TY - CHAP TI - Expression of eukaryotic genes: Transcription and analysis AU - Tsai, M.-J. AU - Tsai, S.Y. AU - Baez, M. AU - Simmen, F.A. AU - Scott, M.J. AU - O'Malley, B.W. T2 - Laboratory Methods Manual for Hormone Action and Molecular Endocrinology A2 - Schrader, W.T. A2 - O'Malley, B.W. PY - 1985/// SP - 13 1–13 4 PB - Houston Biological Assoc. Inc ER - TY - CHAP TI - Nuclear matrix: Relationship to DNase I sensitivity and transcriptional activity AU - Huckaby, C.S. AU - Ciejek, E.M. AU - Scott, M.J. AU - Alevy, M.C. AU - Tsai, M.-J. AU - O'Malley, B.W. T2 - UCLA Symposia "Nuclear Envelope Structure and RNA Maturation A2 - Smuckler, E.A. A2 - Clawson, G.A. PY - 1985/// VL - 26 SP - 87–97 PB - Alan R. Liss, Inc ER - TY - CHAP TI - Expression of eukaryotic genes: Transcription and analysis AU - Tsai, M.-J. AU - Tsai, S.Y. AU - Baez, M. AU - Simmen, F.A. AU - Scott, M.J. AU - O'Malley, B.W. T2 - Laboratory Methods Manual for Hormone Action and Molecular Endocrinology A2 - Schrader, W.T. A2 - O'Malley, B.W. PY - 1985/// SP - 13 1–13 4 PB - Houston Biological Assoc. Inc ER - TY - BOOK TI - The movement and dispersal of agriculturally important biotic agents : an International Conference on the Movement and Dispersal of Biotic Agents : a symposium held at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, October 17-19, 1984 / A3 - McKenzie, D.R. A3 - Barfield, C.S. A3 - Kennedy, G.G. A3 - Berger, R.D. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// SP - 611 PB - Claitors Publishing Division SN - 9780875117768 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The structural organization of the chicken calmodulin gene. T2 - Journal of Biological Chemistry DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// VL - 260 IS - 2 SP - 907-912 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interaction between Bacillus subtilis and fungi associated with soybean seeds AU - Cubeta, M.A. AU - Hartman, G.L. AU - Sinclair, J.B. T2 - Plant Disease DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// VL - 69 SP - 506–509 ER - TY - JOUR TI - RHYTHMIC EXTRUSION OF PHEROMONE GLAND ELEVATES PHEROMONE RELEASE RATE AU - SCHAL, C AU - CARDE, RT T2 - EXPERIENTIA DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// VL - 41 IS - 12 SP - 1617-1619 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CALLING BEHAVIOR IN FEMALE COCKROACHES (DICTYOPTERA, BLATTARIA) AU - SCHAL, C AU - BELL, WJ T2 - JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// VL - 58 IS - 2 SP - 261-268 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survival and proliferation of propagules of Trichoderma ssp. and Gliocladium virens in soil and in plant rhizospheres. AU - Beagle-Ristaino, JE AU - Papavizas, GC T2 - Phytopathology DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// VL - 75 IS - 6 SP - 729-732 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biological control of Rhizoctonia stem canker and black scurf of potato. AU - Beagle-Ristaino, JE AU - Papavizas, GC T2 - Phytopathology DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// VL - 75 IS - 5 SP - 560-564 ER - TY - CONF TI - METABOLITE PRODUCED BY TALAROMYCES-FLAVUS REDUCES VIABILITY OF MICROSCLEROTIA OF VERTICILLIUM-DAHLIAE INVITRO AND IN SOIL T2 - AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 C2 - 1985/// C3 - Phytopathology DA - 1985/// VL - 75 SP - 625-625 M1 - 5 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Guide to common species of pupal parasites (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) of the house fly and other muscoid flies associated with poultry and livestock manure AU - Rueda, L. M. AU - Axtell, R. C. A3 - North Carolina Agricultural Research Service DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// VL - 278 PB - North Carolina Agricultural Research Service ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECT OF DEPTH OF HOUSEFLY PUPAE IN POULTRY MANURE ON PARASITISM BY 6 SPECIES OF PTEROMALIDAE (HYMENOPTERA) AU - RUEDA, LM AU - AXTELL, RC T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - The recoveries of pteromalid parasites from house fly, Musca domestica L., pupae placed in accumulated poultry manure at the surface and at depths of 3, 5, 10 and 15 cm were determined weekly for 10 weeks in two types of caged-layer poultry houses. No parasites were recovered from fly pupae at the 15 cm depth. Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders and Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani) were the first and second most abundant house fly pupal parasites collected on the surface and 3 cm beneath the surface of the poultry manure in narrow and high-rise caged-layer poultry houses. From house fly pupae 5 cm deep, P. vindemiae was rarely recovered while 5 to 12% of the parasites recovered at that depth were M. raptor. Spalangia cameroni Perkins was the most abundant Spalangia species and was recovered mostly from pupae at 5 and 10 cm deep in the manure in both houses. Other, less abundant, Spalangia species (S. endius Walker and S. nigroaenea Curtis) were recovered from fly pupae to a depth of 10 cm beneath the manure surface in both houses. Muscidifurax zaraptor, an introduced species, was released in the narrow caged-layer poultry house, and was recovered from pupae on the surface and 3 cm deep in the manure. DA - 1985/10// PY - 1985/10// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-20.4.444 VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - 444-449 SN - 0749-8004 ER - TY - JOUR TI - SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE LESSER MEALWORM, ALPHITOBIUS-DIAPERINUS (COLEOPTERA, TENEBRIONIDAE) TO THE ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODES STEINERNEMA-FELTIAE, STEINERNEMA-GLASERI (STEINERNEMATIDAE) AND HETERORHABDITIS-HELIOTHIDIS (HETERORHABDITIDAE) AU - GEDEN, CJ AU - AXTELL, RC AU - BROOKS, WM T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - The infectivity of Steinernema feltiae, S. glaseri and Heterorhabditis heliothidis for early-stage larvae, late-stage larvae, pupae and adults of the lesser mealworm were evaluated under different habitat conditions. When confined in petri dishes with nematode-treated filter paper, all beetle stages were highly susceptible to parasitism by S. feltiae, with LD50 values ranging from 9 to 56 nematodes per host Early-stage larvae (LD50 = 26) and pupae (LD50 = 36) were more susceptible than late-stage larvae (LD50 = 1,791) and adults (LD50 = 724) to H. heliothidis. Only adult beetles (LD50 = 714) were susceptible to S. glaseri. Late-stage beetle larvae were more susceptible to S. feltiae in rearing medium (LD50 = 24), broiler litter (LD50 = 2 58) and poultry manure (LD50 = 212) than to H. heliothidis, which caused less than 50% mortality at all dose rates in these substrates. Adults were less susceptible than larvae in these substrates, and mortality only exceeded 50% in litter treated with S. feltiae (LD50 = 971). Late-stage larvae were highly susceptible to both S. feltiae and H. heliothidis in sandy loam and clay soils, with LD50's ranging from 1 to 14 nematodes per larva. Pupal mortality was higher in sandy loam (S. feltiae LD50 = 46, H. heliothidis LD50 = 444) than in clay soil (S. feltiae LD50 = 95, H. heliothidis LD50 = 5,796). DA - 1985/7// PY - 1985/7// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-20.3.331 VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 331-339 SN - 0749-8004 ER - TY - JOUR TI - INFLUENCE OF SIMULATED ACIDIC RAIN ON PHYTOPHTHORA-CINNAMOMI AND PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT-ROT OF BLUE LUPINE AU - SHAFER, , SR AU - BRUCK, RI