid insects than Drosophila. The Lctra transcript is alternatively spliced such that only females make a full-length protein and the presence of six TRA/TRA2 binding sites in the female first intron suggest that Lctra splicing is autoregulated as in tephritids. LCTRA is essential for female development as RNAi knockdown of Lctra mRNA leads to the development of male genitalia in XX adults. Analysis of Lctra expression during development shows that early and midstage male and female embryos express the female form of Lctra and males express only the male form by the first instar larval stage. Our results suggest that an autoregulatory loop sustains female development and that expression of M inhibits Lctra autoregulation, switching its splicing to the male form. The conservation of tra function and regulation in a Calliphorid insect shows that this sex determination system is not confined to Tephritidae. Isolation of these genes is an important step toward the development of a strain of L. cuprina suitable for a genetic control program. DA - 2009/7/1/ PY - 2009/7/1/ DO - 10.1534/genetics.109.100982 VL - 182 IS - 3 SP - 785-798 LA - en OP - SN - 1943-2631 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.109.100982 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sexual development in Lucilia cuprina (Diptera, Calliphoridae) is controlled by the transformer gene AU - Concha, Carolina AU - Scott, Maxwell J T2 - Genetics DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 182 IS - 3 SP - 785-798 ER - TY - ER - TY - ER - TY - CONF TI - Overwintering Habitats of the Colorado potato beetle in Wisconsin's Central Sands Production Area AU - Huseth, A.S. AU - Groves, R.L. T2 - Wisconsin Potato and Vegetable Growers Association, Grower Education Conference C2 - 2009/// C3 - Proceedings of the Wisconsin Potato and Vegetable Growers Association, Grower Education Conference CY - Stevens Point, WI DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/2/3/ VL - 22 SP - 31-36 ER - TY - JOUR TI - True flies (Diptera) AU - Bertone, Matthew A AU - Wiegmann, Brian M T2 - The Timetree of Life DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// SP - 270 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In Planta Expression Screens of Phytophthora infestans RXLR Effectors Reveal Diverse Phenotypes, Including Activation of the Solanum bulbocastanum Disease Resistance Protein Rpi-blb2 AU - Oh, S.-K. AU - Young, C. AU - Lee, M. AU - Oliva, R. AU - Bozkurt, T. O. AU - Cano, L. M. AU - Win, J. AU - Bos, J. I.B. AU - Liu, H.-Y. AU - Damme, M. AU - Morgan, W. AU - Choi, D. AU - Vossen, E. A.G. Van AU - Vleeshouwers, V. G.A.A. AU - Kamoun, S. T2 - THE PLANT CELL ONLINE AB - The Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans is predicted to secrete hundreds of effector proteins. To address the challenge of assigning biological functions to computationally predicted effector genes, we combined allele mining with high-throughput in planta expression. We developed a library of 62 infection-ready P. infestans RXLR effector clones, obtained using primer pairs corresponding to 32 genes and assigned activities to several of these genes. This approach revealed that 16 of the 62 examined effectors cause phenotypes when expressed inside plant cells. Besides the well-studied AVR3a effector, two additional effectors, PexRD8 and PexRD36(45-1), suppressed the hypersensitive cell death triggered by the elicitin INF1, another secreted protein of P. infestans. One effector, PexRD2, promoted cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana and other solanaceous plants. Finally, two families of effectors induced hypersensitive cell death specifically in the presence of the Solanum bulbocastanum late blight resistance genes Rpi-blb1 and Rpi-blb2, thereby exhibiting the activities expected for Avrblb1 and Avrblb2. The AVRblb2 family was then studied in more detail and found to be highly variable and under diversifying selection in P. infestans. Structure-function experiments indicated that a 34-amino acid region in the C-terminal half of AVRblb2 is sufficient for triggering Rpi-blb2 hypersensitivity and that a single positively selected AVRblb2 residue is critical for recognition by Rpi-blb2. DA - 2009/9/1/ PY - 2009/9/1/ DO - 10.1105/tpc.109.068247 VL - 21 IS - 9 SP - 2928-2947 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Indole-Diterpene Biosynthetic Capability of Epichloe Endophytes as Predicted by ltm Gene Analysis AU - Young, C. A. AU - Tapper, B. A. AU - May, K. AU - Moon, C. D. AU - Schardl, C. L. AU - Scott, B. T2 - Applied and Environmental Microbiology AB - Bioprotective alkaloids produced by Epichloë and closely related asexual Neotyphodium fungal endophytes protect their grass hosts from insect and mammalian herbivory. One class of these compounds, known for antimammalian toxicity, is the indole-diterpenes. The LTM locus of Neotyphodium lolii (Lp19) and Epichloë festuce (Fl1), required for the biosynthesis of the indole-diterpene lolitrem, consists of 10 ltm genes. We have used PCR and Southern analysis to screen a broad taxonomic range of 44 endophyte isolates to determine why indole-diterpenes are present in so few endophyte-grass associations in comparison to that of the other bioprotective alkaloids, which are more widespread among the endophtyes. All 10 ltm genes were present in only three epichloë endophytes. A predominance of the asexual Neotyphodium spp. examined contained 8 of the 10 ltm genes, with only one N. lolii containing the entire LTM locus and the ability to produce lolitrems. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry profiles of indole-diterpenes from a subset of endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass showed that endophytes that contained functional genes present in ltm clusters 1 and 2 were capable of producing simple indole-diterpenes such as paspaline, 13-desoxypaxilline, and terpendoles, compounds predicted to be precursors of lolitrem B. Analysis of toxin biosynthesis genes by PCR now enables a diagnostic method to screen endophytes for both beneficial and detrimental alkaloids and can be used as a resource for screening isolates required for forage improvement. DA - 2009/1// PY - 2009/1// DO - 10.1128/aem.00953-08 VL - 75 IS - 7 SP - 2200-2211 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regulation and Functional Analysis of Bioprotective Metabolite Genes from the Grass Symbiont Epichloe festucae AU - Scott, Barry AU - Wrenn, Ruth E. AU - May, Kimberley J. AU - Takemoto, Daigo AU - Young, Carolyn A. AU - Tanaka, Aiko AU - Fleetwood, Damien J. AU - Johnson, Richard D. T2 - Recent Developments in Management of Plant Diseases DA - 2009/8// PY - 2009/8// DO - 10.1007/978-1-4020-8804-9_15 SP - 199-213 KW - Lolitrem B KW - Ergovaline KW - Peramine KW - Neotyphodium lolii KW - Epichloe festucae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Variation within and among Wildrye ( and ) Populations from the Southern Great Plains AU - Saha, Malay C. AU - Young, Carolyn A. AU - Hopkins, Andrew A. T2 - Crop Science AB - There is interest in Canada wildrye (CWR, Elymus canadensis L.) and Virginia wildrye (VWR, E. virginicus L.) for conservation and forage uses. Our objectives were to identify a set of molecular markers to assess genetic structure within and diversity among populations of CWR and VWR from the Southern Great Plains and to determine if these populations had an associated fungal endophyte. Nine CWR and five VWR populations and two barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars were genotyped using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers isolated from tall fescue [ Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.] expressed sequence tags (TF ESTs). Scorable fragments were produced by 31% of TF EST‐SSRs tested, thus identifying a set of SSR markers for wildrye. Populations grouped into three clusters consisting of (i) three wild populations, one plant introduction, and two commercial sources of CWR; (ii) all VWR populations and three CWR plant introductions; and (iii) barley cultivars. Clustering indicated possible gene flow between CWR and VWR. Genetic variation within populations was minimal and comparable to that of the barley cultivars. Thus, unlike many ancestral cultivars and landraces of self‐pollinated crops, CWR and VWR populations consisted of essentially pure lines and can be handled as such in a breeding program. Potentially sexual and asexual epichloë endophytes were found in several populations, indicating the need to account for endophytes in breeding and germplasm conservation efforts of wildrye. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2008.04.0239 VL - 49 IS - 3 SP - 913 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Morphology and neurophysiology of tarsal vibration receptors in the water strider Aquarius paludum (Heteroptera: Gerridae) AU - Goodwyn, Pablo Perez AU - Katsumata-Wada, Ayako AU - Okada, Koutaroh T2 - Journal of Insect Physiology AB - Substrate vibratory information receptors are extensively studied in insects and spiders, however for water surface dwelling species little data is available. We studied the vibration receptive organs in tarsi of the water strider Aquarius paludum, using light, transmission and scanning electron microscopes, and recorded the neural activity of the organs in response to vibrational stimuli, which were afterwards analysed with a custom made spike sorting program. We found that the tarsal chordotonal organ has one set of three scoloparia: one in the tarsomere I and two in the tarsomere II, all of which consisted of a few scolopidia. The chordotonal organ clearly responded to vibratory stimulation. Furthermore, we found that a pair of large subapical emergent dorsal setae, which had been deemed mechanosensory by previous authors, are not so. In turn, four ventral subapical trichobothria that are in direct contact with the water surface during locomotion, proved to be mechanosensory. The anatomical and ultrastructural observations support these electro-physiological results. DA - 2009/9// PY - 2009/9// DO - 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.06.001 VL - 55 IS - 9 SP - 855-861 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.06.001 KW - Mechanoreceptor KW - Trichobothria KW - Water surface KW - Aquatic insect ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chemical disguise as particular caste of host ants in the ant inquiline parasite Niphanda fusca (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) AU - Hojo, M.K. AU - Wada-Katsumata, A. AU - Akino, T. AU - Yamaguchi, S. AU - Ozaki, M. AU - Yamaoka, R. T2 - Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences AB - The exploitation of parental care is common in avian and insect 'cuckoos' and these species engage in a coevolutionary arms race. Caterpillars of the lycaenid butterfly Niphanda fusca develop as parasites inside the nests of host ants (Camponotus japonicus) where they grow by feeding on the worker trophallaxis. We hypothesized that N. fusca caterpillars chemically mimic host larvae, or some particular castes of the host ant, so that the caterpillars are accepted and cared for by the host workers. Behaviourally, it was observed that the host workers enthusiastically tended glass dummies coated with the cuticular chemicals of larvae or males and those of N. fusca caterpillars living together. Cuticular chemical analyses revealed that N. fusca caterpillars grown in a host ant nest acquired a colony-specific blend of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs). Furthermore, the CHC profiles of the N. fusca caterpillars were particularly close to those of the males rather than those of the host larvae and the others. We suggest that N. fusca caterpillars exploit worker care by matching their cuticular profile to that of the host males, since the males are fed by trophallaxis with workers in their natal nests for approximately ten months. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1098/rspb.2008.1064 VL - 276 IS - 1656 SP - 551-558 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-58149130165&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - lycaenidae KW - ants KW - social parasite KW - cuticular hydrocarbons KW - chemical mimicry KW - brood parasite ER - TY - JOUR TI - Behavioral and electrophysiological studies on the sexually biased synergism between oligosaccharides and phospholipids in gustatory perception of nuptial secretion by the German cockroach AU - Wada-Katsumata, A. AU - Ozaki, M. AU - Yokohari, F. AU - Nishikawa, M. AU - Nishida, R. T2 - Journal of Insect Physiology AB - Females of Blattella germanica feed compulsively on a nuptial secretion from the male's eighth tergal gland (TG-8) during courtship. Using TG-8 extract and its essential ingredients, maltotriose (MT) and 1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (PC), we investigated the perception of the secretion by gustatory sensilla in both sexes. Female-biased chemosensitivity was found in the feeding responses to the TG-8 extract. The TG-8 extract induced specific impulses in four functionally different receptor cells: the sugar, salt and other two types of receptor cells in a single gustatory sensillum on the paraglossae in both sexes. The impulse frequencies of the sugar receptor cell and a receptor cell of unknown type were significantly higher in females than those in males. There were no sexual differences in the behavioral and electrophysiological responses to MT alone; no responses were elicited by PC. However, a mixture of MT and PC elicited the behavioral responses more strongly than MT in females. The impulse frequency of sugar receptor cells toward the mixture of MT and PC also increased in females but not in males. These results suggest that the synergistic effect of PC on 'sweetness' of MT in the female cockroach contributes to her compulsive nuptial feeding. The female-biased gustatory sensitivity seems to ensure successful coupling during the nuptial feeding. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.04.014 VL - 55 IS - 8 SP - 742-750 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-67549120761&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Synergistic effect KW - Nuptial gift KW - Sexual bias KW - Chemosensilla KW - Blattella germanica ER - TY - JOUR TI - First Report of Blossom Blight of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) Caused by Pseudomonas marginalis AU - Bull, C. T. AU - Huerta, A. I. AU - Koike, S. T. T2 - Plant Disease AB - In 2003, a new disease was observed on commercial strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) grown in multiple fields in Watsonville, CA. Initial symptoms consisted of brown lesions on the undersides of the sepals of strawberry flowers. The lesions coalesced and spread to upper sepal surfaces and anther bases. No leaf symptoms were observed. Fields affected with this disease appeared to have a greater number of deformed fruit, though incidence data were not collected. A gram-negative, blue-green fluorescent pseudomonad was isolated from lesions on King's medium B agar from both sepals and anthers from 23 of 24 samples from three different fields. All isolates were levan, oxidase, and arginine dihydrolase positive. The strains did rot potato slices but did not induce a hypersensitive reaction in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Sansun), indicating that the bacteria belonged to Lelliot's LOPAT group IVa, P. marginalis (3). Isolates from strawberry were compared with pathotype strains of Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis, P. marginalis pv. alfalfae, and P. marginalis pv. pastinaceae. The 16S rDNA sequence of type strain of P. marginalis (Z76663) was 97 to 99% similar to the four strawberry isolates sequenced (GQ845121). Identity was further supported by analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (MIS-TSBA version 4.10; MIDI, Inc., Newark, DE). Polymerase chain reaction using BOX-A1R primers (repetitive sequence-based (rep)-PCR [1]) resulted in DNA fragment banding patterns that were identical among strawberry isolates. These banding patterns were different from the three distinct patterns of the P. marginalis pathotypes. Pathogenicity on strawberry (cv. Albion) was confirmed in three experiments using four strawberry isolates originally isolated from plants from three different fields and the P. marginalis pathotype strains. Inoculum was produced by growing bacteria in nutrient broth shake cultures for 48 h (24°C) and washing and suspending the cultures in 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). Three to five attached strawberry flowers on separate plants were dipped in the bacterial suspensions (106 CFU/ml) or sterile buffer for 1 min. To maintain high humidity, flower buds were enclosed in plastic bags for 36 to 48 h and then incubated in the greenhouse (24 to 26°C). After 7 days, approximately half of the flowers inoculated with the strawberry isolates had symptoms on sepals that were identical to symptoms seen in the field. Additionally, reisolates obtained from the symptomatic, inoculated flowers were identical to those used to inoculate the plants as confirmed by LOPAT reactions and rep-PCR, thus completing Koch's postulates. Flowers dipped in phosphate buffer or the P. marginalis pathotype strains did not develop symptoms and no bacteria were reisolated. To our knowledge, this is the first report of blossom blight of strawberry caused by P. marginalis and the first report of P. marginalis on strawberry in California. P. marginalis causes leaf bud rot of strawberry in Japan (2). Further research is needed to determine if the strawberry isolates represent a new or previously described pathovar of P. marginalis. References: (1) N. A. Cintas et al. Plant Dis. 86:992, 2002. (2) T. Kijima et al. Bull. Tochigi. Agric. Exp. Stn. 36:59, 1989. (3) R. A. Lelliott. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 29:470, 1966. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1094/pdis-93-12-1350b VL - 93 IS - 12 SP - 1350-1350 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microsatellite loci in the downy mildew pathogen, Pseudoperonospora cubensis AU - Kanetis, L. AU - Wang, X. AU - Wadl, P.A. AU - Neufeld, K. AU - Holmes, G.A. AU - Ojiambo, P. AU - Cubeta, M.A. AU - Trigiano, R.T. T2 - Molecular Ecology Resources DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 9 IS - 6 SP - 1460–1466 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Rhizoctonia foliar blight of tomato AU - Ivors, K. AU - F.E., Bartz AU - Cubeta, M.A. T2 - Compendium of Tomato Diseases A2 - Miller, S. A2 - Jones, J. PY - 2009/// ET - 2 PB - APS Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Experimental Assessment of the Impacts of Northern Long-Eared Bats on Ovipositing Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes AU - Reiskind, Michael H. AU - Wund, Matthew A. T2 - Journal of Medical Entomology AB - The importance of predation as a mortality factor in adult mosquitoes has received only limited attention in the scientific literature. Despite the lack of consensus among researchers as to whether bats are important predators of mosquitoes, there have been no attempts to directly document the effect of bats on mosquito populations or behavior. We conducted an enclosure experiment to test the hypothesis that bats reduce the local abundance of ovipositing female mosquitoes by examining whether the northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis Trouessart) had an effect on Culex spp. (Diptera: Culicidae) oviposition, using naturally occurring mosquitoes, either through direct predation or trait mediated effects on mosquito behavior. We found a significant, 32% reduction in egg-laying activity associated with bat predation. Artificial oviposition habitats directly outside bat enclosures experienced no reduction in oviposition; we attributed the observed reduction in egg-laying activity to direct predation on ovipositing females by bats and not changes in mosquito behavior. In addition, we noted a decrease in the number of larval mosquitoes in enclosures exposed to bat predation. These results suggest the impact of aerial predators on pathogen transmission may be large, and warrants further scientific investigation. DA - 2009/9/1/ PY - 2009/9/1/ DO - 10.1603/033.046.0510 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 1037-1044 SN - 0022-2585 1938-2928 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/033.046.0510 KW - predation KW - mosquitoes KW - predator effects KW - enclosure experiments KW - vector borne disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - A NovelTenebrio molitorCadherin Is a Functional Receptor forBacillus thuringiensisCry3Aa Toxin AU - Fabrick, Jeff AU - Oppert, Cris AU - Lorenzen, Marcé D. AU - Morris, Kaley AU - Oppert, Brenda AU - Jurat-Fuentes, Juan Luis T2 - Journal of Biological Chemistry AB - Cry toxins produced by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis are effective biological insecticides. Cadherin-like proteins have been reported as functional Cry1A toxin receptors in Lepidoptera. Here we present data that demonstrate that a coleopteran cadherin is a functional Cry3Aa toxin receptor. The Cry3Aa receptor cadherin was cloned from Tenebrio molitor larval midgut mRNA, and the predicted protein, TmCad1, has domain structure and a putative toxin binding region similar to those in lepidopteran cadherin B. thuringiensis receptors. A peptide containing the putative toxin binding region from TmCad1 bound specifically to Cry3Aa and promoted the formation of Cry3Aa toxin oligomers, proposed to be mediators of toxicity in lepidopterans. Injection of TmCad1-specific double-stranded RNA into T. molitor larvae resulted in knockdown of the TmCad1 transcript and conferred resistance to Cry3Aa toxicity. These data demonstrate the functional role of TmCad1 as a Cry3Aa receptor in T. molitor and reveal similarities between the mode of action of Cry toxins in Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. DA - 2009/5/5/ PY - 2009/5/5/ DO - 10.1074/jbc.M109.001651 VL - 284 IS - 27 SP - 18401-18410 J2 - J. Biol. Chem. LA - en OP - SN - 0021-9258 1083-351X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.001651 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Infectious Virus Dose and Bloodmeal Delivery Method on Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to Chikungunya Virus AU - Pesko, Kendra AU - Westbrook, Catherine J. AU - Mores, Christopher N. AU - Lounibos, L. Philip AU - Reiskind, Michael H. T2 - Journal of Medical Entomology AB - Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arbovirus (genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae) that has recently caused disease outbreaks in the Indian Ocean basin and southern Europe. These outbreaks could be associated with a possible shift in primary vector from Aedes aegypti to Ae. albopictus. To evaluate vector competence differences in possible CHIKV vectors, we evaluated the dose-dependant susceptibility of Florida strains of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti for infection with a La Réunion island strain of CHIKV. Pledget and water-jacketed membrane feeding systems were also evaluated. We show that both Aedes spp. were susceptible to the highest CHIKV doses, whereas only Ae. albopictus developed disseminated infections after exposure to the two lowest doses. Infection rates for both mosquito species were significantly affected by the bloodmeal delivery method used. This information is important in assessing risk of an outbreak of imported CHIKV in the United States, in determining differences in vectorial capacity of these two vector species, and in evaluating arbovirus delivery methods in the laboratory. DA - 2009/3/1/ PY - 2009/3/1/ DO - 10.1603/033.046.0228 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 395-399 SN - 0022-2585 1938-2928 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/033.046.0228 KW - arbovirus KW - viremia KW - vector competence KW - vectorial capacity KW - blood feeding ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of intraspecific larval competition on adult longevity in the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus AU - Reiskind, M. H. AU - Lounibos, L. P. T2 - Medical and Veterinary Entomology AB - Larval competition is common in container-breeding mosquitoes. The impact of competition on larval growth has been thoroughly examined and findings that larval competition can lead to density-dependent effects on adult body size have been documented. The effects of larval competition on adult longevity have been less well explored. The effects of intraspecific larval densities on the longevity of adults maintained under relatively harsh environmental conditions were tested in the laboratory by measuring the longevity of adult Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) that had been reared under a range of larval densities and subsequently maintained in high- or low-humidity regimes (85% or 35% relative humidity [RH], respectively) as adults. We found significant negative effects of competition on adult longevity in Ae. aegypti, but not in Ae. albopictus. Multivariate analysis of variance suggested that the negative effect of the larval environment on the longevity of Ae. aegypti adults was most strongly associated with increased development time and decreased wing length as adults. Understanding how larval competition affects adult longevity under a range of environmental conditions is important in establishing the relationship between models of mosquito population regulation and epidemiological models of vector-borne disease transmission. DA - 2009/3// PY - 2009/3// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00782.x VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 62-68 SN - 0269-283X 1365-2915 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00782.x KW - Aedes aegypti KW - Aedes albopictus KW - adult environment KW - dengue KW - desiccation KW - larval environment KW - longevity KW - mosquito life history ER - TY - CHAP TI - The ABC’s of indoor health: Allergens, baits, and cockroach mitigation strategies AU - Schal, C. T2 - Advances in Human Vector Control A2 - Clark, J. Marshall A2 - Bloomquist, Jeffrey R. A2 - Kawada, Hitoshi T3 - ACS Symposium Series AB - The German cockroach, Blattella germanica, is a major structural pest, and cockroach allergens have been linked to the development and exacerbation of allergic disease and asthma in cockroach sensitive individuals. The inner-city residential environment often supports large cockroach infestations, which expose residents to high levels of allergens. This review summarizes information on the public health and veterinary importance of the German cockroach. It then presents a brief overview of the current status of various pest control options, with particular emphasis on insecticide baits and the role of horizontal transfer of active ingredient among cockroaches. Finally, I summarize experimental efforts to both eradicate cockroach infestations and to reduce allergen levels. Field studies show that intensive, targeted cockroach control with reduced-risk gel baits can lead to both dramatic reductions in cockroaches and clinically significant declines in cockroach allergens. PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1021/bk-2009-1014.ch007 SP - 89–106 PB - American Chemical Society SV - 1014 ER - TY - BOOK TI - A Key to the common Phytophthora species (Lucid v 3.4) AU - Ristaino, J.B. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// PB - American Phytopathological Society Press ER - TY - CHAP TI - Sexual communication in Lepidoptera: a need for wedding genetics, biochemistry, and molecular biology AU - Gould, F. AU - Groot, A. AU - Vasquez, G. AU - Schal, C. T2 - Molecular Biology and Genetics of the Lepidoptera A2 - Goldsmith, M.R. A2 - Marec, F. PY - 2009/// SP - 169–193 PB - CRC Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Susceptibility of Fraser Fir to Phytophthora capsici AU - Quesada-Ocampo, L. M. AU - Fulbright, D. W. AU - Hausbeck, M. K. T2 - Plant Disease AB - Phytophthora cinnamomi, P. drechsleri, P. citricola, and P. cactorum limit Fraser fir production, whereas P. capsici affects Solanaceous, Cucurbitaceous, and Fabaceous crops. Some vegetable growers in Michigan plant conifers for the Christmas tree market in fields infested with P. capsici. To determine the susceptibility of Fraser fir to P. capsici, stems (no wound or 1- or 3-mm-diameter wound) or roots (2 or 4 g of infested millet seed or 2 or 5 × 10 3 zoospores/ml of a zoospore suspension) of seedlings were inoculated with each of four P. capsici isolates and incubated in growth chambers (20 or 25°C). In addition, Fraser fir seedlings were planted in two commercial fields naturally infested with P. capsici. All P. capsici isolates tested incited disease in the seedlings regardless of incubation temperature or inoculation method. Seedlings (72%) planted in P. capsici–infested fields developed disease symptoms and died. Most of the P. capsici isolates obtained from the Fraser fir seedlings infected while in the field were recovered from root tissue. Identification was confirmed by species-specific direct colony polymerase chain reaction. The pathogen was successfully recovered from stems of all stem-inoculated seedlings, and from roots and stems of all root-inoculated seedlings; the phenotype of the recovered isolate matched the phenotype of the inoculum. This study suggests that planting Fraser fir in fields infested with P. capsici could result in infection and that adjustments in current rotational schemes are needed. DA - 2009/2// PY - 2009/2// DO - 10.1094/pdis-93-2-0135 VL - 93 IS - 2 SP - 135-141 KW - Christmas tree diseases KW - etiology KW - soilborne diseases ER - TY - JOUR TI - Distinct Amino Acids of the Phytophthora infestans Effector AVR3a Condition Activation of R3a Hypersensitivity and Suppression of Cell Death AU - Bos, Jorunn I. B. AU - Chaparro-Garcia, Angela AU - Quesada-Ocampo, Lina M. AU - Gardener, Brian B. McSpadden AU - Kamoun, Sophien T2 - MPMI AB - The AVR3a protein of Phytophthora infestans is a polymorphic member of the RXLR class of cytoplasmic effectors with dual functions. AVR3a(KI) but not AVR3a(EM) activates innate immunity triggered by the potato resistance protein R3a and is a strong suppressor of the cell-death response induced by INF1 elicitin, a secreted P. infestans protein that has features of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. To gain insights into the molecular basis of AVR3a activities, we performed structure-function analyses of both AVR3a forms. We utilized saturated high-throughput mutant screens to identify amino acids important for R3a activation. Of 6,500 AVR3a(EM) clones tested, we identified 136 AVR3a(EM) mutant clones that gained the ability to induce R3a hypersensitivity. Fifteen amino-acid sites were affected in this set of mutant clones. Most of these mutants did not suppress cell death at a level similar to that of AVR3a(KI). A similar loss-of-function screen of 4,500 AVR3a(KI) clones identified only 13 mutants with altered activity. These results point to models in which AVR3a functions by interacting with one or more host proteins and are not consistent with the recognition of AVR3a through an enzymatic activity. The identification of mutants that gain R3a activation but not cell-death suppression activity suggests that distinct amino acids condition the two AVR3a effector activities. DA - 2009/3// PY - 2009/3// DO - 10.1094/mpmi-22-3-0269 VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - 269-281 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of Phytophthora infestans Populations in Colombia: First Report of the A2 Mating Type AU - Vargas, Angela M. AU - Ocampo, Lina M. Quesada AU - Céspedes, Maria Catalina AU - Carreño, Natalia AU - González, Adriana AU - Rojas, Alejandro AU - Zuluaga, A. Paola AU - Myers, Kevin AU - Fry, William E. AU - Jiménez, Pedro AU - Bernal, Adriana J. AU - Restrepo, Silvia T2 - Phytopathology AB - Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight in crops of the Solanaceae family, is one of the most important plant pathogens in Colombia. Not only are Solanum lycopersicum, and S. tuberosum at risk, but also several other solanaceous hosts (Physalis peruviana, S. betaceum, S. phureja, and S. quitoense) that have recently gained importance as new crops in Colombia may be at risk. Because little is known about the population structure of Phytophthora infestans in Colombia, we report here the phenotypic and molecular characterization of 97 isolates collected from these six different solanaceous plants in Colombia. All the isolates were analyzed for mating type, mitochondrial haplotypes, genotype for several microsatellites, and sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. This characterization identified a single individual of A2 mating type (from Physalis peruviana) for the first time in Colombia. All isolates had an ITS sequence that was at least 97% identical to the consensus sequence. Of the 97 isolates, 96 were mitochondrial haplotype IIa, with the single A2 isolate being Ia. All isolates were invariant for the microsatellites. Additionally, isolates collected from S. tuberosum and P. peruviana (64 isolates) were tested for: aggressiveness on both hosts, genotype for the isozymes (glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and peptidase), and restriction fragment length polymorphism fingerprint pattern as detected by RG57. Isolates from S. tuberosum were preferentially pathogenic on S. tuberosum, and isolates from P. peruviana were preferentially pathogenic on P. peruviana. The population from these two hosts was dominated by a single clonal lineage (59 of 64 individuals assayed), previously identified from Ecuador and Peru as EC-1. This lineage was mating type A1, IIa for mitochondrial DNA, invariant for two microsatellites, and invariant for both isozymes. The remaining four A1 isolates were in lineages very closely related to EC-1 (named EC-1.1, CO-1, and CO-2). The remaining lineage (the A2 mating type) had characteristics of the US-8 lineage (previously identified in Mexico, the United States, and Canada). These results have important epidemiological implications for the production of these two crops in Colombia. DA - 2009/1// PY - 2009/1// DO - 10.1094/phyto-99-1-0082 VL - 99 IS - 1 SP - 82-88 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Plant infection by root-knot nematode AU - Bird, D.M. AU - Opperman, C.H. AU - Williamson, V.M. AB - Plant-parasitic nematodes, particularly the sedentary endoparasitic forms, are cosmopolitan pests, collectively causing over $100 billion in annual crop loss worldwide. In the past decade, significant progress has been made in identifying genes and their products that define key aspects of the host—parasite interface, including enzymes and proteins with direct roles in virulence and resistance. However, little remains known about how a host is identified or how the development of the nema-tode is coupled to establishment of the parasitic interaction. Here, we consider the role of signaling molecules and their interplay with nematode development from hatch through primary interaction with the plant. