TY - CHAP TI - Thrips AU - Kennedy, G.G. T2 - Encyclopedia of Plant Pathology A2 - Maloy, O. A2 - Murray, T. PY - 2002/// PB - J. Wiley & Sons SN - 9780471298175 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Germ‐line transformation of the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina AU - Heinrich, J. C. AU - Li, X. AU - Henry, R. A. AU - Haack, N. AU - Stringfellow, L. AU - Heath, A. C. G. AU - Scott, M. J. T2 - Insect Molecular Biology AB - Abstract The Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina , is the most important economic insect pest for the sheep industries in Australia and New Zealand. piggyBac ‐mediated germ‐line transformation of L. cuprina was achieved with a helper plasmid that had the Drosophila melanogaster hsp70 promoter controlling expression of the transposase and a piggyBac vector with an EGFP marker gene. Two transformant lines were obtained, at a frequency of approximately 1–2% per fertile G 0 . One of these lines has a single copy of the transgene, the other most likely has four copies. This is the first report of germ‐line transformation of L. cuprina and is an important step towards the generation of engineered strains that would be suitable for male‐only release eradication/suppression programmes. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1046/j.0962-1075.2001.00301.x VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 1-10 J2 - Insect Molecular Biology LA - en OP - SN - 0962-1075 1365-2583 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0962-1075.2001.00301.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cloning and characterization of the Tribolium castaneum eye-color genes encoding tryptophan oxygenase and kynurenine 3-monooxygenase AU - Lorenzen, M.D. AU - Brown, S.J. AU - Denell, R.E. AU - Beeman, R.W. T2 - Genetics AB - Abstract The use of eye-color mutants and their corresponding genes as scorable marker systems has facilitated the development of transformation technology in Drosophila and other insects. In the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, the only currently available system for germline transformation employs the exogenous marker gene, EGFP, driven by an eye-specific promoter. To exploit the advantages offered by eye-pigmentation markers, we decided to develop a transformant selection system for Tribolium on the basis of mutant rescue. The Tribolium orthologs of the Drosophila eye-color genes vermilion (tryptophan oxygenase) and cinnabar (kynurenine 3-monooxygenase) were cloned and characterized. Conceptual translations of Tc vermilion (Tcv) and Tc cinnabar (Tccn) are 71 and 51% identical to their respective Drosophila orthologs. We used RNA interference (RNAi) to show that T. castaneum larvae lacking functional Tcv or Tccn gene products also lack the pigmented eyespots observed in wild-type larvae. Five available eye-color mutations were tested for linkage to Tcv or Tccn via recombinational mapping. No linkage was found between candidate mutations and Tccn. However, tight linkage was found between Tcv and the white-eye mutation white, here renamed vermilionwhite (vw). Molecular analysis indicates that 80% of the Tcv coding region is deleted in vw beetles. These observations suggest that the Tribolium eye is pigmented only by ommochromes, not pteridines, and indicate that Tcv is potentially useful as a germline transformation marker. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1093/genetics/160.1.225 VL - 160 IS - 1 SP - 225–234 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Saltatory Changes in the Structure of the Ribosomal DNA External Transcribed Spacer during the Evolution of Cockroaches of Genus Blattella AU - Mukha, D. V. AU - Wiegmann, B. M. AU - Schal, C. T2 - Doklady Biological Sciences DA - 2002/11// PY - 2002/11// DO - 10.1023/a:1021745709410 VL - 387 IS - 1/6 SP - 549–552 SN - 0012-4966 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1021745709410 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogeography and Genotype-Symptom Associations in Early and Late Season Infections of Canola by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum AU - Phillips, D. V. AU - Carbone, I. AU - Gold, S. E. AU - Kohn, L. M. T2 - Phytopathology AB - Both typical late season stem infections and atypical early season rosette infections of canola, a relatively new crop in the southeastern United States, were caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The 51 DNA fingerprints (from 71 isolates) did not match any fingerprints from previous studies of canola or other crops. Single locus haplotypes from nuclear DNA sequences included 18 in the intergenic spacer (IGS) of the rRNA repeat, four in 44.11, six in translation elongation factor 1α, three in calmodulin (CAL), and two in chitin synthase 1. Contingency permutation testing for associations of infection type with DNA fingerprint, single- or multilocus haplotype, or hierarchically nested clades based on single locus haplotypes found significant association of haplotype with mycelial compatibility group and DNA fingerprint for all loci except CAL. Significant association of IGS haplotypes with symptom type was detected in one pathogen population. Southeastern U.S. canola was infected by both recently evolved, geographically dispersed pathogen genotypes and older, indigenous genotypes (Carbone and Kohn, 2001. Mol. Ecol. 10:947–964). Indigenous haplotypes are infection-type generalists, and the most frequently isolated from rosette infections. In contrast, haplotypes from the most recently evolved, dispersed population were associated one-to-one with infection type, with only the most recently evolved haplotypes infecting rosettes. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1094/phyto.2002.92.7.785 VL - 92 IS - 7 SP - 785–793 SN - 0031-949X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.7.785 KW - cladistic inference KW - genome size KW - multilocus sequence typing KW - nested haplotype networks ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transgene expression from the Tribolium castaneum Polyubiquitin promoter AU - Lorenzen, M. D. AU - Brown, S. J. AU - Denell, R. E. AU - Beeman, R. W. T2 - Insect Molecular Biology AB - The highly conserved Ubiquitin proteins are expressed from genes with strong, constitutively active promoters in many species, making these promoters attractive candidates for use in driving transgene expression. Here we report the cloning and characterization of the Tribolium castaneum Polyubiquitin (TcPUb) gene. We placed the TcPUb promoter upstream of the coding region of the T. castaneum eye-colour gene Tc vermilion (Tcv) and injected this construct into embryos from a Tcv-deficient strain. Transient expression of Tcv during embryogenesis resulted in complete rescue of the larval mutant phenotype. We then incorporated the TcPUb-Tcv chimera into a piggyBac donor. Resulting germline transformants were easily recognized by rescue of eye pigmentation, illustrating the potential of the TcPUb promoter for use in driving transgene expression. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2002.00349.x VL - 11 IS - 5 SP - 399-407 J2 - Insect Mol Biol LA - en OP - SN - 0962-1075 1365-2583 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2583.2002.00349.