AU - HEAGLE, AS T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1094/Phyto-75-996 VL - 75 IS - 9 SP - 996-1003 SN - 0031-949X ER - TY - JOUR TI - FORMATION OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE ON PINUS-TAEDA SEEDLINGS EXPOSED TO SIMULATED ACIDIC RAIN AU - SHAFER, , SR AU - GRAND, LF AU - BRUCK, RI AU - HEAGLE, AS T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - Effects of simulated acidic rain on formation of ectomycorrhizae were studied with Pinustaeda seedlings grown in plastic trays in a greenhouse. Trays of ectomycorrhizal seedlings were exposed 37 times over 16 weeks to simulated rains adjusted to pH 5.6, 4.0, 3.2, or 2.4. After exposures, mean percentages of short roots that were mycorrhizal (%M) were greatest (62.2%) for seedlings exposed to rains of pH 2.4. Values of %M exhibited a quadratic relationship with rain acidity (%M = 146.49 − 48.96 (rain pH) + 5.68 (rain pH) 2 ). Values of R/S (root/shoot ratio) were negatively correlated (P < 0.01) with %M. Responses of ecetomycorrhiza formation and associated shoot growth to acidity of simulated rains suggest that rains of intermediate acidity (pH 4.0 and 3.2) inhibited ectomycorrhiza formation, or that increased soil acidity or other factors induced by rains at pH 2.4 enhanced ectomycorrhiza formation. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1139/x85-012 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 66-71 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT-ROT OF FRASER FIR - ROOT COLONIZATION AND INOCULUM PRODUCTION AU - REYNOLDS, KM AU - BENSON, DM AU - BRUCK, RI T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1094/Phyto-75-1004 VL - 75 IS - 9 SP - 1004-1009 SN - 1943-7684 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT-ROT OF FRASER FIR - ESTIMATES OF RHIZOSPHERE WIDTH AND INOCULUM EFFICIENCY AU - REYNOLDS, KM AU - BENSON, DM AU - BRUCK, RI T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1094/Phyto-75-1010 VL - 75 IS - 9 SP - 1010-1014 SN - 1943-7684 ER - TY - CONF TI - Forest decline in the Southern Appalachian Mountains AU - Bruck, R. I. AU - Robarge, W. P. C2 - 1985/// C3 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Acidic Precipitation DA - 1985/// SP - 279-286 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Final report: Epidemiology of boreal montane forest decline in the Southern Appalachian Mountains AU - Bruck, R. I. AU - Robarge, W. P. A3 - U. S. Environmental Protection Agency DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// PB - U. S. Environmental Protection Agency ER - TY - JOUR TI - Decline of boreal montane ecosystems in the Southern Appalachian Mountains AU - Bruck, R. I. AU - Robarge, W. P. T2 - Water, Air, and Soil Pollution DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// VL - 29 SP - 1191 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Poultry pests AU - Axtell, R. C. T2 - Livestock Entomology PY - 1985/// SP - 269-293 PB - New York: Wiley & Sons SN - 0471810649 ER - TY - JOUR TI - DIEL PERIODICITY AND TRAP BIAS IN STICKY TRAP SAMPLING OF SHARPNOSED LEAFHOPPER (SCAPHYTOPIUS-MAGDALENSIS) (PROVANCHER), HOMOPTERA, CICADELLIDAE POPULATIONS AU - MEYER, , JR AU - COLVIN, SA T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - Sharpnosed leafhoppers, Scaphytopius magdalensis (Provancher), exhibit a diel periodicity characterized by morning and evening peaks of flight activity. Adults are most commonly found on blueberry plants at night; they apparently seek shelter during the day and return to their host plants around dusk. Flight activity during midday and early afternoon is usually correlated with high temperature and low humidity. Most local flight activity occurs from 0 to 50 cm above the soil surface and is significantly affected by bush height. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-20.2.237 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 237-243 SN - 0749-8004 ER - TY - JOUR TI - SCREENING OF CRUDE PLANT-EXTRACTS AS FEEDING DETERRENTS OF THE WIREWORM, MELANOTUS-COMMUNIS AU - VILLANI, M AU - GOULD, F T2 - ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA AB - Abstract Extracts from 78 plant species (24 families) were screened for antifeedant activity against the corn wireworm, Melanotus communis Gyll. (Coleoptera: Elateridae). Five extracts from four families significantly reduced wireworm feeding damage in a series of ‘choice’ feeding tests. Two extracts, Asclepias tuberosa and Hedera helix , exhibited exceptional levels of feeding deterrency. An x‐ray technique indicated that wireworms burrowed indiscriminately between soil containing either of these extracts and surrounding untreated soil, but were found more frequently in the untreated areas. RÉSUMÉ Examen d'extraits bruts de plantes comme répulsifs contre Melanotus communis Gyll . L'aptitude à empêcher la prise de nourriture de Melanotus communis Gyll. a été recherchée dans les extraits de 78 plantes appartenant à 24 familles. Cinq extraits de 4 familles ont réduit significativement les dégâts alimentaires lorsqu'il y avait choix alimentaire. Deux extraits ‐ Asclepias tuberosa et Hedera helix ‐ présentaient des niveaux exceptionnellement élevés de dissuasion de l'alimentation. Une technique aux rayons X a montré que les taupins fouillaient indistinctement le sol contenant de ces extraits ou le sol avoisinant non traité, mais on les recontrait plus fréquemment dans le sol non traité. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1985.tb03454.x VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 69-75 SN - 1570-7458 ER - TY - JOUR TI - QUALITATIVE EXAMINATION OF THE HYPERSENSITIVE RESPONSE OF LOBLOLLY-PINE, PINUS-TAEDA L, INOCULATED WITH 2 FUNGAL ASSOCIATES OF THE SOUTHERN PINE-BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS-FRONTALIS ZIMMERMANN (COLEOPTERA, SCOLYTIDAE) AU - COOK, SP AU - HAIN, FP T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., responded to wounding and wounding plus inoculation with two fungal associates of the southern pine beetle (SPB), Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann by forming a hypersensitive reaction zone around the wound sites. There was a significant difference in the length of the reaction produced depending upon treatments. A simple mechanical wound produced a shorter lesion than a wound accompanied by inoculation with Ceratocystis minor (Hedgecock) Hunt var. barrassi Taylor which produced a shorter lesion than a wound accompanied by a C. minor inoculation. There was a significant change in monoterpene composition and a significant decrease in soluble sugars present in the hypersensitive reaction zones compared with unwounded phloem, but there were no differences in these parameters between the reaction zones resulting from the two fungal inocula. The overall response of the trees to invasion by SPB fungal associates was a compositional change in potential toxins (monoterpenes) accompanied by a decrease in potential nutrients (soluble sugars) in the area directly surrounding the wound site. Also, the more virulent invader appeared to evoke a stronger response (lesion length) by the trees. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1093/ee/14.4.396 VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 396-400 SN - 1938-2936 ER - TY - JOUR TI - MOVEMENT OF THE 2-SPOTTED SPIDER-MITE, TETRANYCHUS-URTICAE, AMONG HOSTS IN A CORN-PEANUT AGROECOSYSTEM AU - MARGOLIES, DC AU - KENNEDY, GG T2 - ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA AB - Abstract A 3 year study of spider mites in a corn‐peanut agroecosystem indicated that the persistance and pest status of mite populations depended on dispersal among a succession of temporarily suitable cultivated and non‐cultivated hosts. In the spring, mites crawled from overwintering sites in vegetation along field margins into both peanut and corn fields, but became established only in corn. Initiation of aerial dispersal from corn was coincident with and appeared dependent upon mites moving to the top of the corn canopy, where they were exposed to the wind. Mites were first observed in peanut immediately following the onset of aerial dispersal from corn, and these aerial dispersers were the primary source of subsequent mite infestations in peanut. As populations grew in peanut, mites dispersed into vegetation along peanut field margins and became the nucleus of populations which persisted over the winter. This pattern of host utilization was reinitiated in the spring if corn was planted adjacent to infested field borders. This pattern commonly occurs since corn is planted following peanut in the predominant crop rotation sequence in this area. RÉSUMÉ Déplacements de Tetranychus urticae Koch parmi ses hôtes dans un système agricole avec maïs et arachide Des populations d'acariens ont été étudiées pendant 3 ans sur maïs, arachide et végétation spontanée, dans 7 fermes commerciales de Chowan Co., Caroline du Nord. Les déplacements d'acariens parmi ces plantes ont été notés en fonction de la croissance de la population et de la phénologie des hôtes. Un schéma cohérent de croissance de la population d'acariens et de leurs mouvements en découle, dont seule la taille change suivant les fermes et les années. Les acariens provenant de populations hivernantes sur la végétation spontanée bordant les champs migrèrent dans les champs cultivés adjacents quelle qu'en soit la nature de la culture. Cependant, à cette époque, les populations d'acariens ne s'établissaient que dans le maïs. Dans le maïs, les acariens se répandirent à travers le champ et se multiplièrent sur des pieds particuliers jusqu'à ce qu'ils eussent atteint le sommet de la canopée du maïs. Les premiers acariens transportés par le vent ont été capturés la semaine suivant la première apparition d'acariens au sommet de la canopée du maïs et aussitôt après la découverte des premiers acariens dans les arachides voisines. Ceci suggère que les acariens dispersés par le vent sont à l'origine des contaminations ultérieures des arachides voisines. Plus tard dans la saison, les acariens se dispersèrent à partir de l'arachide vers les sites d'hibernation dans la végétation spontanée poussant autour du champ d'arachide. Puisque des champs semés en arachides sont généralement semés en maïs l'année suivante, les acariens se dispersant au printemps depuis les sites d'hibernation rencontrèrent souvent du maïs qu'ils colonisèrent. Ce cycle répétitif d'utilisation de l'hôte et de dispersion est considéré comme fortement responsable de la pérennité des acariens et de leur danger potentiel dans les agroécosystèmes à maïs‐arachide, caractéristiques du canton de Chowan (N.C.). Les problèmes potentiels posés par les acariens sur arachide ont paru être liés à l'intensité de l'attaque d'acariens sur le maïs voisin, qui sert de réservoir pour les populations d'acariens. Ceci suggère que le contrôle des populations d'acariens sur maïs peut être une stratégie viable pour limiter les infestations ultérieures sur arachide et, en dernier lieu, les populations hivernantes. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1985.tb03452.x VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 55-61 SN - 0013-8703 ER - TY - JOUR TI - LABORATORY BIOASSAY OF CRUDE EXTRACTS AS ANTI-FEEDANTS FOR THE SOUTHERN CORN-ROOTWORM (COLEOPTERA, CHRYSOMELIDAE) AU - VILLANI, MG AU - MEINKE, LJ AU - GOULD, F T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Crude extracts of five plant species which in previous experiments significantly limited corn wireworm, Melanotus communis Gyllenhal, feeding damage were tested for deterrence of the southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber. When offered extract-treated and untreated corn seeds, rootworms damaged significantly fewer treated seeds than untreated seeds with four of the extracts. In a “no-choice” test design, with the three most effective extracts, there was a significantly lower frequency of damage to treated baits compared to control baits. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1093/ee/14.5.617 VL - 14 IS - 5 SP - 617-619 SN - 0046-225X ER - TY - JOUR TI - EVALUATION OF PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING WITHIN-SPOT POPULATIONS OF DENDROCTONUS-FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA, SCOLYTIDAE) DURING A COLLAPSING EPIDEMIC AU - MAWBY, WD AU - HAIN, FP T2 - CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST AB - Abstract Data from 87 trees within 21 natural infestations were used to estimate the population size of the southern pine beetle ( Dendroctonus flontalis Zimmermann) under collapsing high-level conditions in North Carolina. Spots of K trees (1< K <12) were created by random selection without replacement from the initial pool. Samples of m trees (1< m < K ) were then chosen from each simulated spot according to random and selective plans. These samples over m trees were then extrapolated to the full K tree spot by 1 of 3 scaling factors: percentage of trees sampled, percentage of diameter sampled, or percentage of phloem area sampled. In this manner the total numbers of parent adults, brood, and brood adults were estimated for each artificial spot. Proportional errors, defined as (observed value – expected value)/(observed value), were computed over 10 000 independent trials for a variety of sample sizes, spot sizes, and scaling factors. The precision of these errors, after a bias correction was applied, was used to compare the different schemes. Random-diameter and largest-diameter schemes were judged best because of their good precisions and ease of application. However, when these results were applied to the 21 natural infestations, the confidence intervals were found to be too narrow to include the expected number of estimates. A discussion of this shortcoming is discussed in relation to spot dynamics and its effect on the application of this sampling technique. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.4039/Ent1171083-9 VL - 117 IS - 9 SP - 1083-1091 SN - 0008-347X ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECT OF 3 SOIL-APPLIED INSECTICIDES IN FIELD CORN ON SPIDER-MITE (ACARI, TETRANYCHIDAE) PEST POTENTIAL AU - MARGOLIES, DC AU - KENNEDY, GG AU - VANDUYN, JW T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Journal Article Effect of Three Soil-applied Insecticides in Field Corn on Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) Pest Potential Get access D. C. Margolies, D. C. Margolies Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar G. G. Kennedy, G. G. Kennedy Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. W. Van Duyn J. W. Van Duyn Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 78, Issue 1, 1 February 1985, Pages 117–120, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/78.1.117 Published: 01 February 1985 Article history Received: 02 July 1984 Accepted: 07 September 1984 Published: 01 February 1985 DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1093/jee/78.1.117 VL - 78 IS - 1 SP - 117-120 SN - 0022-0493 ER - TY - JOUR TI - COMPARISON OF LOBLOLLY AND SHORTLEAF PINE BOLTS AS HOSTS OF THE SOUTHERN PINE-BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS-FRONTALIS ZIMMERMANN (COLEOPTERA, SCOLYTIDAE) AU - COOK, SP AU - HAIN, FP T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, adults were introduced to 2-m bolts of loblolly, Pinus taeda L., and shortleaf pine, P. echinata Mill., to determine the effect of host species on the beetle's reproductive potential. A multivariate analysis of variance test revealed significant differences in parent gallery characteristics between host species. Although the average distance between egg niches was similar in both species, the average parent gallery was almost 90 mm longer in the shortleaf bolts. No statistically significant differences were found in average brood survival or average brood length. However, loblolly pine bolts consistently produced more brood adults. The sex ratio of emerged brood was not significantly different from 1:1 for either host species. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1093/ee/14.3.332 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 332-335 SN - 0046-225X ER - TY - JOUR TI - COMPARISON OF BAITED JUG-TRAP AND SPOT CARDS FOR SAMPLING HOUSEFLY, MUSCA-DOMESTICA (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE), POPULATIONS IN POULTRY HOUSES AU - LYSYK, TJ AU - AXTELL, RC T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - The relationship between known densities of house flies, Musca domestica L., and fly-abundance indices obtained with baited jug-traps and white spot cards in a caged-layer poultry house was determined. Baited jug-traps hung from the ceiling and spot cards fastened to feed troughs gave fly-abundance indices most sensitive to changes in house fly density; spot cards fastened flush against the rafters were slightly less sensitive, and spot cards hung vertically from the rafters were least sensitive. With increasing mean daily temperature (range, 22 to 34°C), estimates of fly-abundance density obtained with baited jug-traps, spot cards fastened to the feed trough, and spot cards fastened hanging from the rafters increased, while the estimates obtained with spot cards fastened flush against the rafters decreased. The relationship between fly-abundance indices obtained with baited jug-traps and spot cards (in different locations) was determined by linear regression. Equations are given for calculating the numbers of sampling devices required at different fly-abundance thresholds for obtaining indices with a desired coefficient of variability. DA - 1985/12// PY - 1985/12// DO - 10.1093/ee/14.6.815 VL - 14 IS - 6 SP - 815-819 SN - 0046-225X ER - TY - JOUR TI - BUTTERFLY MILKWEED EXTRACT AS A FEEDING DETERRENT OF THE WIREWORM, MELANOTUS-COMMUNIS AU - VILLANI, M AU - GOULD, F T2 - ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA AB - Abstract Crude extracts of butterfly milkweed, Asclepias tuberosa L., were tested for deterrent properties against the corn wireworm, Melanotus communis Gyll (Coleoptera:Elateridae). When offered milkweed‐treated and control baits, wireworms fed almost exclusively on untreated food. In ‘no‐choice’ tests, there was a significantly lower frequency of damage to treated baits than control baits. Extended exposure of wireworms to the extract did not affect their survival, feeding vigor, or preference in subsequent feeding tests. Seed corn treated with crude extract exhibited slight phytotoxicity in the form of delayed germination and depressed growth rates. RÉSUMÉ Extraits d' Asclepias tuberosa utilisés comme phago‐dissuadants du taupin par Melanotus communis Les propriétés dissuadantes des extraits bruts d' Asclepias tuberosa L. ont été testées contre Melanotus communis Gyll. Quand on a présenté des appâts traités avec A. tuberosa et des appâts témoins, les taupins ont consommé presque exclusivement l'aliment non traité. Dans des expériences sans choix, les appâts traités étaient significativement moins attaqués que les appâts témoins. Une exposition prolongée des taupins à l'extrait n'avait pas modifié leur survie, leur appétit ou leur préférence dans des expériences alimentaires ultérieures. Des graines de maïs traitées avec des extraits bruts ont présenté une légère phytotoxicité sous la forme d'une germination retardée et d'un taux de croissance ralenti. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1985.tb03458.x VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 95-100 SN - 0013-8703 ER - TY - JOUR TI - ACEPHATE AND AVERMECTINS FOR GERMAN-COCKROACH CONTROL (DICTYOPTERA, BLATTELLIDAE) AU - WRIGHT, CG AU - DUPREE, HE T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - Acephate (1%), acephate (1%) plus 0.16% zinc ricinoleate (a deodorant) and 0.08% Tryfac 910-K® (a surfactant), and avermectins (0.02 and 0.1%) were applied in kitchens of single-family dwellings infested with Blattella germanica (L.). All gave control at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after initial application. There was no significant difference in control between insecticides or concentrations. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-20.1.20 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 20-23 SN - 0749-8004 ER - TY - JOUR TI - THE PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ESTERASES FROM INSECTICIDE-RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE HOUSE-FLIES AU - KAO, LR AU - MOTOYAMA, N AU - DAUTERMAN, WC T2 - PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY AB - Four major esterases in one susceptible (CSMA) and two resistant (Hirokawa, E1) house fly strains were separated by chromatofocusing. Of the four esterases, those with pI's of 5.1 and 5.3 accounted for 90% of the p-nitrophenyl butyrate hydrolyzing activity in the three house fly strains. They also accounted for 70% (Hirokawa, E1) and 40% (CSMA) of the paraoxon-hydrolyzing activity as well as 87% (Hirokawa), 39% (E1) and 66% (CSMA) of the malathion-hydrolyzing activity in microsomes as measured by esterase-antibody interaction. In the Hirokawa strain, the pI 5.1 esterase was the predominant esterase and was more active than that of the the CSMA strain. Different substrate specificities and a different Km toward acetylthiocholine, as well as different rates of malathion and paraoxon hydrolysis between the Hirokawa and CSMA strains, suggest a qualitative difference in the pI 5.1 esterase. For the pI 5.1 esterase from the E1 strain, a different substrate specificity, a different Km for p-nitrophenyl butyrate, a different sensitivity to inhibitors, and a different rate of paraoxon hydrolysis suggest that it is a modified esterase. This esterase is not a phosphorotriester hydrolase, nor does it lack nonspecific esterase activity. It is a modified esterase which has a different substrate specificity when compared to the esterases from the other strains. The molecular weight of the esterases studied was approximately 220,000, with pH optima of about 7.0. The ratio of malathion α-monoacid to β-monoacid formation was about 9.0 for the pI 5.1 and 5.3 esterases and 1.5 for the pI 4.8 and 5.6 esterases. The existence of a higher αβ ratio for the pI 5.1 and 5.3 esterases and their significant rate of malathion hydrolysis in the Hirokawa strain indicate that an increase in the αβ ratio in house flies reported was due to the increase in the pI 5.1 esterase in the resistant strain. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1016/0048-3575(85)90010-0 VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 228-239 SN - 1095-9939 ER - TY - JOUR TI - RECRUITMENT OF THE RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT, SOLENOPSIS-INVICTA, TO SOYBEAN OIL BAITS AU - KIDD, KA AU - APPERSON, CS AU - NELSON, LA T2 - FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST AB - A field investigation was conducted to compare the diel periodicity and rates of recruitment of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, to soybean oil presented in two forms. Bimodal patterns of recruitment were usually observed to corn cob particulates saturated with oil but not to cotton wicks saturated with oil. Recruitment to both rates was usually higher at night but not always significantly ($P @? 0.05$) different from rates observed during the day. Significantly ($P @? 0.05$) higher rates of recruitment occurred to the particulate oil bait relative to the liquid oil bait at most times studied. The size of ants recruited to the two baits varied significantly ($P @? 0.05$); however, no consistent or explainable pattern in the size of ants recruited over each 24-hour period was observed for either bait. Ants of the media worker subcaste were generally recruited at significantly ($P @? 0.05$) greater rates to both baits relative to minor and major workers. Standard multiple regression analyses revealed that changes in air and soil temperatures had a significant ($P @? 0.05$) impact on recruitment; however, changes in air and soil moisture did not appear to influence rates of recruitment to the baits. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.2307/3494357 VL - 68 IS - 2 SP - 253-261 SN - 0015-4040 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Infestation of rootstocks by woolly apple aphid on weak or dead apple trees in North Carolina orchards AU - Klimstra, D. E. AU - Rock, G. C. T2 - Journal of Agricultural Entomology DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 309 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of synthetic pyrethroids on beneficial insects from cotton grown in the southern piedmont AU - House, G. J. AU - All, J. N. AU - Short, K. T. AU - Law, S. E. T2 - Journal of Agricultural Entomology DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 161 ER - TY - JOUR TI - INFLUENCE OF THE INSECT-RESISTANT PEANUT CULTIVAR NC-6 ON PERFORMANCE OF SOIL INSECTICIDES AU - CAMPBELL, WV AU - WYNNE, JC T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - The cultivar NC 6 was released in 1976 as a peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., with multiple insect resistance. It has a low level of resistance to the tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), moderate resistance to the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), and corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and a high level of resistance to the southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardt Barber. Since ‘NC 6’ is not immune to insects, tests were established to determine minimum insecticide dosages, in a management or integrated control program. ‘NC 6’ was compared with ‘Florigiant’ for insect damage, insect control with a minimum amount of insecticide, and yield. Tests were established in fields with a history of high southern corn rootworm damage. Insecticide doses currently recommended for rootworm control on commercial susceptible peanuts may be reduced 75 to 80% on ‘NC 6’ and still result in comparable insect control. Systemic insecticides applied for thrips and leafhopper control may be reduced ca. 60% on the NC 6 cultivar. ‘NC 6’ yielded ca. 20% more peanuts than ‘Florigiant’ in the absence of insecticides. When low doses of insecticides were applied, ‘NC 6’ yielded ca. 16% more peanuts than ‘Florigiant.’ DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1093/jee/78.1.113 VL - 78 IS - 1 SP - 113-116 SN - 1938-291X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Guide to common species of pupal parasites (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) of the house fly and other muscoid flies associated with poultry and livestock manure AU - Rueda, L. M. AU - Axtell, R. C. T2 - Technical Bulletin (North Carolina Agricultural Research Service) DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// IS - 278 SP - 88 ER - TY - JOUR TI - GERMAN-COCKROACH (ORTHOPTERA, BLATELLIDAE) MORTALITY ON VARIOUS SURFACES FOLLOWING APPLICATION OF DIAZINON AU - ROPER, EM AU - WRIGHT, CG T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Adult male Blattella germanica (L.) were caged on various treated surfaces and mortality after a 48-h exposure was compared to the diazinon detected by chemical analysis of the treated surfaces over a 4-week period. Mortality was 100% for 0.5 and 1.0% (AI) concentrations on painted and plywood surfaces for the entire study. Diazinon on treated glass declined to near the limit of detection, with no mortality at 4 weeks for both concentrations. Diazinon residues decreased by 35% on plasterboard at 4 weeks. However, mortality was reduced to 11%at 4 weeks on plasterboard treated at the 0.5% rate and 44% at the 1.0% rate. Decreased cockroach mortality on plasterboard may have been due to absorption or binding of diazinon to the paper covering on the treated surface. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1093/jee/78.4.733 VL - 78 IS - 4 SP - 733-737 SN - 0022-0493 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EUROPEAN CORN-BORER (LEPIDOPTERA, PYRALIDAE) DAMAGE TO MAIZE IN EASTERN NORTH-CAROLINA AU - UMEOZOR, OC AU - VANDUYN, JW AU - KENNEDY, GG AU - BRADLEY, , JR T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Journal Article European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Damage to Maize in Eastern North Carolina Get access O. C. Umeozor, O. C. Umeozor Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7630 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. W. Van Duyn, J. W. Van Duyn Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7630 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar G. G. Kennedy, G. G. Kennedy Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7630 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. R. Bradley, Jr. J. R. Bradley, Jr. Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7630 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 78, Issue 6, 1 December 1985, Pages 1488–1494, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/78.6.1488 Published: 01 December 1985 Article history Received: 04 April 1985 Accepted: 30 August 1985 Published: 01 December 1985 DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1093/jee/78.6.1488 VL - 78 IS - 6 SP - 1488-1494 SN - 0022-0493 ER - TY - JOUR TI - DEVELOPMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF CANNIBALISM IN HELIOTHIS-ZEA (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) AU - JOYNER, K AU - GOULD, F T2 - ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA AB - Heliothis zea (Boddie) larvae reared on low-moisture diet medium had longer development time and lower pupal weight than larvae reared on standard corn/soybean artificial diet. Larvae given conspecific prey in addition to the low-moisture diet medium had significantly shorter development time, greater survivorship, and greater pupal weight than larvae on a low-moisture diet but not given conspecific prey. On a standard artificial diet there were no significant differences between cannibals and noncannibals. These results indicate a nutritional benefit of cannibalism under less than optimal (low moisture) conditions that is not found under better conditions. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1093/aesa/78.1.24 VL - 78 IS - 1 SP - 24-28 SN - 0013-8746 ER - TY - JOUR TI - COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF MINIMUM-TILLAGE TREATMENTS ON THE OVERWINTERING EMERGENCE OF EUROPEAN CORN-BORER (LEPIDOPTERA, PYRALIDAE) IN CORNFIELDS AU - UMEOZOR, OC AU - VANDUYN, JW AU - BRADLEY, , JR AU - KENNEDY, GG T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Field experiments were conducted in 1983 and 1984 to compare the influence of six different minimum-tillage treatments on the overwintering emergence of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) in cornfields. The treatments were: unharvested control, harvested-only, mowed, disked, disked-bedded, and mowed–disked. All treatments reduced O. nubilalis survival compared with the unharvested control. O. nubilalis survival was least during both years in plots that were both mowed and disked. O. nubilalis emergence was significantly earlier in the mowed–disked treatment compared with the harvested-only treatment. The duration of emergence per treatment was longest in the unharvested control and harvestedonly treatments compared with other treatments. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1093/jee/78.4.937 VL - 78 IS - 4 SP - 937-939 SN - 0022-0493 ER - TY - JOUR TI - COMPARISON OF SOIL ARTHROPODS AND EARTHWORMS FROM CONVENTIONAL AND NO-TILLAGE AGROECOSYSTEMS AU - HOUSE, GJ AU - PARMELEE, RW T2 - SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH AB - Soil-arthropod and earthworm densities (number m−2) were higher (P < 0.05) under no-tillage than conventional tillage practices. Enchytraeid worms were higher in conventional tillage. Two predaceous groups, ground beetles (Carabidae: Coleoptera) and spiders (Araneae), comprised more than one-half of all soil macroarthropods collected. All major microarthropod suborders (Oribatids, Prostigmatids, Mesostigmatids, and the order Collembola) were higher (P < 0.01) under no-tillage than conventional tillage. High soil-arthropod and earthworm densities under no-tillage systems suggest an expanded and beneficial involvement for these soil fauna in crop-residue-decomposition processes. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1016/S0167-1987(85)80003-9 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - 351-360 SN - 0167-1987 ER - TY - JOUR TI - COMPARISON OF HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF HOUSE-FLY, MUSCA-DOMESTICA (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE), PUPAE IN DIFFERENT LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AU - RUEDA, LM AU - AXTELL, RC T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - By monitoring weekly with house fly ( Musca domestica L.) pupae placed in mesh bags in the manure, 10 species of house fly parasites were found in confined poultry, dairy, beef, swine, and sheep housing: Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, Spalangia , sp. nov., near drosophilae Ashmead, S. cameroni Perkins, S. endius Walker, S. nigroaenea Curtis, S. drosophilae Ashmead, Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani), Nasonia vitripennis Walker, Dirhinus texanus (Ashmead) and Trichopria sp. By the same monitoring method five species were recovered from beef and dairy cattle pastures: M. raptor, S. cameroni, S. endius, P. vindemiae , and D. texanus . All sampling was conducted in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. M. raptor, P. vindemiae , and S. cameroni were the most prevalent parasites in both the confined systems and the pastures, accounting for 95 to 98% of all parasites recovered. House fly pupae exposed to parasites in the confined poultry, swine, and dairy systems exhibited higher rates of parasitism than in the pastures and the beef and sheep barns. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1093/ee/14.3.217 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 217-222 SN - 1938-2936 ER - TY - JOUR TI - African violet diseases AU - Jones, R. K. AU - Strider, D. L. T2 - North Carolina Flower Growers' Bulletin DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// VL - 29 IS - 5 SP - 5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The role of atmospheric deposition in the latitudinal variation of Fraser fir mortality caused by the balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Hemipt., Adelgidae): A hypothesis AU - Hain, F. P. AU - Arthur, F. H. T2 - Zeitschrift fu?r Angewandte Entomologie AB - Abstract A hypothesis is presented that atmospheric deposition is predisposing Fraser fir to balsam woolly adelgid (BWA)‐caused mortality and that the amount of mortality in six Fraser fir zones is a reflection of the amount of atmospheric deposits in each zone. We argue that Fraser fir is a highly sensitive species to atmospheric pollutants, that BWA increases that sensitivity, and that the Fraser fir ecosystem is a primary depository of such pollutants. Alternative hypotheses are also discussed. It is likely that a number of factors, including patterns of atmospheric deposits, contribute to Fraser fir mortality patterns in the southern Appalachians. Zusammenfassung Die Bedeutung der Ablagerungen von Luftschadstoffen für die Tannenmortalität, verursacht durch die Wollaus Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Hemipt., Adelgidae): Eine Hypothese Es wird eine Hypothese vorgestellt, die in der Ablagerung von Luftschadstoffen einen wesentlichen, auf die Mortalität von Fraser‐Tannen, verursacht durch Adelges piceae einwirkenden Faktor sieht. Der Umfang der Mortalität in sechs Tannenzonen entsprach dem Umfang der jeweiligen Schadstoffbelastung. Es wird argumentiert, daß die Fraser‐Tanne hochempfindlich gegenüber Immissionen sei, daß die Wollaus diese Empfindlichkeit noch erhöhe, und daß das Tannen‐Ökosystem einen primären Ablagerungsort für diese Schadstoffe darstelle. Alternativen hierzu werden erörtert. Es ist wahrscheinlich, daß eine Anzahl von Faktoren, einschließlich der Luftschadstoffe zur Tannensterblichkeit im südlichen Appalachengebirge beiträgt. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1985.tb01972.x VL - 99 IS - 2 SP - 145 ER - TY - JOUR TI - THERMAL AND THERMOPERIODIC EFFECTS ON LARVAL AND PUPAL DEVELOPMENT AND SURVIVAL IN TUFTED APPLE BUD MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE) AU - ROCK, GC T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Journal Article Thermal and Thermoperiodic Effects on Larval and Pupal Development and Survival in Tufted Apple Bud Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Get access George C. Rock George C. Rock Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7626 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Environmental Entomology, Volume 14, Issue 5, 1 October 1985, Pages 637–640, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/14.5.637 Published: 15 September 2014 Article history Received: 12 February 1985 Accepted: 02 July 1985 Published: 15 September 2014 DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1093/ee/14.5.637 VL - 14 IS - 5 SP - 637-640 SN - 0046-225X ER - TY - JOUR TI - THE ESSENTIAL DIETARY FATTY-ACID REQUIREMENT OF THE TUFTED APPLE BUDMOTH, PLATYNOTA-IDAEUSALIS AU - ROCK, GC T2 - JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY AB - The tufted apple budmoth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), was reared non-axenically for two successive generations on a casein-based semisynthetic diet. The qualitative essential fatty acid requirement for growth, development and normal pupal-adult ecdysis was studied using the non-axenic casein-based semisynthetic diets with and without various 99% pure fatty acids. Linoleic or linolenic acids caused accelerated larval development; linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids showed similar activity in body weight gain and survival to pupal-adult ecdysis. Linoleic or linolenic acids were active in alleviating wing deformities; arachidonic acid was partially active in alleviating wing deformities at the one dietary concentration evaluated. Activity of arachidonic acid as an essential fatty acid for P. idaeusalis is unique among insects, except for mosquitoes. The essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome of the adult, resulting from the larvae feeding on fat-deficient diets, was greatly reduced when larvae were fed on a diet adequate in essential fatty acid during either their early or late development. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1016/0022-1910(85)90035-6 VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - 9-13 SN - 0022-1910 ER - TY - JOUR TI - THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON ENERGY-DISTRIBUTION DURING THE LAST-LARVAL STADIUM OF THE FEMALE HOUSE CRICKET, ACHETA-DOMESTICUS AU - ROE, RM AU - CLIFFORD, CW AU - WOODRING, JP T2 - JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY AB - The distribution of energy during the last stadium of the house cricket at two temperatures was the main theme of this study. Food consumption, growth, and oxygen consumption were greater in the first half of the stadium at both 25 and 35°C. An RQ > 1 indicated the conversion of carbohydrates to lipids during the first half of the instar at both temperatures. The duration of the stadium increased from 6 days at 35°C to 14 days at 25°C. The same maximal weight, protein content and lipid content were attained at both 25 and 35°C. A weight loss (mostly in stored lipids) after the midstadium peak weight was greater at the lower temperature. The absorption efficiency and the production of metabolic wastes were not affected by temperature, but the metabolic efficiency was much higher at 35 than at 25°C during the first half as well as the latter half of the stadium. Although during the first half of the stadium more energy was ingested, absorbed, and made available for growth at 25 than at 35°C, only slightly more growth occurred at 25°C. During the last half of the stadium less energy was ingested at 25 than at 35°C, and much more growth occurred at 35°C because of the even greater heat loss at 25 than at 35°C. Therefore at a lower temperature cricket larvae eat slightly more and reach the same maximal weight as at a higher temperature, but they end up smaller because they waste more energy during the extended duration of the stadium at the lower temperature. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1016/0022-1910(85)90080-0 VL - 31 IS - 5 SP - 371-378 SN - 1879-1611 ER - TY - JOUR TI - TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT MODELS FOR SIMULATING NONDIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT IN PLATYNOTA-IDAEUSALIS (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE) IN NORTH-CAROLINA AU - BOYNE, JV AU - ROCK, GC AU - STINNER, RE T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Journal Article Temperature-dependent Models for Simulating Nondiapause Development in Platynota idaeusalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in North Carolina Get access J. V. Boyne, J. V. Boyne Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar G. C. Rock, G. C. Rock Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. E. Stinner R. E. Stinner Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Environmental Entomology, Volume 14, Issue 6, 1 December 1985, Pages 785–789, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/14.6.785 Published: 01 December 1985 DA - 1985/12// PY - 1985/12// DO - 10.1093/ee/14.6.785 VL - 14 IS - 6 SP - 785-789 SN - 0046-225X ER - TY - JOUR TI - SENSITIVITY OF TUFTED APPLE BUDMOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE) LARVAL INSTARS TO PHOTOPERIODIC INDUCTION OF DIAPAUSE AT 21C AU - ROCK, GC T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - An examination of the sensitivity of the tufted apple budmoth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), larval instars to a diapause-inducing photoperiod at a constant 21C revealed that maximum expression of diapause occurred only when all five instars were exposed to a short daylength. No intermediate instar was found in which the developmental program could be switched from a diapause to a non-diapause one, or vice versa. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-20.2.143 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 143-145 SN - 0749-8004 ER - TY - JOUR TI - RECORDER FOR AUTOMATICALLY MONITORING TETHERED-INSECT FLIGHT AU - RILEY, SL AU - STINNER, RE T2 - ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA AB - Journal Article Recorder for Automatically Monitoring Tethered-insect Flight Get access S. L. Riley, S. L. Riley 1 Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 1Present address: Agrichemicals Dept., Exp. Stn. 402: 3097, E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, DE 19898. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R. E. Stinner R. E. Stinner Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Volume 78, Issue 5, 1 September 1985, Pages 626–628, https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/78.5.626 Published: 01 September 1985 Article history Received: 27 September 1984 Accepted: 07 May 1985 Published: 01 September 1985 DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1093/aesa/78.5.626 VL - 78 IS - 5 SP - 626-628 SN - 0013-8746 ER - TY - JOUR TI - DIAPAUSE IN PLATYNOTA-IDAEUSALIS (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE) - EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, PHOTOPERIOD, AND TIME OF INOCULATION IN THE FIELD ON DIAPAUSE TERMINATION AU - BOYNE, JV AU - ROCK, GC AU - NELSON, LA T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Termination of larval diapause in the tufted apple budmoth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), is a dynamic process in which insect development is influenced by both the nature and the timing of the various stimuli to which it is exposed. Parameters investigated in this study with respect to diapause termination included time of inoculation (egg hatch) in the field, temperature, and photoperiod. Each factor was shown to affect significantly diapause development in diapausing larvae. However, the magnitude of the effect of each consistently diminished as the season progressed. Comparisons of laboratory and field strains of P. idaeusalis, reared under similar conditions, showed no significant differences in their respective diapause responses to each of the factors investigated. Larvae inoculated out of doors earlier in autumn exhibited a less intense diapause than those inoculated later. Diapause termination was accelerated when larvae were exposed to higher constant temperatures and longer stationary daylengths, or both. Because natural temperatures rarely rise above 27°C (the optimum temperature tested for diapause termination) between November and March in North Carolina, larval diapause in P. idaeusalis is most likely terminated by increasing daylengths in the spring, with temperature acting as a modifying influence in the overall rate of diapause development. DA - 1985/12// PY - 1985/12// DO - 10.1093/ee/14.6.790 VL - 14 IS - 6 SP - 790-796 SN - 0046-225X ER - TY - JOUR TI - DIAPAUSE IN PLATYNOTA-IDAEUSALIS (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE) - CHARACTERIZATION OF LARVAL DIAPAUSE UNDER LABORATORY AND FIELD CONDITIONS AU - BOYNE, JV AU - ROCK, GC T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Diapausing larvae of a laboratory and field strain of the tufted apple budmoth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), were reared