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-540-85215-5_1 VL - 15 SE - 1-13 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-58049175611&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - The secret(ion) life of worms. AU - Bird, D.M. AU - Opperman, C.H. T2 - Genome biology DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 205 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-69449107507&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - BOOK TI - Genomic analysis of the root-knot nematode genome AU - Opperman, C.H. AU - Bird, D.M. AU - Schaff, J.E. AB - Plant-parasitic nematodes cause substantial agricultural damage throughout the world, triggering as much as $100 billion in economic losses per year. Measures to control these pests are limited and include the use of agrichemi-cals such as methyl bromide (now available only on a “critical use exemption” basis) or the planting of crops that have natural resistance. However, the availability of chemical pesticides is decreasing and host resistance is limited. A better understanding of the complex interaction between plant-parasitic nematodes and their hosts is needed to develop new control strategies (including new chemicals). The vast majority of the damage is caused by sedentary endoparasitic forms in the order Tylenchida, which fall into clade IV of the Nematoda (Blaxter et al. 1998). In particular, the root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.), soybean cyst nematodes ( Heterodera glycines ), and potato cyst ( Globodera spp.) nematodes are devastating parasites of plant roots.In this chapter, we will present a brief overview of the status of genomic research on root-knot nematodes. Root-knot nematodes, in particular M. hapla, are emerging as a model species for research on sedentary endoparasites. We will discuss the impact of root-knot nematodes on the host plant and focus on genomic approaches to unraveling the complex nature of the interaction from the nematode's perspective. In addition to the complete genome sequence of M. hapla, a complete genome sequence has simultaneously been obtained for the aneuploid species, M. incognita (Abad, personal communication). In the future, comparison between these two genomes will provide fundamental clues as to the evolution and biology of root-knot nematodes. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-540-85215-5_8 VL - 15 SE - 221-237 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-58049157583&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera): A Model for Studies of Development and Pest Biology AU - Brown, S. J. AU - Shippy, T. D. AU - Miller, S. AU - Bolognesi, R. AU - Beeman, R. W. AU - Lorenzen, M. D. AU - Bucher, G. AU - Wimmer, E. A. AU - Klingler, M. T2 - Cold Spring Harbor Protocols AB - INTRODUCTION Tribolium castaneum is a small, low-maintenance beetle that has emerged as a sophisticated model system for studying the evolution of development and that complements (in some cases, even rivals) Drosophila for functional genetic analysis of basic biological questions. Although Tribolium and Drosophila are both holometabolous insects, they differ fundamentally in larval and adult morphology. Even generally conserved developmental features, such as body segmentation, are achieved by quite different means. Thus, comparison of developmental mechanisms between these two insects can address many interesting questions concerning the evolution of morphology and other characters. Genetic tools available for Tribolium include genetic maps for visible and molecular markers, chromosomal rearrangements that enable lethal mutations to be balanced in true-breeding stocks, transposon-based transformation systems, a completed and annotated genome sequence, and systemic RNA interference (RNAi), which makes it possible to knock down any given gene and even particular splice variants in the offspring or in any tissue of the injected animal. Inactivating gene functions at various developmental stages provides new opportunities to investigate post-embryonic development, as well as larval and adult physiology, including hormonal control, host-parasite interactions, and pesticide resistance. DA - 2009/8/1/ PY - 2009/8/1/ DO - 10.1101/pdb.emo126 VL - 2009 IS - 8 SP - pdb.emo126-pdb.emo126 J2 - Cold Spring Harbor Protocols LA - en OP - SN - 1559-6095 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.emo126 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tribolium castaneum Larval Gut Transcriptome and Proteome: A Resource for the Study of the Coleopteran Gut AU - Morris, Kaley AU - Lorenzen, Marcé D. AU - Hiromasa, Yasuaki AU - Tomich, John M. AU - Oppert, Cris AU - Elpidina, Elena N. AU - Vinokurov, Konstantin AU - Jurat-Fuentes, Juan Luis AU - Fabrick, Jeff AU - Oppert, Brenda T2 - Journal of Proteome Research AB - Tribolium castaneum is an important agricultural pest and an advanced genetic model for coleopteran insects. We have taken advantage of the recently acquired T. castaneum genome to identify T. castaneum genes and proteins in one of the more critical environmental interfaces of the insect, the larval alimentary tract. Genetic transcripts isolated from the T. castaneum larval gut were labeled and hybridized to a custom array containing oligonucleotides from predicted genes in the T. castaneum genome. Through a ranking procedure based on relative labeling intensity, we found that approximately 17.6% of the genes represented in the array were predicted to be highly expressed in gut tissue. Several genes were selected to compare relative expression levels in larval gut, head, or carcass tissues using quantitative real-time PCR, and expression levels were, with few exceptions, consistent with the gut rankings. In parallel with the microarrays, proteins extracted from the T. castaneum larval gut were subjected to proteomic analysis. Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis combined with MALDI-TOF resulted in the identification of 37 of 88 selected protein samples. As an alternative strategy, one-dimensional electrophoretic separation of T. castaneum larval gut proteins followed by two-dimensional nano-HPLC and ESI−MS/MS resulted in the identification of 98 proteins. A comparison of the proteomic studies indicated that 16 proteins were commonly identified in both, whereas 80 proteins from the proteomic analyses corresponded to genes with gut rankings indicative of high expression in the microarray analysis. These data serve as a resource of T. castaneum transcripts and proteins in the larval gut and provide the basis for comparative transcriptomic and proteomic studies related to the gut of coleopteran insects. DA - 2009/8/7/ PY - 2009/8/7/ DO - 10.1021/pr900168z VL - 8 IS - 8 SP - 3889–3898 SN - 1535-3893 1535-3907 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/pr900168z KW - Tribolium castaneum KW - microarray KW - proteomics KW - Coleoptera KW - insect control KW - insect gut ER - TY - JOUR TI - Large-scale insertional mutagenesis of a coleopteran stored grain pest, the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, identifies embryonic lethal mutations and enhancer traps AU - Trauner, Jochen AU - Schinko, Johannes AU - Lorenzen, Marcé D AU - Shippy, Teresa D AU - Wimmer, Ernst A AU - Beeman, Richard W AU - Klingler, Martin AU - Bucher, Gregor AU - Brown, Susan J T2 - BMC Biology AB - Given its sequenced genome and efficient systemic RNA interference response, the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum is a model organism well suited for reverse genetics. Even so, there is a pressing need for forward genetic analysis to escape the bias inherent in candidate gene approaches.To produce easy-to-maintain insertional mutations and to obtain fluorescent marker lines to aid phenotypic analysis, we undertook a large-scale transposon mutagenesis screen. In this screen, we produced more than 6,500 new piggyBac insertions. Of these, 421 proved to be recessive lethal, 75 were semi-lethal, and eight indicated recessive sterility, while 505 showed new enhancer-trap patterns. Insertion junctions were determined for 403 lines and often appeared to be located within transcription units. Insertion sites appeared to be randomly distributed throughout the genome, with the exception of a preference for reinsertion near the donor site.A large collection of enhancer-trap and embryonic lethal beetle lines has been made available to the research community and will foster investigations into diverse fields of insect biology, pest control, and evolution. Because the genetic elements used in this screen are species-nonspecific, and because the crossing scheme does not depend on balancer chromosomes, the methods presented herein should be broadly applicable for many insect species. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1186/1741-7007-7-73 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 73 J2 - BMC Biology LA - en OP - SN - 1741-7007 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-7-73 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - BeetleBase in 2010: revisions to provide comprehensive genomic information for Tribolium castaneum AU - Kim, Hee Shin AU - Murphy, Terence AU - Xia, Jing AU - Caragea, Doina AU - Park, Yoonseong AU - Beeman, Richard W. AU - Lorenzen, Marcé D. AU - Butcher, Stephen AU - Manak, J. Robert AU - Brown, Susan J. T2 - Nucleic Acids Research AB - BeetleBase (http://www.beetlebase.org) has been updated to provide more comprehensive genomic information for the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. The database contains genomic sequence scaffolds mapped to 10 linkage groups (genome assembly release Tcas_3.0), genetic linkage maps, the official gene set, Reference Sequences from NCBI (RefSeq), predicted gene models, ESTs and whole-genome tiling array data representing several developmental stages. The database was reconstructed using the upgraded Generic Model Organism Database (GMOD) modules. The genomic data is stored in a PostgreSQL relatational database using the Chado schema and visualized as tracks in GBrowse. The updated genetic map is visualized using the comparative genetic map viewer CMAP. To enhance the database search capabilities, the BLAST and BLAT search tools have been integrated with the GMOD tools. BeetleBase serves as a long-term repository for Tribolium genomic data, and is compatible with other model organism databases. DA - 2009/10/9/ PY - 2009/10/9/ DO - 10.1093/nar/gkp807 VL - 38 IS - suppl_1 SP - D437-D442 LA - en OP - SN - 0305-1048 1362-4962 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkp807 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation in Tomato spotted wilt virus Titer in Frankliniella occidentalis and Its Association with Frequency of Transmission AU - Rotenberg, Dorith AU - Krishna Kumar, Nallur K. AU - Ullman, Diane E. AU - Montero-Astúa, Mauricio AU - Willis, David K. AU - German, Thomas L. AU - Whitfield, Anna E. T2 - Phytopathology AB - Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is transmitted in a persistent propagative manner by Frankliniella occidentalis, the western flower thrips. While it is well established that vector competence depends on TSWV acquisition by young larvae and virus replication within the insect, the biological factors associated with frequency of transmission have not been well characterized. We hypothesized that the number of transmission events by a single adult thrips is determined, in part, by the amount of virus harbored (titer) by the insect. Transmission time-course experiments were conducted using a leaf disk assay to determine the efficiency and frequency of TSWV transmission following 2-day inoculation access periods (IAPs). Virus titer in individual adult thrips was determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR) at the end of the experiments. On average, 59% of adults transmitted the virus during the first IAP (2 to 3 days post adult-eclosion). Male thrips were more efficient at transmitting TSWV multiple times compared with female thrips of the same cohort. However, females harbored two to three times more copies of TSWV-N RNA per insect, indicating that factors other than absolute virus titer in the insect contribute to a successful transmission event. Examination of virus titer in individual insects at the end of the third IAP (7 days post adult-eclosion) revealed significant and consistent positive associations between frequency of transmission and virus titer. Our data support the hypothesis that a viruliferous thrips is more likely to transmit multiple times if it harbors a high titer of virus. This quantitative relationship provides new insights into the biological parameters that may influence the spread of TSWV by thrips. DA - 2009/4// PY - 2009/4// DO - 10.1094/phyto-99-4-0404 VL - 99 IS - 4 SP - 404–410 SN - 0031-949X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-99-4-0404 KW - Bunyaviridae KW - Thysanoptera KW - virus-vector interactions ER - TY - JOUR TI - Invasive leaf resources alleviate density dependence in the invasive mosquito, Aedes albopictus AU - Reiskind, Michael H. AU - Zarrabi, Ali A. AU - Lounibos, L. Philip T2 - Biological Invasions AB - Interactions between invasive species can have important consequences for the speed and impact of biological invasions. Containers occupied by the invasive mosquito, Aedes albopictus Skuse, may be sensitive to invasive plants whose leaves fall into this larval habitat. To examine the potential for interactions between invasive leaf species and larval A. albopictus, we conducted a field survey of leaf material found with A. albopictus in containers in Palm Beach County, Florida and measured density dependent responses of A. albopictus larvae to two invasive and one native leaf species in laboratory experiments. We found increased diversity of leaf species, particularly invasive species, in areas further from the urbanized coast, and a significant positive association between the presence of Schinus terebinthifolious (Brazilian pepper) and the abundance of A. albopictus. In laboratory experiments, we determined that larval growth and survivorship were significantly affected by both larval density and leaf species which, in turn, resulted in higher population performance on the most abundant invasive species (Brazilian pepper) relative to the most abundant native species, Quercus virginiana (live oak). These results suggest invasive leaf species can alleviate density dependent reductions in population performance in A. albopictus, and may contribute to its invasion success and potential to spread infectious disease. DA - 2009/11/19/ PY - 2009/11/19/ DO - 10.1007/s10530-009-9646-6 VL - 12 IS - 7 SP - 2319-2328 SN - 1387-3547 1573-1464 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-009-9646-6 KW - Vector KW - Florida KW - Live oak KW - Brazilian pepper KW - Australian pine KW - Asian tiger mosquito ER - TY - JOUR TI - Leaf species identity and combination affect performance and oviposition choice of two container mosquito species AU - Reiskind, Michael H. AU - Greene, Krystle L. AU - Lounibos, L. Philip T2 - Ecological Entomology AB - Abstract 1. Resource diversity can be an important determinant of individual and population performance in insects. Fallen parts of plants form the nutritive base for many aquatic systems, including mosquito habitats, but the effect of plant diversity on mosquito production is poorly understood. 2. To determine the effects of diverse plant inputs on larval mosquitoes, experiments were conducted that examined how leaves of Vitis aestivalis , Quercus virginiana , Psychotria nervosa , and Nephrolepis exaltata affected the container species Aedes triseriatus and Aedes albopictus . 3. The hypothesis that leaf species have different effects on larval survival, growth, population performance, and oviposition choice of the two mosquito species was tested. The hypothesis that larval performance of A. albopictus responds additively to combinations of the four plant species was also tested. 4. Larval survival and growth differed among the four leaf species, and oviposition preference differed among the two leaf species examined. Measurements of population performance demonstrated significant variation between leaf treatments. Larval outcomes for A. albopictus were significantly affected by leaf combination, and the hypothesis of additivity could be rejected. 5. These results indicate that individual leaf species are important in determining the performance of container dwelling mosquitoes, which grow larger and survive better on mixed‐species resource than expected, based on an additive model of resource utilisation. DA - 2009/8// PY - 2009/8// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2311.2008.01067.x VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 447-456 LA - en OP - SN - 0307-6946 1365-2311 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2008.01067.x DB - Crossref KW - Additivity model KW - Aedes albopictus KW - Aedes triseriatus KW - container habitats KW - Florida KW - invasive species KW - optimal oviposition theory ER - TY - JOUR TI - ALGINATE-ENCAPSULATED FORMULATION OF BACTERIA THAT ATTRACT GRAVID AEDES AEGYPTI AND AEDES ALBOPICTUS AU - PONNUSAMY, L AU - ABU AYYASH, L AU - WESSON, DM AU - SCHAL, C AU - APPERSON, CS T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 81 IS - 5 SP - 171 ER - TY - CONF TI - Genetic structure of Phytophthora infestans populations in China indicates multiple migration events AU - Guo, L AU - Zhu, X AU - Hu, C AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA C2 - 2009/// C3 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY DA - 2009/// VL - 99 SP - S48-S48 M1 - 6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome sequence and analysis of the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans AU - Haas, Brian J AU - Kamoun, Sophien AU - Zody, Michael C AU - Jiang, Rays HY AU - Handsaker, Robert E AU - Cano, Liliana M AU - Grabherr, Manfred AU - Kodira, Chinnappa D AU - Raffaele, Sylvain AU - Torto-Alalibo, Trudy AU - others T2 - Nature DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 461 IS - 7262 SP - 393 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Resistance of F1 segregating populations derived from crosses between wild banana accessions musa acuminata spp. burmannicoides 'calcutta 4' and m. balbisiana 'montpellier' to black leaf streak disease AU - Vroh-Bi, I. AU - Zandjanakou-Tachin, M. AU - M&apos AU - bah, W. AU - Tenkouano, A. AU - Ojiambo, P. AU - Bandyopadhyay, R. T2 - Acta Horticulturae DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 828 SP - 353-358 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70350093172&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recent developments in managing tuber blight of potato (Solanum tuberosum) caused by Phytophthora infestans AU - Olanya, O.M. AU - Ojiambo, P.S. AU - Nyankanga, R.O. AU - Honeycutt, C.W. AU - Kirk, W.W. T2 - Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 280-289 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77955871444&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Permanent genetic resources added to molecular ecology resources database 1 May 2009-31 July 2009 AU - Almany, G.R. AU - De Arruda, M.P. AU - Arthofer, W. AU - Atallah, Z.K. AU - Beissinger, S.R. AU - Berumen, M.L. AU - Bogdanowicz, S.M. AU - Brown, S.D. AU - Bruford, M.W. AU - Burdine, C. AU - Busch, J.W. AU - Campbell, N.R. AU - Carey, D. AU - Carstens, B.C. AU - Chu, K.H. AU - Cubeta, M.A. AU - Cuda, J.P. AU - Cui, Z. AU - Datnoff, L.E. AU - DÁvila, J.A. AU - Davis, E.S. AU - Davis, R.M. AU - Diekmann, O.E. AU - Eizirik, E. AU - Fargallo, J.A. AU - Fernandes, F. AU - Fukuda, H. AU - Gale, L.R. AU - Gallagher, E. AU - Gao, Y. AU - Girard, P. AU - Godhe, A. AU - GonÇalves, E.C. AU - Gouveia, L. AU - Grajczyk, A.M. AU - Grose, M.J. AU - Gu, Z. AU - HalldÉn, C. AU - HÄrnstrÖm, K. AU - Hemmingsen, A.H. AU - Holmes, G. AU - Huang, C.H. AU - Huang, C.-C. AU - Hudman, S.P. AU - Jones, G.P. AU - Kanetis, L. AU - Karunasagar, I. AU - Karunasagar, I. AU - Keyghobadi, N. AU - Klosterman, S.J. AU - Klug, P.E. AU - Koch, J. AU - Koopman, M.M. AU - KÖppler, K. AU - Koshimizu, E. AU - KrumbÖck, S. AU - Kubisiak, T. AU - Landis, J.B. AU - Lasta, M.L. AU - Lee, C.-Y. AU - Li, Q. AU - Li, S.-H. AU - Lin, R.-C. AU - Liu, M. AU - Liu, N. AU - Liu, W.C. AU - Liu, Y. AU - Loiseau, A. AU - Luan, W. AU - Maruthachalam, K.K. AU - McCormick, H.M. AU - Mellick, R. AU - Monnahan, P.J. AU - Morielle-Versute, E. AU - Murray, T.E. AU - Narum, S.R. AU - Neufeld, K. AU - De Nova, P.J.G. AU - Ojiambo, P.S. AU - Okamoto, N. AU - Othman, A.S. AU - Overholt, W.A. AU - Pardini, R. AU - Paterson, I.G. AU - Patty, O.A. AU - Paxton, R.J. AU - Planes, S. AU - Porter, C. AU - Pratchett, M.S. AU - PÜttker, T. AU - Rasic, G. AU - Rasool, B. AU - Rey, O. AU - Riegler, M. AU - Riehl, C. AU - Roberts, J.M.K. AU - Roberts, P.D. AU - Rochel, E. AU - Roe, K.J. AU - Rossetto, M. AU - Ruzzante, D.E. AU - Sakamoto, T. AU - Saravanan, V. AU - Sarturi, C.R. AU - Schmidt, A. AU - Schneider, M.P.C. AU - Schuler, H. AU - Serb, J.M. AU - SerrÃo, E.T.A. AU - Shi, Y. AU - Silva, A. AU - Sin, Y.W. AU - Sommer, S. AU - Stauffer, C. AU - StrÜssmann, C.A. AU - Subbarao, K.V. AU - Syms, C. AU - Tan, F. AU - Tejedor, E.D. AU - Thorrold, S.R. AU - Trigiano, R.N. AU - Trucco, M.I. AU - Tsuchiya-Jerep, M.T.N. AU - Vergara, P. AU - Van De Vliet, M.S. AU - Wadl, P.A. AU - Wang, A. AU - Wang, H. AU - Wang, R.X. AU - Wang, X. AU - Wang, Y. AU - Weeks, A.R. AU - Wei, F. AU - Werner, W.J. AU - Wiley, E.O. AU - Williams, D.A. AU - Wilkins, R.J. AU - Wisely, S.M. AU - With, K.A. AU - Wu, D. AU - Yao, C.-T. AU - Yau, C. AU - Yeap, B.-K. AU - Zhai, B.-P. AU - Zhan, X. AU - Zhang, G.-Y. AU - Zhang, S.Y. AU - Zhao, R. AU - Zhu, L. T2 - Molecular Ecology Resources DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 9 IS - 6 SP - 1460-1466 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70349920666&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome sequence and analysis of the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans AU - Haas, Brian J. AU - Kamoun, Sophien AU - Zody, Michael C. AU - Jiang, Rays H. Y. AU - Handsaker, Robert E. AU - Cano, Liliana M. AU - Grabherr, Manfred AU - Kodira, Chinnappa D. AU - Raffaele, Sylvain AU - Torto-Alalibo, Trudy AU - Bozkurt, Tolga O. AU - Ah-Fong, Audrey M. V. AU - Alvarado, Lucia AU - Anderson, Vicky L. AU - Armstrong, Miles R. AU - Avrova, Anna AU - Baxter, Laura AU - Beynon, Jim AU - Boevink, Petra C. AU - Bollmann, Stephanie R. AU - Bos, Jorunn I. B. AU - Bulone, Vincent AU - Cai, Guohong AU - Cakir, Cahid AU - Carrington, James C. AU - Chawner, Megan AU - Conti, Lucio AU - Costanzo, Stefano AU - Ewan, Richard AU - Fahlgren, Noah AU - Fischbach, Michael A. AU - Fugelstad, Johanna AU - Gilroy, Eleanor M. AU - Gnerre, Sante AU - Green, Pamela J. AU - Grenville-Briggs, Laura J. AU - Griffith, John AU - Grünwald, Niklaus J. AU - Horn, Karolyn AU - Horner, Neil R. AU - Hu, Chia-Hui AU - Huitema, Edgar AU - Jeong, Dong-Hoon AU - Jones, Alexandra M. E. AU - Jones, Jonathan D. G. AU - Jones, Richard W. AU - Karlsson, Elinor K. AU - Kunjeti, Sridhara G. AU - Lamour, Kurt AU - Liu, Zhenyu AU - Ma, LiJun AU - MacLean, Daniel AU - Chibucos, Marcus C. AU - McDonald, Hayes AU - McWalters, Jessica AU - Meijer, Harold J. G. AU - Morgan, William AU - Morris, Paul F. AU - Munro, Carol A. AU - Keith, O’Neill AU - Ospina-Giraldo, Manuel AU - Pinzón, Andrés AU - Pritchard, Leighton AU - Ramsahoye, Bernard AU - Ren, Qinghu AU - Restrepo, Silvia AU - Roy, Sourav AU - Sadanandom, Ari AU - Savidor, Alon AU - Schornack, Sebastian AU - Schwartz, David C. AU - Schumann, Ulrike D. AU - Schwessinger, Ben AU - Seyer, Lauren AU - Sharpe, Ted AU - Silvar, Cristina AU - Song, Jing AU - Studholme, David J. AU - Sykes, Sean AU - Thines, Marco AU - Vondervoort, Peter J. I. AU - Phuntumart, Vipaporn AU - Wawra, Stephan AU - Weide, Rob AU - Win, Joe AU - Young, Carolyn AU - Zhou, Shiguo AU - Fry, William AU - Meyers, Blake C. AU - West, Pieter AU - Ristaino, Jean AU - Govers, Francine AU - Birch, Paul R. J. AU - Whisson, Stephen C. AU - Judelson, Howard S. AU - Nusbaum, Chad T2 - Nature AB - The genome of Phytophthora infestans, the pathogen that triggered the Irish potato famine in the nineteenth century, has been sequenced. It remains a devastating pathogen, with late blight destroying crops worth billions of dollars each year. Blight is difficult to control, in part because it adapts so quickly to genetically resistant potato strains. Comparison with two other Phytophthora genomes shows rapid turnover and extensive expansion of specific families of secreted disease effector proteins, including many genes induced during infection that have activities thought to alter host physiology. These fast evolving effector genes are found in highly dynamic and expanded regions of the genome, a factor that may contribute to its rapid adaptability to host plants. The P. infestans genome is the biggest so far sequenced, at about 240 megabases, with an extremely high repeat content of close to 75%. It is a model organism for the oomycetes, a distinct lineage of fungus-like eukaryotes related to organisms such as brown algae and diatoms. Phytophthora infestans is a fungus-like eukaryote and the most destructive pathogen of potato, with current annual worldwide potato crop losses due to late blight estimated at $6.7 billion. Here, the sequence of the P. infestans genome is reported. Comparison with two other Phytophthora genomes showed rapid turnover and extensive expansion of certain secreted disease effector proteins, probably explaining the rapid adaptability of the pathogen to host plants. Phytophthora infestans is the most destructive pathogen of potato and a model organism for the oomycetes, a distinct lineage of fungus-like eukaryotes that are related to organisms such as brown algae and diatoms. As the agent of the Irish potato famine in the mid-nineteenth century, P. infestans has had a tremendous effect on human history, resulting in famine and population displacement1. To this day, it affects world agriculture by causing the most destructive disease of potato, the fourth largest food crop and a critical alternative to the major cereal crops for feeding the world’s population1. Current annual worldwide potato crop losses due to late blight are conservatively estimated at $6.7 billion2. Management of this devastating pathogen is challenged by its remarkable speed of adaptation to control strategies such as genetically resistant cultivars3,4. Here we report the sequence of the P. infestans genome, which at ∼240 megabases (Mb) is by far the largest and most complex genome sequenced so far in the chromalveolates. Its expansion results from a proliferation of repetitive DNA accounting for ∼74% of the genome. Comparison with two other Phytophthora genomes showed rapid turnover and extensive expansion of specific families of secreted disease effector proteins, including many genes that are induced during infection or are predicted to have activities that alter host physiology. These fast-evolving effector genes are localized to highly dynamic and expanded regions of the P. infestans genome. This probably plays a crucial part in the rapid adaptability of the pathogen to host plants and underpins its evolutionary potential. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1038/nature08358 VL - 461 IS - 7262 SP - 393-398 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70349281388&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - BOOK TI - DNA sequence analysis of the late-blight pathogen gives clues to the world-wide migration AU - Ristaino, J.B. AU - Hu, C.-H. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 834 SE - 27-40 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-75949086408&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Control of Photoperiod Sensitivity in Maize Revealed by Joint Multiple Population Analysis AU - Coles, N. D. AU - McMullen, M. D. AU - Balint-Kurti, P. J. AU - Pratt, R. C. AU - Holland, J. B. T2 - Genetics AB - Abstract Variation in maize for response to photoperiod is related to geographical adaptation in the species. Maize possesses homologs of many genes identified as regulators of flowering time in other species, but their relation to the natural variation for photoperiod response in maize is unknown. Candidate gene sequences were mapped in four populations created by crossing two temperate inbred lines to two photoperiod-sensitive tropical inbreds. Whole-genome scans were conducted by high-density genotyping of the populations, which were phenotyped over 3 years in both short- and long-day environments. Joint multiple population analysis identified genomic regions controlling photoperiod responses in flowering time, plant height, and total leaf number. Four key genome regions controlling photoperiod response across populations were identified, referred to as ZmPR1–4. Functional allelic differences within these regions among phenotypically similar founders suggest distinct evolutionary trajectories for photoperiod adaptation in maize. These regions encompass candidate genes CCA/LHY, CONZ1, CRY2, ELF4, GHD7, VGT1, HY1/SE5, TOC1/PRR7/PPD-1, PIF3, ZCN8, and ZCN19. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1534/genetics.109.110304 VL - 184 IS - 3 SP - 799-812 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Maize Disease Resistance AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter J. AU - Johal, Gurmukh S. T2 - Handbook of Maize: Its Biology AB - This chapter presents a selective view of maize disease resistance to fungal diseases, highlighting some aspects of the subject that are currently of significant interest or that we feel have been under-investigated. These include: DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1007/978-0-387-79418-1_12 SP - 229-250 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thresholds, injury, and loss relationships for thrips in Phleum pratense (Poales: Poaceae) AU - Reisig, D.D. AU - Godfrey, L.D. AU - Marcum, D.B. T2 - Environ. Entomol AB - Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) is an important forage crop in many Western U.S. states. Marketing of timothy hay is primarily based on esthetics, and green color is an important attribute. The objective of these studies was to determine a relationship between arthropod populations, yield, and esthetic injury in timothy. Economic injury levels (EILs) and economic thresholds were calculated based on these relationships. Thrips (Thripidae) numbers were manipulated with insecticides in small plot studies in 2006, 2007, and 2008, although tetranychid mite levels were incidentally flared by cyfluthrin in some experiments. Arthropod population densities were determined weekly, and yield and esthetic injury were measured at each harvest. Effects of arthropods on timothy were assessed using multilinear regression. Producers were also surveyed to relate economic loss from leaf color to the injury ratings for use in establishing EILs. Thrips population levels were significantly related to yield loss in only one of nine experiments. Thrips population levels were significantly related to injury once before the first annual harvest and twice before the second. Thrips were the most important pest in these experiments, and they were more often related to esthetic injury rather than yield loss. EILs and economic thresholds for thrips population levels were established using esthetic injury data. These results document the first example of a significant relationship between arthropod pest population levels and economic yield and quality losses in timothy. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1603/022.038.0627 VL - 38 IS - 6 SP - 1737–1744 KW - hybrid economic injury level KW - economic threshold KW - multilinear regression KW - Anaphothrips obscurus ER - TY - RPRT TI - Protect your wheat yield AU - Weisz, R. AU - Cowger, C. AU - Reisig, D. A3 - North Carolina Small Grain Growers Association DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// M3 - Pest information flyer PB - North Carolina Small Grain Growers Association ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interspecific adoption of orphaned nests by polistes paper wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) AU - Hunt, J. H. T2 - Journal of Hymenoptera Research DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 136-139 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aerial Dispersal and Multiple-Scale Spread of Epidemic Disease AU - Mundt, Christopher C. AU - Sackett, Kathryn E. AU - Wallace, LaRae D. AU - Cowger, Christina AU - Dudley, Joseph P. T2 - ECOHEALTH DA - 2009/12// PY - 2009/12// DO - 10.1007/s10393-009-0251-z VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - 546-552 SN - 1612-9210 KW - avian influenza H5N1 KW - epidemiology KW - invasive species KW - long-distance dispersal (LDD) KW - plant disease KW - West Nile virus (WNV) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recent developments in managing tuber blight of potato (Solanum tuberosum) caused by Phytophthora infestans AU - Olanya, O. M. AU - Ojiambo, P. S. AU - Nyankanga, R. O. AU - Honeycutt, C. W. AU - Kirk, W. W. T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY AB - Tuber blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, occurs wherever potato (Solanum tuberosum) is cultivated and accounts for significant losses under field and storage conditions. After decades of research in late blight, there has been substantial progress, but numerous challenges remain for the management of tuber blight. The tuber blight disease components comprising of infection pathways, tuber resistance, cultivar interactions, pathogen transmission, and survival on tubers are highlighted in this article. New fungicide chemistries, novel approaches, and cultural measures are presented along with the implications of pathogen diversity, cultivar differences, and edaphic factors on tuber blight incidence and control. With the application of molecular genetic tools in potato breeding to identify novel sources of resistance, effective control of the disease using host resistance is more likely. However, there are key elements of tuber infection and management that still need to be addressed. The quantitative relationships of inoculum load to tuber blight incidence and P. infestans interactions with edaphic factors are undetermined. Forecasting or development of predictive models for tuber blight incidence under field and storage environments will greatly improve disease management. Furthermore, quantification and characterization of the interactions between P. infestans and other storage pathogens (bacteria and fungi) or soil microbes, and the evaluation of biocontrol agents or alternative approaches for control of tuber blight may lead to effective management of this disease. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1080/07060660909507602 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 280-289 SN - 1715-2992 KW - late blight KW - disease control KW - tuber rot ER - TY - JOUR TI - Revision of the Oriental genera of Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) with an emphasis on Thailand including interactive keys to genera published in three different formats AU - Sharkey, M. J. AU - Yu, D. S. AU - Noort, S. AU - Seltmann, K. AU - Penev, L. T2 - ZooKeys DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// IS - 21 SP - 19-54 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogenetic relationships of Ceratitis fruit flies inferred from nuclear CAD and tango/ARNT gene fragments: Testing monophyly of the subgenera Ceratitis (Ceratitis) and C. (Pterandrus) AU - Barr, Norman B. AU - Wiegmann, Brian M. T2 - MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION AB - Systematic studies of Ceratitis (Tephritidae) fruit flies using molecular (i.e., COI, ND6, and period genes) and morphological (plus host-use characters) data have recently challenged the monophyly of the subgenera Ceratitis (Ceratitis) and Ceratitis (Pterandrus). In this paper, we report on the phylogenetic utility of three single-copy nuclear gene regions (two non-overlapping fragments of the carbamoylphosphate synthetase, CPS, locus of CAD, and a fragment of tango) within these taxa and investigate evolutionary relationships based on a concatenated ca. 3.4kb data set that includes the six protein encoding gene regions. Results indicate that the CAD and tango genes provide useful phylogenetic signal within the taxa and are compatible with the previously studied genes. The two subgenera, as currently classified, are not monophyletic. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses support a revised classification in which (1) the subgenus C. (Pterandrus) comprises two lineages called A and B, (2) the C. (Pterandrus) B species should be included in C. (Ceratitis), and (3) the newly defined subgenera C. (Pterandrus) (=Pterandrus section A) and C. (Ceratitis) [=C. (Ceratitis)+C. (Pterandrus) section B] are reciprocally monophyletic. DA - 2009/11// PY - 2009/11// DO - 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.008 VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - 412-424 SN - 1095-9513 KW - tango KW - ARNT KW - CAD KW - Systematics KW - Ceratitis KW - PAS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogenetic analysis and temporal diversification of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) based on nuclear genes and morphology AU - Reidenbach, Kyanne R. AU - Cook, Shelley AU - Bertone, Matthew A. AU - Harbach, Ralph E. AU - Wiegmann, Brian M. AU - Besansky, Nora J. T2 - BMC EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Background Phylogenetic analyses provide a framework for examining the evolution of morphological and molecular diversity, interpreting patterns in biogeography, and achieving a stable classification. The generic and suprageneric relationships within mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are poorly resolved, making these subjects difficult to address. Results We carried out maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood, including Bayesian, analyses on a data set consisting of six nuclear genes and 80 morphological characters to assess their ability to resolve relationships among 25 genera. We also estimated divergence times based on sequence data and fossil calibration points, using Bayesian relaxed clock methods. Strong support was recovered for the basal position and monophyly of the subfamily Anophelinae and the tribes Aedini and Sabethini of subfamily Culicinae. Divergence times for major culicid lineages date to the early Cretaceous. Conclusions Deeper relationships within the family remain poorly resolved, suggesting the need for additional taxonomic sampling. Our results support the notion of rapid radiations early in the diversification of mosquitoes. DA - 2009/12/22/ PY - 2009/12/22/ DO - 10.1186/1471-2148-9-298 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1471-2148 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gene Ontology annotation of the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae AU - Meng, Shaowu AU - Brown, Douglas E. AU - Ebbole, Daniel J. AU - Torto-Alalibo, Trudy AU - Oh, Yeon Yee AU - Deng, Jixin AU - Mitchell, Thomas K. AU - Dean, Ralph A. T2 - BMC MICROBIOLOGY AB - Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of blast disease of rice, is the most destructive disease of rice worldwide. The genome of this fungal pathogen has been sequenced and an automated annotation has recently been updated to Version 6 http://www.broad.mit.edu/annotation/genome/magnaporthe_grisea/MultiDownloads.html. However, a comprehensive manual curation remains to be performed. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation is a valuable means of assigning functional information using standardized vocabulary. We report an overview of the GO annotation for Version 5 of M. oryzae genome assembly.A similarity-based (i.e., computational) GO annotation with manual review was conducted, which was then integrated with a literature-based GO annotation with computational assistance. For similarity-based GO annotation a stringent reciprocal best hits method was used to identify similarity between predicted proteins of M. oryzae and GO proteins from multiple organisms with published associations to GO terms. Significant alignment pairs were manually reviewed. Functional assignments were further cross-validated with manually reviewed data, conserved domains, or data determined by wet lab experiments. Additionally, biological appropriateness of the functional assignments was manually checked.In total, 6,286 proteins received GO term assignment via the homology-based annotation, including 2,870 hypothetical proteins. Literature-based experimental evidence, such as microarray, MPSS, T-DNA insertion mutation, or gene knockout mutation, resulted in 2,810 proteins being annotated with GO terms. Of these, 1,673 proteins were annotated with new terms developed for Plant-Associated Microbe Gene Ontology (PAMGO). In addition, 67 experiment-determined secreted proteins were annotated with PAMGO terms. Integration of the two data sets resulted in 7,412 proteins (57%) being annotated with 1,957 distinct and specific GO terms. Unannotated proteins were assigned to the 3 root terms. The Version 5 GO annotation is publically queryable via the GO site http://amigo.geneontology.org/cgi-bin/amigo/go.cgi. Additionally, the genome of M. oryzae is constantly being refined and updated as new information is incorporated. For the latest GO annotation of Version 6 genome, please visit our website http://scotland.fgl.ncsu.edu/smeng/GoAnnotationMagnaporthegrisea.html. The preliminary GO annotation of Version 6 genome is placed at a local MySql database that is publically queryable via a user-friendly interface Adhoc Query System.Our analysis provides comprehensive and robust GO annotations of the M. oryzae genome assemblies that will be solid foundations for further functional interrogation of M. oryzae. DA - 2009/2/19/ PY - 2009/2/19/ DO - 10.1186/1471-2180-9-s1-s8 VL - 9 SP - SN - 1471-2180 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Common processes in pathogenesis by fungal and oomycete plant pathogens, described with Gene Ontology terms AU - Meng, Shaowu AU - Torto-Alalibo, Trudy AU - Chibucos, Marcus C. AU - Tyler, Brett M. AU - Dean, Ralph A. T2 - BMC MICROBIOLOGY AB - Abstract Plant diseases caused by fungi and oomycetes result in significant economic losses every year. Although phylogenetically distant, the infection processes by these organisms share many common features. These include dispersal of an infectious particle, host adhesion, recognition, penetration, invasive growth, and lesion development. Previously, many of these common processes did not have corresponding Gene Ontology (GO) terms. For example, no GO terms existed to describe processes related to the appressorium, an important structure for infection by many fungi and oomycetes. In this mini-review, we identify common features of the pathogenic processes of fungi and oomycetes and create a pathogenesis model using 256 newly developed and 38 extant GO terms, with an emphasis on the appressorium and signal transduction. This set of standardized GO terms provides a solid base to further compare and contrast the molecular underpinnings of fungal and oomycete pathogenesis. DA - 2009/2/19/ PY - 2009/2/19/ DO - 10.1186/1471-2180-9-s1-s7 VL - 9 SP - SN - 1471-2180 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Common and contrasting themes in host cell-targeted effectors from bacterial, fungal, oomycete and nematode plant symbionts described using the Gene Ontology AU - Torto-Alalibo, Trudy AU - Collmer, Candace W. AU - Lindeberg, Magdalen AU - Bird, David AU - Collmer, Alan AU - Tyler, Brett M. T2 - BMC MICROBIOLOGY AB - Abstract A wide diversity of plant-associated symbionts, including microbes, produce proteins that can enter host cells, or are injected into host cells in order to modify the physiology of the host to promote colonization. These molecules, termed effectors, commonly target the host defense signaling pathways in order to suppress the defense response. Others target the gene expression machinery or trigger specific modifications to host morphology or physiology that promote the nutrition and proliferation of the symbiont. When recognized by the host's surveillance machinery, which includes cognate resistance (R) gene products, defense responses are engaged to restrict pathogen proliferation. Effectors from diverse symbionts may be delivered into plant cells via varied mechanisms, including whole organism cellular entry (viruses, some bacteria and fungi), type III and IV secretion (in bacteria), physical injection (nematodes and insects) and protein translocation signal sequences (oomycetes and fungi). This mini-review will summarize both similarities and differences in effectors and effector delivery systems found in diverse plant-associated symbionts as well as how these are described with Plant-Associated Microbe Gene Ontology (PAMGO) terms. DA - 2009/2/19/ PY - 2009/2/19/ DO - 10.1186/1471-2180-9-s1-s3 VL - 9 IS - SUPPL. 1 SP - SN - 1471-2180 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-60849100515&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of size and reproductive quality on the outcomes of duels between honey bee queens (Apis mellifera L.) AU - Tarpy, D. R. AU - Mayer, M. K. T2 - ETHOLOGY ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION AB - Honey bee queens engage in fatal fights during colony reproductive episodes to become the next egg layer of the colony. We investigated if there is an inherent size advantage among competing queens by staging paired duels in artificial fighting arenas. We raised queens of either highor low-reproductive quality and paired queens to maximize the weight difference between them. We found that heavier queens were significantly more likely to survive than lighter queens. Given that heavier queens do not seem to have an advantage in vivo, these results suggest that there may be opposing levels of selection acting on queen duels at the individual and colony levels. DA - 2009/8// PY - 2009/8// DO - 10.1080/08927014.2009.9522503 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 147-153 SN - 1828-7131 KW - honey bee queens KW - lethal fighting KW - reproductive quality KW - colony-level selection KW - social insect reproduction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recombination and lineage-specific gene loss in the aflatoxin gene cluster of Aspergillus flavus AU - Moore, Geromy G. AU - Singh, Rakhi AU - Horn, Bruce W. AU - Carbone, Ignazio T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - Abstract Aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus are potent carcinogens that contaminate agricultural crops. Recent efforts to reduce aflatoxin concentrations in crops have focused on biological control using nonaflatoxigenic A. flavus strains AF36 (=NRRL 18543) and NRRL 21882 (the active component of afla‐guard ® ). However, the evolutionary potential of these strains to remain nonaflatoxigenic in nature is unknown. To elucidate the underlying population processes that influence aflatoxigenicity, we examined patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) spanning 21 regions in the aflatoxin gene cluster of A. flavus. We show that recombination events are unevenly distributed across the cluster in A. flavus. Six distinct LD blocks separate late pathway genes aflE , aflM , aflN , aflG , aflL , aflI and aflO , and there is no discernable evidence of recombination among early pathway genes aflA , aflB , aflC , aflD , aflR and aflS. The discordance in phylogenies inferred for the aflW/aflX intergenic region and two noncluster regions, tryptophan synthase and acetamidase, is indicative of trans‐species evolution in the cluster. Additionally, polymorphisms in aflW/aflX divide A. flavus strains into two distinct clades, each harbouring only one of the two approved biocontrol strains. The clade with AF36 includes both aflatoxigenic and nonaflatoxigenic strains, whereas the clade with NRRL 21882 comprises only nonaflatoxigenic strains and includes all strains of A. flavus missing the entire gene cluster or with partial gene clusters. Our detection of LD blocks in partial clusters indicates that recombination may have played an important role in cluster disassembly, and multilocus coalescent analyses of cluster and noncluster regions indicate lineage‐specific gene loss in A. flavus. These results have important implications in assessing the stability of biocontrol strains in nature. DA - 2009/12// PY - 2009/12// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04414.x VL - 18 IS - 23 SP - 4870-4887 SN - 1365-294X KW - ancestral recombination graph KW - balancing selection KW - coalescent KW - linkage disequilibrium ER - TY - JOUR TI - RNA interference-mediated knock-down ofBla g 1in the German cockroach,Blattella germanicaL., implicates this allergen-encoding gene in digestion and nutrient absorption AU - Suazo, A. AU - Gore, C. AU - Schal, C. T2 - Insect Molecular Biology AB - Abstract We used RNA interference (RNAi) to silence the expression of a gene encoding Bla g 1, a human allergen produced by the German cockroach, Blattella germanica L., to study its function in cockroach physiology. Females injected with 1 µg of double‐stranded RNA contained 64% less Bla g 1 protein and Bla g 1 mRNA abundance was reduced by 91.4% compared to sham‐injected females. Bla g 1 knockdown slowed the pace of weight gain, midgut growth, and colleterial gland and basal oocyte maturation, resulting in delayed egg case formation and lower fecundity. Exogenous juvenile hormone treatments rescued reproduction in RNAi‐treated females, suggesting that Bla g 1 silencing lowered endogenous juvenile hormone, probably by reducing food intake and nutrient absorption. DA - 2009/12// PY - 2009/12// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00912.x VL - 18 IS - 6 SP - 727-736 LA - en OP - SN - 0962-1075 1365-2583 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00912.x DB - Crossref KW - Blattella germanica KW - RNA interference KW - midgut protein KW - Bla g 1 KW - allergen ER - TY - JOUR TI - Masner, a new genus of Ceraphronidae (Hymenoptera, Ceraphronoidea) described using controlled vocabularies AU - Miko, I. AU - Deans, A. R. T2 - ZooKeys DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// IS - 20 SP - 127-153 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of vegetation management on autumn dispersal of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) from tomato AU - Meck, E. D. AU - Walgenbach, J. F. AU - Kennedy, G. G. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AB - Abstract Autumn dispersal of twospotted spider mite ( Tetranychus urticae Koch) from tomato to overwintering host plants was studied in field experiments during 2004–2006. Three vegetation management strategies (herbicide, cultivation and no vegetation control) were established around mite‐infested, senescing tomato plants. Tetranychus urticae dispersal was monitored using trap plants of common chickweed ( Stellaria media ) at 2, 6 and 12 m from the tomatoes within each vegetation management plot. Chickweed plants were sampled in the autumn and spring from 2004 to 2006. Sticky traps were placed next to trap plants in the autumn of 2005 to monitor aerial dispersal of mites. Mite populations infesting chickweed were low, and autumn dispersal of mites from tomatoes to the chickweed plots was considered to be short range. The vegetation management strategies had no effect on mite densities found in the chickweed, but the capture of mites on sticky traps indicated that aerial dispersal was also a means of dispersal to overwintering hosts. DA - 2009/12// PY - 2009/12// DO - 10.1111/j.1439-0418.2009.01413.x VL - 133 IS - 9-10 SP - 742-748 SN - 0931-2048 KW - aerial dispersal KW - overwinter KW - twospotted spider mite ER - TY - JOUR TI - Data publication and dissemination of interactive keys under the open access model ZooKeys working example AU - Penev, L. AU - Sharkey, M. AU - Erwin, T. AU - Noort, S. AU - Buffington, M. AU - Seltmann, K. AU - Johnson, N. AU - Taylor, M. AU - Thompson, F. C. AU - Dallwitz, M. J. T2 - ZooKeys DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// IS - 21 SP - 1-17 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regulation of female reproduction in mites: A unifying model for the Acari AU - Cabrera, Ana R. AU - Donohue, Kevin V. AU - Roe, R. Michael T2 - JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY AB - It is well established in the literature that circulating high levels of juvenile hormone (JH) are responsible for the initiation of vitellogenesis and female reproduction in most insects studied so far. Exceptions include some Diptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. The current view is that JH also regulates yolk protein (vitellogenin, Vg) synthesis and female reproduction in mites. However, there is no published evidence that mites have the common insect JHs at any stage of their development. Also, research on the effects of exogenous applications of JH and JH analogs on the reproduction of mites is contradictory. Significant information is available on the life history of mite reproduction, and new information has become available on mite storage proteins including Vg. Although initial studies suggested that ticks may respond to exogenously applied juvenile hormone or anti-JHs, current research shows that ticks cannot synthesize the common insect JHs and have no detectable levels of these hormones in their hemolymph during female reproduction. In ticks, it appears that ecdysteroids, and not JH, regulate expression of the Vg gene and the synthesis and release of Vg protein into the hemolymph. In fact within the Arthropoda, JH has been found only in insects. Methyl farnesoate and not JH regulates Vg synthesis in the Crustacea, the sister group to the insects. Based on this evidence, a new working hypothesis is proposed, i.e., that ecdysteroids and not the JHs regulate vitellogenesis in the Acari including both ticks and mites. To the present, the role of neuropeptides in the regulation of female reproduction in mites is not known. DA - 2009/12// PY - 2009/12// DO - 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.08.007 VL - 55 IS - 12 SP - 1079-1090 SN - 1879-1611 KW - Mites KW - Ticks KW - Acari KW - Vitellogenesis KW - Vitellogenin KW - Vitellin KW - Regulation KW - Juvenile hormone KW - Ecdysteroids ER - TY - JOUR TI - Peanut Cultivar Response to Damage from Tobacco Thrips and Paraquat AU - Drake, Wendy L. AU - Jordan, David L. AU - Lassiter, Bridget R. AU - Johnson, P. Dewayne AU - Brandenburg, Rick L. AU - Royals, Brian M. T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Virginia market‐type peanut cultivars in North Carolina vary in the number of days following emergence required to reach optimum maturity, and concern over cultivar response to interactions of tobacco thrips ( Frankliniella fusca Hinds) damage in absence of in‐furrow insecticide and injury from paraquat exist with respect to cultivar selection. Experiments were conducted during 2007 and 2008 to determine if cultivars vary in response to interactions of the insecticide aldicarb (no aldicarb or aldicarb applied in the seed furrow at planting) and the herbicide paraquat (no paraquat or paraquat applied 24 to 28 d after peanut emergence, DAE). The cultivar VA 98R expressed more damage from tobacco thrips than the cultivars Gregory, Perry, or Phillips. Although vegetative growth parameters varied among cultivar, aldicarb, and paraquat treatments, pod yield and market grade characteristics were not affected by the interaction of experiment, cultivar, aldicarb, and paraquat or the interaction of cultivar, aldicarb, and paraquat. Damage from tobacco thrips in absence of aldicarb affected pod yield more than injury from paraquat. The combination of tobacco thrips damage in absence of aldicarb and injury from paraquat lowered pod yield compared with aldicarb‐treated peanut either with or without paraquat regardless of cultivar. These data suggest that recommendations on use of aldicarb for tobacco thrips control or paraquat for early season weed control should not vary based on cultivar selection when considering pod yield and market grade characteristics. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2009.0185 VL - 101 IS - 6 SP - 1388-1393 SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monoalkenes as Contact Sex Pheromone Components of the Woodwasp Sirex noctilio AU - Boeroeczky, Katalin AU - Crook, Damon J. AU - Jones, Tappey H. AU - Kenny, Joshua C. AU - Zylstra, Kelley E. AU - Mastro, Victor C. AU - Tumlinson, James H. T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY DA - 2009/10// PY - 2009/10// DO - 10.1007/s10886-009-9693-6 VL - 35 IS - 10 SP - 1202-1211 SN - 1573-1561 KW - Sirex noctilio KW - Mating behavior KW - Cuticular lipids KW - Contact sex pheromone components KW - Hymenoptera KW - Siricidae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of Two Aflatrem Biosynthesis Gene Loci in Aspergillus flavus and Metabolic Engineering of Penicillium paxilli To Elucidate Their Function AU - Nicholson, Matthew J. AU - Koulman, Albert AU - Monahan, Brendon J. AU - Pritchard, Beth L. AU - Payne, Gary A. AU - Scott, Barry T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Aflatrem is a potent tremorgenic toxin produced by the soil fungus Aspergillus flavus , and a member of a structurally diverse group of fungal secondary metabolites known as indole-diterpenes. Gene clusters for indole-diterpene biosynthesis have recently been described in several species of filamentous fungi. A search of Aspergillus complete genome sequence data identified putative aflatrem gene clusters in the genomes of A. flavus and Aspergillus oryzae . In both species the genes for aflatrem biosynthesis cluster at two discrete loci; the first, ATM1 , is telomere proximal on chromosome 5 and contains a cluster of three genes, atmG , atmC , and atmM , and the second, ATM2 , is telomere distal on chromosome 7 and contains five genes, atmD , atmQ , atmB , atmA , and atmP . Reverse transcriptase PCR in A. flavus demonstrated that aflatrem biosynthesis transcript levels increased with the onset of aflatrem production. Transfer of atmP and atmQ into Penicillium paxilli paxP and paxQ deletion mutants, known to accumulate paxilline intermediates paspaline and 13-desoxypaxilline, respectively, showed that AtmP is a functional homolog of PaxP and that AtmQ utilizes 13-desoxypaxilline as a substrate to synthesize aflatrem pathway-specific intermediates, paspalicine and paspalinine. We propose a scheme for aflatrem biosynthesis in A. flavus based on these reconstitution experiments in P. paxilli and identification of putative intermediates in wild-type cultures of A. flavus . DA - 2009/12/1/ PY - 2009/12/1/ DO - 10.1128/AEM.02146-08 VL - 75 IS - 23 SP - 7469-7481 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Preventive Control of Pythium Root Dysfunction in Creeping Bentgrass Putting Greens and Sensitivity of Pythium volutum to Fungicides AU - Kerns, J. P. AU - Soika, M. D. AU - Tredway, L. P. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Pythium root dysfunction (PRD), caused by Pythium volutum, has been observed on golf course putting greens established with creeping bentgrass in the southeastern United States since 2002. To evaluate preventative strategies for management of this disease, a 3-year field experiment was conducted in Pinehurst, NC on a ‘G-2’ creeping bentgrass putting green. Fungicide treatments were applied twice in the fall (September and October) and three times in the spring (March, April, and May) in each of the 3 years. Applications of pyraclostrobin provided superior preventative control compared with the other fungicides tested. Azoxystrobin and cyazofamid provided moderate control of PRD in two of three seasons. Experiments were conducted to determine whether the disease suppression provided by pyraclostrobin was due to fungicidal activity or physiological effects on the host. In vitro sensitivity to pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, cyazofamid, mefenoxam, propamocarb, and fluopicolide was determined for 11 P. volutum isolates and 1 P. aphanidermatum isolate. Isolates of P. volutum were most sensitive to pyraclostrobin (50% effective concentration [EC 50 ] value = 0.005), cyazofamid (EC 50 = 0.004), and fluoxastrobin (EC 50 = 0.010), followed by azoxystrobin (EC 50 = 0.052), and mefenoxam (EC 50 = 0.139). P. volutum isolates were not sensitive to fluopicolide or propamocarb. Applications of pyraclostrobin did not increase the foliar growth rate or visual quality of creeping bentgrass in growth-chamber experiments. This work demonstrates that fall and spring applications of pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, and cyazofamid suppress the expression of PRD symptoms during summer and that field efficacy is related to the sensitivity of P. volutum to these fungicides. DA - 2009/12// PY - 2009/12// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-93-12-1275 VL - 93 IS - 12 SP - 1275-1280 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - MlAG12: a Triticum timopheevii-derived powdery mildew resistance gene in common wheat on chromosome 7AL AU - Maxwell, Judd J. AU - Lyerly, Jeanette H. AU - Cowger, Christina AU - Marshall, David AU - Brown-Guedira, Gina AU - Murphy, J. Paul T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 2009/11// PY - 2009/11// DO - 10.1007/s00122-009-1150-y VL - 119 IS - 8 SP - 1489-1495 SN - 1432-2242 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hatching asynchrony, survivorship, and development in young colonies of the subsocial Cockroach cryptocercus punctulatus (Dictyoptera: Cryptocercidae) AU - Nalepa, C. A. AU - Mullins, D. E. T2 - Sociobiology DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - 489-508 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effectiveness of spring burning as a physical management tactic for thrips in Phleum pretense L. (Poales: Poaceae) AU - Reisig, D.D. AU - Godfrey, L.D. AU - Marcum, D.B. T2 - Southwest. Entomol. AB - Timothy, Phleum pretense L., is an important forage crop in many western U.S. states. Thrips are an important pest of this crop. The effectiveness of field burning as an alternative management tactic for thrips is undocumented. Small-plot burn experiments were initiated with a hand-held torch in two fields in late winter 2007 and in one field on 5 March 2008. Thrips numbers assessed 2 weeks after burning. Grower-burned and nonburned fields were sampled post-burning for thrips on 20 March 2007 and 2008. In 2007, one experiment had relatively low overall abundance of thrips, and adults and larva were found only in nonburned plots. In the other 2007 experiment, more larvae were found in nonburned than burned plots, although adult numbers were similar. In 2008, the number of adults was greater in nonburned plots, while numbers of larvae were relatively low and were similar between burned and nonburned plots. There were no significant differences in thrips abundance between burned or nonburned grower fields during either year. Primarily brachypterous adults were found but both brachypterous adults and larva were found when sampling occurred later or in warmer areas. Timing of burning, in correlation with thrips phenology, was the most likely explanation for differences in population structure between years in burned plots. Population distributions were not aggregated over the spatial scales of these plot experiments. Burning was demonstrated as a possible short-term management tool, but other factors, in addition to burning, probably are important for regulating abundance in the long term. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.3958/059.034.0405 VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 407–416 SN - 2162-2647 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Education in Plant Pathology Present Status and Future Challenges AU - MacDonald, James AU - Allen, Caitilyn AU - Gadoury, David AU - Jacobi, William AU - Kelemu, Segenet AU - Moyer, James AU - Murray, Tim AU - Ong, Kevin AU - Pearson, Charles AU - Sherwood, John AU - Vidaver, Ann T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - HomePlant DiseaseVol. 93, No. 12Education in Plant Pathology: Present Status and Future Challenges PreviousNext Education in Plant Pathology: Present Status and Future ChallengesJames MacDonald, Caitilyn Allen, David Gadoury, William Jacobi, Segenet Kelemu, James Moyer, Tim Murray, Kevin Ong, Charles Pearson, John Sherwood, and Ann VidaverJames MacDonaldCorresponding author: James D. MacDonald, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis; E-mail: E-mail Address: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author, Caitilyn AllenSearch for more papers by this author, David GadourySearch for more papers by this author, William JacobiSearch for more papers by this author, Segenet KelemuSearch for more papers by this author, James MoyerSearch for more papers by this author, Tim MurraySearch for more papers by this author, Kevin OngSearch for more papers by this author, Charles PearsonSearch for more papers by this author, John SherwoodSearch for more papers by this author, and Ann VidaverSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations James MacDonald , University of California, Davis Caitilyn Allen , University of Wisconsin, Madison David Gadoury , Cornell University, Geneva, NY William Jacobi , Colorado State University, Fort Collins Segenet Kelemu , International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya James Moyer , North Carolina State University, Raleigh Tim Murray , Washington State University, Pullman Kevin Ong , Texas Plant Disease Diagnostic Lab, Texas A&M University, College Station Charles Pearson , Syngenta Crop Protection, Greensboro, NC John Sherwood , University of Georgia, Athens Ann Vidaver , University of Nebraska, Lincoln Published Online:5 Nov 2009https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-93-12-1238AboutSectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 93, No. 12 December 2009SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 5 Nov 2009Published: 5 Nov 2009 Pages: 1238-1251 Information© 2009 The American Phytopathological SocietyPDF downloadCited byThe Need and a Vision for a Diagnostic Assay Validation NetworkKitty F. Cardwell, Carrie L. Harmon, Douglas G. Luster, James P. Stack, Aimee M. Hyten, Poonam Sharma, and Mark K. Nakhla1 March 2023 | PhytoFrontiers™, Vol. 0, No. 0Addressing biohazards to food security in primary production2 July 2022 | Food Security, Vol. 14, No. 6Plant pathology in the era of new education policy: challenges and opportunities19 July 2021 | Indian Phytopathology, Vol. 74, No. 3A fresh look at graduate education in Plant Pathology in a changing world: global needs and perspectives9 March 2020 | Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 102, No. 3Finding the Gaps: An Assessment of Concepts, Skills, and Employer Expectations for Plant Pathology Foundational CoursesBrantlee Spakes Richter, Anissa Poleatewich, Maya Hayslett, and Kathryn Stofer30 August 2018 | Plant Disease, Vol. 102, No. 10Forest Health in a Changing World13 December 2014 | Microbial Ecology, Vol. 69, No. 4Networks in Plant Epidemiology: From Genes to Landscapes, Countries, and ContinentsMathieu Moslonka-Lefebvre, Ann Finley, Ilaria Dorigatti, Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Tom Harwood, Michael J. Jeger, Xiangming Xu, Ottmar Holdenrieder, and Marco Pautasso10 March 2011 | Phytopathology®, Vol. 101, No. 4Plant Pathology: A Story About BiologyAnnual Review of Phytopathology, Vol. 48, No. 1Where will the next Norman Borlaug come from? A U.S. perspective of plant pathology education and research.Plant Protection Science, Vol. 45, No. 4 DA - 2009/12// PY - 2009/12// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-93-12-1238 VL - 93 IS - 12 SP - 1238-1251 SN - 0191-2917 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cellulose Nanocrystals/Cellulose Core-in-Shell Nanocomposite Assemblies AU - Esteves Magalhaes, Washington Luiz AU - Cao, Xiaodong AU - Lucia, Lucian A. T2 - LANGMUIR AB - We report herein for the first time how a co-electrospinning technique can be used to overcome the issue of orienting cellulose nanocrystals within a neat cellulose matrix. A home-built co-electrospinning apparatus was fabricated that was comprised of a high-voltage power supply, two concentric capillary needles, and one screw-type pump syringe. Eucalyptus-derived cellulose was dissolved in N-methylmorpholine oxide (NMMO) at 120 degrees C and diluted with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) which was used in the external concentric capillary needle as the shell solution. A cellulose nanocrystal suspension obtained by the sulfuric acid hydrolysis of bleached sisal and cotton fibers was used as the core liquid in the internal concentric capillary needle. Three flow rate ratios between the shell and core, four flow rates for the shell dope solution, and four high voltages were tested. The resultant co-electrospun composite fibers were collected onto a grounded metal screen immersed in cold water. Micrometer and submicrometer cellulose fiber assemblies were obtained which were reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals and characterized by FESEM, FTIR, TGA, and XRD. Surprisingly, it was determined that the physical properties for the cellulose controls are superior to the composites; in addition, the crystallinity of the controls was slightly greater. DA - 2009/11/17/ PY - 2009/11/17/ DO - 10.1021/la901928j VL - 25 IS - 22 SP - 13250-13257 SN - 0743-7463 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The structure of the human tRNA(Lys3) anticodon bound to the HIV genome is stabilized by modified nucleosides and adjacent mismatch base pairs AU - Bilbille, Yann AU - Vendeix, Franck A. P. AU - Guenther, Richard AU - Malkiewicz, Andrzej AU - Ariza, Xavier AU - Vilarrasa, Jaume AU - Agris, Paul F. T2 - NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH AB - Replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) requires base pairing of the reverse transcriptase primer, human tRNALys3, to the viral RNA. Although the major complementary base pairing occurs between the HIV primer binding sequence (PBS) and the tRNA's 3′-terminus, an important discriminatory, secondary contact occurs between the viral A-rich Loop I, 5′-adjacent to the PBS, and the modified, U-rich anticodon domain of tRNALys3. The importance of individual and combined anticodon modifications to the tRNA/HIV-1 Loop I RNA's interaction was determined. The thermal stabilities of variously modified tRNA anticodon region sequences bound to the Loop I of viral sub(sero)types G and B were analyzed and the structure of one duplex containing two modified nucleosides was determined using NMR spectroscopy and restrained molecular dynamics. The modifications 2-thiouridine, s2U34, and pseudouridine, Ψ39, appreciably stabilized the interaction of the anticodon region with the viral subtype G and B RNAs. The structure of the duplex results in two coaxially stacked A-form RNA stems separated by two mismatched base pairs, U162•Ψ39 and G163•A38, that maintained a reasonable A-form helix diameter. The tRNA's s2U34 stabilized the interaction between the A-rich HIV Loop I sequence and the U-rich anticodon, whereas the tRNA's Ψ39 stabilized the adjacent mismatched pairs. DA - 2009/6// PY - 2009/6// DO - 10.1093/nar/gkp187 VL - 37 IS - 10 SP - 3342-3353 SN - 0305-1048 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Genomes of Root-Knot Nematodes AU - Bird, David McK. AU - Williamson, Valerie M. AU - Abad, Pierre AU - McCarter, James AU - Danchin, Etienne G. J. AU - Castagnone-Sereno, Philippe AU - Opperman, Charles H. T2 - ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - Plant-parasitic nematodes are the most destructive group of plant pathogens worldwide and are extremely challenging to control. The recent completion of two root-knot nematode genomes opens the way for a comparative genomics approach to elucidate the success of these parasites. Sequencing revealed that Meloidogyne hapla, a diploid that reproduces by facultative, meiotic parthenogenesis, encodes approximately 14,200 genes in a compact, 54 Mpb genome. Indeed, this is the smallest metazoan genome completed to date. By contrast, the 86 Mbp Meloidogyne incognita genome encodes approximately 19,200 genes. This species reproduces by obligate mitotic parthenogenesis and exhibits a complex pattern of aneuploidy. The genome includes triplicated regions and contains allelic pairs with exceptionally high degrees of sequence divergence, presumably reflecting adaptations to the strictly asexual reproductive mode. Both root-knot nematode genomes have compacted gene families compared with the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and both encode large suites of enzymes that uniquely target the host plant. Acquisition of these genes, apparently via horizontal gene transfer, and their subsequent expansion and diversification point to the evolutionary history of these parasites. It also suggests new routes to their control. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081839 VL - 47 SP - 333-351 SN - 1545-2107 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70350221931&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - asexual reproduction KW - genetics KW - horizontal gene transfer KW - Meloidogyne KW - plant parasite ER - TY - JOUR TI - Supertrees and the Tree of Life: generating a metaphylogeny for a diverse invertebrate family (Insecta : Diptera : Therevidae) using constraint trees and the parsimony ratchet to overcome low taxon overlap AU - Lambkin, Christine L. AU - Trueman, John W. H. AU - Yeates, David K. AU - Holston, Kevin C. AU - Webb, Donald W. AU - Hauser, Martin AU - Metz, Mark A. AU - Hill, Hilary N. AU - Skevington, Jeffrey H. AU - Yang, Longlong AU - Irwin, Michael E. AU - Wiegmann, Brian M. T2 - INVERTEBRATE SYSTEMATICS AB - The dipteran family Therevidae (stiletto flies) is cosmopolitan and has been the focus of many taxonomic and phylogenetic studies over the last 25 years. Despite this work, questions remain concerning the relationships between subfamilies, genera and generic groups and membership of those groups. We use the supertree method to produce an inclusive phylogeny for the family Therevidae from 24 phylogenetic studies using matrix representation with parsimony (MRP) analysis. The supertree method, one of the most common approaches to calculating globally inclusive phylogenies from smaller more exclusive analyses, produced the therevid metaphylogeny despite only 34% of the terminal taxa being found in more than one source tree. We describe a method for handling low taxon overlap in supertree analyses, in combination with the parsimony ratchet and constraint tree techniques. The supertree presented here is an overarching phylogenetic hypothesis of the Therevidae, incorporating extensive sampling of major lineages and summarising past phylogenetic work on the family. The inclusive metaphylogeny for 362 therevid taxa robustly retrieves the subfamilies Agapophytinae, Phycinae, Therevinae and Xestomyzinae, and the tribes Cyclotelini and Therevini. The Phycinae and Xestomyzinae form a clade, sister to the remaining Therevidae. The Australasian and South American Taenogera Kröber genus-group is monophyletic and sister to a clade of Therevinae and the Australian endemic Agapophytinae. The Therevinae consists of the Anabarhynchus Macquart genus-group of Australian, South American, New Caledonian and New Zealand taxa as sister to the non-Australasian ‘higher Therevinae’, which contains the tribes Cyclotelini and Therevini. The Therevini includes the Hoplosathe Lyneborg & Zaitzev, Litolinga Irwin & Lyneborg, Baryphora Loew, Pandivirilia Irwin & Lyneborg and Thereva Latreille generic-groups. MRP supertree methods can be used to produce inclusive metaphylogenies in situations where source trees have poor data overlap and low taxon overlap, and are therefore valuable in species-rich groups such as arthropods. These methods may be necessary for constructing the ‘Tree of Life’, representing phylogenetic relationships among the millions of known species. However, our analyses show that in situations of source tree conflict, MRP supertree analyses present only the majority signal. We also show that conflict between source trees can be hidden in MRP supertrees, thus our results emphasise the need to evaluate the resulting clades with reference to the source trees. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1071/is08035 VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 171-191 SN - 1447-2600 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Species-Specific Seed Dispersal in an Obligate Ant-Plant Mutualism AU - Youngsteadt, Elsa AU - Baca, Jeniffer Alvarez AU - Osborne, Jason AU - Schal, Coby T2 - PLoS ONE AB - Throughout lowland Amazonia, arboreal ants collect seeds of specific plants and cultivate them in nutrient-rich nests, forming diverse yet obligate and species-specific symbioses called Neotropical ant-gardens (AGs). The ants depend on their symbiotic plants for nest stability, and the plants depend on AGs for substrate and nutrients. Although the AGs are limited to specific participants, it is unknown at what stage specificity arises, and seed fate pathways in AG epiphytes are undocumented. Here we examine the specificity of the ant-seed interaction by comparing the ant community observed at general food baits to ants attracted to and removing seeds of the AG plant Peperomia macrostachya. We also compare seed removal rates under treatments that excluded vertebrates, arthropods, or both. In the bait study, only three of 70 ant species collected P. macrostachya seeds, and 84% of observed seed removal by ants was attributed to the AG ant Camponotus femoratus. In the exclusion experiment, arthropod exclusion significantly reduced seed removal rates, but vertebrate exclusion did not. We provide the most extensive empirical evidence of species specificity in the AG mutualism and begin to quantify factors that affect seed fate in order to understand conditions that favor its departure from the typical diffuse model of plant-animal mutualism. DA - 2009/2/4/ PY - 2009/2/4/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0004335 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - e4335 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en OP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004335 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Strains to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac Incorporated Into Different Insect Artificial Diets AU - Blanco, Carlos A. AU - Gould, Fred AU - Vega-Aquino, Paulina AU - Jurat-Fuentes, Juan Luis AU - Perera, O. P. AU - Abel, Craig A. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Journal Article Response of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Strains to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac Incorporated Into Different Insect Artificial Diets Get access Carlos A. Blanco, Carlos A. Blanco 2 2Corresponding author, e-mail: carlos.blanco@ars.usda.gov Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Fred Gould, Fred Gould Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Paulina Vega-Aquino, Paulina Vega-Aquino Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Juan Luís Jurat-Fuentes, Juan Luís Jurat-Fuentes Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar O. P. Perera, O. P. Perera Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Craig A. Abel Craig A. Abel Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 102, Issue 4, 1 August 2009, Pages 1599–1606, https://doi.org/10.1603/029.102.0426 Published: 01 August 2009 Article history Received: 16 January 2009 Accepted: 24 April 2009 Published: 01 August 2009 DA - 2009/8// PY - 2009/8// DO - 10.1603/029.102.0426 VL - 102 IS - 4 SP - 1599-1606 SN - 1938-291X KW - tobacco budworm KW - Cry1Ac-susceptibility KW - insect artificial diet comparison KW - larval growth ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intraspecific Larval Competition in the Olive Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) AU - Burrack, Hannah Joy AU - Fornell, Angela M. AU - Connell, Joseph H. AU - Neil V. O'Connell, AU - Phillips, Phil A. AU - Vossen, Paul M. AU - Zalom, Frank G. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Olive fruit flies [Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin)] occur at densities in California that can result in intraspecific larval competition within infested fruit. Larval B. oleae densities tracked in the field at six location were found to be highly variable and related to the proportion of fruit infested and adult densities. Egg and larval distribution within the field was generally aggregated early in the season and trended toward random and uniform as the season progressed. To determine whether B. oleae experienced fitness consequences at a range of larval densities observed in the field, olive fruits were infested with one, two, four, and six eggs, and larval and pupal developmental time, pupal weight, and pupal yield were compared. At the highest egg density, all measures of performance were negatively impacted, resulting in fewer and lighter pupae that took longer to pupate and emerge as adults, and even when only two larvae was present per olive, resulting pupae were significantly smaller. Density did not impact the sex ratio of the resulting flies or survive to adults. As field surveys showed, larval densities ranged from 1 to 11 B. oleae per fruit at some sites, and our results suggest that, at high densities, B. oleae do experience competition for larval resources. The impact of intraspecific larval competition North American in field populations of B. oleae is unknown, but the potential for competition is present. DA - 2009/10// PY - 2009/10// DO - 10.1603/022.038.0508 VL - 38 IS - 5 SP - 1400-1410 SN - 1938-2936 KW - invasive species KW - Olea europea KW - larval behavior KW - population dispersion ER - TY - JOUR TI - Highly polymorphic in silico-derived microsatellite loci in the potato-infecting fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 3 from the Colombian Andes AU - Ferrucho, R. L. AU - Zala, M. AU - Zhang, Z. AU - Cubeta, M. A. AU - Garcia-Dominguez, C. AU - Ceresini, P. C. T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES AB - Fourteen polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers derived from the draft genome sequence of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 3 (AG-3), strain Rhs 1AP, were designed and characterized from the potato-infecting soil fungus R. solani AG-3. All loci were polymorphic in two field populations collected from Solanum tuberosum and S. phureja in the Colombian Andes. The total number of alleles per locus ranged from two to seven, while gene diversity (expected heterozygosity) varied from 0.11 to 0.81. Considering the variable levels of genetic diversity observed, these markers should be useful for population genetic analyses of this important dikaryotic fungal pathogen on a global scale. DA - 2009/5// PY - 2009/5// DO - 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02553.x VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 1013-1016 SN - 1755-0998 KW - black scurf KW - microsatellite KW - population genetics KW - S KW - phureja KW - S KW - tuberosum KW - stem canker KW - Thanatephorus cucumeris ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gene-drive in age-structured insect populations AU - Huang, Yunxin AU - Lloyd, Alun L. AU - Legros, Mathieu AU - Gould, Fred T2 - EVOLUTIONARY APPLICATIONS AB - To date, models of gene-drive mechanisms proposed for replacing wild-type mosquitoes with transgenic strains that cannot transmit diseases have assumed no age or mating structure. We developed a more detailed model to analyze the effects of age and mating-related factors on the number of engineered insects that must be introduced into a wild population to achieve successful gene-drive based on the Medea and engineered underdominance mechanisms. We found that models without age-structure and mating details can substantially overestimate or underestimate the numbers of engineered insects that must be introduced. In general, introduction thresholds are lowest when young adults are introduced. When both males and females are introduced, assortative mating by age has little impact on the introduction threshold unless the introduced females have diminished reproductive ability because of their age. However, when only males are introduced, assortative mating by age is generally predicted to increase introduction thresholds. In most cases, introduction thresholds are much higher for male-only introductions than for both-sex introductions, but when mating is nearly random and the introduced insects are adults with Medea constructs, male-only introductions can have somewhat lower thresholds than both-sex introductions. Results from this model suggest specific parameters that should be measured in field experiments. DA - 2009/5// PY - 2009/5// DO - 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00049.x VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 143-159 SN - 1752-4571 KW - assortative mating KW - fitness cost KW - genetic control KW - mosquito KW - release threshold ER - TY - JOUR TI - GEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL VARIATION IN MOTH CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION AU - Groot, Astrid T. AU - Inglis, Olive AU - Bowdridge, Scott AU - Santangelo, Richard G. AU - Blanco, Carlos AU - Lopez, Juan D., Jr. AU - Teran Vargas, Antonio AU - Gould, Fred AU - Schal, Coby T2 - EVOLUTION AB - In moth pheromone communication signals, both quantitative and qualitative intraspecific differences have been found across geographic regions. Such variation has generally been hypothesized to be due to selection, but evidence of genetic control of these differences is largely lacking. To explore the patterns of variation in pheromone signals, we quantified variation in the female sex pheromone blend and male responses of two closely related noctuid moth species in five different geographic regions for 2-3 consecutive years. We found significant variation in the ratios of sex pheromone blend components as well as in male response, not only between geographic regions but also within a region between consecutive years. The temporal variation was of a similar magnitude as the geographic variation. As far as we know, this is the first study reporting such temporal variation in moth chemical communication systems. The geographic variation seems to at least partly be controlled by genetic factors, and to be correlated with the quality of the local chemical environment. However, the pattern of temporal variation within populations suggests that optimization of the pheromonal signal also may be driven by within-generation physiological adjustments by the moths in response to their experience of the local chemical environment. DA - 2009/8// PY - 2009/8// DO - 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00702.x VL - 63 IS - 8 SP - 1987-2003 SN - 1558-5646 KW - Experience KW - female sex pheromone KW - Heliothis subflexa KW - Heliothis virescens KW - male response KW - phenotypic plasticity KW - selection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Frequency of Bt Resistance Alleles in H-armigera During 2006-2008 in Northern China AU - Gao, Yulin AU - Wu, Kongming AU - Gould, Fred T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Helicoverpa armigera is an important lepidopteran pest of cotton in China. From 2002, the frequency of Bt resistance alleles and quantitative shifts in larval Cry1Ac tolerance of field H. armigera population were monitored using bioassays of F(1) and F(2) offspring of isofemale lines from Xiajin County of Shandong Province (an intensive Bt cotton planting area) and Anci County of Hebei Province (a multiple-crop system including corn, soybean, peanut, and Bt cotton) in northern China. During 2006-2008, a total of 2,306 isofemale lines from the Xiajin population and a total of 1,270 isofemale lines from the Anci population were successfully screened on Cry1Ac diets. For each year, it was estimated that the major resistance gene frequency in Xiajin population in 2006, 2007, and 2008 was 0, 0.00022, and 0.00033, respectively. No major alleles conferring resistance to Cry1Ac were found in the Anci population; the frequency of resistance alleles for Cry1Ac was 0. Based on the relative average development rates (RADRs) of H. armigera larvae in F(1) tests, no substantial increase in Cry1Ac tolerance was found in either location over the 3-yr period. There were also significantly positive correlations between RADR of lines in the F(1) generation and the RADR of their F(2) offspring, indicating genetic variation in response to toxin. The low frequency of resistance alleles found in this study and in our previous results from 2002 to 2005 suggest the frequency of resistance alleles has remained low and that natural refugia resistance management strategy maybe effective for delaying resistance evolution in H. armigera to Bt cotton in northern China. DA - 2009/8// PY - 2009/8// DO - 10.1603/022.038.0445 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 1336-1342 SN - 1938-2936 KW - Cry1Ac KW - Helicoverpa armigera KW - Bt cotton KW - resistance frequency ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of vitellin protein in the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) AU - Cabrera, Ana R. AU - Donohue, Kevin V. AU - Khalil, Sayed M. S. AU - Sonenshine, Daniel E. AU - Roe, R. Michael T2 - JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY AB - In mites, vitellogenin synthesis, regulation and uptake by the oocytes as vitellin remain practically unknown. Although a partial sequence of the gene is now available, no previous studies have been conducted that describe the native vitellin protein in mites. The objective of this study was to characterize vitellin in the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. The native twospotted spider mite vitellin migrated as a single major band with a molecular weight of 476+/-14.5 kDa as compared to 590+/-25.5 kDa for vitellin from the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis. However, isoelectric focusing analysis of native spider mite vitellin showed five bands with pI values slightly acidic to neutral (pH 5.8, 6.2, 6.7, 7.0 and 7.2), as is the case for insect and tick vitellins. Reducing conditions (SDS-PAGE) also revealed multiple subunits ranging from 290.9 to 3.6 kDa and was similar to that found in D. variabilis. Spider mite vitellin weakly bound lipids and carbohydrates compared to the tick. Unlike D. variabilis, the spider mite egg yolk protein does not bind heme. The significance of non-heme binding in mites is discussed. DA - 2009/7// PY - 2009/7// DO - 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.04.006 VL - 55 IS - 7 SP - 655-661 SN - 1879-1611 KW - Mite KW - Spider mite KW - Tick KW - American dog tick KW - Vitellogenin KW - Vitellin KW - Yolk protein KW - Reproduction KW - Egg ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of 8 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the neotropical ant-garden ant, Camponotus femoratus (Fabricius) AU - Booth, Warren AU - Youngsteadt, Elsa AU - Schal, Coby AU - Vargo, Edward L. T2 - CONSERVATION GENETICS DA - 2009/10// PY - 2009/10// DO - 10.1007/s10592-008-9705-z VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - 1401-1403 SN - 1572-9737 KW - Camponotus KW - Formicidae KW - Di-nucleotide microsatellite KW - Tri-nucleotide microsatellite KW - Tetra-nucleotide microsatellite ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbohydrate supply limits invasion of natural communities by Argentine ants AU - Rowles, Alexei D. AU - Silverman, Jules T2 - OECOLOGIA DA - 2009/8// PY - 2009/8// DO - 10.1007/s00442-009-1368-z VL - 161 IS - 1 SP - 161-171 SN - 1432-1939 KW - Argentine ants KW - Biological invasion KW - Resources KW - Facilitation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Skeeter Buster: A Stochastic, Spatially Explicit Modeling Tool for Studying Aedes aegypti Population Replacement and Population Suppression Strategies AU - Magori, Krisztian AU - Legros, Mathieu AU - Puente, Molly E. AU - Focks, Dana A. AU - Scott, Thomas W. AU - Lloyd, Alun L. AU - Gould, Fred T2 - PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES AB - Dengue is the most important mosquito-borne viral disease affecting humans. The only prevention measure currently available is the control of its vectors, primarily Aedes aegypti. Recent advances in genetic engineering have opened the possibility for a new range of control strategies based on genetically modified mosquitoes. Assessing the potential efficacy of genetic (and conventional) strategies requires the availability of modeling tools that accurately describe the dynamics and genetics of Ae. aegypti populations.We describe in this paper a new modeling tool of Ae. aegypti population dynamics and genetics named Skeeter Buster. This model operates at the scale of individual water-filled containers for immature stages and individual properties (houses) for adults. The biology of cohorts of mosquitoes is modeled based on the algorithms used in the non-spatial Container Inhabiting Mosquitoes Simulation Model (CIMSiM). Additional features incorporated into Skeeter Buster include stochasticity, spatial structure and detailed population genetics. We observe that the stochastic modeling of individual containers in Skeeter Buster is associated with a strongly reduced temporal variation in stage-specific population densities. We show that heterogeneity in container composition of individual properties has a major impact on spatial heterogeneity in population density between properties. We detail how adult dispersal reduces this spatial heterogeneity. Finally, we present the predicted genetic structure of the population by calculating F(ST) values and isolation by distance patterns, and examine the effects of adult dispersal and container movement between properties.We demonstrate that the incorporated stochasticity and level of spatial detail have major impacts on the simulated population dynamics, which could potentially impact predictions in terms of control measures. The capacity to describe population genetics confers the ability to model the outcome of genetic control methods. Skeeter Buster is therefore an important tool to model Ae. aegypti populations and the outcome of vector control measures. DA - 2009/9// PY - 2009/9// DO - 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000508 VL - 3 IS - 9 SP - SN - 1935-2735 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Single-copy nuclear genes resolve the phylogeny of the holometabolous insects AU - Wiegmann, Brian M. AU - Trautwein, Michelle D. AU - Kim, Jung-Wook AU - Cassel, Brian K. AU - Bertone, Matthew A. AU - Winterton, Shaun L. AU - Yeates, David K. T2 - BMC BIOLOGY AB - Evolutionary relationships among the 11 extant orders of insects that undergo complete metamorphosis, called Holometabola, remain either unresolved or contentious, but are extremely important as a context for accurate comparative biology of insect model organisms. The most phylogenetically enigmatic holometabolan insects are Strepsiptera or twisted wing parasites, whose evolutionary relationship to any other insect order is unconfirmed. They have been controversially proposed as the closest relatives of the flies, based on rDNA, and a possible homeotic transformation in the common ancestor of both groups that would make the reduced forewings of Strepsiptera homologous to the reduced hindwings of Diptera. Here we present evidence from nucleotide sequences of six single-copy nuclear protein coding genes used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships and estimate evolutionary divergence times for all holometabolan orders. Our results strongly support Hymenoptera as the earliest branching holometabolan lineage, the monophyly of the extant orders, including the fleas, and traditionally recognized groupings of Neuropteroidea and Mecopterida. Most significantly, we find strong support for a close relationship between Coleoptera (beetles) and Strepsiptera, a previously proposed, but analytically controversial relationship. Exploratory analyses reveal that this relationship cannot be explained by long-branch attraction or other systematic biases. Bayesian divergence times analysis, with reference to specific fossil constraints, places the origin of Holometabola in the Carboniferous (355 Ma), a date significantly older than previous paleontological and morphological phylogenetic reconstructions. The origin and diversification of most extant insect orders began in the Triassic, but flourished in the Jurassic, with multiple adaptive radiations producing the astounding diversity of insect species for which these groups are so well known. These findings provide the most complete evolutionary framework for future comparative studies on holometabolous model organisms and contribute strong evidence for the resolution of the 'Strepsiptera problem', a long-standing and hotly debated issue in insect phylogenetics. DA - 2009/6/24/ PY - 2009/6/24/ DO - 10.1186/1741-7007-7-34 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1741-7007 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sexual reproduction in Aspergillus flavus AU - Horn, Bruce W. AU - Moore, Geromy G. AU - Carbone, Ignazio T2 - MYCOLOGIA AB - Aspergillus flavus is the major producer of carcinogenic aflatoxins in crops worldwide and is also an important opportunistic human pathogen in aspergillosis. The sexual state of this heterothallic fungus is described from crosses between strains of the opposite mating type. Sexual reproduction occurred between sexually compatible strains belonging to different vegetative compatibility groups. Multiple, indehiscent ascocarps containing asci and ascospores formed within the pseudoparenchymatous matrix of stromata, which places the fungus in genus Petromyces. The teleomorph of P. flavus could not be distinguished from that of P. parasiticus (anamorph = A. parasiticus), another aflatoxin-producing species, based on morphology of the sexual structures. The two species can be separated by anamorph morphology, mycotoxin profile and molecular characters. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.3852/09-011 VL - 101 IS - 3 SP - 423-429 SN - 1557-2536 KW - aflatoxin KW - Aspergillus alliaceus KW - Aspergillus parasiticus KW - heterothallism KW - Petromyces alliaceus KW - Petromyces flavus KW - Petromyces parasitucus KW - Trichocomaceae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 May 2009-31 July 2009 AU - Almany, Glenn R. AU - De Arruda, Mauricio P. AU - Arthofer, Wolfgang AU - Atallah, Z. K. AU - Beissinger, Steven R. AU - Berumen, Michael L. AU - Bogdanowicz, S. M. AU - Brown, S. D. AU - Bruford, Michael W. AU - Burdine, C. AU - Busch, Jeremiah W. AU - Campbell, Nathan R. AU - Carey, D. AU - Carstens, Bryan C. AU - Chu, K. H. AU - Cubeta, Marc A. AU - Cuda, J. P. AU - Cui, Zhaoxia AU - Datnoff, L. E. AU - Davila, J. A. AU - Davis, Emily S. AU - Davis, R. M. AU - Diekmann, Onno E. AU - Eizirik, Eduardo AU - Fargallo, J. A. AU - Fernandes, Fabiano AU - Fukuda, Hideo AU - Gale, L. R. AU - Gallagher, Elizabeth AU - Gao, Yongqiang AU - Girard, Philippe AU - Godhe, Anna AU - Goncalves, Evonnildo C. AU - Gouveia, Licinia AU - Grajczyk, Amber M. AU - Grose, M. J. AU - Gu, Zhifeng AU - Hallden, Christer AU - Harnstrom, Karolina AU - Hemmingsen, Amanda H. AU - Holmes, Gerald AU - Huang, C. H. AU - Huang, Chuan-Chin AU - Hudman, S. P. AU - Jones, Geoffrey P. AU - Kanetis, Loukas AU - Karunasagar, Iddya AU - Karunasagar, Indrani AU - Keyghobadi, Nusha AU - Klosterman, S. J. AU - Klug, Page E. AU - Koch, J. AU - Koopman, Margaret M. AU - Koeppler, Kirsten AU - Koshimizu, Eriko AU - Krumboeck, Susanne AU - Kubisiak, T. AU - Landis, J. B. AU - Lasta, Mario L. AU - Lee, Chow-Yang AU - Li, Qianqian AU - Li, Shou-Hsien AU - Lin, Rong-Chien AU - Liu, M. AU - Liu, Na AU - Liu, W. C. AU - Liu, Yuan AU - Loiseau, A. AU - Luan, Weisha AU - Maruthachalam, K. K. AU - McCormick, Helen M. AU - Mellick, Rohan AU - Monnahan, P. J. AU - Morielle-Versute, Eliana AU - Murray, Tomas E. AU - Narum, Shawn R. AU - Neufeld, Katie AU - Nova, P. J. G. AU - Ojiambo, Peter S. AU - Okamoto, Nobuaki AU - Othman, Ahmad Sofiman AU - Overholt, W. A. AU - Pardini, Renata AU - Paterson, Ian G. AU - Patty, Olivia A. AU - Paxton, Robert J. AU - Planes, Serge AU - Porter, Carolyn AU - Pratchett, Morgan S. AU - Puettker, Thomas AU - Rasic, Gordana AU - Rasool, Bilal AU - Rey, O. AU - Riegler, Markus AU - Riehl, C. AU - Roberts, John M. K. AU - Roberts, P. D. AU - Rochel, Elisabeth AU - Roe, Kevin J. AU - Rossetto, Maurizio AU - Ruzzante, Daniel E. AU - Sakamoto, Takashi AU - Saravanan, V. AU - Sarturi, Cladinara Roberts AU - Schmidt, Anke AU - Cruz Schneider, Maria Paula AU - Schuler, Hannes AU - Serb, Jeanne M. AU - Serrao, Ester T. A. AU - Shi, Yaohua AU - Silva, Artur AU - Sin, Y. W. AU - Sommer, Simone AU - Stauffer, Christian AU - Struessmann, Carlos Augusto AU - Subbarao, K. V. AU - Syms, Craig AU - Tan, Feng AU - Tejedor, Eugenio Daniel AU - Thorrold, Simon R. AU - Trigiano, Robert N. AU - Trucco, Maria I. AU - Nunes Tsuchiya-Jerep, Mirian Tieko AU - Vergara, P. AU - Vliet, Mirjam S. AU - Wadl, Phillip A. AU - Wang, Aimin AU - Wang, Hongxia AU - Wang, R. X. AU - Wang, Xinwang AU - Wang, Yan AU - Weeks, Andrew R. AU - Wei, Fuwen AU - Werner, William J. AU - Wiley, E. O. AU - Williams, D. A. AU - Wilkins, Richard J. AU - Wisely, Samantha M. AU - With, Kimberly A. AU - Wu, Danhua AU - Yao, Cheng-Te AU - Yau, Cynthia AU - Yeap, Beng-Keok AU - Zhai, Bao-Ping AU - Zhan, Xiangjiang AU - Zhang, Guo-Yan AU - Zhang, S. Y. AU - Zhao, Ru AU - Zhu, Lifeng T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES AB - Abstract This article documents the addition of 512 microsatellite marker loci and nine pairs of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Alcippe morrisonia morrisonia , Bashania fangiana, Bashania fargesii , Chaetodon vagabundus , Colletes floralis , Coluber constrictor flaviventris , Coptotermes gestroi , Crotophaga major , Cyprinella lutrensis , Danaus plexippus , Fagus grandifolia , Falco tinnunculus , Fletcherimyia fletcheri, Hydrilla verticillata, Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus , Leavenworthia alabamica , Marmosops incanus , Miichthys miiuy , Nasua nasua , Noturus exilis , Odontesthes bonariensis , Quadrula fragosa, Pinctada maxima , Pseudaletia separata , Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Podocarpus elatus, Portunus trituberculatus , Rhagoletis cerasi , Rhinella schneideri, Sarracenia alata , Skeletonema marinoi , Sminthurus viridis , Syngnathus abaster , Uroteuthis ( Photololigo ) chinensis , Verticillium dahliae , Wasmannia auropunctata , and Zygochlamys patagonica. These loci were cross‐tested on the following species: Chaetodon baronessa , Falco columbarius , Falco eleonorae , Falco naumanni , Falco peregrinus , Falco subbuteo, Didelphis aurita, Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosops paulensis, Monodelphis Americana, Odontesthes hatcheri, Podocarpus grayi , Podocarpus lawrencei , Podocarpus smithii, Portunus pelagicus, Syngnathus acus, Syngnathus typhle, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) edulis, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvauceli and Verticillium albo‐atrum. This article also documents the addition of nine sequencing primer pairs and sixteen allele specific primers or probes for Oncorhynchus mykiss and Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ; these primers and assays were cross‐tested in both species. DA - 2009/11// PY - 2009/11// DO - 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02759.x VL - 9 IS - 6 SP - 1460-1466 SN - 1755-098X UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/21564933 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification and genetic diversity of Mycosphaerella species on banana and plantain in Nigeria AU - Zandjanakou-Tachin, M. AU - Vroh-Bi, I. AU - Ojiambo, P. S. AU - Tenkouano, A. AU - Gumedzoe, Y. M. AU - Bandyopadhyay, R. T2 - PLANT PATHOLOGY AB - Ribosomal coding DNA was sequenced and compared in 95 isolates of Mycosphaerella spp. collected in Nigeria and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was used to identify the species and to determine the genetic structure of the sampled geographical populations. Using reference GenBank accessions with intercontinental distributions as controls, and shared species‐specific SNPs in these control accessions, 84 (88·4%) isolates that grouped into 14 SNP haplotypes were identified as M. fijiensis , while 11 (11·6%) isolates represented by seven SNP haplotypes were characterized as M. eumusae . None of the isolates were either M. musicola or M. musae . The presence of M. fijiensis and M. eumusae in the collection was further confirmed using previously published species‐specific probes designed on actin and β‐tubulin gene sequences. A pairwise comparison of the population genetic distances revealed significant genetic differentiation between most populations ( P < 0·001), with an average F ST of 0·126, and a population structure corresponding to the four sampled geographical zones. The intraspecific dissimilarity of M. eumusae was 4·6%, compared with 2% for M. fijiensis . Compared to all the GenBank reference accessions, three sequence variations were unique to some Nigerian M. fijiensis haplotypes. Twenty‐one sequence haplotypes were identified, geographically mapped and registered in GenBank. The results indicate that M. musicola has been replaced by more frequently occurring M. fijiensis and M. eumusae , against which disease management and resistance breeding efforts should be directed in Nigeria. DA - 2009/6// PY - 2009/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2008.01988.x VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - 536-546 SN - 1365-3059 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-65649153722&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - black Sigatoka KW - genetic population structure KW - Musa species KW - ribosomal RNA genes KW - sequence haplotypes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fidelity of External Boll Feeding Lesions to Internal Damage for Assessing Stink Bug Damage in Cotton AU - Toews, Michael D. AU - Blinka, Eric L. AU - Van Duyn, John W. AU - Herbert, David A., Jr. AU - Bacheler, Jack S. AU - Roberts, Phillip M. AU - Greene, Jeremy K. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Previous research showed that the most precise estimates of stink bug damage in developing cotton bolls are obtained by collecting soft quarter-sized bolls and dissecting them for signs of internal feeding damage, such as internal boll wall warts and/or stained lint. However, this method requires considerable time and effort; therefore, scouts and growers are unwilling to invest adequate resources to make sound pest management decisions. Here, the authors evaluated enumeration of external feeding lesions on groups of 10, 15, 20, or 25 bolls per sample as an alternative sampling procedure. Results relate the similarity of external boll feeding lesions to internal damage as a function of boll sample size and external lesion tally. Inverse prediction confidence intervals (CIs) were also calculated to predict internal boll damage on a new sample based only on external feeding lesions. Results show that linear regression model fit increased when examining at least 20 bolls per sample, and only one external lesion per boll provided as good of model fit as using a minimum of two, three, or four lesions per boll. Inverse prediction CIs suggested that more than one sample (20 bolls per sample) will be required to make external lesions an acceptable method for making reasonably accurate management decisions. F-test lack of fit and significant regression models suggest that examination of external lesions is a promising a method for estimating stink bug damage in cotton. DA - 2009/6// PY - 2009/6// DO - 10.1603/029.102.0362 VL - 102 IS - 3 SP - 1344-1351 SN - 1938-291X KW - Euschistus servus KW - Acrosternum hilare KW - Nezara viridula KW - tally threshold KW - sample size ER - TY - JOUR TI - External Parasites of Neotoma magister Baird (Allegheny Woodrat) in the Cumberland Mountains and Plateau, Tennessee AU - Parker, William T. AU - Gerhardt, Reid R. AU - Muller, Lisa I. AU - Caldwell, Nathan D. AU - Castleberry, Steven B. AU - Ford, W. Mark T2 - SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST AB - We examined external parasites of Neotoma magister (Allegheny Woodrat) from the Royal Blue Wildlife Management Area in the Cumberland Mountains and Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area on the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee from November 2003 to August 2005. Typically associated with rocky habitats such as clifflines and cave entrances, the Allegheny Woodrat is considered a species of concern in Tennessee. We found external parasites on 26 out of 40 Allegheny Woodrats (prevalence = 65%), including 2 Epitedia cavernicola Traub (woodrat fleas—from 2 separate woodrats; prevalence = 5%), 63 Orchopeas pennsylvanicus Baker (woodrat fleas—collected on all 26; prevalence = 65%, intensity = 2.4/woodrat), and 5 Ixodes woodi Bishopp (Woodrat Ticks—collected from 1 woodrat; prevalence = 2.5%). Our collection represents a state record for Woodrat Ticks in Tennessee. The external parasites collected from Allegheny Woodrats in east Tennessee were considered woodrat-specific parasites and exhibited low species diversity. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1656/058.008.0115 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 167-174 SN - 1938-5412 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Pheromone-Based Management Strategies for Dogwood Borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in Commercial Apple Orchards AU - Leskey, Tracy C. AU - Bergh, J. Christopher AU - Walgenbach, James F. AU - Zhang, Aijun T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - The dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), is a serious wood-boring pest of apple in eastern North America. The recent identification of its sex pheromone and systematic documentation of the effect of a potent behavioral antagonist affords the opportunity to develop pheromone-based management strategies for this important pest. Here we evaluated the potential of pheromone-based mass trapping of males to reduce dogwood borer infestations and conducted preliminary evaluations of an antagonist-based pheromone blend for disruption of dogwood borer mate finding in commercial apple orchards in North Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia. In the mass trapping study, treatments included a conventional trunk-drench application of chlorpyrifos, a low-density mass trapping regime of 5 traps/ha, a higher-density mass trapping regime of 20 traps/ha, and an untreated control. We removed large numbers of males from orchards at all locations, with 27,155, 8,418, and 7,281 removed from high-density trapping plots in North Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia, respectively, over 2 yr. After 2 yr under each of these treatment regimes, infestation in high- and low-density mass trapping plots was not reduced to the level of chlorpyrifos-treated plots. An antagonist-based dispenser deployed at a rate of 250/ha effectively disrupted mate-finding by male dogwood borer. In plots with mating disruption dispensers, captures in pheromone-baited traps were virtually eliminated, and no males were captured in traps baited with virgin females. DA - 2009/6// PY - 2009/6// DO - 10.1603/029.102.0329 VL - 102 IS - 3 SP - 1085-1093 SN - 1938-291X KW - dogwood borer KW - mass trapping KW - antagonist-based mating disruption KW - Sesiidae KW - apple ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of the new repellent BioUD(A (R)) against three species of ixodid ticks AU - Bissinger, B. W. AU - Apperson, C. S. AU - Sonenshine, D. E. AU - Watson, D. W. AU - Roe, R. M. T2 - EXPERIMENTAL AND APPLIED ACAROLOGY AB - BioUD ® with the active ingredient 2-undecanone originally derived from wild tomato plants is a new repellent recently registered by the US EPA. Repellent efficacy of BioUD ® (7.75% 2-undecanone) and DEET (98.11%) was examined in the laboratory using a choice test between repellent-treated and control filter paper surfaces for Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, and Ixodes scapularis. BioUD ® provided greater repellency against A. americanum and I. scapularis than DEET. No difference was found between BioUD ® and DEET against D. variabilis. In head-to-head assays between BioUD ® and DEET, undiluted and 50% dilutions of BioUD® were more repellent than undiluted DEET against all three species tested. Similarly, a 25% dilution of BioUD® was more repellent than DEET against A. americanum while no difference in mean percentage repellency was found between a 25% dilution of BioUD® and DEET against I. scapularis. Based on regression analysis, the concentration of BioUD® required for equivalent repellency to 98.11% DEET was 39.5% for D. variabilis and 29.7% for I. scapularis. A log-probit model could not be constructed for A. americanum from the dosages tested. Based on filter paper head-to-head assays, BioUD® is at least 2–4 times more active as a repellent than DEET against three species of ixodid ticks under the conditions of our laboratory bioassays. DA - 2009/7// PY - 2009/7// DO - 10.1007/s10493-008-9235-x VL - 48 IS - 3 SP - 239-250 SN - 1572-9702 KW - Arthropod repellent KW - BioUD KW - DEET KW - Ticks KW - Undecanone ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Honeydew-Producing Hemipteran Denial on Local Argentine Ant Distribution and Boric Acid Bait Performance AU - Brightwell, R. J. AU - Silverman, J. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Journal Article Effects of Honeydew-Producing Hemipteran Denial on Local Argentine Ant Distribution and Boric Acid Bait Performance Get access R. J. Brightwell, R. J. Brightwell Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. Silverman J. Silverman 1 Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 1Corresponding author, e-mail: jules_silverman@ncsu.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 102, Issue 3, 1 June 2009, Pages 1170–1174, https://doi.org/10.1603/029.102.0340 Published: 01 June 2009 Article history Received: 28 October 2008 Accepted: 21 January 2009 Published: 01 June 2009 DA - 2009/6// PY - 2009/6// DO - 10.1603/029.102.0340 VL - 102 IS - 3 SP - 1170-1174 SN - 1938-291X KW - Linepithema humile KW - Mesolecanium fasciatum KW - foraging activity KW - pest management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dogwood Borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) Abundance and Seasonal Flight Activity in Apple Orchards, Urban Landscapes, and Woodlands in Five Eastern States AU - Bergh, J. C. AU - Leskey, T. C. AU - Walgenbach, J. F. AU - Klingeman, W. E. AU - Kain, D. P. AU - Zhang, A. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - The relative abundance and seasonal flight activity of dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula Harris (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), was measured using weekly records from traps baited with its sex pheromone and deployed in apple orchards, urban landscapes, and native woodland sites in New York, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee in 2005 and 2006. The mean total number of moths captured per site in apple orchards was 3,146 +/- 644 and 3095 +/- 584 SE in 2005 and 2006, respectively, exceeding captures at urban sites by 16 and 13 times and at woodland sites by 210 and 206 times in 2005 and 2006, respectively. Mean total captures at urban sites exceeded those in woodland habitats by 13 and 16 times in 2005 and 2006, respectively. The mean duration (wk) of the flight period did not differ significantly between apple orchards (22.6 +/- 0.6 SE) and urban sites (20.3 +/- 1.2 SE). The onset of flight was somewhat later in New York (around early June) than further south (around early to mid-May), but moth captures continued into October in all states. Captures in apple orchards and at urban sites with higher populations were essentially continuous throughout the flight period, with substantial weekly fluctuations, and tended to show a bimodal pattern with peaks from late May through mid-July and from late August through mid-September. Captures at woodland sites tended to occur predominantly from mid-May through about mid-June and were very sporadic thereafter. DA - 2009/6// PY - 2009/6// DO - 10.1603/022.038.0304 VL - 38 IS - 3 SP - 530-538 SN - 0046-225X KW - Synanthedon scitula KW - pheromone trapping KW - apple KW - ornamentals KW - forest ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cry2Ab Tolerance Response of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations From Cry1Ac Cotton Planting Region AU - Gao, Yulin AU - Wu, Kongming AU - Gould, Fred AU - Shen, Zhicheng T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important lepidopteran pest of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., in Asia. Transgenic cotton expressing the cry1Ac gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been widely planted for control of this pest. For managing the potential risk from resistance evolution in this pest, a new transgenic Bt cotton containing cry1Ac and cry2Ab genes (gene pyramided strategy) was designed as a successor of cry1Ac cotton. This article reports on levels of Cry2Ab tolerance in H. armigera populations from CrylAc cotton planting region in China based on bioassays of F1 and F2 offspring of isofemale lines. In total, 572 isofemale families of H. armigera from Xiajin County of Shandong Province (an intensive Bt cotton-planting area) and 124 families from Anci County of Hebei Province [a multiple-crop system, including corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Gycine max (L.) Merr., peanut (Arachis spp.), and Bt cotton] were screened with both Cry1Ac- and Cry2Ab-containing diets in 2008. The bioassays results indicated that relative average development rates (RADR) of F1 full-sib families from field-collected female moths on Cry1Ac- and Cry2Ab-containing diet were positively correlated. The same correlation was found in the F2 generation, indicating cross-tolerance between Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab in field populations of H. armigera in Yellow River cotton-farming region of China. This cross-tolerance must be considered in evaluating the utility of pyramiding Bt genes in cotton for delaying evolution of resistance. DA - 2009/6// PY - 2009/6// DO - 10.1603/029.102.0347 VL - 102 IS - 3 SP - 1217-1223 SN - 1938-291X KW - Cry1Ac KW - Cry2Ab KW - Helicoverpa armigera KW - cross-tolerance ER - TY - JOUR TI - pestMapper-A internet-based software tool for reporting and mapping biological invasions and other geographical and temporal events AU - Xia, Yulu AU - Guru, Shalini AU - VanKirk, James T2 - COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE AB - An internet-based Google® Maps application, pestMapper, is developed for sharing biological events such as invasive species and pest distribution over large geographical areas. This data gathering and mapping tool facilitates reporting, viewing, and providing alerts about important pest occurrences and research activities both regionally and globally. This Google® application provides reported events dynamically to a Google® Maps interface with detailed information displayed for each event. Users can make use of various built-in options such as region, event, pest, country, or time to display the map selectively. Alerts can be automatically sent to interested parties when system-specified types of events, such as pest outbreaks, occur. The system also generates web-based alerts for certain pre-defined events. A time slider is available for users to view temporal distributions of a biological event. Data are entered using an online data report component. The software can be modified for many other applications, such as species regional or global distribution mapping. DA - 2009/12// PY - 2009/12// DO - 10.1016/j.compag.2009.08.004 VL - 69 IS - 2 SP - 209-212 SN - 0168-1699 KW - Mapping KW - Pests KW - Agriculture KW - Invasive species KW - Reporting ER - TY - JOUR TI - Queen reproductive state modulates pheromone production and queen-worker interactions in honeybees AU - Kocher, Sarah D. AU - Richard, Freddie-Jeanne AU - Tarpy, David R. AU - Grozinger, Christina M. T2 - BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY AB - The mandibular glands of queen honeybees produce a pheromone that modulates many aspects of worker honeybee physiology and behavior and is critical for colony social organization. The exact chemical blend produced by the queen differs between virgin and mated, laying queens. Here, we investigate the role of mating and reproductive state on queen pheromone production and worker responses. Virgin queens, naturally mated queens, and queens instrumentally inseminated with either semen or saline were collected 2 days after mating or insemination. Naturally mated queens had the most activated ovaries and the most distinct chemical profile in their mandibular glands. Instrumentally inseminated queens were intermediate between virgins and naturally mated queens for both ovary activation and chemical profiles. There were no significant differences between semen- and saline-inseminated queens. Workers were preferentially attracted to the mandibular gland extracts from queens with significantly more activated ovaries. These studies suggest that the queen pheromone blend is modulated by the reproductive status of the queens, and workers can detect these subtle differences and are more responsive to queens with higher reproductive potential. Furthermore, it appears as if insemination substance does not strongly affect physiological characteristics of honeybee queens 2 days after insemination, suggesting that the insemination process or volume is responsible for stimulating these early postmating changes in honeybee queens. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1093/beheco/arp090 VL - 20 IS - 5 SP - 1007-1014 SN - 1465-7279 KW - behavior KW - caste KW - chemical communication KW - pheromone KW - reproduction KW - social insect ER - TY - JOUR TI - MISCHOCYTTARUS MEXICANUS CUBICOLA: MAJOR EXTENSION OF ITS RANGE TO TEXAS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE) AU - Carpenter, James M. AU - Hunt, James H. AU - Strassmann, Joan E. T2 - ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1664/07-SN-001R.1 VL - 115 IS - 1 SP - 95-96 SN - 1947-5136 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Jail baits: how and why nymphs mimic adult females of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica AU - Eliyahu, Dorit AU - Nojima, Satoshi AU - Mori, Kenji AU - Schal, Coby T2 - ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR AB - The male German cockroach performs a characteristic courtship behaviour upon contacting a sexually receptive female: he turns away from the female and raises his wings, thereby exposing tergal glands whose reservoirs contain phagostimulatory substances. The female then mounts the male and feeds upon these nuptial secretions; this behaviour places her in the appropriate precopulatory position. The contact sex pheromone on the cuticular surface of the female, responsible for eliciting courtship behaviour in males, consists of a blend of six components that share a common biosynthetic pathway. An excised female antenna can elicit the full courtship display in males. We found that antennae taken from either male or female nymphs of various ages also could elicit the full courtship response in adult males. We extracted lipids from the cuticular surface of nymphs and, guided by behavioural assays, we fractionated the extracts using various chromatography procedures, including flash (column) chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Mass spectrometry analysis of behaviourally active fractions revealed two classes of courtship-eliciting compounds: all nymphs possessed a novel, still unidentified compound that elicited courtship in adult males. In addition, in last-instar females, we isolated four of the six adult female-specific contact sex pheromone components, consistent with differentiation of the sexes at this stage, and the onset of sexual maturation of the pheromone biosynthetic machinery. Our results support the interpretation that nymphs engage in sexual mimicry to gain access to male-produced nuptial tergal secretions that are exposed and can be secured only during courtship. DA - 2009/11// PY - 2009/11// DO - 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.06.035 VL - 78 IS - 5 SP - 1097-1105 SN - 1095-8282 KW - Blattella germanica KW - German cockroach KW - nuptial gift KW - nymph KW - sex pheromone KW - sexual mimicry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of community-based strategies for Aedes aegypti control inside houses AU - Ocampo, Clara B. AU - Gonzalez, Camila AU - Morales, Carlos A. AU - Perez, Mauricio AU - Wesson, Dawn AU - Apperson, Charles S. T2 - BIOMEDICA AB - Dengue viruses transmitted principally by the urban mosquito Aedes aegypti, cause one of the major public health problems confronting tropical cities. Insecticide spraying has been the mainstay of mosquito control; however, its continuous use has selected for resistance. Other important methods of control involve community participation.This study evaluated two control methods for Ae. aegypti that can be used by the community: Lethal ovitraps (LOs) and Bacillus thuringiensis var israeliensis (Bti) briquettes.The project study was carried out in four similar neighborhoods within a representative district in the city of Cali, Colombia. Three interventions (LO, Bti, LO+Bti plus education and one control (education only) area were evaluated for efficacy in post-intervention entomological surveys. Additionally, entomological indices were also compared to results from a pre-intervention survey carried out on a sample of city blocks in the same neighborhoods. Relative vector abundance in relation to weather conditions using the same entomological sampling methods was compared.The interventions did not achieve significant differences in vector abundance among the treatments. However, the interventions achieved a significant reduction in entomological indices compared with those observed during the pre-intervention survey: House index 15.1% vs. 8.5%, mean pupae per house 1.15 vs. 0.073, and Adult index 56.3% vs. 34.8% (p < 0.05).The lack of significant differences among the interventions, and between treated and control blocks suggested that educational activities together with periodic visits to the houses produced similar reductions of immature and adult Aedes aegypti. DA - 2009/6// PY - 2009/6// DO - 10.7705/biomedica.v29i2.30 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 282-297 SN - 0120-4157 KW - Aedes aegypti KW - vector control KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - dengue KW - consumer participation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of Heliothis subflexa herbivory on fruit abscission by Physalis species: the roles of mechanical damage and chemical factors AU - Petzold, Jennifer AU - Brownie, Cavell AU - Gould, Fred T2 - ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Abstract. 1. Insect oral secretions are important for the induction of a number of plant responses, but the relative role of mechanical damage in the induction of these responses is often not well understood. Damage from the frugivore Heliothis subflexa , a specialist on Physalis species, causes herbivore‐induced fruit abscission. In this field study, we examined the separate and combined effects of mechanical damage and H. subflexa oral secretions on Physalis fruit abscission. 2. To determine the relative role of mechanical and chemical factors, the following treatments were administered to fruit: (1) three levels of mechanical damage, (2) natural herbivore damage by control larvae and by larvae surgically treated to inhibit saliva secretion, and (3) injection of H. subflexa oral secretions and a water control. Abscission of mechanically damaged fruit with and without the addition of oral secretions was also compared. 3. Mechanical damage was sufficient to cause fruit abscission, and the addition of oral secretions to mechanically damaged fruit did not cause an increase in fruit abscission. Normal caterpillars and those treated to inhibit saliva secretion caused similar abscission rates. 4. Though most studies examining the effects of insect oral secretions on induced plant responses find these chemical stimuli to be important or essential, the results of the present study showed that oral secretions are not necessary for fruit abscission. Future work is needed to determine the relative importance of mechanical damage in herbivore‐induced plant responses in other systems. DA - 2009/10// PY - 2009/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01109.x VL - 34 IS - 5 SP - 603-613 SN - 1365-2311 KW - Fruit abscission KW - Heliothis subflexa KW - herbivore-induced plant defences KW - insect oral secretions KW - mechanical damage KW - Physalis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparative Efficacy of BioUD to Other Commercially Available Arthropod Repellents against the Ticks Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis on Cotton Cloth AU - Bissinger, Brooke W. AU - Zhu, Jiwei AU - Apperson, Charles S. AU - Sonenshine, Daniel E. AU - Watson, D. Wesley AU - Roe, R. Michael T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE AB - BioUD is an arthropod repellent that contains the active ingredient 2-undecanone originally derived from wild tomato plants. Repellency of BioUD was compared with five commercially available arthropod repellents against the ticks Amblyomma americanum (L.) and Dermacentor variabilis Say in two-choice bioassays on treated versus untreated cotton cheesecloth. Overall mean percentage repellency against both species was greatest for and did not differ significantly between BioUD (7.75% 2-undecanone) and products containing 98.1% DEET, 19.6% IR3535, and 30% oil of lemon eucalyptus. Products containing 5% and 15% Picaridin and 0.5% permethrin were also repellent compared with untreated controls but to a lesser degree than BioUD. The four most active repellents at the same concentrations used before were directly compared in head-to-head bioassays on cotton cheesecloth. BioUD provided significantly greater overall mean percentage repellency than IR3535 for A. americanum and D. variabilis. BioUD was significantly more repellent than oil of lemon eucalyptus for A. americanum but did not differ significantly in repellency against D. variabilis. No statistically significant difference in overall mean percentage repellency was found between BioUD and DEET for A. americanum or D. variabilis. In a 7-week time course bioassay, BioUD applied to cotton cheesecloth and held at room temperature provided 5 weeks of > 90% repellency against A. americanum. DA - 2009/10// PY - 2009/10// DO - 10.4269/ajtmh.2009.09-0114 VL - 81 IS - 4 SP - 685-690 SN - 1476-1645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Appearance of Powdery Mildew of Wheat Caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp tritici on Pm17-Bearing Cultivars in North Carolina. AU - Cowger, C. AU - Parks, R. AU - Marshall, D. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Pm17 is a gene for resistance to powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer f. sp. tritici. The gene was first confirmed in the wheat-rye translocation cultivar Amigo (1). In Amigo, the translocation is T1AL-1RS and the 1RS arm has the gene Pm17. In the mid-Atlantic United States, at least two widely deployed soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, McCormick (2) and Tribute (3), possess Pm17 inherited from Amigo. Before 2009, low frequencies of mostly intermediate virulence to Pm17 were detected among isolates from research plots of highly susceptible cultivars (4), but Pm17-bearing cultivars remained immune to mildew in the field. In April 2009, moderately severe powdery mildew was observed for the first time throughout plots of McCormick, Tribute, and other cultivars in both Kinston and Raleigh, NC. At Kinston, Pm17 virulence was observed at two research sites, separated by approximately 10 km, throughout plots of Amigo, McCormick, Tribute, and the hard red winter wheat cultivar TAM 303, which also contains Pm17. In the same month, virulence to Pm17 was observed in Raleigh throughout rows and plots of Amigo and TAM 303. In Kinston and Raleigh, ratings of powdery mildew severity on the Pm17-containing cultivars were 4 or 5 on a scale of 0 to 9, with 0 being the absence of mildew pustules and 9 the most severe mildew infection. Mildew was observed on leaves of all ages. Mildewed leaves were collected from field plots of all four Pm17-bearing cultivars, and an assay to confirm Pm17 virulence was conducted in the laboratory. Mixed-isolate cultures were derived from the leaves and a detached-leaf assay was performed using Amigo, which is the standard Pm17 differential (4). All tested cultures were fully to moderately virulent on Pm17 and all were fully virulent on the susceptible control Chancellor. In the field, chasmothecia (sexual fruiting bodies) were observed on Pm17-bearing cultivars. Together with the quantitatively varying Pm17 virulence detected in the laboratory assay, this suggests that multiple strains of Pm17-virulent B. graminis f. sp. tritici may be present in the field, although that has not yet been demonstrated. Pm17 has protected wheat from powdery mildew over a substantial area in the mid-Atlantic United States. The loss of Pm17 is the most important virulence shift in the U.S. wheat powdery mildew population since Pm4a became ineffective around 2002. Isolates virulent to Pm17 can be expected to appear and multiply in wheat-producing states of the mid-Atlantic United States, including Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Thus, the urgency of developing and releasing wheat cultivars with other sources of effective mildew resistance is heightened. References: (1) B. Friebe et al. Euphytica 91:59, 1996. (2) C. A. Griffey et al. Crop Sci. 45:416, 2005. (3) C. A. Griffey et al. Crop Sci. 45:419, 2005. (4) R. Parks et al. Plant Dis. 92:1074, 2008. DA - 2009/11// PY - 2009/11// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-93-11-1219B VL - 93 IS - 11 SP - 1219-1219 SN - 0191-2917 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A technique for assessing environmental impact risks of agricultural systems AU - Sydorovych, Olha AU - Raczkowski, Charles W. AU - Wossink, Ada AU - Mueller, J. Paul AU - Creamer, Nancy G. AU - Hu, Shuijin AU - Bell, Melissa AU - Tu, Cong T2 - RENEWABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS AB - Abstract Conventional agriculture often aims to achieve high returns without allowing for sustainable natural resource management. To prevent environmental degradation, agricultural systems must be assessed and environmental standards need to be developed. This study used a multi-factor approach to assess the potential environmental impact risk of six diverse systems: five production systems and a successional system or abandoned agronomic field. Assessment factors were soil quality status, amount of pesticide and fertilizer applied and tillage intensity. The assessment identified the best management practices (BMP)–conventional tillage system as a high-risk system mostly because of extensive tillage. The certified organic system was also extensively tilled and was characterized by P build-up in the soil, but performed well based on other assessment factors. Conversely, the BMP–no tillage and the crop–animal integrated system were characterized as low risk mainly because of reduced tillage. The paper discusses assessment strengths and weaknesses, ways to improve indicators used, and the need for additional indicators. We concluded that with further development the technique will become a resourceful tool to promote agricultural sustainability and environmental stewardship and assist policy-making processes. DA - 2009/9// PY - 2009/9// DO - 10.1017/S174217050999010X VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - 234-243 SN - 1742-1713 KW - environmental impact assessment KW - environmental risk indicators KW - agricultural production systems KW - soil quality KW - large-scale systems experiment KW - best management practices KW - farming systems ER - TY - JOUR TI - Repeated climate-linked host shifts have promoted diversification in a temperate clade of leaf-mining flies AU - Winkler, Isaac S. AU - Mitter, Charles AU - Scheffer, Sonja J. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - A central but little-tested prediction of “escape and radiation” coevolution is that colonization of novel, chemically defended host plant clades accelerates insect herbivore diversification. That theory, in turn, exemplifies one side of a broader debate about the relative influence on clade dynamics of intrinsic (biotic) vs. extrinsic (physical-environmental) forces. Here, we use a fossil-calibrated molecular chronogram to compare the effects of a major biotic factor (repeated shift to a chemically divergent host plant clade) and a major abiotic factor (global climate change) on the macroevolutionary dynamics of a large Cenozoic radiation of phytophagous insects, the leaf-mining fly genus Phytomyza (Diptera: Agromyzidae). We find one of the first statistically supported examples of consistently elevated net diversification accompanying shift to new plant clades. In contrast, we detect no significant direct effect on diversification of major global climate events in the early and late Oligocene. The broader paleoclimatic context strongly suggests, however, that climate change has at times had a strong indirect influence through its effect on the biotic environment. Repeated rapid Miocene radiation of these flies on temperate herbaceous asterids closely corresponds to the dramatic, climate-driven expansion of seasonal, open habitats. DA - 2009/10/27/ PY - 2009/10/27/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.0904852106 VL - 106 IS - 43 SP - 18103-18108 SN - 0027-8424 KW - adaptive radiation KW - coevolution KW - climate change KW - macroevolution KW - Agromyzidae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regulation of brain gene expression in honey bees by brood pheromone AU - Alaux, C. AU - Le Conte, Y. AU - Adams, H. A. AU - Rodriguez-Zas, S. AU - Grozinger, C. M. AU - Sinha, S. AU - Robinson, G. E. T2 - GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR AB - Pheromones are very important in animal communication. To learn more about the molecular basis of pheromone action, we studied the effects of a potent honey bee pheromone on brain gene expression. Brood pheromone (BP) caused changes in the expression of hundreds of genes in the bee brain in a manner consistent with its known effects on behavioral maturation. Brood pheromone exposure in young bees causes a delay in the transition from working in the hive to foraging, and we found that BP treatment tended to upregulate genes in the brain that are upregulated in bees specialized on brood care but downregulate genes that are upregulated in foragers. However, the effects of BP were age dependent; this pattern was reversed when older bees were tested, consistent with the stimulation of foraging by BP in older bees already competent to forage. These results support the idea that one way that pheromones influence behavior is by orchestrating large‐scale changes in brain gene expression. We also found evidence for a relationship between cis and BP regulation of brain gene expression, with several cis ‐regulatory motifs statistically overrepresented in the promoter regions of genes regulated by BP. Transcription factors that target a few of these motifs have already been implicated in the regulation of bee behavior. Together these results demonstrate strong connections between pheromone effects, behavior, and regulation of brain gene expression. DA - 2009/4// PY - 2009/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1601-183X.2009.00480.x VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - 309-319 SN - 1601-183X KW - Behavioral maturation KW - cis-regulatory element KW - gene expression KW - honey bee KW - pheromone ER - TY - JOUR TI - QTL analysis of sex pheromone blend differences between two closely related moths: Insights into divergence in biosynthetic pathways AU - Groot, Astrid T. AU - Estock, Marie L. AU - Horovitz, Joy L. AU - Hamilton, Jennifer AU - Santangelo, Richard G. AU - Schal, Coby AU - Gould, Fred T2 - INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB - To understand the evolution of premating signals in moths, it is important to know the genetic basis of these signals. We conducted Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) analysis by hybridizing two noctuid moth species, Heliothis virescens (Hv) and Heliothis subflexa (Hs), and backcrossing the F(1) females to males of both parental species. One of these backcrosses (F(1) x Hs) was a biological replicate of our previous study (Sheck et al., 2006) and served to test the robustness of our previous findings. The backcross to Hv was designed to reveal QTL with recessive inheritance of the Hv character state. This study confirms previously discovered QTL, but also reports new QTL. Most importantly, we found relatively large QTL affecting Z9-16:Ald, the critical sex pheromone component of Hs. For Z9-14:Ald, the critical sex pheromone component of Hv, as well as for the minor pheromone compound 14:Ald, we found QTL in which the change in pheromone ratio was opposite-to-expected. Linking QTL to the biosynthetic pathways of the pheromone compounds of Hv and Hs implicates several candidate genes in the divergence of these premating signals, the most important of which are acetyl transferase, one or more desaturase(s), and a fatty acyl reductase or alcohol oxidase. DA - 2009/8// PY - 2009/8// DO - 10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.05.002 VL - 39 IS - 8 SP - 568-577 SN - 1879-0240 KW - Noctuidae KW - Heliothis virescens KW - Heliothis subflexa KW - Sex pheromone production KW - Biosynthetic pathway KW - Candidate genes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential for Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) to Transmit Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens into Cotton Bolls AU - Medrano, Enrique Gino AU - Esquivel, Jesus AU - Bell, Alois AU - Greene, Jeremy AU - Roberts, Phillip AU - Bacheler, Jack AU - Marois, James AU - Wright, David AU - Nichols, Robert AU - Lopez, Juan T2 - CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY DA - 2009/10// PY - 2009/10// DO - 10.1007/s00284-009-9452-5 VL - 59 IS - 4 SP - 405-412 SN - 0343-8651 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polymorphic microsatellite loci for the ant-garden ant, Crematogaster levior (Forel) AU - Booth, Warren AU - Youngsteadt, Elsa AU - Schal, Coby AU - Vargo, Edward L. T2 - CONSERVATION GENETICS AB - Throughout Amazonia, the ant Crematogaster levior is known for its participation in a complex ant-garden mutualism with the ant Camponotus femoratus and several species of epiphytic plants for which it plays an important role in seed viability. We isolated nine polymorphic microsatellite loci for C. levior from a genomic library enriched for di-, tri-, and tetra-nucleotide repeats. Two to 14 alleles were detected per locus, with levels of observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.103 to 0.785. DA - 2009/6// PY - 2009/6// DO - 10.1007/s10592-008-9597-y VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 639-641 SN - 1572-9737 KW - Crematogaster KW - Formicidae KW - Di-nucleotide microsatellite KW - Tri-nucleotide microsatellite KW - Tetra-nucleotide microsatellite ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogeny and systematics of the leafhopper subfamily Ledrinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) AU - Jones, J. R. AU - Deitz, L. L. T2 - Zootaxa DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// IS - 2186 SP - 1- ER - TY - JOUR TI - NEW STATE RECORDS OF TREEHOPPERS (HEMIPTERA: MEMBRACIDAE) FOR DELAWARE, MARYLAND, MISSISSIPPI, PENNSYLVANIA, AND WEST VIRGINIA AU - Wallace, Matthew S. AU - Bartlett, Charles R. AU - Deitz, Lewis L. AU - Rothschild, Mark J. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON AB - New state records are presented for 27 species of North American treehoppers (Membracidae) as follows: Delaware (21 spp.), Maryland (3), Mississippi (1), Pennsylvania (2), and West Virginia (1). DA - 2009/7// PY - 2009/7// DO - 10.4289/0013-8797-111.3.734 VL - 111 IS - 3 SP - 734-738 SN - 0013-8797 KW - distribution KW - membracids KW - North America ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular Diversity and Evolutionary Processes of Alternaria solani in Brazil Inferred Using Genealogical and Coalescent Approaches AU - Lourenco, Valdir, Jr. AU - Moya, Andres AU - Gonzalez-Candelas, Fernando AU - Carbone, Ignazio AU - Maffia, Luiz A. AU - Mizubuti, Eduardo S. G. T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - Alternaria spp. form a heterogeneous group of saprophytic and plant-pathogenic fungi widespread in temperate and tropical regions. However, the relationship between evolutionary processes and genetic diversity with epidemics is unknown for several plant-pathogenic Alternaria spp. The interaction of Alternaria solani populations with potato and tomato plants is an interesting case study for addressing questions related to molecular evolution of an asexual fungus. Gene genealogies based on the coalescent process were used to infer evolutionary processes that shape the A. solani population. Sequences of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the genes which encode the allergenic protein alt a 1 (Alt a 1) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gpd) were used to estimate haplotype and nucleotide diversity as well as for the coalescent analyses. The highest number of parsimony informative sites (n = 14), nucleotide diversity (0.007), and the average number of nucleotide differences (3.20) were obtained for Alt a 1. Although the highest number of haplotypes (n = 7) was generated for ITS, haplotype diversity was the lowest (0.148) for this region. Recombination was not detected. Subdivision was inferred from populations associated with hosts but there was no evidence of geographic subdivision, and gene flow is occurring among subpopulations. In the analysis of the Alt a 1, balancing selection and population expansion or purifying selection could have occurred in A. solani subpopulations associated with potato and tomato plants, respectively. There is strong evidence that the subpopulation of A. solani that causes early blight in potato is genetically distinct from the subpopulation that causes early blight in tomato. The population of A. solani is clonal, and gene flow and mutation are the main evolutionary processes shaping its genetic structure. DA - 2009/6// PY - 2009/6// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO-99-6-0765 VL - 99 IS - 6 SP - 765-774 SN - 1943-7684 KW - molecular epidemiology KW - population genetics KW - variability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Male engorgement factor: Role in stimulating engorgement to repletion in the ixodid tick, Dermacentor variabilis AU - Donohue, Kevin V. AU - Khalil, Sayed M. S. AU - Ross, Elizabeth AU - Mitchell, Robert D. AU - Roe, R. Michael AU - Sonenshine, Daniel E. T2 - JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Mating in ticks results in profound physiological changes that eventually results in egg production. In the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, mating causes partially blood-fed female ticks to commence rapid engorgement to repletion and eventual detachment from the host and egg laying. The peptidic male pheromone (engorgement factor alpha/beta) transferred to the female during mating is known only from a single tick species, Amblyomma hebraeum, and was shown to consist of two peptides produced in the testis/vas deferens (TVD) and not in the male accessory gland (MAG). In the current study, we obtained 2704bp of sequence data for efalpha from D. variabilis, of 7kb as determined by Northern blot, and show that it is also present in the Southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus and the deer tick, Ixodes scapularis. Analysis of the male gonad transcriptome by pyrosequencing produced 563,093 reads of which 636 matched with efalpha; none matched with efbeta. No evidence of efbeta orthologs could be found in any publicly available database including the I. scapularis genome. Silencing efalpha in male ticks failed to significantly reduce the engorgement weight of females compared to controls. Injection of sephadex beads, replete female synganglia, fed male MAG, fed male TVD, or replete female vagina/seminal receptacle (VA/SR), separately, failed to initiate feeding to repletion like that found in normally mated females. However, a small percentage of females injected with VA/SR that fed beyond the arbitrary weight for repletion of 300mg, produced brown eggs (an indication of vitellogenin uptake by the oocytes). The greatest effect was observed in female ticks injected with a suspension of MAG and TVD combined; 50% fed to repletion and all of these dropped off from the host and laid brown eggs. The effect was abolished if the aqueous fraction of the MAG/TVD homogenate only was injected suggesting that EF in ticks is a non-secreted membrane-bound or intracellular protein. Overall, these data suggest that EFalpha in D. variabilis is not an engorgement factor. DA - 2009/10// PY - 2009/10// DO - 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.05.019 VL - 55 IS - 10 SP - 909-918 SN - 1879-1611 KW - Engorgement factor KW - Voraxin KW - Testis KW - Male accessory gland KW - Dermacentor variabilis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integration of DNA barcoding into an ongoing inventory of complex tropical biodiversity AU - Janzen, Daniel H. AU - Hallwachs, Winnie AU - Blandin, Patrick AU - Burns, John M. AU - Cadiou, Jean-Marie AU - Chacon, Isidro AU - Dapkey, Tanya AU - Deans, Andrew R. AU - Epstein, Marc E. AU - Espinoza, Bernardo AU - Franclemont, John G. AU - Haber, William A. AU - Hajibabaei, Mehrdad AU - Hall, Jason P. W. AU - Hebert, Paul D. N. AU - Gauld, Ian D. AU - Harvey, Donald J. AU - Hausmann, Axel AU - Kitching, Ian J. AU - Lafontaine, Don AU - Landry, Jean-Francois AU - Lemaire, Claude AU - Miller, Jacqueline Y. AU - Miller, James S. AU - Miller, Lee AU - Miller, Scott E. AU - Montero, Jose AU - Munroe, Eugene AU - Green, Suzanne Rab AU - Ratnasingham, Sujeevan AU - Rawlins, John E. AU - Robbins, Robert K. AU - Rodriguez, Josephine J. AU - Rougerie, Rodolphe AU - Sharkey, Michael J. AU - Smith, M. Alex AU - Solis, M. Alma AU - Sullivan, J. Bolling AU - Thiaucourt, Paul AU - Wahl, David B. AU - Weller, Susan J. AU - Whitfield, James B. AU - Willmott, Keith R. AU - Wood, D. Monty AU - Woodley, Norman E. AU - Wilson, John J. T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES AB - Inventory of the caterpillars, their food plants and parasitoids began in 1978 for today's Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG), in northwestern Costa Rica. This complex mosaic of 120 000 ha of conserved and regenerating dry, cloud and rain forest over 0-2000 m elevation contains at least 10 000 species of non-leaf-mining caterpillars used by more than 5000 species of parasitoids. Several hundred thousand specimens of ACG-reared adult Lepidoptera and parasitoids have been intensively and extensively studied morphologically by many taxonomists, including most of the co-authors. DNA barcoding - the use of a standardized short mitochondrial DNA sequence to identify specimens and flush out undisclosed species - was added to the taxonomic identification process in 2003. Barcoding has been found to be extremely accurate during the identification of about 100 000 specimens of about 3500 morphologically defined species of adult moths, butterflies, tachinid flies, and parasitoid wasps. Less than 1% of the species have such similar barcodes that a molecularly based taxonomic identification is impossible. No specimen with a full barcode was misidentified when its barcode was compared with the barcode library. Also as expected from early trials, barcoding a series from all morphologically defined species, and correlating the morphological, ecological and barcode traits, has revealed many hundreds of overlooked presumptive species. Many but not all of these cryptic species can now be distinguished by subtle morphological and/or ecological traits previously ascribed to 'variation' or thought to be insignificant for species-level recognition. Adding DNA barcoding to the inventory has substantially improved the quality and depth of the inventory, and greatly multiplied the number of situations requiring further taxonomic work for resolution. DA - 2009/5// PY - 2009/5// DO - 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02628.x VL - 9 SP - 1-26 SN - 1755-0998 KW - Area de Conservacion Guanacaste KW - Braconidae KW - COI KW - Costa Rica KW - DNA barcoding KW - Lepidoptera KW - species identification KW - Tachinidae KW - taxonomy KW - tropical biodiversity inventory ER - TY - JOUR TI - German Cockroach Allergen Levels in North Carolina Schools: Comparison of Integrated Pest Management and Conventional Cockroach Control AU - Nalyanya, Godfrey AU - Gore, J. Chad AU - Linker, H. Michael AU - Schal, Coby T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Cockroach suppression is fundamental to cockroach allergen mitigation in infested homes. The effects of various cockroach control strategies on cockroach populations and allergen concentration have not been examined in schools. This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of integrated pest management (IPM) and conventional pest control in controlling German cockroach (Blattella germanica L.) infestations and concentrations of the cockroach allergen Bla g 1 in public school buildings. Two school districts included six schools that used conventional pest control and one district included seven schools that used IPM to control pests. Cockroach traps were deployed to assess the level of infestation, settled dust samples were collected in food service areas, classrooms, and other school areas, and the Bla g 1 allergen was quantified by ELISA. Both cockroach counts and Bla g 1 concentrations were dependent on the pest control approach, with highly significant differences between IPM-treated schools and conventionally treated schools in both the cockroach mean trap counts (0 versus 82.6 +/- 17.3 cockroaches/trap/wk, respectively) and in the amount of Bla g 1 in dust samples (2.8 +/- 0.3 versus 30.6 +/- 3.4 U/g dust). Cockroaches and Bla g 1 were primarily associated with food preparation and food service areas and much less with classrooms and offices. Our data extend recent findings from studies in homes, showing that cockroach allergens can be reduced by cockroach elimination alone or by integrating several tactics including education, cleaning, and pest control. IPM is not only effective at controlling cockroaches but also can lead to long-term reductions in cockroach allergen concentrations, resulting in a healthier environment for students and school personnel. DA - 2009/5// PY - 2009/5// DO - 10.1603/033.046.0302 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - 420-427 SN - 1938-2928 KW - cockroaches KW - cockroach allergen KW - Bla g.1 KW - integrated pest management KW - schools ER - TY - JOUR TI - Density-Dependent Intraspecific Competition in the Larval Stage of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): Revisiting the Current Paradigm AU - Legros, Mathieu AU - Lloyd, Alun L. AU - Huang, Yunxin AU - Gould, Fred T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Density-dependent intraspecific competition has been considered an important determinant of the dynamics of larval stages of Aedes aegypti. A model was published in 1984 providing a mathematical description of this density dependence, based on field data, that has since been widely used. This description, however, is based on the strong assumption that all mortality is density-dependent. We re-examine the data without this premise and find a reduced importance of density dependence, as well as a different functional form. Based on these discrepancies, we emphasize that the characterization of density dependence in the larval stages of Ae. aegypti should be based on a more complete dataset, and we use artificially generated data to explore how such additional information could help developing a better description of this density dependence. We review other empirical studies on larval competition, discuss the need for further dedicated studies, and provide a few simple guidelines for the design of such studies. DA - 2009/5// PY - 2009/5// DO - 10.1603/033.046.0301 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - 409-419 SN - 0022-2585 KW - Aedes aegypti KW - density dependence KW - intraspecific competition KW - mathematical model KW - parameter estimation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Colony Fusion in Argentine Ants is Guided by Worker and Queen Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Similarity AU - Vasquez, Gissella M. AU - Schal, Coby AU - Silverman, Jules T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY DA - 2009/8// PY - 2009/8// DO - 10.1007/s10886-009-9656-y VL - 35 IS - 8 SP - 922-932 SN - 1573-1561 KW - Argentine ant KW - Linepithema humile KW - Nestmate recognition KW - Cuticular hydrocarbons KW - Intraspecific aggression KW - Colony fusion KW - Supercoloniality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Population Genetic Analysis of an Eastern US Wheat Powdery Mildew Population Reveals Geographic Subdivision and Recent Common Ancestry with UK and Israeli Populations AU - Parks, Ryan AU - Carbone, Ignazio AU - Murphy, J. Paul AU - Cowger, Christina T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - The structure of the U.S. wheat powdery mildew population (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) has not been previously investigated, and the global evolutionary history of B. graminis f. sp. tritici is largely unknown. After gathering 141 single-ascosporic B. graminis f. sp. tritici isolates from 10 eastern U.S. locations, 34 isolates from the United Kingdom, and 28 isolates from Israel, we analyzed pathogen population structure using presumptively neutral markers. DNA was extracted from conidia, primers for 12 “housekeeping” genes were designed, and amplicons were examined for polymorphism. Four genes were found to contain a total of 12 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the U.S. population and were also analyzed in the U.K. and Israeli populations. In total, 25 haplotypes were inferred from the four concatenated genes, with 2 haplotypes comprising over 70% of the U.S. population. Using Hudson's tests and analysis of molecular variance, we found the wheat mildew isolates subdivided into four groups corresponding to distinct regions: the mid-Atlantic United States, the southern United States, the United Kingdom, and Israel. Genotypic diversity was greatest in samples from the United Kingdom, Israel, Virginia, and Kinston, NC. Using rarefaction, a procedure that compensates for differing sample sizes when estimating population richness and diversity, we found that cooler locations with greater conduciveness to regular powdery mildew epidemics had the greatest haplotype richness. Our results suggest that the eastern U.S. B. graminis f. sp. tritici population is young, descended recently from Old World populations with isolation and genetic drift, and is currently subdivided into northern and southern subpopulations. DA - 2009/7// PY - 2009/7// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO-99-7-0840 VL - 99 IS - 7 SP - 840-849 SN - 1943-7684 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Novel insecticide polymer chemistry to reduce the enzymatic digestion of a protein pesticide, trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF) AU - Shen, Hongyan AU - Brandt, Alan AU - Witting-Bissinger, Brooke E. AU - Gunnoe, T. Brent AU - Roe, R. Michael T2 - PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY AB - A limiting factor in the use of proteins as insecticides, especially when the site of action is in the insect hemocoel, is protease degradation in the digestive system and hemolymph and movement across the midgut ventriculus. Trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF) is a per os mosquito peptidic larvacide which moves across the digestive system and binds to receptors on the hemolymph side of the gut where the hormone inhibits protease synthesis and food utilization ultimately causing death. In the current study, the in vitro degradation of TMOF by the digestive enzyme, leucine aminopeptidase, was inhibited by conjugation of TMOF-K with aliphatic polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers. Structure activity studies demonstrated a correlation between the molecular weight of the PEG polymer and resistance to digestion and show proof of concept that aliphatic-PEG protein polymerization can be used to prevent protease degradation of a protein insecticide. DA - 2009/3// PY - 2009/3// DO - 10.1016/j.pestbp.2009.02.004 VL - 93 IS - 3 SP - 144-152 SN - 1095-9939 KW - Insecticide KW - Protein KW - Polymer chemistry KW - Trypsin modulating oostatic factor KW - TMOF KW - Polyethylene glycol KW - Digestion KW - Protease KW - Leucine aminopeptidase KW - Protein delivery ER - TY - JOUR TI - Infection strategies of filamentous microbes described with the Gene Ontology AU - Torto-Alalibo, Trudy AU - Meng, Shaowu AU - Dean, Ralph A. T2 - TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY AB - Filamentous microbes that form highly developed symbiotic associations (ranging from pathogenesis to mutualism) with their hosts include fungi, oomycetes and actinomycete bacteria. These organisms share many common features in growth, development and infection and have evolved similar strategies for neutralizing host defense responses to establish symbioses. Recent advances in sequencing technologies have led to a remarkable increase in the number of sequenced genomes of filamentous organisms. Analysis of the available genomes has provided useful information about genes that might be important for host infection and colonization. However, because many functional similarities among these organisms have arisen by convergent evolution, sequence-based genomic comparisons will miss many genes that are functionally analogous. In the absence of sequence similarity, annotating genes with standardized terms from the Gene Ontology (GO) can facilitate functional comparisons. Here, we review common strategies employed by filamentous organisms during colonization of their hosts, with reference to GO terms that best describe the processes involved. Filamentous microbes that form highly developed symbiotic associations (ranging from pathogenesis to mutualism) with their hosts include fungi, oomycetes and actinomycete bacteria. These organisms share many common features in growth, development and infection and have evolved similar strategies for neutralizing host defense responses to establish symbioses. Recent advances in sequencing technologies have led to a remarkable increase in the number of sequenced genomes of filamentous organisms. Analysis of the available genomes has provided useful information about genes that might be important for host infection and colonization. However, because many functional similarities among these organisms have arisen by convergent evolution, sequence-based genomic comparisons will miss many genes that are functionally analogous. In the absence of sequence similarity, annotating genes with standardized terms from the Gene Ontology (GO) can facilitate functional comparisons. Here, we review common strategies employed by filamentous organisms during colonization of their hosts, with reference to GO terms that best describe the processes involved. filamentous or rod-shaped bacteria of the order Actinomycetales. extracellular component around mesophyll cells in a plant. swollen dome-shaped structure differentiated from germ tube to facilitate penetration of the host plant. symbionts that depend entirely on their host for their nutrients and as such preserve the viability of their host. a class of mostly aquatic fungi. non-motile asexual spores that develop off conidiophores in certain oomycetes and fungi. fungi that live asymptomatically within a plant tissue for part of its life. germination hypha, which emerges from a spore and often penetrates the host tissue. specialized branch of a hypha formed inside a host cell by certain fungi and oomycetes in order to obtain nourishment from their host. symbionts that initially inhabit living host cells and as infection proceeds, actively kill the host to obtain nutrients from dead tissues. a class of cysteine-rich proteins that form hydrophobic coating on surfaces. fungi that form mutualistic association with the roots of plants. symbiont that kills host tissues during colonization and obtains nutrients from the dead matter. organisms that resemble filamentous fungi but are evolutionarily related to heterokont biflagellate algae in the kingdom Stramenopila. molecules that are found in microorganisms but not in the host. a serine protease similar to subtilisin and characterized by a catalytic triad of amino acids that include aspartate, histidine and serine. a spherical vesicle found in the cytoplasm of zoospores. asexual spores which use flagella for locomotion. DA - 2009/7// PY - 2009/7// DO - 10.1016/j.tim.2009.05.003 VL - 17 IS - 7 SP - 320-327 SN - 1878-4380 ER - TY - JOUR TI - FIRST NORTH AMERICAN RECORDS OF THE EAST PALEARCTIC SEED BEETLE BRUCHIDIUS TERRENUS (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE: BRUCHINAE), A SPECIALIST ON MIMOSA (ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN, FABACEAE) AU - Hoebeke, E. Richard AU - Wheeler, A. G., Jr. AU - Kingsolver, John M. AU - Stephan, David L. T2 - FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST AB - The eastern Palearctic bruchine seed beetle Bruchidius terrenus (Sharp) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae), a specialist seed predator of mimosa or silk tree (Albizia julibrissin), is reported for the first time in North America based on collections from seven southeastern states. This is the third Asian insect species recently reported from A. julibrissin in the United States. A diagnosis, description, photographs of the adult, a summary of the known U.S. distribution, notes on seasonal history, and a revision to an existing key to North American Bruchidius are presented. DA - 2009/9// PY - 2009/9// DO - 10.1653/024.092.0304 VL - 92 IS - 3 SP - 434-440 SN - 1938-5102 KW - Coleoptera KW - Chrysomelidae KW - Bruchinae KW - Bruchidius terrenus KW - adventive KW - invasive species KW - new records ER - TY - JOUR TI - Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and O-3 Differentially Alter Nitrogen Acquisition in Peanut AU - Tu, Cong AU - Booker, Fitzgerald L. AU - Burkey, Kent O. AU - Hu, Shuijin T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - ABSTRACT Elevated atmospheric CO 2 and ozone (O 3 ) may affect productivity of legumes in part by altering symbiotic N 2 fixation. To investigate this possibility, measurements of plant biomass, N levels and natural 15 N abundance (δ 15 N) were used to examine the effects of elevated CO 2 and O 3 on N acquisition in field‐grown peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) using open‐top chambers. Seasonal 12‐h daily average CO 2 treatment concentrations were 376, 550, and 730 μmol mol −1 Carbon dioxide treatments were applied in reciprocal combinations with seasonal 12‐h daily average O 3 concentrations of 21, 49, and 79 nmol mol −1 At mid‐vegetative growth, elevated CO 2 significantly reduced leaf N concentrations by up to 44%, but not δ 15 N values. Elevated O 3 did not significantly affect N concentrations or δ 15 N values. At harvest, plant N concentrations were similar among treatments except for a 14% reduction in the highest‐level CO 2 –O 3 treatment. Plant N accumulation varied in proportion with treatment effects on biomass production, which was increased with elevated CO 2 when averaged over the O 3 treatments and suppressed by high‐level O 3 at ambient CO 2 Elevated CO 2 reduced plant δ 15 N values in low‐ and mid‐level O 3 treatments while mid‐ and high‐level O 3 increased them at ambient CO 2 The changes in δ 15 N values suggested that N 2 fixation activity was stimulated with elevated CO 2 and inhibited by elevated O 3 Elevated CO 2 ameliorated detrimental O 3 effects to varying extents depending on the concentrations of the two gases. These results indicated that interactions between CO 2 and O 3 on plant physiology can alter N acquisition processes, with impacts on peanut productivity likely dependent in part on these changes. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2008.10.0603 VL - 49 IS - 5 SP - 1827-1836 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of symbiotic bacteria and tree chemistry on the growth and reproduction of bark beetle fungal symbionts AU - Adams, A. S. AU - Currie, C. R. AU - Cardoza, Y. AU - Klepzig, K. D. AU - Raffa, K. F. T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - Bark beetles are associated with diverse assemblages of microorganisms, many of which affect their interactions with host plants and natural enemies. We tested how bacterial associates of three bark beetles with various types of host relationships affect growth and reproduction of their symbiotic fungi. Fungi were exposed to volatiles from bacteria in an arena that imposed physical separation but shared airspace. We also exposed fungi to vapors of the host compound, α-pinene, and to combinations of bacterial volatiles and α-pinene. Bacterial volatiles commonly stimulated growth of Leptographium procerum (W.B. Kendr.) M.J. Wingf. and Grosmannia clavigera (Rob.-Jeffr. & R.W. Davidson) Zipfel, Z.W. de Beer & Wingf., which are symbiotic fungi of Dendroctonus valens LeConte and Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, respectively. They less commonly stimulated growth of Ophiostoma ips (Rumbold) Nannf., which is associated with Ips grandicollis Eichhoff. Some bacteria inhibited L. procerum, Ophiostoma montium (Rumbold) von Arx (another associate of D. ponderosae), and O. ips. Bacteria greatly stimulated spore production of symbionts of D. valens and D. ponderosae. α-Pinene strongly affected some of these relationships, causing amplification, reduction, or reversal of the interactions among the bacteria and fungi. Our results show that some bacteria associated with bark beetles directly affect fungal symbionts and interact with tree chemistry to affect fungal growth and sporulation. The strongest effects were induced by bacteria associated with beetles adapted to attacking living trees with vigorous defenses, and on fungal reproductive structures. DA - 2009/6// PY - 2009/6// DO - 10.1139/X09-034 VL - 39 IS - 6 SP - 1133-1147 SN - 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survey and phylogenetic analysis of culturable microbes in the oral secretions of three bark beetle species AU - Cardoza, Yasmin J. AU - Vasanthakumar, Archana AU - Suazo, Alonso AU - Raffa, Kenneth F. T2 - ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA AB - Abstract In a recent study, we reported a previously undescribed behavior in which a bark beetle exuded oral secretions containing bacteria that have antifungal properties, and hence defend their galleries against pervasive antagonistic Hyphomycete fungi. Actinobacteria, a group known for their antibiotic properties, were the most effective against fungi that invade the spruce beetle galleries. In the present study, we describe the isolation and identification of microorganisms from oral secretions of three bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae): the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby, the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, and the pine engraver, Ips pini Say. Bacteria isolated from these three species span the major bacterial classes α‐, β‐, and γ‐Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, except for D. ponderosae , which yielded no α‐proteobacteria or Bacteroidetes isolates. Spruce beetles and pine engraver beetles had similar numbers of α‐proteobacteria isolates, but pine engravers yielded twice as many Bacteroidetes isolates as spruce beetles. In contrast, mountain pine beetles yielded more isolates in the β‐ and γ‐proteobacteria than spruce beetles and pine engravers. The highest percentage of Actinobacteria was obtained from spruce beetles, followed by pine engravers and mountain pine beetles. All of the fungal isolates obtained from the three beetle species were Ascomycetes. The greatest fungal diversity was obtained in spruce beetles, which had nine species, followed by pine engravers with five, and mountain pine beetles with one. DA - 2009/5// PY - 2009/5// DO - 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2009.00844.x VL - 131 IS - 2 SP - 138-147 SN - 1570-7458 KW - fungi KW - bacteria KW - symbiosis KW - microbial diversity KW - Dendroctonus rufipennis KW - Dendroctonus ponderosae KW - Ips pini KW - Coleoptera KW - Curculionidae KW - Scolytinae KW - 16S rRNA sequence ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sex Pheromone of the Scarab Beetle Phyllophaga (Phytalus) georgiana (Horn) AU - Robbins, Paul S. AU - Nojima, Satoshi AU - Polavarapu, Sridhar AU - Koppenhoefer, Albrecht M. AU - Rodriguez-Saona, Cesar AU - Holdcraft, Robert J. AU - Consolie, Nancy H. AU - Peck, Daniel C. AU - Roelofs, Wendell L. T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY AB - The sex pheromone of Phyllophaga (Phytalus) georgiana was characterized as valine methyl ester, tentatively the l-enantiomer. This is the first sex pheromone identified from the Phyllophaga subgenus Phytalus. The pheromone was extracted from female glands, the active component isolated by coupled gas chromatography–electroantennogram detection analysis, characterized by mass spectrometry, and shown to be active in field tests. The seasonal flight pattern was determined for P. georgiana as well as for three other species, P. anxia (both northern and southern genitalic forms), P. gracilis, and P. postrema. The latter three species were captured in traps baited with l-isoleucine methyl ester. DA - 2009/3// PY - 2009/3// DO - 10.1007/s10886-009-9593-9 VL - 35 IS - 3 SP - 336-341 SN - 1573-1561 KW - L-Valine methyl ester KW - L-Isoleucine methyl ester KW - Scarabaeidae KW - Melolonthinae KW - Cranberries ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential of Aspergillus flavus genomics for applications in biotechnology AU - Cleveland, Thomas E. AU - Yu, Jiujiang AU - Fedorova, Natalie AU - Bhatnagar, Deepak AU - Payne, Gary A. AU - Nierman, William C. AU - Bennett, Joan W. T2 - TRENDS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY AB - Aspergillus flavus is a common saprophyte and opportunistic pathogen that produces numerous secondary metabolites. The primary objectives of the A. flavus genomics program are to reduce and eliminate aflatoxin contamination in food and feed and to discover genetic factors that contribute to plant and animal pathogenicity. A. flavus expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and whole-genome sequencing have been completed. Annotation of the A. flavus genome has revealed numerous genes and gene clusters that are potentially involved in the formation of aflatoxin and other secondary metabolites, as well as in the degradation of complex carbohydrate polymers. Analysis of putative secondary metabolism pathways might facilitate the discovery of new compounds with pharmaceutical properties, as well as new enzymes for biomass degradation. DA - 2009/3// PY - 2009/3// DO - 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.11.008 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - 151-157 SN - 1879-3096 ER - TY - JOUR TI - First Report of Impatiens necrotic spot virus in Blackberry in the Southeastern United States AU - Tzanetakis, I. E. AU - Guzman-Baeny, T. L. AU - VanEsbroeck, Z. P. AU - Fernandez, G. E. AU - Martin, R. R. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Blackberry yellow vein disease (BYVD) has emerged as an important disease of blackberry (Rubus spp.) in the south and southeastern United States (2,3). In an effort to characterize viruses that may be involved in the disease, double-stranded RNA extracted from a symptomatic ‘Apache’ blackberry from South Carolina was used for shotgun cDNA cloning (4). Sequence analysis showed that in addition to Blackberry yellow vein associated virus (BYVaV) (2), a constant component of BYVD, sequences of Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) also were obtained. The 623-nt fragment of INSV (Genbank Accession No. EU287930) shared 98% nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity with GenBank Accession No. NC003616. Confirmation of the results of the initial shotgun cloning was done by reverse transcription-PCR with primers INSVF (5′ GATCTGTCCTGGGATTGTTC 3′) and INSVR (5′ GTCTCCTTCTGGTTCTATAATCAT 3′) that amplify a 460 base fragment of the M RNA of INSV. Amplicons obtained from single-stranded and dsRNA templates were sequenced and found to be identical with EU287930. The identity of INSV by PCR was also supported by positive results with a commercially available INSV-ELISA kit (AC Diagnostics, Fayetteville, AR). Earlier, more than 400 plants from North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia with BYVD and other virus-like symptoms were tested for INSV by ELISA and approximately 33% were found to be infected with the virus (1). Thus, INSV appears to be one of the major viruses infecting blackberry in the southeastern United States, and it remains to be seen if INSV acts synergistically with BYVaV and other viruses to contribute to the severity of BYDV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of INSV infecting Rubus spp. References: (1) T. L. Guzmán-Baeny. M.S. thesis. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 2003. (2) J. Susaimuthu et al. Plant Pathol. 55:607, 2006. (3) J. Susaimuthu et al. Virus Res. 131:145, 2008. (4) I. E. Tzanetakis et al. J. Virol. Methods 124:73, 2005. DA - 2009/4// PY - 2009/4// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-93-4-0432A VL - 93 IS - 4 SP - 432-432 SN - 0191-2917 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of the Insect Growth Regulator, Methoprene, on Onthophagus taurus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) AU - Nino, Elina L. AU - Sorenson, Clyde E. AU - Washburn, Steven P. AU - Watson, D. Wes T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - A bioassay was conducted to determine the impact of methoprene, an insect growth regulator (IGR), on fecundity, larval survival, and size of progeny for Onthophagus taurus Schreber. Adult O. taurus dung beetles were offered methoprene-treated manure in three to five replications each at concentrations of 0.08, 0.45, and 4.5 ppm, respectively. An additional group of adult beetles was immersed in a methoprene-water solution and allowed to reproduce in containers with untreated manure. Data from all treatment groups were compared with untreated control groups. Methoprene did not seem to hinder brood production at 0.45 ppm. Survival of O. taurus was not affected by methoprene-treated manure at 0.08 ppm or when parent beetles were immersed in methoprene-water solution. However, progeny survival was significantly reduced on manure treated with methoprene at 4.5 ppm. Mean pronotal width of O. taurus progeny was significantly smaller in beetles fed methoprene-treated manure (4.5 ppm). The low dose of 0.08 ppm did not affect pronotal widths nor did topical application of methoprene to adults affect pronotal widths in resulting offspring. Although some adverse effects of methoprene were observed at higher concentrations, use of methoprene at concentrations of 0.08 ppm as part of a horn fly control program likely would not greatly affect populations of O. taurus, the most common paracoprid dung beetle in North Carolina. DA - 2009/4// PY - 2009/4// DO - 10.1603/022.038.0224 VL - 38 IS - 2 SP - 493-498 SN - 1938-2936 KW - Onthophagus taurus KW - dung beetles KW - methoprene KW - insect growth regulator ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of soil invertebrates to disturbance across three resource regions in North Carolina AU - Barbercheck, M. E. AU - Neher, D. A. AU - Anas, O. AU - El-Allaf, S. M. AU - Weicht, T. R. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT DA - 2009/5// PY - 2009/5// DO - 10.1007/s10661-008-0315-5 VL - 152 IS - 1-4 SP - 283-298 SN - 1573-2959 KW - Soil KW - Microarthropods KW - Collembola KW - Mites KW - Enchytraeids KW - Biological indicators KW - Environmental monitoring KW - Biodiversity KW - Wetlands ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heme-binding storage proteins in the Chelicerata AU - Donohue, Kevin V. AU - Khalil, Sayed M. S. AU - Sonenshine, Daniel E. AU - Roe, R. Michael T2 - JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Lipoglycoproteins in the Chelicerata that bind and store heme appear to represent a unique evolutionary strategy to both mitigate the toxicity of heme and utilize the molecule as a prosthetic group. Knowledge of heme-binding storage proteins in these organisms is in its infancy and much of what is known is from studies with vitellogenins (Vg) and more recently the main hemolymph storage protein in ixodid ticks characterized as a hemelipoglyco-carrier protein (CP). Data have also been reported from another arachnid, the black widow spider, Latrodectus mirabilis, and seem to suggest that the heme-binding capability of these large multimeric proteins is not a phenomenon found only in the Acari. CP appears to be most closely related to Vg in ticks in terms of primary structure but post-translational processing is different. Tick CP and L. mirabilis high-density lipoprotein 1 (HDL1) are similar in that they consist of two subunits of approximate molecular masses of 90 and 100 kDa, are found in the hemolymph as the dominant protein, and bind lipids, carbohydrates and cholesterol. CP binds heme which may also be the case for HDL1 since the protein was found to contain a brown pigment when analyzed by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Vgs in ticks are composed of multiple subunits and are the precursor of the yolk protein, vitellin. The phylogeny of these proteins, regulation of gene expression and putative functions of binding and storing heme throughout reproduction, blood-feeding and development are discussed. Comparisons with non-chelicerate arthropods are made in order to highlight the mechanisms and putative functions of heme-binding storage proteins and their possible critical function in the evolution of hematophagy. DA - 2009/4// PY - 2009/4// DO - 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.01.002 VL - 55 IS - 4 SP - 287-296 SN - 1879-1611 KW - Heme KW - Heme-binding KW - Storage protein KW - Hematophagy KW - Arthropoda KW - Chelicerata ER - TY - JOUR TI - The sexual state of Aspergillus parasiticus AU - Horn, Bruce W. AU - Ramirez-Prado, Jorge H. AU - Carbone, Ignazio T2 - MYCOLOGIA AB - The sexual state of Aspergillus parasiticus, a potent aflatoxin-producing fungus within section Flavi, is described. The production of nonostiolate ascocarps surrounded by a separate peridium within the stroma places the teleomorph in genus Petromyces. Petromyces parasiticus differs from P. alliaceus by its larger ascospores with finely tuberculate ornamentation. The anamorphic Aspergillus states of the two species differ in conidial head color and microscopic characters. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.3852/08-205 VL - 101 IS - 2 SP - 275-280 SN - 1557-2536 KW - Aspergillus alliaceus KW - heterothallism KW - Petromyces alliaceus KW - Petromyces parasiticus KW - sexual reproduction KW - Trichocomaceae ER - TY - JOUR TI - The secret(ion) life of worms AU - Bird, David Mck AU - Opperman, Charles H. T2 - GENOME BIOLOGY AB - Tandem mass spectrographic analysis of the secreted proteins of plant- and human-parasitic nematodes reveals molecular similarities that reflect the shared need to counter host defenses. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1186/gb-2009-10-1-205 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1474-760X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Queen Succession Through Asexual Reproduction in Termites AU - Matsuura, Kenji AU - Vargo, Edward L. AU - Kawatsu, Kazutaka AU - Labadie, Paul E. AU - Nakano, Hiroko AU - Yashiro, Toshihisa AU - Tsuji, Kazuki T2 - SCIENCE AB - The evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction may involve important tradeoffs because asexual reproduction can double an individual's contribution to the gene pool but reduces diversity. Moreover, in social insects the maintenance of genetic diversity among workers may be important for colony growth and survival. We identified a previously unknown termite breeding system in which both parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction are conditionally used. Queens produce their replacements asexually but use normal sexual reproduction to produce other colony members. These findings show how eusociality can lead to extraordinary reproductive systems and provide important insights into the advantages and disadvantages of sex. DA - 2009/3/27/ PY - 2009/3/27/ DO - 10.1126/science.1169702 VL - 323 IS - 5922 SP - 1687-1687 SN - 0036-8075 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular phylogeny and systematics of leaf-mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae): delimitation of Phytomyza FallEn sensu lato and included species groups, with new insights on morphological and host-use evolution AU - Winkler, Isaac S. AU - Scheffer, Sonja J. AU - Mitter, Charles T2 - SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Abstract Phytomyza Fallén is the largest genus of leaf‐mining flies (Agromyzidae), with over 530 described species. Species of the superficially similar genus Chromatomyia Hardy have been included in Phytomyza by some authors and the status of the genus remains uncertain. Using 3076 bp of DNA sequence from three genes [cytochrome oxidase I (COI), CAD ( rudimentary ), phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD)] and 113 exemplar species, we identified and tested the monophyly of host‐associated species groups in Phytomyza and Chromatomyia and investigated the phylogenetic relationships among these groups. Chromatomyia is polyphyletic and nested largely within Phytomyza ; two small groups of species, however, are related more closely to Ptochomyza and Napomyza . Therefore, we synonymize Chromatomyia syn.n. , Ptochomyza syn.n. , and Napomyza syn.n. with Phytomyza , recognizing Ptochomyza , Napomyza and Phytomyza sensu stricto as subgenera of Phytomyza . We recognize five major clades within Phytomyza sensu stricto that comprise the majority of species ascribed previously to Chromatomyia and Phytomyza . Many species groups recognized previously were recovered as monophyletic, or virtually so, but some (e.g. robustella and atomaria groups) required emendation. On the basis of the proposed phylogeny and recent taxonomic literature, we present a preliminary revision of 24 species groups within Phytomyza , but leave many species unplaced. Evolution of internal pupariation (within the host’s tissue), regarded as a defining character of the former Chromatomyia , is discussed with regard to the new phylogeny, and we suggest a correlation with stem or leaf midrib mining. The large size of the Phytomyza lineage and an inferred pattern of host family‐specific species radiations make it a promising candidate for the study of macroevolutionary patterns of host shift and diversification in phytophagous insects. The proposed generic synonymies necessitate a number of new combinations. The following 46 species described in Chromatomyia are transferred to Phytomyza : P . actinidiae (Sasakawa) comb.n. , P . alopecuri (Griffiths) comb.n. , P . arctagrostidis (Griffiths) comb.n. , P . beigerae (Griffiths) comb.n. , P . blackstoniae (Spencer) comb.n. , P . centaurii (Spencer) comb.n. , P . chamaemetabola (Griffiths) comb.n. , P . cinnae (Griffiths) comb.n. , P . compta (Spencer) comb.n. , P . cygnicollina (Griffiths) comb.n. , P . doolittlei (Spencer) comb.n. , P . elgonensis (Spencer) comb.n. , P . eriodictyi (Spencer) comb.n. , P . flavida (Spencer) comb.n. , P . fricki (Griffiths) comb.n. , P . furcata (Griffiths) comb.n. , P . griffithsiana (Beiger) comb.n. , P . hoppiella (Spencer) comb.n. , P . ixeridopsis (Griffiths) comb.n. , P . kluanensis (Griffiths) comb.n. , P . leptargyreae (Griffiths) comb.n. , P . linnaeae (Griffiths) comb.n. , P . luzulivora (Spencer) comb.n. , P . mimuli (Spencer) comb.n. , P . mitchelli (Spencer) comb.n. , P . montella (Spencer) comb.n. , P . nigrilineata (Griffiths) comb.n. , P . nigrissima (Spencer) comb.n. , P . orbitella (Spencer) comb.n. , P . paraciliata (Godfray) comb.n. , P . poae (Griffiths) comb.n. , P . pseudomilii (Griffiths) comb.n. , P . qinghaiensis (Gu) comb.n. , P . rhaetica (Griffiths) comb.n. , P . scabiosella (Beiger) comb.n. , P . seneciophila (Spencer) comb.n. , P . shepherdiana (Griffiths) comb.n. , P . spenceriana (Griffiths) comb.n. , P . styriaca (Griffiths) comb.n. , P . subnigra (Spencer) comb.n. , P . suikazurae (Sasakawa) comb.n. , P . symphoricarpi (Griffiths) comb.n. , P . syngenesiae (Hardy) comb.n. , P . thermarum (Griffiths) comb.n. , P . torrentium (Griffiths) comb.n. and P . tschirnhausi (Griffiths) comb.n. Furthermore, we transfer all species of Napomyza to Phytomyza , resulting in the following new combinations: P . achilleanella (Tschirnhaus) comb.n. , P . acutiventris (Zlobin) comb.n. , P . angulata (Zlobin) comb.n. , P . arcticola (Spencer) comb.n. , P . bellidis (Griffiths) comb.n. , P . carotae (Spencer) comb.n. , P . cichorii (Spencer) comb.n. , P . curvipes (Zlobin) comb.n. , P . dubia (Zlobin) comb.n. , P . filipenduliphila (Zlobin) comb.n. , P . flavivertex (Zlobin) comb.n. , P . flavohumeralis (Zlobin) comb.n. , P . genualis (Zlobin) comb.n. , P . grandella (Spencer) comb.n. , P . humeralis (Zlobin) comb.n. , P . immanis (Spencer) comb.n. , P . immerita (Spencer) comb.n. , P . inquilina (Kock) comb.n. , P . kandybinae (Zlobin) comb.n. , P . lacustris (Zlobin) comb.n. , P . laterella (Zlobin) comb.n. , P . manni (Spencer) comb.n. , P . maritima (Tschirnhaus) comb.n. , P . merita (Zlobin) comb.n. , P . mimula (Spencer) comb.n. , P . minuta (Spencer) comb.n. , P . montanoides (Spencer) comb.n. , P . neglecta (Zlobin) comb.n. , P . nigriceps (van der Wulp) comb.n. , P . nugax (Spencer) comb.n. , P . pallens (Spencer) comb.n. , P . paratripolii (Chen & Wang) comb.n. , P . plumea (Spencer) comb.n. , P . plumigera (Zlobin) comb.n. , P . prima (Zlobin) comb.n. , P . pubescens (Zlobin) comb.n. , P . schusteri (Spencer) comb.n. , P . scrophulariae (Spencer) comb.n. , P . suda (Spencer) comb.n. , P . tanaitica (Zlobin) comb.n. , P . tenuifrons (Zlobin) comb.n. , P . vivida (Spencer) comb.n. , P . xizangensis (Chen & Wang) comb.n. and P . zimini (Zlobin) comb.n. Phytomyza asparagi (Hering) comb.n. and P . asparagivora (Spencer) comb.n. are transferred from Ptochomyza . In Phytomyza ten new names are proposed for secondary homonyms created by generic synonymy: P . echo Winkler nom.n. for P . manni Spencer, 1986; P . californiensis Winkler nom.n. for C . montana Spencer, 1981 ; P . griffithsella Winkler nom.n. for C . griffithsi Spencer, 1986; P . vockerothi Winkler nom.n. for C . nigrella Spencer, 1986; P . kerzhneri Winkler nom.n. for N . nigricoxa Zlobin, 1993; P . asteroides Winkler nom.n. for N . tripolii Spencer, 1966; P . minimoides Winkler nom.n. for N . minima Zlobin, 1994; P . nana Winkler nom.n. for N . minutissima Zlobin, 1994; P . ussuriensis Winkler nom.n. for N . mimica Zlobin, 1994 and P . zlobini Winkler nom.n. for N . hirta Zlobin, 1994. DA - 2009/4// PY - 2009/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00462.x VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 260-292 SN - 1365-3113 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of selection with recurrent backcrossing and QTL mapping to identify loci contributing to southern leaf blight resistance in a highly resistant maize line AU - Zwonitzer, John C. AU - Bubeck, David M. AU - Bhattramakki, Dinakar AU - Goodman, Major M. AU - Arellano, Consuelo AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter J. T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 2009/3// PY - 2009/3// DO - 10.1007/s00122-008-0949-2 VL - 118 IS - 5 SP - 911-925 SN - 1432-2242 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-61649093980&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-Distance Dispersal and Accelerating Waves of Disease: Empirical Relationships AU - Mundt, Christopher C. AU - Sackett, Kathryn E. AU - Wallace, Larae D. AU - Cowger, Christina AU - Dudley, Joseph P. T2 - AMERICAN NATURALIST AB - Classic approaches to modeling biological invasions predict a “traveling wave” of constant velocity determined by the invading organism’s reproductive capacity, generation time, and dispersal ability. Traveling wave models may not apply, however, for organisms that exhibit long‐distance dispersal. Here we use simple empirical relationships for accelerating waves, based on inverse power law dispersal, and apply them to diseases caused by pathogens that are wind dispersed or vectored by birds: the within‐season spread of a plant disease at spatial scales of <100 m in experimental plots, historical plant disease epidemics at the continental scale, the unexpectedly rapid spread of West Nile virus across North America, and the transcontinental spread of avian influenza strain H5N1 in Eurasia and Africa. In all cases, the position of the epidemic front advanced exponentially with time, and epidemic velocity increased linearly with distance; regression slopes varied over a relatively narrow range among data sets. Estimates of the inverse power law exponent for dispersal that would be required to attain the rates of disease spread observed in the field also varied relatively little (1.74–2.36), despite more than a fivefold range of spatial scale among the data sets. DA - 2009/4// PY - 2009/4// DO - 10.1086/597220 VL - 173 IS - 4 SP - 456-466 SN - 1537-5323 KW - avian influenza H5N1 KW - epidemiology KW - invasion biology KW - long-distance dispersal (LDD) KW - plant disease KW - West Nile virus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sexual reproduction and recombination in the aflatoxin-producing fungus Aspergillus parasiticus AU - Horn, Bruce W. AU - Ramirez-Prado, Jorge H. AU - Carbone, Ignazio T2 - FUNGAL GENETICS AND BIOLOGY AB - The fungal phylum Ascomycota comprises a large proportion of species with no known sexual stage, despite high genetic variability in field populations. One such asexual species, Aspergillus parasiticus, is a potent producer of carcinogenic and hepatotoxic aflatoxins, polyketide-derived secondary metabolites that contaminate a wide variety of agricultural crops. In this study, individuals of A. parasiticus from a population showing an evolutionary history of recombination were examined for sexual reproduction. Crosses between strains with opposite mating-type genes MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 resulted in the development of ascospore-bearing ascocarps embedded within stromata. Sexually compatible strains belonged to different vegetative compatibility groups. Recombination through the independent assortment of chromosomes 3 and 6 was detected using loci for mating type, aflatoxin gene cluster, and a protein-encoding gene. Our discovery of the sexual stage in A. parasiticus has important implications for current biological control strategies using nontoxigenic strains to reduce aflatoxin contamination in crops. DA - 2009/2// PY - 2009/2// DO - 10.1016/j.fgb.2008.11.004 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 169-175 SN - 1096-0937 KW - Aflatoxin KW - Aspergillus flavus KW - Aspergillus parasiticus KW - Biological control KW - Genetic recombination KW - Heterothallism KW - Petromyces KW - Sexual reproduction KW - Vegetative compatibility ER - TY - JOUR TI - NOT ALL OAK GALL WASPS GALL OAKS: THE DESCRIPTION OF DRYOCOSMUS RILEYPOKEI, A NEW, APOSTATE SPECIES OF CYNIPINI FROM CALIFORNIA AU - Buffington, Matthew L. AU - Morita, Shelah I. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON AB - Cynipini gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) are commonly known as oak gall wasps for their almost exclusive use of oak (Quercus spp.; Fagaceae) as their host plant. Previously, only three of the nearly 1,000 species of Cynipini have been recorded from hosts other than Quercus. These three are known from western chinquapin (Chrysolepis), chestnut (Castanea) and tan bark oak (Lithocarpus), all lineages of Fagaceae related to Quercus. Here we describe Dryocosmus rileypokei Morita & Buffington, new species, a second species of cynipine which attacks Chrysolepis. Unlike the previously known gall wasp D. castanopsidis, which produces a medium-sized spherical external gall near the base of the staminate (male) flowers of Chrysolepis sempervirens, D. rileypokei attacks the same host acting as a nut galler. Dryocosmus rileypokei creates a gall within the mesocarp wall of the nut and appears to draw nutrients away from the developing seed. Later instar larvae and teneral adults were found within these internal galls. It appears that the adult wasp eventually chews an exit hole from these galleries. The evolution of host use in the three, non-oak galling Dryocosmus species is discussed. DA - 2009/1// PY - 2009/1// DO - 10.4289/0013-8797-111.1.244 VL - 111 IS - 1 SP - 244-253 SN - 0013-8797 KW - Dryocosmus KW - Chrysolepis KW - new species KW - gall wasp KW - predisperal seed predator ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lipid stores, ovary development, and brain gene expression in Polistes metricus females AU - Toth, A. L. AU - Bilof, K. B. J. AU - Henshaw, M. T. AU - Hunt, J. H. AU - Robinson, G. E. T2 - INSECTES SOCIAUX DA - 2009/2// PY - 2009/2// DO - 10.1007/s00040-008-1041-2 VL - 56 IS - 1 SP - 77-84 SN - 1420-9098 KW - Polistes metricus KW - ovary development KW - caste KW - nutrition KW - foraging behavior KW - gene expression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis: From gene to genome AU - Georgianna, D. Ryan AU - Payne, Gary A. T2 - FUNGAL GENETICS AND BIOLOGY AB - Aflatoxins are notorious toxic secondary metabolites known for their impacts on human and animal health, and their effects on the marketability of key grain and nut crops. Understanding aflatoxin biosynthesis is the focus of a large and diverse research community. Concerted efforts by this community have led not only to a well-characterized biosynthetic pathway, but also to the discovery of novel regulatory mechanisms. Common to secondary metabolism is the clustering of biosynthetic genes and their regulation by pathway specific as well as global regulators. Recent data show that arrangement of secondary metabolite genes in clusters may allow for an important global regulation of secondary metabolism based on physical location along the chromosome. Available genomic and proteomic tools are now allowing us to examine aflatoxin biosynthesis more broadly and to put its regulation in context with fungal development and fungal ecology. This review covers our current understanding of the biosynthesis and regulation of aflatoxin and highlights new and emerging information garnered from structural and functional genomics. The focus of this review will be on studies in Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, the two agronomically important species that produce aflatoxin. Also covered will be the important contributions gained by studies on production of the aflatoxin precursor sterigmatocystin in Aspergillus nidulans. DA - 2009/2// PY - 2009/2// DO - 10.1016/j.fgb.2008.10.011 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 113-125 SN - 1096-0937 KW - Aflatoxin KW - Aspergillus KW - Genomics KW - Secondary metabolism ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effective and specific in planta RNAi in cyst nematodes: expression interference of four parasitism genes reduces parasitic success AU - Sindhu, Anoop S. AU - Maier, Tom R. AU - Mitchum, Melissa G. AU - Hussey, Richard S. AU - Davis, Eric L. AU - Baum, Thomas J. T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY AB - Cyst nematodes are highly evolved sedentary plant endoparasites that use parasitism proteins injected through the stylet into host tissues to successfully parasitize plants. These secretory proteins likely are essential for parasitism as they are involved in a variety of parasitic events leading to the establishment of specialized feeding cells required by the nematode to obtain nourishment. With the advent of RNA interference (RNAi) technology and the demonstration of host-induced gene silencing in parasites, a new strategy to control pests and pathogens has become available, particularly in root-knot nematodes. Plant host-induced silencing of cyst nematode genes so far has had only limited success but similarly should disrupt the parasitic cycle and render the host plant resistant. Additional in planta RNAi data for cyst nematodes are being provided by targeting four parasitism genes through host-induced RNAi gene silencing in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana, which is a host for the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. Here it is reported that mRNA abundances of targeted nematode genes were specifically reduced in nematodes feeding on plants expressing corresponding RNAi constructs. Furthermore, this host-induced RNAi of all four nematode parasitism genes led to a reduction in the number of mature nematode females. Although no complete resistance was observed, the reduction of developing females ranged from 23% to 64% in different RNAi lines. These observations demonstrate the relevance of the targeted parasitism genes during the nematode life cycle and, potentially more importantly, suggest that a viable level of resistance in crop plants may be accomplished in the future using this technology against cyst nematodes. DA - 2009/1// PY - 2009/1// DO - 10.1093/jxb/ern289 VL - 60 IS - 1 SP - 315-324 SN - 1460-2431 KW - beet cyst nematode (BCN) KW - soybean cyst nematode (SCN) KW - host induced KW - in planta RNAi KW - resistance KW - RNAi KW - transgenic ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential Responses of Cotton Cultivars when Applying Mepiquat Pentaborate AU - Nathan B. O'Berry, AU - Faircloth, Joel C. AU - Jones, Michael A. AU - Herbert, David A., Jr. AU - Abaye, Azenegashe O. AU - McKemie, Thomas E. AU - Brownie, Cavell T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Plant growth regulators are routinely used in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) production to reduce plant height and hasten maturity. The objective of this research was to determine the response of several cotton cultivars to mepiquat pentaborate (MPB) application in environments accumulating different levels of heat units. Four MPB application regimes were imposed on three cultivars in Virginia and South Carolina in 2005 and 2006. Total MPB season rates of 0.0, 54.9, 85.3, or 121.9 g ai ha −1 applied at the five‐leaf stage, pin‐head square, match‐head square, and early bloom were used. The cultivars were: Deltapine (DP) 444 BG/RR, an “early‐maturing” cultivar; Fibermax (FM) 960 BR, a “medium‐maturing” cultivar; and DP 555 BG/RR, a “late‐maturing” cultivar. In South Carolina in 2006, FM 960 BR July plant height was reduced by 25% with MPB application compared to only 12 and 13% for DP 444 BG/RR and DP 555 BG/RR, respectively, although actual plant height reductions were not different among cultivars. Mepiquat pentaborate applications decreased plant height at harvest by 8 to 34%, height‐to‐node ratio by 10 to 32%, enhanced maturity as measured by nodes above white flower for all cultivars, and decreased lint yield by 3.7 to 8.5% compared to untreated cotton. Higher seasonal totals and earlier initiation of MPB application resulted in the greatest decrease in lint yield. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2007.0333 VL - 101 IS - 1 SP - 25-31 SN - 0002-1962 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Red clover necrotic mosaic virus origin of assembly is delimited to the RNA-2 trans-activator AU - Basnayake, Veronica R. AU - Sit, Tim L. AU - Lommel, Steven A. T2 - VIROLOGY AB - The bipartite RNA genome of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) is encapsidated into icosahedral virions that exist as two populations: i) virions that co-package both genomic RNAs and ii) virions packaging multiple copies of RNA-2. To elucidate the packaging mechanism, we sought to identify the RCNMV origin of assembly sequence (OAS). RCNMV RNA-1 cannot package in the absence of RNA-2 suggesting that it does not contain an independent packaging signal. A 209 nt RNA-2 element expressed from the Tomato bushy stunt virus CP subgenomic promoter is co-assembled with genomic RNA-1 into virions. Deletion mutagenesis delimited the previously characterized 34 nt trans-activator (TA) as the minimal RCNMV OAS. From this study we hypothesize that RNA-1 must be base-paired with RNA-2 at the TA to initiate co-packaging. The addition of viral assembly illustrates the critical importance of the multifunctional TA element as a key regulatory switch in the RCNMV life cycle. DA - 2009/2/5/ PY - 2009/2/5/ DO - 10.1016/j.virol.2008.11.005 VL - 384 IS - 1 SP - 169-178 SN - 0042-6822 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-58549086327&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Red clover necrotic mosaic virus KW - Virion assembly KW - Origin of assembly KW - trans-activator KW - Dianthovirus KW - Tombusviridae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stimulatory Sublethal Response of a Generalist Predator to Permethrin: Hormesis, Hormoligosis, or Homeostatic Regulation? AU - Guedes, R. N. C. AU - Magalhaes, L. C. AU - Cosme, L. V. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Journal Article Stimulatory Sublethal Response of a Generalist Predator to Permethrin: Hormesis, Hormoligosis, or Homeostatic Regulation? Get access R.N.C. Guedes, R.N.C. Guedes 3 3Corresponding author, e-mail: guedes@ufv.br Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar L. C. Magalhães, L. C. Magalhães Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar L. V. Cosme L. V. Cosme Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 102, Issue 1, 1 February 2009, Pages 170–176, https://doi.org/10.1603/029.102.0124 Published: 01 February 2009 Article history Received: 08 April 2008 Accepted: 05 September 2008 Published: 01 February 2009 DA - 2009/2// PY - 2009/2// DO - 10.1603/029.102.0124 VL - 102 IS - 1 SP - 170-176 SN - 1938-291X KW - dose response KW - fertility table KW - fitness KW - pest resurgence KW - natural enemy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Shades of gray: the world of quantitative disease resistance AU - Poland, Jesse A. AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter J. AU - Wisser, Randall J. AU - Pratt, Richard C. AU - Nelson, Rebecca J. T2 - TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE AB - A thorough understanding of quantitative disease resistance (QDR) would contribute to the design and deployment of durably resistant crop cultivars. However, the molecular mechanisms that control QDR remain poorly understood, largely due to the incomplete and inconsistent nature of the resistance phenotype, which is usually conditioned by many loci of small effect. Here, we discuss recent advances in research on QDR. Based on inferences from analyses of the defense response and from the few isolated QDR genes, we suggest several plausible hypotheses for a range of mechanisms underlying QDR. We propose that a new generation of genetic resources, complemented by careful phenotypic analysis, will produce a deeper understanding of plant defense and more effective utilization of natural resistance alleles. A thorough understanding of quantitative disease resistance (QDR) would contribute to the design and deployment of durably resistant crop cultivars. However, the molecular mechanisms that control QDR remain poorly understood, largely due to the incomplete and inconsistent nature of the resistance phenotype, which is usually conditioned by many loci of small effect. Here, we discuss recent advances in research on QDR. Based on inferences from analyses of the defense response and from the few isolated QDR genes, we suggest several plausible hypotheses for a range of mechanisms underlying QDR. We propose that a new generation of genetic resources, complemented by careful phenotypic analysis, will produce a deeper understanding of plant defense and more effective utilization of natural resistance alleles. a host–pathogen interaction that results in disease (the host is susceptible). a resistance gene that has become ineffective. a host–pathogen interaction that does not result in disease (the host is resistant). two amino acid sequence motifs commonly found in resistance genes. inbred lines that differ at only a small genomic region. the combination of a specific host species and pathogen species. proteins that identify molecules, such as flagellin or chitin components, that are associated with microbial pathogens. resistance that is expressed as a reduction in disease, rather than as the absence of disease. a locus with an effect on QDR. a locus with an effect on a quantitative trait (i.e. a trait showing continuous variation). an inbred line produced from an initial cross followed by continuous inbreeding; populations of RILs are often used for QTL-mapping studies. the phenomenon of a resistant cultivar becoming susceptible owing to changes in the pathogen race. putative genes that share sequence similarity with known R-genes. the phenomenon of a resistance gene becoming ineffective in a crop variety. DA - 2009/1// PY - 2009/1// DO - 10.1016/j.tplants.2008.10.006 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 21-29 SN - 1878-4372 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-58149490801&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sequence mining and transcript profiling to explore cyst nematode parasitism AU - Elling, Axel A. AU - Mitreva, Makedonka AU - Gai, Xiaowu AU - Martin, John AU - Recknor, Justin AU - Davis, Eric L. AU - Hussey, Richard S. AU - Nettleton, Dan AU - McCarter, James P. AU - Baum, Thomas J. T2 - BMC GENOMICS AB - Abstract Background Cyst nematodes are devastating plant parasites that become sedentary within plant roots and induce the transformation of normal plant cells into elaborate feeding cells with the help of secreted effectors, the parasitism proteins. These proteins are the translation products of parasitism genes and are secreted molecular tools that allow cyst nematodes to infect plants. Results We present here the expression patterns of all previously described parasitism genes of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines , in all major life stages except the adult male. These insights were gained by analyzing our gene expression dataset from experiments using the Affymetrix Soybean Genome Array GeneChip, which contains probeset sequences for 6,860 genes derived from preparasitic and parasitic H. glycines life stages. Targeting the identification of additional H. glycines parasitism-associated genes, we isolated 633 genes encoding secretory proteins using algorithms to predict secretory signal peptides. Furthermore, because some of the known H. glycines parasitism proteins have strongest similarity to proteins of plants and microbes, we searched for predicted protein sequences that showed their highest similarities to plant or microbial proteins and identified 156 H. glycines genes, some of which also contained a signal peptide. Analyses of the expression profiles of these genes allowed the formulation of hypotheses about potential roles in parasitism. This is the first study combining sequence analyses of a substantial EST dataset with microarray expression data of all major life stages (except adult males) for the identification and characterization of putative parasitism-associated proteins in any parasitic nematode. Conclusion We have established an expression atlas for all known H. glycines parasitism genes. Furthermore, in an effort to identify additional H. glycines genes with putative functions in parasitism, we have reduced the currently known 6,860 H. glycines genes to a pool of 788 most promising candidate genes (including known parasitism genes) and documented their expression profiles. Using our approach to pre-select genes likely involved in parasitism now allows detailed functional analyses in a manner not feasible for larger numbers of genes. The generation of the candidate pool described here is an important enabling advance because it will significantly facilitate the unraveling of fascinating plant-animal interactions and deliver knowledge that can be transferred to other pathogen-host systems. Ultimately, the exploration of true parasitism genes verified from the gene pool delineated here will identify weaknesses in the nematode life cycle that can be exploited by novel anti-nematode efforts. DA - 2009/1/30/ PY - 2009/1/30/ DO - 10.1186/1471-2164-10-58 VL - 10 SP - SN - 1471-2164 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Post-Anthesis Moisture Increased Fusarium Head Blight and Deoxynivalenol Levels in North Carolina Winter Wheat AU - Cowger, Christina AU - Patton-Ozkurt, Jennifer AU - Brown-Guedira, Gina AU - Perugini, Leandro T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - Current models for forecasting Fusarium head blight (FHB) and deoxynivalenol (DON) levels in wheat are based on weather near anthesis, and breeding for resistance to FHB pathogens often relies on irrigation before and shortly after anthesis to encourage disease development. The effects of post-anthesis environmental conditions on FHB are poorly understood. We performed a field experiment at Kinston, NC, to