on semisynthetic diet and maintained out of doors for observations between November 1980 and April 1981. Larvae maintained on semisynthetic diet continued to feed and molt during diapause, as long as temperatures remained consistently above 10°C. Quantitative estimates of feeding, larval weights, and head-capsule widths in diapausing larvae were also recorded. CO2 output was measured in a laboratory strain of larvae reared on semisynthetic diet and excised apple leaves under long (16:18 [L:D]) and short (11:13 [L:D]) daylengths at constant 21°C. No increase in respiration was observed in any larvae immediately preceding larval–pupal ecdysis, regardless of food source or photoperiod. Diapausing larvae had lower respiratory rates than did nondiapausing larvae, particularly when comparisons were made based on larval weight classes, rather than chronological age. DA - 1985/12// PY - 1985/12// DO - 10.1093/ee/14.6.797 VL - 14 IS - 6 SP - 797-804 SN - 0046-225X ER - TY - JOUR TI - WITHIN-PLANT DISTRIBUTION OF HELIOTHIS SPP (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) EGGS AND LARVAE ON COTTON IN NORTH-CAROLINA AU - FARRAR, RR AU - BRADLEY, , JR T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Within-plant distribution of Heliothis spp. eggs and larvae on cotton was studied in North Carolina from 1980 through 1983. Egg distribution varied from year to year, with either leaves or terminals being the most common oviposition sites. Larvae were most commonly found on bolls, but were found in disproportionately large numbers on flowers and small bolls with dried flower corollas on them. The preference for flowers was less distinct for larvae of H. virescens than for H. zea larvae. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1093/ee/14.3.205 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 205-209 SN - 0046-225X ER - TY - JOUR TI - THE INFLUENCE OF WITHIN-PLANT DISTRIBUTION OF HELIOTHIS (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) EGGS ON OVICIDE EFFICACY IN COTTON AU - FARRAR, RR AU - BRADLEY, , JR T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - The influence of within-plant distribution of Heliothis zea (Boddie) eggs on ovicide efficacy in cotton was investigated. Eggs were placed on different parts of cotton plants in the field, and an ovicide was applied as a broadcast spray. Eggs in more sheltered sites and lower on the plants suffered significantly lower mortality. Similar results were obtained using both methomyl and chlordimeform. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-20.1.87 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 87-89 SN - 0749-8004 ER - TY - JOUR TI - PHOTO-ORIENTED AERIAL-DISPERSAL BEHAVIOR OF TETRANYCHUS-URTICAE (ACARI, TETRANYCHIDAE) ENHANCES ESCAPE FROM THE LEAF SURFACE AU - SMITLEY, DR AU - KENNEDY, GG T2 - ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA AB - In response to wind and light, twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch, manifest an aerial-dispersal behavior that facilitates their escape from the leaf-surface boundary layer and enables them to become airborne. This behavior, which is manifest only in the presence of wind, involves the mites orienting away from the light source and raising their forelegs and forebodies. Seventy percent of the adult females removed from a green host plant held on a dry test arena for 8 h, and exposed to a 1.5-m/s wind velocity, manifested this aerial-dispersal behavior. Mites do not adopt a dispersal posture in the absence of wind. As wind velocity increased the dispersal response increased until the response curve leveled at 1.5 m/s. All life stages, except adult males, manifested the aerial-dispersal behavior. Nymphal stages manifested the behavior less frequently than adult females. Larvae rarely adopted a dispersal posture. The low percentage of immature stages found in an aerial-dispersal posture can be partially explained by the sharp reduction in boundary-layer wind velocity at heights <0.5 mm above the leaf surface. On deteriorating corn plants in the field, a positive photokinetic response of “dispersal-phase” mites leads them to the upper periphery of the plant where aerial-dispersal behavior increases the probability of mites being carried aloft on updrafts. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1093/aesa/78.5.609 VL - 78 IS - 5 SP - 609-614 SN - 0013-8746 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECTS OF WITHIN-PLANT DISTRIBUTION OF HELIOTHIS-ZEA (BODDIE) (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) EGGS AND LARVAE ON LARVA DEVELOPMENT AND SURVIVAL ON COTTON AU - FARRAR, RR AU - BRADLEY, , JR T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Journal Article Effects of Within-plant Distribution of Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Eggs and Larvae on Larva Development and Survival on Cotton Get access Robert R. Farrar, Jr., Robert R. Farrar, Jr. Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7630 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. R. Bradley, Jr. J. R. Bradley, Jr. Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7630 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 78, Issue 6, 1 December 1985, Pages 1233–1237, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/78.6.1233 Published: 01 December 1985 Article history Received: 20 February 1985 Accepted: 05 July 1985 Published: 01 December 1985 DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.1093/jee/78.6.1233 VL - 78 IS - 6 SP - 1233-1237 SN - 0022-0493 ER - TY - JOUR TI - DEVELOPMENT OF WOUND TISSUE IN THE BARK OF FRASER FIR AND ITS RELATION TO INJURY BY THE BALSAM WOOLLY ADELGID AU - ARTHUR, FH AU - HAIN, FP T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - A total of 89 Fraser fir, Abies fraseri Pursh. (Poir.), from seven locations in the southern Appalachians were tested for non-suberized impervious tissue (NIT) at artificial wound sites. All trees except one formed NIT in a time period that was considered normal (3 weeks), with no delays due to tree age, location or presence of balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.). Although most Fraser fir react to adelgid attack by forming “rotholz” (red wood), a number of infested trees showed no visual signs of rotholz formation. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-20.1.129 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 129-135 SN - 0749-8004 ER - TY - JOUR TI - AN EVALUATION OF A PORTABLE GEIGER COUNTER TO TRACE RADIOLABELED HELIOTHIS-ZEA (BODDIE) (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) LARVAE IN CORN AND COTTON AU - FARRAR, RR AU - LANDIS, DA T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - A portable Geiger counter was evaluated for tracing the movements of radiolabeled Heliothis zea (Boddie) larvae in cotton and corn. In cotton, larvae used were labeled by injection of the parent females and phosphorus-32. These could easily be located using the Geiger counter. In corn, larvae were labeled topically so that pupation sites in the soil could be labeled. The percentage of these that could be located proved variable. DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-20.1.62 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 62-65 SN - 0749-8004 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A new record of the clerid, Phyllobaenus pubescens (Leconte) (Coleoptera), as a predator of Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on cotton AU - Farrar, R. R., Jr. T2 - Coleopterists' Bulletin DA - 1985/// PY - 1985/// VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - 33 ER -