explore the effects of increasing duration of post-anthesis moisture on disease incidence, disease severity, Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK), percent infected kernels, and DON. The experiment had a split-plot design, and one trial was conducted in each of two successive years. Main plots consisted of post-anthesis mist durations of 0, 10, 20, or 30 days. Subplots were of eight cultivars in the first year and seven in the second year, two being susceptible to FHB and the remainder each with varying degrees of apparent type I and type II resistance. Plots were inoculated by spraying Fusarium graminearum macroconidia at mid-anthesis. Averaging across years and cultivars, 10 or 20 days of post-anthesis mist had the same effect (P ≥ 0.198) and were associated with an approximately fourfold increase in mean disease incidence and eightfold increase in disease severity compared with 0 days of mist (P ≤ 0.0002). In both years, mean FDK percentages at 0 and 10 days post-anthesis mist were the same and significantly lower than FDK percentages under 20 or 30 days of post-anthesis mist. Mist duration had a significant effect on percent kernels infected with Fusarium spp. as detected by a selective medium assay of 2007 samples. Averaging across all cultivars, in both years, DON levels increased significantly for 10 days compared with 0 days of mist, and increased again with 20 days of mist (P ≤ 0.04). This is the first investigation to show that extended post-flowering moisture can have a significant enhancing effect on FHB, FDK, DON, and percent infected kernels of wheat. For all disease and toxin assays, cultivar rankings were significantly noncorrelated among mist durations in at least 1 year, suggesting that FHB screening programs might rank genotypes differently under extended post-anthesis moisture than without it. Our findings also imply that accurate forecasts of DON in small grains must take account of post-anthesis weather conditions. DA - 2009/4// PY - 2009/4// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO-99-4-0320 VL - 99 IS - 4 SP - 320-327 SN - 0031-949X KW - Gibberella zeae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pathogenic Variation of Phakopsora pachyrhizi Infecting Soybean in Nigeria AU - Twizeyimana, M. AU - Ojiambo, P. S. AU - Sonder, K. AU - Ikotun, T. AU - Hartman, G. L. AU - Bandyopadhyay, R. T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - Soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is an important disease in Nigeria and many other soybean-producing countries worldwide. To determine the geographical distribution of soybean rust in Nigeria, soybean fields were surveyed in the Derived Savanna (DS), Northern Guinea Savanna (NGS), and Southern Guinea Savanna (SGS) agroecological zones in Nigeria between 2004 and 2006. Disease severity in each zone was determined and analyzed using geostatistics. Prevalence of infected fields and disease severity in surveyed fields were significantly (P < 0.05) different between geographical zones with both variables being higher in the DS zone than in either NGS or SGS zones. Geostatistical analysis indicated that the spatial influence of disease severity at one location on severity at other locations was between 75 and 120 km. An exponential model best described the relationship between semivariance and lag distance when rust severity was high. Spatial interpolation of rust severity showed that locations in the DS zone were more conducive for the rust epidemic compared to areas in the NGS zone. In the 2005 survey, 116 purified isolates were established in culture on detached soybean leaves. To establish the nature of pathogenic variation in P. pachyrhizi, a set of four soybean accessions with Rpp 1 , Rpp 2 , Rpp 3 , and Rpp 4 resistance genes, two highly resistant and two highly susceptible genotypes were inoculated with single uredinial isolates. Principal component analysis on the number of uredinia per square centimeter of leaf tissue for 116 isolates indicated that an adequate summary of pathogenic variation was obtained using only four genotypes. Of these four, PI 459025B (with Rpp 4 gene) and TG× 1485-1D had the lowest and highest number of uredinia per square centimeter, respectively. Based on cluster analysis of the number of uredinia per square centimeter, seven pathotype clusters were determined. Isolates in cluster III were the most virulent, while those in cluster IV were the least virulent. Shannon's index (H) revealed a more diverse pathogen population in the DS zone (H = 1.21) compared to the rust population in SGS and NGS with H values of 1.08 and 0.91, respectively. This work will be useful in breeding and management of soybean rust by facilitating identification of resistant genotypes and targeting cultivars with specific resistance to match prevailing P. pachyrhizi pathotypes in a given geographical zone. DA - 2009/4// PY - 2009/4// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO-99-4-0353 VL - 99 IS - 4 SP - 353-361 SN - 1943-7684 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/AGR/IND44197711 KW - pathogen diversity KW - pathotype composition KW - virulence analysis KW - West Africa ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interaction between C-4 barnyard grass and C-3 upland rice under elevated CO2: Impact of mycorrhizae AU - Tang, Jianjun AU - Xu, Liming AU - Chen, Xin AU - Hu, Shuijin T2 - ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY AB - Atmospheric CO2 enrichment may impact arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) development and function, which could have subsequent effects on host plant species interactions by differentially affecting plant nutrient acquisition. However, direct evidence illustrating this scenario is limited. We examined how elevated CO2 affects plant growth and whether mycorrhizae mediate interactions between C4 barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.) and C3 upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in a low nutrient soil. The monocultures and combinations with or without mycorrhizal inoculation were grown at ambient (400 ± 20 μmol mol−1) and elevated CO2 (700 ± 20 μmol mol−1) levels. The 15N isotope tracer was introduced to quantify the mycorrhizally mediated N acquisition of plants. Elevated CO2 stimulated the growth of C3 upland rice but not that of C4 barnyard grass under monoculture. Elevated CO2 also increased mycorrhizal colonization of C4 barnyard grass but did not affect mycorrhizal colonization of C3 upland rice. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased the shoot biomass ratio of C4 barnyard grass to C3 upland rice under both CO2 concentrations but had a greater impact under the elevated than ambient CO2 level. Mycorrhizae decreased relative interaction index (RII) of C3 plants under both ambient and elevated CO2, but mycorrhizae increased RII of C4 plants only under elevated CO2. Elevated CO2 and mycorrhizal inoculation enhanced 15N and total N and P uptake of C4 barnyard grass in mixture but had no effects on N and P acquisition of C3 upland rice, thus altering the distribution of N and P between the species in mixture. These results implied that CO2 stimulation of mycorrhizae and their nutrient acquisition may impact competitive interaction of C4 barnyard grass and C3 upland rice under future CO2 scenarios. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1016/j.actao.2008.10.005 VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 227-235 SN - 1873-6238 KW - Competitive interaction KW - Echinochloa crusgalli KW - Oryza sativa KW - Arbuscular mycorrhizae KW - Elevated CO2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification and characterization of the most abundant cellulases in stylet secretions from Globodera rostochiensis AU - Rehman, S. AU - Butterbach, P. AU - Popeijus, H. AU - Overmars, H. AU - Davis, E. L. AU - Jones, J. T. AU - Goverse, A. AU - Bakker, J. AU - Smant, G. T2 - Phytopathology DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO-98-2-0194 VL - 99 IS - 2 SP - 194-202 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fluoropolymer synthesis in supercritical carbon dioxide AU - Du, Libin AU - Kelly, Jennifer Y. AU - Roberts, George W. AU - DeSimone, Joseph M. T2 - JOURNAL OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS AB - Herein we review the environmentally friendly synthesis of fluorinated polymers in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). Historically, many high-performance fluorinated materials are commercially synthesized in aqueous media using fluorinated surfactants or in non-aqueous conditions using fluorinated solvents. Our group has pioneered both the homogeneous and heterogeneous polymerization of fluorinated monomers in scCO2. This review includes discussions on the synthesis of main-chain and side-chain fluoropolymers conducted via a chain-growth or continuous process. Specific materials consist of acrylate- and styrene-based systems, poly(vinyl ether)s, tetrafluoroethylene- and vinylidenefluoride-based, as well as novel fluorinated elastomers and thermoplastics. DA - 2009/1// PY - 2009/1// DO - 10.1016/j.supflu.2008.11.011 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - 447-457 SN - 1872-8162 KW - Supercritical carbon dioxide KW - Fluoropolymer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climatic drivers of hemispheric asymmetry in global patterns of ant species richness AU - Dunn, Robert R. AU - Agosti, Donat AU - Andersen, Alan N. AU - Arnan, Xavier AU - Bruhl, Carsten A. AU - Cerda, Xim AU - Ellison, Aaron M. AU - Fisher, Brian L. AU - Fitzpatrick, Matthew C. AU - Gibb, Heloise AU - Gotelli, Nicholas J. AU - Gove, Aaron D. AU - Guenard, Benoit AU - Janda, Milan AU - Kaspari, Michael AU - Laurent, Edward J. AU - Lessard, Jean-Philippe AU - Longino, John T. AU - Majer, Jonathan D. AU - Menke, Sean B. AU - McGlynn, Terrence P. AU - Parr, Catherine L. AU - Philpott, Stacy M. AU - Pfeiffer, Martin AU - Retana, Javier AU - Suarez, Andrew V. AU - Vasconcelos, Heraldo L. AU - Weiser, Michael D. AU - Sanders, Nathan J. T2 - ECOLOGY LETTERS AB - Although many taxa show a latitudinal gradient in richness, the relationship between latitude and species richness is often asymmetrical between the northern and southern hemispheres. Here we examine the latitudinal pattern of species richness across 1003 local ant assemblages. We find latitudinal asymmetry, with southern hemisphere sites being more diverse than northern hemisphere sites. Most of this asymmetry could be explained statistically by differences in contemporary climate. Local ant species richness was positively associated with temperature, but negatively (although weakly) associated with temperature range and precipitation. After contemporary climate was accounted for, a modest difference in diversity between hemispheres persisted, suggesting that factors other than contemporary climate contributed to the hemispherical asymmetry. The most parsimonious explanation for this remaining asymmetry is that greater climate change since the Eocene in the northern than in the southern hemisphere has led to more extinctions in the northern hemisphere with consequent effects on local ant species richness. DA - 2009/4// PY - 2009/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01291.x VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - 324-333 SN - 1461-023X KW - Biodiversity KW - climate change KW - Eocene KW - Formicidae KW - latitudinal gradient ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bell and Banana Pepper Exhibit Mature-Plant Resistance to Tomato Spotted Wilt Tospovirus Transmitted by Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) AU - Beaudoin, A. L. P. AU - Kahn, N. D. AU - Kennedy, G. G. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Tomato spotted wilt virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Tospovirus, TSWV) causes annual economic losses in pepper, Capsicum annuum L., across the southern United States and is transmitted by several species of thrips, including the tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds). Reduced virus transmission and symptom severity as plant age increases is known as mature-plant resistance. TSWV transmission to pepper plants was examined in three and four age classes in field and greenhouse trials, respectively. In the field trial, 'Camelot' bell pepper plants were exposed to potentially viruliferous F. fusca 37, 51, or 65 d postsowing. Two greenhouse trials of Camelot bell and one trial each of 'Bounty' and 'Pageant' banana pepper plants were exposed to potentially viruliferous F. fusca, 43, 57, 71, or 85; 48, 62, 75, or 90; 42, 56, 70, or 84; and 43, 57, 71, or 85 d postsowing, respectively. Linear and hyperbolic regressions of percentage of infected plants per block on days postsowing indicated mature-plant resistance in all trials. All models were significant, but hyperbolic curves better fit the data than linear models. Hyperbolic models were used to calculate the number of days posttransplant at which a 50% decrease from the predicted percentage of infected plants at transplant age (42 d postsowing) was expected. This was referred to as days posttransplant-50 (DPT50). DPRT50 occurred within 9 days posttransplant age for all trials, indicating that early TSWV management in pepper is critical. DA - 2009/2// PY - 2009/2// DO - 10.1603/029.102.0105 VL - 102 IS - 1 SP - 30-35 SN - 1938-291X KW - tobacco thrips KW - age-related resistance KW - Capsicum annuum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bacillus thuringiensis CrylAc Resistance Frequency in Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) AU - Blanco, Carlos A. AU - Andow, David A. AU - Abel, Craig A. AU - Sumerford, Douglas V. AU - Hernandez, Gerardo AU - Lopez, Juan D., Jr. AU - Adams, Larry AU - Groot, Astrid AU - Leonard, Rogers AU - Parker, Roy AU - Payne, Gregory AU - Perera, O. P. AU - Teran-Vargas, Antonio P. AU - Azuara-Dominguez, Ausencio T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - The tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is one of the most important pests of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L, that has become resistant to a wide range of synthetic insecticides. CrylAc-expressing cotton has proven its effectiveness against this insect since its introduction in North America in 1996. However, the constant exposure of tobacco budworm to this protein toxin may result in the development of resistance to it. To estimate the frequency of alleles that confer resistance to a 1.0 microg of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac diagnostic concentration in field-collected insects, the second generation (F2) of 1,001 single-pair families from seven geographical regions representing 2,202 alleles from natural populations was screened in 2006 and 2007 without finding major resistant alleles. Neonates of 56 single-pair families were able to develop to second instar on the diagnostic concentration in the initial screen, but only seven of these lines did so again in a second confirmatory screen. Minor resistance alleles to Cry1Ac may be quite common in natural populations of H. virescens. Our estimated resistance allele frequencies (0.0036-0.0263) were not significantly different from a previously published estimate from 1993. There is no evidence that H. virescens populations have become more resistant to Cry1Ac. DA - 2009/2// PY - 2009/2// DO - 10.1603/029.102.0149 VL - 102 IS - 1 SP - 381-387 SN - 1938-291X KW - Heliothis virescens KW - insecticide resistance management KW - F-2 screen KW - Bt-resistance allele frequency KW - single-pair families ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogenetic and population genetic divergence correspond with habitat for the pathogen Colletotrichum cereale and allied taxa across diverse grass communities AU - Crouch, Jo Anne AU - Tredway, Lane P. AU - Clarke, Bruce B. AU - Hillman, Bradley I. T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - Over the past decade, the emergence of anthracnose disease has newly challenged the health of turfgrasses on North American golf courses, resulting in considerable economic loss. The fungus responsible for the outbreaks, Colletotrichum cereale, has also been identified from numerous natural grasses and cereal crops, although disease symptoms are generally absent. Here we utilize phylogenetic and population genetic analyses to determine the role of ecosystem in the advancement of turfgrass anthracnose and assess whether natural grass and/or cereal inhabitants are implicated in the epidemics. Using a four-gene nucleotide data set to diagnose the limits of phylogenetic species and population boundaries, we find that the graminicolous Colletotrichum diverged from a common ancestor into distinct lineages correspondent with host physiology (C3 or C4 photosynthetic pathways). In the C4 lineage, which includes the important cereal pathogens Colletotrichum graminicola, C. sublineolum, C. falcatum, C. eleusines, C. caudatum and several novel species, host specialization predominates, with host-associated lineages corresponding to isolated sibling species. Although the C3 lineage--C. cereale--is comprised of one wide host-range species, it is divided into 10 highly specialized populations corresponding to ecosystem and/or host plant, along with a single generalist population spread across multiple habitat types. Extreme differentiation between the specialized C. cereale populations suggests that asymptomatic nonturfgrass hosts are unlikely reservoirs of infectious disease propagules, but gene flow between the generalist population and the specialized genotypes provides an indirect mechanism for genetic exchange between otherwise isolated populations and ecosystems. DA - 2009/1// PY - 2009/1// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.04008.x VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 123-135 SN - 1365-294X KW - anthracnose KW - cryptic species KW - gene flow KW - host specialization KW - local adaptation KW - sympatric species ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inheritance and diversification of symbiotic trichonymphid flagellates from a common ancestor of termites and the cockroach Cryptocercus AU - Ohkuma, Moriya AU - Noda, Satoko AU - Hongoh, Yuichi AU - Nalepa, Christine A. AU - Inoue, Tetsushi T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - Cryptocercus cockroaches and lower termites harbour obligate, diverse and unique symbiotic cellulolytic flagellates in their hindgut that are considered critical in the development of social behaviour in their hosts. However, there has been controversy concerning the origin of these symbiotic flagellates. Here, molecular sequences encoding small subunit rRNA and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were identified in the symbiotic flagellates of the order Trichonymphida (phylum Parabasalia) in the gut of Cryptocercus punctulatus and compared phylogenetically to the corresponding species in termites. In each of the monophyletic lineages that represent family-level groups in Trichonymphida, the symbionts of Cryptocercus were robustly sister to those of termites. Together with the recent evidence for the sister-group relationship of the host insects, this first comprehensive study comparing symbiont molecular phylogeny strongly suggests that a set of symbiotic flagellates representative of extant diversity was already established in an ancestor common to Cryptocercus and termites, was vertically transmitted to their offspring, and subsequently became diversified to distinct levels, depending on both the host and the symbiont lineages. DA - 2009/1/22/ PY - 2009/1/22/ DO - 10.1098/rspb.2008.1094 VL - 276 IS - 1655 SP - 239-245 SN - 1471-2954 KW - Cryptocercus KW - termite KW - symbiosis KW - Parabasalia KW - symbiont diversification KW - evolution of social behaviour ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecological correlates of risk and incidence of West Nile virus in the United States AU - Allan, Brian F. AU - Langerhans, R. Brian AU - Ryberg, Wade A. AU - Landesman, William J. AU - Griffin, Nicholas W. AU - Katz, Rachael S. AU - Oberle, Brad J. AU - Schutzenhofer, Michele R. AU - Smyth, Kristina N. AU - St. Maurice, Annabelle AU - Clark, Larry AU - Crooks, Kevin R. AU - Hernandez, Daniel E. AU - McLean, Robert G. AU - Ostfeld, Richard S. AU - Chase, Jonathan M. T2 - OECOLOGIA AB - West Nile virus, which was recently introduced to North America, is a mosquito-borne pathogen that infects a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including humans. Several species of birds appear to be the primary reservoir hosts, whereas other bird species, as well as other vertebrate species, can be infected but are less competent reservoirs. One hypothesis regarding the transmission dynamics of West Nile virus suggests that high bird diversity reduces West Nile virus transmission because mosquito blood-meals are distributed across a wide range of bird species, many of which have low reservoir competence. One mechanism by which this hypothesis can operate is that high-diversity bird communities might have lower community-competence, defined as the sum of the product of each species’ abundance and its reservoir competence index value. Additional hypotheses posit that West Nile virus transmission will be reduced when either: (1) abundance of mosquito vectors is low; or (2) human population density is low. We assessed these hypotheses at two spatial scales: a regional scale near Saint Louis, MO, and a national scale (continental USA). We found that prevalence of West Nile virus infection in mosquito vectors and in humans increased with decreasing bird diversity and with increasing reservoir competence of the bird community. Our results suggest that conservation of avian diversity might help ameliorate the current West Nile virus epidemic in the USA DA - 2009/1// PY - 2009/1// DO - 10.1007/s00442-008-1169-9 VL - 158 IS - 4 SP - 699-708 SN - 1432-1939 KW - Dilution effect KW - Disease ecology KW - Emerging infectious diseases KW - Ecosystem service ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterizing and predicting species distributions across environments and scales: Argentine ant occurrences in the eye of the beholder AU - Menke, S. B. AU - Holway, D. A. AU - Fisher, R. N. AU - Jetz, W. T2 - GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY AB - ABSTRACT Aim Species distribution models (SDMs) or, more specifically, ecological niche models (ENMs) are a useful and rapidly proliferating tool in ecology and global change biology. ENMs attempt to capture associations between a species and its environment and are often used to draw biological inferences, to predict potential occurrences in unoccupied regions and to forecast future distributions under environmental change. The accuracy of ENMs, however, hinges critically on the quality of occurrence data. ENMs often use haphazardly collected data rather than data collected across the full spectrum of existing environmental conditions. Moreover, it remains unclear how processes affecting ENM predictions operate at different spatial scales. The scale (i.e. grain size) of analysis may be dictated more by the sampling regime than by biologically meaningful processes. The aim of our study is to jointly quantify how issues relating to region and scale affect ENM predictions using an economically important and ecologically damaging invasive species, the Argentine ant ( Linepithema humile ). Location California, USA. Methods We analysed the relationship between sampling sufficiency, regional differences in environmental parameter space and cell size of analysis and resampling environmental layers using two independently collected sets of presence/absence data. Differences in variable importance were determined using model averaging and logistic regression. Model accuracy was measured with area under the curve (AUC) and Cohen's kappa. Results We first demonstrate that insufficient sampling of environmental parameter space can cause large errors in predicted distributions and biological interpretation. Models performed best when they were parametrized with data that sufficiently sampled environmental parameter space. Second, we show that altering the spatial grain of analysis changes the relative importance of different environmental variables. These changes apparently result from how environmental constraints and the sampling distributions of environmental variables change with spatial grain. Conclusions These findings have clear relevance for biological inference. Taken together, our results illustrate potentially general limitations for ENMs, especially when such models are used to predict species occurrences in novel environments. We offer basic methodological and conceptual guidelines for appropriate sampling and scale matching. DA - 2009/1// PY - 2009/1// DO - 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00420.x VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 50-63 SN - 1466-822X KW - Argentine ant KW - California KW - ecological niche models KW - GIS KW - invasion KW - Linepithema humile KW - model averaging KW - spatial grain KW - species distribution models ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ancient isolation and independent evolution of the three clonal lineages of the exotic sudden oak death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum AU - Goss, E. M. AU - Carbone, I. AU - Grunwald, N. J. T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - Abstract The genus Phytophthora includes some of the most destructive plant pathogens affecting agricultural and native ecosystems and is responsible for a number of recent emerging and re‐emerging infectious diseases of plants. Sudden oak death, caused by the exotic pathogen P. ramorum , has caused extensive mortality of oaks and tanoaks in Northern California, and has brought economic losses to US and European nurseries as well due to its infection of common ornamental plants. In its known range, P. ramorum occurs as three distinct clonal lineages. We inferred the evolutionary history of P. ramorum from nuclear sequence data using coalescent‐based approaches. We found that the three lineages have been diverging for at least 11% of their history, an evolutionarily significant amount of time estimated to be on the order of 165 000 to 500 000 years. There was also strong evidence for historical recombination between the lineages, indicating that the ancestors of the P. ramorum lineages were members of a sexually reproducing population. Due to this recombination, the ages of the lineages varied within and between loci, but coalescent analyses suggested that the European lineage may be older than the North American lineages. The divergence of the three clonal lineages of P. ramorum supports a scenario in which the three lineages originated from different geographic locations that were sufficiently isolated from each other to allow independent evolution prior to introduction to North America and Europe. It is thus probable that the emergence of P. ramorum in North America and Europe was the result of three independent migration events. DA - 2009/3// PY - 2009/3// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04089.x VL - 18 IS - 6 SP - 1161-1174 SN - 1365-294X KW - coalescent KW - emerging disease KW - oomycete KW - plant disease KW - recombination KW - RXLR-class effector ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhanced litter input rather than changes in litter chemistry drive soil carbon and nitrogen cycles under elevated CO2: a microcosm study AU - Liu, Lingli AU - King, John S. AU - Booker, Fitzgerald L. AU - Giardina, Christian P. AU - Allen, H. Lee AU - Hu, Shuijin T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Elevated CO 2 has been shown to stimulate plant productivity and change litter chemistry. These changes in substrate availability may then alter soil microbial processes and possibly lead to feedback effects on N availability. However, the strength of this feedback, and even its direction, remains unknown. Further, uncertainty remains whether sustained increases in net primary productivity will lead to increased long‐term C storage in soil. To examine how changes in litter chemistry and productivity under elevated CO 2 influence microbial activity and soil C formation, we conducted a 230‐day microcosm incubation with five levels of litter addition rate that represented 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.4 and 1.8 × litterfall rates observed in the field for aspen stand growing under control treatments at the Aspen FACE experiment in Rhinelander, WI, USA. Litter and soil samples were collected from the corresponding field control and elevated CO 2 treatment after trees were exposed to elevated CO 2 (560 ppm) for 7 years. We found that small decreases in litter [N] under elevated CO 2 had minor effects on microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen and dissolved inorganic nitrogen. Increasing litter addition rates resulted in linear increase in total C and new C (C from added litter) that accumulated in whole soil as well as in the high density soil fraction (HDF), despite higher cumulative C loss by respiration. Total N retained in whole soil and in HDF also increased with litter addition rate as did accumulation of new C per unit of accumulated N. Based on our microcosm comparisons and regression models, we expected that enhanced C inputs rather than changes in litter chemistry would be the dominant factor controlling soil C levels and turnover at the current level of litter production rate (230 g C m −2 yr −1 under ambient CO 2 ). However, our analysis also suggests that the effects of changes in biochemistry caused by elevated CO 2 could become significant at a higher level of litter production rate, with a trend of decreasing total C in HDF, new C in whole soil, as well as total N in whole soil and HDF. DA - 2009/2// PY - 2009/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01747.x VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - 441-453 SN - 1365-2486 KW - delta C-13 KW - decomposition KW - DIN KW - EMMA KW - global change KW - MBC KW - MBN KW - new soil C KW - old soil C KW - stable isotope ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spring temperature and precipitation affect tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca, population growth and Tomato spotted wilt virus spread within patches of the winter annual weed Stellaria media AU - Morsello, Shannon C. AU - Kennedy, George G. T2 - ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA AB - Abstract Effects of temperature and rainfall timing, amount, and duration on the spread of Tomato spotted wilt virus (Bunyaviridae: genus Tospovirus ; TSWV) and population growth of its primary vector, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), within patches of common chickweed, Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo (Caryophyllaceae), were examined during the spring of 2004, 2005, and 2006. Elevated temperature treatments were investigated in an attempt to alter the age structure of F. fusca populations and change the effect of precipitation, but an average increase in daily temperature of 1 °C did not increase population size until late spring. Populations of immature F. fusca were immediately and negatively influenced by large amounts of rainfall or by rainfall distributed over three or more consecutive days during late April and early May. However, when precipitation was distributed over 1–3 days during early May, it also delayed senescence of the chickweed and ultimately resulted in a larger F. fusca population late in the season. The majority of TSWV spread within patches of chickweed occurred after mid‐April. The fewest TSWV‐infected chickweed plants occurred in plots that received high levels of precipitation during April or throughout spring and the amount of spread was directly related to the size of the immature F. fusca population that developed in each plot. DA - 2009/2// PY - 2009/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2008.00801.x VL - 130 IS - 2 SP - 138-148 SN - 1570-7458 KW - epidemiology KW - Thripidae KW - weather KW - host plant senescence KW - common chickweed KW - Caryophyllaceae KW - Thysanoptera KW - plant virus KW - Bunyaviridae KW - TSWV KW - Tospovirus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biology of Subterranean Termites: Insights from Molecular Studies of Reticulitermes and Coptotermes AU - Vargo, Edward L. AU - Husseneder, Claudia T2 - ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY AB - Molecular genetic techniques have made contributions to studies on subterranean termites at all levels of biological organization. Most of this work has focused on Reticulitermes and Coptotermes, two ecologically and economically important genera. DNA sequence data have significantly improved our understanding of the systematics and taxonomy of these genera. Techniques of molecular biology have provided important new insights into the process of caste differentiation. Population genetic markers, primarily microsatellites, have furthered our understanding of the life history, population biology, community ecology, and invasion biology of subterranean termites. Recent results on the behavioral ecology of subterranean termites reveal a picture different from long-held views, especially those concerning colony breeding structures and foraging ranges. As additional molecular tools and genomic resources become available, and as more subterranean termite researchers incorporate molecular techniques into their approaches, we can expect accelerating advances in all aspects of the biology of this group. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1146/annurev.ento.54.110807.090443 VL - 54 SP - 379-403 SN - 1545-4487 KW - Rhinotermitidae KW - population genetics KW - molecular ecology KW - microsatellites KW - caste determination KW - breeding structure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fruit abscission by Physalis species as defense against frugivory AU - Benda, Nicole D. AU - Brownie, Cavell AU - Schal, Coby AU - Gould, Fred T2 - ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA AB - Abstract Fruit abscission as a response to herbivory is well‐documented in many plant species, but its effect on further damage by mobile herbivores that survive fruit abscission is relatively unstudied. Physalis plants (Solanaceae) abscise fruit containing feeding larvae of their main frugivore, Heliothis subflexa Guenée (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a specialist moth. We tested the ability of H. subflexa larvae placed under the plant canopy to find and climb onto two architecturally different Physalis species. Physalis pubescens L., a low, shrub‐like, spreading plant, abscises its fruit at a higher rate than Physalis angulata L., a tall arborescent plant. As a result, small larvae are more often dropped from P. pubescens . Third and fifth instars located P. pubescens faster and with a higher probability than P. angulata . Although fifth instars outperformed third‐instar caterpillars at finding P. angulata , P. pubescens was located equally fast by the two instars. Heliothis subflexa located Physalis plants more successfully and more quickly than a close relative, the generalist Heliothis virescens Fabricius. The higher fruit abscission rates in P. pubescens may be an evolved response to its greater susceptibility to searching caterpillars. DA - 2009/1// PY - 2009/1// DO - 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2008.00792.x VL - 130 IS - 1 SP - 21-27 SN - 1570-7458 KW - caterpillar foraging KW - host plant location KW - Heliothis subflexa KW - Heliothis virescens KW - specialist behavior KW - plant architecture KW - Lepidoptera KW - Noctuidae KW - Solanaceae ER -