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Timing of transmission and the evolution of virulence of an insect virus AU - Cooper, V. S. AU - Reiskind, M. H. AU - Miller, J. A. AU - Shelton, K. A. AU - Walther, B. A. AU - Elkinton, J. S. AU - Ewald, P. W. T2 - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences AB - We used the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, to investigate whether the timing of transmission influences the evolution of virulence. In theory, early transmission should favour rapid replication and increase virulence, while late transmission should favour slower replication and reduce virulence. We tested this prediction by subjecting one set of 10 virus lineages to early transmission (Early viruses) and another set to late transmission (Late viruses). Each lineage of virus underwent nine cycles of transmission. Virulence assays on these lineages indicated that viruses transmitted early were significantly more lethal than those transmitted late. Increased exploitation of the host appears to come at a cost, however. While Early viruses initially produced more progeny, Late viruses were ultimately more productive over the entire duration of the infection. These results illustrate fitness trade-offs associated with the evolution of virulence and indicate that milder viruses can obtain a numerical advantage when mild and harmful strains tend to infect separate hosts. DA - 2002/6/7/ PY - 2002/6/7/ DO - 10.1098/rspb.2002.1976 VL - 269 IS - 1496 SP - 1161-1165 J2 - Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B LA - en OP - SN - 0962-8452 1471-2954 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.1976 DB - Crossref KW - virulence KW - timing KW - transmission KW - trade-off KW - Lymantria dispar KW - nuclear polyhedrosis virus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Increased competition may promote species coexistence AU - Vandermeer, J. AU - Evans, M. A. AU - Foster, P. AU - Hook, T. AU - Reiskind, M. AU - Wund, M. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - It is a mainstay of community ecology that local exclusion of species will result if competitive pressures become too large. The pattern of exclusion may be complicated, but the qualitative orthodoxy has changed little since the pioneering work of Lotka, Volterra, and Gause—no two species can occupy the same niche. Stated in a more precise form, the higher the intensity of interspecific competition in an assemblage of species, the fewer the number of species that can coexist in perpetuity. We suggest that this orthodoxy results from “linear” thinking, and that if the classical equations are formulated more realistically with attendant nonlinearities, the orthodoxy breaks down and higher levels of competition may actually increase the likelihood that species will avoid competitive exclusion. Furthermore, this increased probability of coexistence at higher levels of competition is accompanied by characteristic dynamic patterns: ( i ) at lower levels of competition, after all extinction events have occurred, remaining species follow irregular chaotic patterns; ( ii ) at higher levels of competition, when most species coexist, all species are entrained in a single large limit cycle; ( iii ) the transient behavior appears to correspond to a special case of chaos, uniform phase chaotic amplitude. DA - 2002/6/17/ PY - 2002/6/17/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.142073599 VL - 99 IS - 13 SP - 8731-8736 J2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences LA - en OP - SN - 0027-8424 1091-6490 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.142073599 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lipophorin-facilitated hydrocarbon uptake by oocytes in the German cockroach Blattella germanica (L.) AU - FAN, YL AU - CHASE, J AU - SEVALA, VL AU - SCHAL, C T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 205 IS - 6 SP - 781-790 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Short communication Effect of maize rhizodeposits on soil microbial community structure E. Benizri, O. Dedourge, C. Dibattista-Leboeuf, S. Piutti, C. Nguyen and A. Guckert (France).................. 261 AU - Larsen, KS AU - Jonasson, S AU - Denmark, A Michelsen AU - Dromph, KM AU - Denmark, S Vestergaard AU - Salamanca, EF AU - Raubuch, M T2 - Applied Soil Ecology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 21 SP - 289{\k{a}}290 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tracking historic migrations of the Irish potato famine pathogen, Phytophthora infestans AU - Ristaino, Jean Beagle T2 - Microbes and infection DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 4 IS - 13 SP - 1369-1377 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of synthetic and organic soil fertility amendments on southern blight, soil microbial communities, and yield of processing tomatoes T2 - Phytopathology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 92 IS - 2 SP - 181-189 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Organic and synthetic fertility amendments influence soil microbial, physical and chemical properties on organic and conventional farms T2 - Applied Soil Ecology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 147-160 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influences of organic and synthetic soil fertility amendments on nematode trophic groups and community dynamics under tomatoes T2 - Applied soil ecology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 233-250 ER - TY - CONF TI - Genetic structure of Phytophthora infestans populations from Costa Rica. Estructura genética de las poblaciones de Phytophthora infestans de Costa Rica. AU - Gómez-Alpı́zar, Luis Enrique AU - Cafe-Filho, AC AU - Ristaino, Jean Beagle C2 - 2002/// C3 - Annual Meeting of the American Phytopathological Society, Milwaukee, WI, US, July 27-31, 2002. DA - 2002/// VL - 92 SP - S30 M1 - 6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effie A. Southworth, First woman Plant Pathologists hired at USDA AU - Ristaino, Jean AU - Peterson, Paul T2 - The plant Health Instructor DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 10 SP - 1094 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of synthetic and organic soil fertility amendments on southern blight, soil microbial communities, and yield of processing tomatoes T2 - Phytopathology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 92 IS - 2 SP - 181-189 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036164806&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sexually and developmentally dimorphic grooming: a comparative survey of the Ungulata AU - Mooring, M.S. AU - Reisig, D.D. AU - Niemeyer, J.M. AU - Osborne, E.R. T2 - Ethology AB - Abstract Grooming is effective in removing fitness‐compromising ectoparasites, such as ticks. Tick‐removal grooming is regulated both by a central control mechanism (programmed grooming model) and by cutaneous stimulation from tick bites (stimulus‐driven model). The programmed grooming model predicts that organismic factors that impact the cost‐benefit ratio of grooming (e.g., sex and body size) will influence the rate of grooming. The ‘vigilance principle’ predicts that breeding males of sexually dimorphic species will groom less than females to maintain high levels of vigilance for rival males and oestrus females. The intraspecific body size principle predicts that juveniles will engage in more frequent grooming than larger‐bodied adults to compensate for the higher cost of tick infestation for smaller animals. To examine the generalizability of these predictions, we surveyed the grooming rate of 53 species/subspecies of ungulates (primarily Bovidae and Cervidae) in tick‐free zoological parks in which stimulus‐driven grooming was controlled for. Matched‐pair analysis supported both predictions. Males delivered fewer oral grooming episodes per hour than females in 85% of sexually dimorphic species (n = 40), but only 56% of monomorphic species (n = 11) exhibited sexually dimorphic grooming, which was not different from random. Juvenile oral episodes per hour exceeded that of adult females in 74% of surveyed species (n = 36). As predicted by the body size principle, the grooming rate of juveniles declined as juveniles grew larger and less vulnerable to tick infestation. In separate analyses of Bovidae and Cervidae to control for common ancestry, both families supported sexually dimorphic grooming, but developmentally dimorphic grooming was supported only for Bovidae. Our results indicate that sexually dimorphic grooming is widespread in the ungulate species surveyed, suggesting that programmed grooming evolved at least as early as the common ancestor to the Artiodactyla. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1046/j.1439-0310.2002.00826.x VL - 108 IS - 10 SP - 1–24 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Golden rice AU - Hessler, K. AU - Whetten, R. AU - Loopstra, C. AU - Penner, K. P. AU - Shriver, S. AU - Zeigler, R. AU - Fletcher, J. AU - Torrie, M. AU - Comstock, G. L. T2 - Life science ethics PY - 2002/// SP - 307-368 PB - Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press SN - 081382835X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diagosis and description of widespread surfactant injury on blueberries in North Carolina AU - Cline, WO AU - Oudemans, PV T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VACCINIUM CULTURE DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.17660/actahortic.2002.574.12 IS - 574 SP - 95-99 SN - 0567-7572 KW - phytotoxicity KW - Vaccinium corymbosum KW - adjuvant KW - abiotic KW - mummy berry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Blueberry bud set and yield following the use of fungicides for leaf spot control in North Carolina AU - Cline, WO T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VACCINIUM CULTURE AB - Leaf spot diseases caused by pathogenic fungi, including Septoria albopunctata and Gloeosporium minus may cause premature defoliation of blueberry bushes that results in reduced flower bud set in the fall of the year, and thus reduced yield the following season. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate fungicides for control of disease and to establish whether yield responses occurred the following year. Experiments were conducted during 1998-99 on a 10-yr-old planting of the cultivar Croatan at the North Carolina State University Horticultural Crops Research Station in Castle Hayne, NC. Fungicides were applied as foliar sprays in a randomized complete block design with four replications. A CO2 powered backpack sprayer delivering the equivalent of 50 gallons per acre (468 l/ha) at approximately 40 psi (2.81 kg/cm2), with a single hollow-cone nozzle was used. Treatments were applied from early bloom through small green berry stage on 27 Mar, 8 Apr, 22 Apr and 5 May. Bushes were evaluated by rating percent leaves infected and percent leaf area infected on 7 Aug 98, and percent defoliation on 29 Sep 98. Fruiting twigs and number of flower buds per twig on treated bushes were counted on 28 Jan 99. Berries were harvested 1 Jun 99 to determine yield in the year following leafspot control measures. Of the fungicides tested, only Indar (fenbuconazole) significantly reduced defoliation and increased yields the following year. Nearly 13 months after the last spray was applied, Indar-treated bushes averaged 16.2 dry pints/bush (8.92 liters) vs 11 dry pints/bush (6.06 liters) for unsprayed bushes. Indar increased bud number per bush/number of berries per bush, as well as average number of buds per twig/number of berries per twig. The use of a surfactant did not significantly improve the performance of Indar. As expected, individual berry size was slightly larger on bushes with reduced yields. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.17660/actahortic.2002.574.7 IS - 574 SP - 71-74 SN - 0567-7572 KW - Vaccinium corymbosum KW - Septoria albopunctata KW - Gloeosporium minus KW - Indar KW - fenbuconazole KW - defoliation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isolation, identification and detection of undescribed RNA sweetpotato viruses AU - Moyer, JW AU - Abad, JA AU - New, J AU - Bell, J T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SWEETPOTATO: FOOD AND HEALTH FOR THE FUTURE DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.17660/actahortic.2002.583.13 IS - 583 SP - 121-127 SN - 0567-7572 KW - sweetpotato virus detection KW - potyviruses KW - sweetpotato feathery mottle virus KW - sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virus KW - sweetpotato virus G KW - sweetpotato mild mottle virus KW - dsRNA KW - RT-PCR cloning ER - TY - PAT TI - Electrochemical detection of nucleic acid sequences AU - Henkens, R. AU - O'Daly, J. AU - Wojciechowski, M. AU - Zhang, H. AU - R., Naser AU - N., Roe AU - R., Stewart AU - T., Thompson AU - D., Sundseth AU - R., AU - Wegner, S. C2 - 2002/// DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - The potential for Trichogramma releases to suppress tip moth populations in pine plantations AU - Orr, D. B. AU - Suh, C. P. C. AU - Philip, M. AU - McCravy, K. W. AU - DeBarr, G. L. T2 - The Nantucket pine tip moth : old problems, new research : proceedings of an informal conference, the Entomological Society of America, annual meeting, December 12-16, 1999, Atlanta, Georgia DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - First report of Stigmina lautii in the United States AU - Hodges, C. S. T2 - Plant Disease AB - In June 1999, a specimen of blue spruce (Picea pungens) from Avery County, North Carolina, exhibiting symptoms of needle blight was submitted to the Plant Disease and Insect Clinic at North Carolina State University. A fungus sporulating profusely on symptomatic needles was identified as Stigmina lautii. Since then, three additional specimens have been received—on blue spruce from Ashe County, on Norway spruce (P. abies) from Avery County, and on Picea sp. from Cherokee County. These counties are all in western North Carolina but are not contiguous, indicating that the fungus is probably widespread in the western part of the state. S. lautii was described by Sutton (2) in 1973 on black spruce (P. mariana) and white spruce (P. glauca) collected from various locations in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, Canada. The only other reference found to the fungus is a specimen collected in British Columbia, Canada, on P. glauca in 1972 (2). The morphology of the North Carolina specimens of S. lautii is essentially as described by Sutton. The dark brown, superficial, flattened sporodochia are developed only through stomata. Sporodochia are found both on symptomatic needles as well as on adjacent green needles. Conidiophores arise only laterally from the lower, outer cells of the sporodochium, and are macronematous, mononematous, brown, smooth, unbranched, 1 to 2 septate, and 10 to 20 × 4 to 6 μm. Conidiogenous cells are brown, monoblastic, integrated, terminal, percurrent with 3 to 4 annelations, and 6 to 12 × 4 to 5 μm. Conidia are pale brown, cylindrical to fusiform, often curved, thick walled, verrucose, 5 to 8 distoseptate, and 25 to 45 × 5 to 6 μm. Superficially, the sporodochia of S. lautii might be confused with pycnidia of Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii, which also arise through stomata. The latter fungus also is associated with a needle blight of Picea spp. in western North Carolina. Both fungi were present on one specimen examined. Currently, no information is available on the pathogenicity of S. lautii, but its association with typical needle blight symptoms and the known pathogenicity of other Stigmina spp. on conifers make it likely that the fungus is pathogenic to spruce. To my knowledge, this is the first report of S. lautii in the United States, and P. pungens and P. abies represent new host records for the fungus. Specimens BPI 747910 and 840959, have been deposited in the herbarium of the National Fungus Collections, Beltsville, MD. References: (1) J. H. Ginns. Page 158 in: Compendium of Plant Disease and Decay Fungi in Canada 1960-1980. Agric. Can. Publ. 1813, 1986. (2) B. C. Sutton. Mycol. Pap. 132:113, 1973. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1094/pdis.2002.86.6.699a VL - 86 IS - 6 SP - 699 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Entomophaga maimaiga (Entomophthorales : entomophthoraceae) infects Malacosoma americanum (Lepidoptera : lasiocampidae) in North Carolina AU - Gillock, HH AU - Hain, FP T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Hilary H. Gillock, Fred P. Hain; Entomophaga maimaiga (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) Infects Malacosoma americanum (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) in North Carolina. Journal of Entomological Science 1 October 2002; 37 (4): 363–365. doi: https://doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-37.4.363 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest Search DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-37.4.363 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 363-365 SN - 0749-8004 KW - Lymantria dispar KW - nontarget Lepidoptera KW - biological control ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nematicides AU - Koenning, S. R. T2 - Encyclopedia of pest management CN - SB950 .E53 2002 [Hill] DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1201/noe0824706326.ch233 IS - 2002 ER - TY - JOUR TI - First record of parasitism of cockroaches (Blattaria: Blattellidae) by Anisia optata (Diptera: Tachinidae) AU - Gemeno, C. AU - O'Hara, J. E. AU - Strazanac, J. S. T2 - Entomological News DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 113 IS - 5 SP - 303-305 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nematode gene sequences, update for June 2002 AU - McCarter, J.P. AU - Clifton, S.W. AU - Bird, D.McK. AU - Waterston, R.H. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 71-74 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036618995&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of a new beta-1,4-endoglucanase gene expressed in the esophageal subventral gland cells of Heterodera glycines AU - Gao, B. AU - Allen, R. AU - Maier, T. AU - Davis, E. L. AU - Baum, T. J. AU - Hussey, R. S. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 12-15 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Database integration with the Web for biologists to share data and information AU - Xia, Y. AU - Stinner, R. E. AU - Chu, P. C. T2 - Electronic Journal of Biotechnology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - 154-161 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cloning of a putative pectate lyase gene expressed in the subventral esophageal glands of Heterodera glycines AU - De Boer, J. M. AU - McDermott, J. P. AU - Davis, E. L. AU - Hussey, R. S. AU - Popeijus, H. AU - Smant, G. AU - Baum, T. J. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 9-11 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A phylogenetic analysis of Coelopidae (Diptera) based on morphological and DNA sequence data AU - Meier, R AU - Wiegmann, BM T2 - MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION AB - The phylogenetic relationships of 22 species of Coelopidae are reconstructed based on a data matrix consisting of morphological and DNA sequence characters (16S rDNA, EF-1α). Optimal gap and transversion costs are determined via a sensitivity analysis and both equal weighting and a transversion cost of 2 are found to perform best based on taxonomic congruence, character incongruence, and tree support. The preferred phylogenetic hypothesis is fully resolved and well-supported by jackknife, bootstrap, and Bremer support values, but it is in conflict with the cladogram based on morphological characters alone. Most notably, the Coelopidae and the genus Coelopa are not monophyletic. However, partitioned Bremer Support and an analysis of node stability under different gap and transversion costs reveal that the critical clades rendering these taxa non-monophyletic are poorly supported. Furthermore, the monophyly of Coelopidae and Coelopa is not rejected in analyses using 16S rDNA that was manually aligned. The resolution of the tree based on this reduced data sets is, however, lower than for the tree based on the full data sets. Partitioned Bremer support values reveal that 16S rDNA characters provide the largest amount of tree support, but the support values are heavily dependent on analysis conditions. Problems with direct comparison of branch support values for trees derived using fixed alignments with those obtained under optimization alignment are discussed. Biogeographic history and available behavioral and genetic data are also discussed in light of this first cladogram for Coelopidae based on a quantitative phylogenetic analysis. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00276-2 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 393-407 SN - 1095-9513 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spread of Entomophaga maimaiga (Entomophthorales : entomophthoraceae) from initial introduction areas in North Carolina AU - Gillock, HH AU - Hain, FP T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-37.4.366 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 366-369 SN - 0749-8004 KW - Entomophaga maimaiga KW - Lymantria dispar KW - entomopathogenic fungi KW - gypsy moth ER - TY - JOUR TI - Risk factors associated with poult enteritis mortality syndrome-positive turkey flocks AU - Carver, DK AU - Vaillancourt, JP AU - Stringham, M T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - Poult enteritis mortality syndrome (PEMS) has been an economically devastating disease in North Carolina since the early 1990s. Though much is known about the disease, many questions remain unanswered about the syndrome, including its cause, transmission of causative agent(s), and control methods. This study was designed to investigate the association between PEMS and farm management factors. A prospective longitudinal study was conducted by collecting farm data and monitoring weekly mortality in 54 commercial turkey flocks raised in PEMS-affected regions. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses revealed that enhancing rodent control methods was negatively associated (P = 0.0228) with PEMS. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[1021:RFAWPE]2.0.CO;2 VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - 1021-1024 SN - 0005-2086 KW - poult enteritis mortality syndrome KW - risk factors KW - turkey KW - farm management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Resistance of peanut to sclerotinia blight and the effect of acibenzolar-S-methyl and fluazinam on disease incidence AU - Lemay, AV AU - Bailey, JE AU - Shew, BB T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Sclerotinia minor, a soilborne fungal pathogen of peanut, can cause serious yield loss in North Carolina. A field test was implemented to study genotype reaction, and the effect of aciben-zolar-S-methyl (a plant activator) and the fungicide fluazinam on disease incidence. In all, 13 genotypes in 1997 and 12 genotypes in 1998 were evaluated. Three applications of acibenzolar-S-methyl (0.14 kg a.i./ha) or fluazinam (0.58 kg a.i./ha) were made on a calendar-based schedule. Disease ratings were made weekly in 1997 and every other week in 1998. Fluazinam suppressed disease at all sites and increased yield at two of three locations. Acibenzolar-S-methyl had no effect on disease incidence or yield. The advanced breeding line N92056C and cvs. Tam-run 98 (TX 901417) and Perry (N93112C) had moderate to high levels of resistance to S. minorand produced high yields compared with susceptible cv. NC 7. Lines derived from wild species also demonstrated moderate to high levels of resistance relative to NC 7 and represent potential breeding lines. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.12.1315 VL - 86 IS - 12 SP - 1315-1317 SN - 1943-7692 KW - Arachis hypogaea KW - groundnut ER - TY - JOUR TI - Partitioned Bremer support and multiple trees AU - Lambkin, CL AU - Lee, MSY AU - Winterton, SL AU - Yeates, DK T2 - CLADISTICS-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE WILLI HENNIG SOCIETY AB - Partitioned Bremer support (PBS) is a valuable means of assessing congruence in combined data sets, but some aspects require clarification. When more than one equally parsimonious tree is found during the constrained search for trees lacking the node of interest, averaging PBS for each data set across these trees can conceal conflict, and PBS should ideally be examined for each constrained tree. Similarly, when multiple most parsimonious trees (MPTs) are generated during analysis of the combined data, PBS is usually calculated on the consensus tree. However, extra information can be obtained if PBS is calculated on each of the MPTs or even suboptimal trees. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2002.tb00159.x VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - 436-444 SN - 0748-3007 KW - simultaneous analysis KW - partitioned Bremer support KW - incongruence ER - TY - JOUR TI - Is attraction fatal? The effects of herbivore-induced plant volatiles on herbivore parasitism AU - Oppenheim, SJ AU - Gould, F T2 - ECOLOGY AB - We investigated the relationship between parasitoid attraction to herbivore-induced plant volatiles and larval parasitism rates of two closely related heliothine, noctuid moths. Heliothis subflexa Guenee is a specialist on plants in the genus Physalis, while Heliothis virescens Fabricius is an extreme generalist. In North America, these species serve as the only known hosts for the specialist parasitoid Cardiochiles nigriceps Vierick; oviposition into Helicoverpa zea, a non-host, does occur but results in lethal encapsulation of C. nigriceps' eggs. Heliothis virescens larvae are parasitised by C. nigriceps far more frequently than are H. subflexa larvae. Parasitoid attraction to volatiles emitted by tobacco in response to herbivory by H. virescens has previously been demonstrated. Using field experiments, we examined the possibility that pre-detection defenses against parasitoid attraction to herbivore-induced plant volatiles are responsible for H. subflexa's relatively low rates of parasitism by C. nigriceps. Herbivore-damaged plants were significantly more attractive to C. nigriceps than were larvae, larval frass, larval saliva, or damaged leaves alone. Plant species affected parasitoid attraction: tobacco was the most preferred plant species, followed by Physalis angulata, and then cotton. The parasitoid was also more attracted to host species (H. subflexa and H. virescens) than to the non-host species, H. zea. There was an interaction between plant species and herbivore species: each plant species was most attractive when infested by its typical herbivore (e.g., H. virescens on tobacco). We compared these data with those of a previously published experiment on field parasitism of H. virescens and H. subflexa, conducted at the same time and place. Our results indicate that differences in parasitoid attraction to herbivore-induced plant volatiles do not contribute to H. subflexa's relatively low parasitism rate. For the generalist, H. virescens, rates of attraction correspond with rates of parasitism; for the specialist, H. subflexa, they do not. Attraction to H. subflexa on P. angulata is greater than to H. virescens on P. angulata, yet parasitism of H. subflexa is much less than parasitism of H. virescens. These results indicate that pre-detection defenses are not responsible for H. subflexa's low parasitism on P. angulata. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.2307/3072090 VL - 83 IS - 12 SP - 3416-3425 SN - 1939-9170 KW - Cardiochiles nigriceps KW - Heliothis KW - herbivore defense KW - herbivore host range evolution KW - herbivore-induced plant volatiles KW - herbivore, specialist vs. generalist KW - natural enemies KW - parasitism rates KW - parasitoid parasitoid attraction cf. increased parasitism KW - Physalis angulata KW - tritrophic interactions ER - TY - JOUR TI - Host-feeding habits of Culex and other mosquitoes (Diptera : Culicidae) in the Borough of Queens in New York City, with characters and techniques for identification of Culex mosquitoes AU - Apperson, CS AU - Harrison, BA AU - Unnasch, TR AU - Hassan, HK AU - Irby, WS AU - Savage, HM AU - Aspen, SE AU - Watson, DW AU - Rueda, LM AU - Engber, BR AU - Nasci, RS T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - The host-feeding patterns of mosquitoes (n = 247) collected in the Borough of Queens in New York City in July and August 2000 were investigated using an indirect ELISA and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-heteroduplex assay. Culex pipiens L. and Cx. restuans Theobald fed primarily on birds, and their feeding habits support their implication as enzootic vectors of West Nile virus. Culex salinarius Coquillett and Coquillettidia perturbans (Walker) fed mainly on mammals, with fewer blood meals taken from birds, and these two species are potential bridge vectors of West Nile virus. Culex mosquitoes took blood meals (n = 54) from 11 different avian species. Only the northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), American robin (Turdus migratorius), and Brown-headed cow bird (MolIothrus ater) were fed upon by all three Culex species. Multiple blood feedings on avian hosts were detected in Cx. pipiens and Cx. restuans. Species identifications of Culex mosquitoes made using morphological characteristics were confirmed with a PCR assay that employed species-specific primers. All Cx. pipiens (n = 20) and Cx. salinarius (n = 10) specimens were correctly identified, but three (20%) of 15 Cx. restuans were misidentified as Cx. pipiens. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1603/0022-2585-39.5.777 VL - 39 IS - 5 SP - 777-785 SN - 1938-2928 KW - blood feeding habits KW - mosquitoes KW - birds KW - Cidex KW - West Nile virus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of insecticide treatments and environmental factors on thrips populations, plant growth and yield of cotton AU - Faircloth, JC AU - Bradley, , JR AU - Van Duyn, JW T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - Field experiments were conducted in 1997–1999 in Washington Co., NC, to examine how cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, is affected by thrips species composition and abundance, environmental factors, and insecticide applications. Populations of adult and juvenile thrips were monitored in seedling cotton treated with insecticide applications of either imidacloprid as a seed treatment, acephate as a foliar spray, or aldicarb applied in-furrow. The number of plants per 3.05 row-m, location of the first fruiting branch, number of open bolls per 1.52 row-m, yields, accumulated degree-d 60′s (DD60′s), and accumulated rainfall were recorded each year the studies were conducted. Aldicarb and acephate provided better thrips control than did imidacloprid in all 3 yrs. Thrips species ratios differed among years. In 1997, the aldicarb treatment resulted in a better “earliness profile” (lower fruit set and more early opening bolls) than either acephate or imidacloprid, while in 1998 and 1999 there were few differences in these plant parameters. In 1997, all insecticide treatments resulted in statistically higher yields compared with the untreated check. Accumulated DD60′s were consistently higher in 1998 and 1999 than in 1997 after the first thrips sampling date. Cumulative rainfall appeared to be inversely associated with juvenile thrips populations. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-37.4.308 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 308-316 SN - 0749-8004 KW - Frankliniella fusca KW - Frankliniella occidentalis KW - Frankliniella tritici KW - Thrips tabaci KW - Neohydatothrips variabilis KW - Gossypium hirsutum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Two novel fungal virulence genes specifically expressed in appressoria of the rice blast fungus AU - Xue, CY AU - Park, G AU - Choi, WB AU - Zheng, L AU - Dean, RA AU - Xu, , JR T2 - PLANT CELL AB - The PMK1 mitogen-activated protein kinase gene regulates appressorium formation and infectious hyphae growth in the rice blast fungus. To further characterize this mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, we constructed a subtraction library enriched for genes regulated by PMK1. Two genes identified in this library, GAS1 and GAS2, encode small proteins that are homologous with gEgh16 of the powdery mildew fungus. Both were expressed specifically during appressorium formation in the wild-type strains, but neither was expressed in the pmk1 mutant. Mutants deleted in GAS1 and GAS2 had no defect in vegetative growth, conidiation, or appressoria formation, but they were reduced in appressorial penetration and lesion development. Interestingly, deletion of both GAS1 and GAS2 did not have an additive effect on appressorial penetration and lesion formation. The GAS1-green fluorescent protein and GAS2-green fluorescent protein fusion proteins were expressed only in appressoria and localized in the cytoplasm. These two genes may belong to a class of proteins specific for filamentous fungi and function as novel virulence factors in fungal pathogens. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1105/tpc.003426 VL - 14 IS - 9 SP - 2107-2119 SN - 1040-4651 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Ceracanthia complex (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae) in Costa Rica. II. Megarthria Ragonot, Drescoma Dyar, and Lascelina Heinrich AU - Neunzig, H. H. AU - Solis, M. A. T2 - Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 104 IS - 4 SP - 980-992 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Ceracanthia complex (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae) in Costa Rica. I. Ceracanthia Ragonot AU - Neunzig, H. H. AU - Solis, M. A. T2 - Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 104 IS - 4 SP - 837-855 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Origin of the black shank resistance gene, Ph, in tobacco cultivar Coker 371-gold AU - Johnson, ES AU - Wolff, MF AU - Wernsman, EA AU - Atchely, WR AU - Shew, HD T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cultivar Coker 371-Gold (C 371-G) possesses a dominant gene, Ph, that confers high resistance to black shank disease, caused by race 0 of the soil-borne pathogen Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae. The origin of this gene is unknown. Breeding lines homozygous for the Ph gene were hybridized with NC 1071 and L8, flue-cured and burley genotypes known to possess qualitative resistance genes from Nicotiana plumbaginifolia and N. longiflora, respectively. The F1 hybrids were out-crossed to susceptible testers and the progenies evaluated in field black shank nurseries and in greenhouse disease tests with P. parasitica var. nicotianae race 0. Results showed that Ph was allelic to Php from N. plumbaginifolia in NC 1071. Testcross populations of hybrids between burley lines homozygous for Ph and L8, possessing Phl from N. longiflora, showed that Ph and Phl integrated into the same tobacco chromosome during interspecific transfer. Nevertheless, the two loci were estimated to be 3 cM apart. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses of the testcross progenies confirmed that recombination between the two loci was occurring. Forty-eight RAPD markers linked to Ph in doubled haploid lines were used in cluster analyses with multiple accessions of N. longiflora and N. plumbaginifolia, breeding lines L8, NC 1071, and DH92-2770-40, and cultivars K 326, Hicks, and C 371-G. A cladogram or region tree confirmed the data obtained from field and greenhouse trials, that Ph, transferred from C 371-G to DH92-2770-40, and Php in NC 1071 were allelic and originated from N. plumbaginifolia. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.10.1080 VL - 86 IS - 10 SP - 1080-1084 SN - 0191-2917 KW - disease resistance genes KW - gene phylogeny ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influences of organic and synthetic soil fertility amendments on nematode trophic groups and community dynamics under tomatoes AU - Bulluck, LR AU - Barker, KR AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY AB - Research was conducted to examine the effects of organic and synthetic soil amendments and tillage on nematode communities in field soils planted to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) at two locations. The experimental design was a replicated split plot with chisel-plow tillage and bare-soil or chisel-plow tillage and surface mulch with wheat straw as main plots, and soil amendments of synthetic fertilizer, composted cotton-gin trash, swine manure, or a rye-vetch green manure as subplots. Tillage did not affect free-living or plant-parasitic nematode community dynamics, but soil amendments had a large impact on nematode community structure and diversity. Populations of bacterivorous nematodes mainly in the Rhabditidae and Cephalobidae, and fungivorous nematodes were greater after planting in soils amended with swine manure, composted cotton-gin trash, or rye-vetch, than in soils amended with synthetic fertilizer at both locations. Populations of nematodes in these trophic groups decreased through time in each year. Populations of Meloidogyne incognita in soil were not affected by soil amendments, but increased through time at each location. Root-gall indices were lower in plots containing swine manure or cotton-gin trash than in those with synthetic fertilizer or rye-vetch during the second season. The combined nematode maturity index values were greater at planting in soils amended with rye-vetch or fertilizer than in soils with swine manure and composted cotton-gin trash. Shannon’s diversity index decreased over time for both years at one location, regardless of soil amendment. At the second location, the Shannon’s diversity index decreased only in the second year. Use of descriptive indices, including the Enrichment index, structure index, and channel index provided useful information about the effects of organic amendments on the structure of nematode communities in tomato field soils. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0929-1393(02)00089-6 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 233-250 SN - 1873-0272 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036784082&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - food web KW - maturity index KW - nematode ecology KW - organic amendments KW - trophic dynamics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of cotton microhabitat on temperature and survival of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae) within cardboard capsules AU - Suh, CPC AU - Orr, DB AU - Van Duyn, JW AU - Borchert, DM T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Field studies were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to determine the most suitable release sites in cotton for inundatively released encapsulated Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner. Atypical applications of a plant growth regulator, mepiquat chloride (Pix), were used to manipulate cotton plant size and canopy closure to produce a range of plant sizes that might be present in North Carolina when Trichogramma releases for suppression of third-generation (F3) heliothines were made. Pix treatments had a significant effect on canopy closure, which significantly influenced the number of hours soil surface temperatures between rows were ≥35°C. The mean daily number of hours temperatures were ≥35°C was greatest on the soil surface between rows, followed by in the canopy, then soil surface within rows. A significant correlation between the number of hours preimaginal Trichogramma were exposed to temperatures ≥35°C and Trichogramma emergence was found in 1997. Consequently, suitability of the soil surface as a release site for Trichogramma capsules depended significantly on the level of canopy closure, location of capsules relative to the center of rows, and length of time capsules remained in the field before parasitoid emergence. Our results indicate that these factors should be considered when implementing augmentative releases of Trichogramma wasps in cotton. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X-31.2.361 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 361-366 SN - 1938-2936 KW - cotton KW - microclimate KW - microhabitat KW - Trichogramma augmentation KW - augmentative biological control ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evolution and phylogenetic information content of the ribosomal DNA repeat unit in the Blattodea (Insecta) AU - Mukha, D AU - Wiegmann, BM AU - Schal, C T2 - INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB - The organization, structure, and nucleotide variability of the ribosomal repeat unit was compared among families, genera, and species of cockroaches (Insecta:Blattodea). Sequence comparisons and molecular phylogenetic analyses were used to describe rDNA repeat unit variation at differing taxonomic levels. A reverse similar 1200 bp fragment of the 28S rDNA sequence was assessed for its potential utility in reconstructing higher-level phylogenetic relationships in cockroaches. Parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of these data strongly support the expected pattern of relationships among cockroach groups. The examined 5' end of the 28S rDNA is shown to be an informative marker for larger studies of cockroach phylogeny. Comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) among closely related species of Blattella and Periplaneta reveals that ITS sequences can vary widely in primary sequence, length, and folding pattern. Secondary structure estimates for the ITS region of Blattella species indicate that variation in this spacer region can also influence the folding pattern of the 5.8S subunit. These results support the idea that ITS sequences play an important role in the stability and function of the rRNA cluster. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1016/S0965-1748(01)00164-3 VL - 32 IS - 9 SP - 951-960 SN - 1879-0240 KW - phylogenetic analysis KW - 28S ribosomal DNA KW - ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 KW - blattodea ER - TY - JOUR TI - Distribution of karyotypes of the Cryptocercus punctulatus species complex (Dictyoptera: Cryptocercidae) in the Southern Appalachians: Relation to habitat and history AU - Nalepa, CA AU - Luykx, P AU - Klass, KD AU - Deitz, LL T2 - ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA AB - The distributional pattern of the four known karyotypes (male 2n = 37, 39, 43, 45) of the Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder species complex is reported, based on 71 sites in the Southern Appalachian Mountains with an emphasis on western North Carolina. Populations with different karyotypes are geographically structured in a mosaic, with at least one karyotype occurring in two disjunct regions. Abrupt geographic transitions between karyotypes suggest a parapatric distribution. We found no overlap in the distribution of the different karyotypes, as recently suggested. Although the boundary zones between karyotypes do not appear to coincide with physical or ecological barriers to dispersal, several transitions between karyotypes occur on or near the highest mountains in the southern Appalachians. We suggest that the different karyotypes arose by vicariance, with current boundaries formed by secondary contact when populations isolated in glacial refugia subsequently spread into high-mountain habitats. Because of their dependence on mature mesic forests, populations of the cockroach likely advance up and down mountainsides in cycles of advances and retreats dictated by climatic oscillations that raise and lower the timberline. We discuss the taxonomic status of the different karyotype groups in the C. punctulatus complex, and conclude that more exacting evidence is required to establish if species-level status is warranted. The conclusions of certain earlier studies are weak because, among other things, karyology was not examined in the sampled specimens, including those designated as types. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.1603/0013-8746(2002)095[0276:DOKOTC]2.0.CO;2 VL - 95 IS - 3 SP - 276-287 SN - 0013-8746 KW - biogeography KW - glacial refugia KW - karyotype KW - speciation KW - chromosome number KW - parapatry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recovery and sequence validation of the histological signal following in situ RT-PCR localization of plant gene transcripts AU - Koltai, H AU - Bird, DM T2 - PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1007/BF02772126 VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - 391-397 SN - 0735-9640 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-4544341383&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - functional genomics KW - in situ RT-PCR KW - Medicago truncatula KW - nodule KW - signal specificity KW - transcription ER - TY - JOUR TI - Organic and synthetic fertility amendments influence soil microbial, physical and chemical properties on organic and conventional farms AU - Bulluck, LR AU - Brosius, M AU - Evanylo, GK AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY AB - Field experiments were conducted to examine the effects of organic and synthetic soil fertility amendments on soil microbial communities and soil physical and chemical properties at three organic and three conventional vegetable farms in Virginia and Maryland in 1996 and 1997. Two treatments, including either an alternative organic soil amendment (composted cotton-gin trash, composted yard waste, or cattle manure) or synthetic soil amendment (fertilizer) were applied to three replicated plots at each grower field location. Production history and time affected propagule densities of Trichoderma species which remained higher in soils from organic farms. Propagule densities of Trichoderma species, thermophilic microorganisms, and enteric bacteria were also detected in greater numbers in soils amended with alternative than synthetic amendments, whereas propagule densities of Phytophthora and Pythium species were lower in soils amended with alternative than synthetic fertility amendments. Concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, and Mn were higher in soils amended with alternative than synthetic fertility amendments. Canonical correlations and principle component analyses indicated significant correlation between these soil chemical factors and the biological communities. First-order canonical correlations were more negative in fields with a conventional history, and use of synthetic fertilizers, whereas canonical correlations were more positive in fields with a history of organic production and alternative soil amendments. In the first year, yields of corn or melon were not different in soil amended with either synthetic or organic amendments at four of six farms. In the second year, when all growers planted tomatoes, yields were higher on farms with a history of organic production, regardless of soil amendment type. Alternative fertility amendments, enhanced beneficial soil microorganisms reduced pathogen populations, increased soil organic matter, total carbon, and cation exchange capacity (CEC), and lowered bulk density thus improving soil quality. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1016/S0929-1393(01)00187-1 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 147-160 SN - 1873-0272 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036160296&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - soil chemical and physical factors KW - organic agriculture KW - sustainable agriculture KW - soil microbial communities ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tolerance to Hoplolaimus columbus in glyphosate-resistant, transgenic soybean cultivars AU - Koenning, S. R. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 370-373 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The role of weed hosts and tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca, in the epidemiology of Tomato spotted wilt virus AU - Groves, RL AU - Walgenbach, JF AU - Moyer, JW AU - Kennedy, GG T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Wild plant species were systematically sampled to characterize reproduction of thrips, the vector of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), and natural sources TSWV infection. Thrips populations were monitored on 28 common perennial, biennial, and annual plant species over two noncrop seasons at six field locations across North Carolina. Sonchus asper, Stellaria media, and Taraxacum officianale consistently supported the largest populations of immature TSWV vector species. The tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca, was the most abundant TSWV vector species collected, comprising over 95% of vector species in each survey season. Perennial plant species (i.e., Plantago rugelii and Taraxacum officianale) were often only locally abundant, and many annual species (Cerastium vulgatum, Sonchus asper, and Stellaria media) were more widely distributed. Perennial species, including P. rugelii and Rumex crispus, remained TSWV infected for 2 years in a small-plot field test. Where these perennial species are locally abundant, they may serve as important and long-lasting TSWV inoculum sources. In random surveys across 12 locations in North Carolina, TSWV infection was documented by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 35 of 72 (49%) common perennial (N = 10), biennial (N = 4), and annual (N = 21) plant species across 18 plant families. Estimated rates of TSWV infection were highest in Cerastium vulgatum (4.2%), Lactuca scariola (1.3%), Molluga verticillata (4.3%), Plantago rugelii (3.4%), Ranunculus sardous (3.6%), Sonchus asper (5.1%), Stellaria media (1.4%), and Taraxacum officianale (5.8%). Nine plant species were determined to be new host recordings for TSWV infection, including Cardamine hirsuta, Eupatorium capillifolium, Geranium carolinianum, Gnaphalium purpureum, Linaria canadense, Molluga verticillata, Pyrrhopappus carolinianus, Raphanus raphanistrum, and Triodanis perfoliata. Our findings document the relative potential of a number of common annual, biennial, and perennial plant species to act as important reproductive sites for F. fusca and as acquisition sources of TSWV for spread to susceptible crops. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.6.573 VL - 86 IS - 6 SP - 573-582 SN - 1943-7692 KW - Frankliniella occidentalis KW - Thrips tabaci ER - TY - JOUR TI - MagnaportheDB: a federated solution for integrating physical and genetic map data with BAC end derived sequences for the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea AU - Martin, SL AU - Blackmon, BP AU - Rajagopalan, R AU - Houfek, TD AU - Sceeles, RG AU - Denn, SO AU - Mitchell, TK AU - Brown, DE AU - Wing, RA AU - Dean, RA T2 - NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH AB - We have created a federated database for genome studies of Magnaporthe grisea, the causal agent of rice blast disease, by integrating end sequence data from BAC clones, genetic marker data and BAC contig assembly data. A library of 9216 BAC clones providing >25-fold coverage of the entire genome was end sequenced and fingerprinted by HindIII digestion. The Image/FPC software package was then used to generate an assembly of 188 contigs covering >95% of the genome. The database contains the results of this assembly integrated with hybridization data of genetic markers to the BAC library. AceDB was used for the core database engine and a MySQL relational database, populated with numerical representations of BAC clones within FPC contigs, was used to create appropriately scaled images. The database is being used to facilitate sequencing efforts. The database also allows researchers mapping known genes or other sequences of interest, rapid and easy access to the fundamental organization of the M.grisea genome. This database, MagnaportheDB, can be accessed on the web at http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/fungal_genomics/mgdatabase/int.htm. DA - 2002/1/1/ PY - 2002/1/1/ DO - 10.1093/nar/30.1.121 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 121-124 SN - 0305-1048 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Host reactions of sweetpotato genotypes to root-knot nematodes and variation in virulence of Meloidogyne incognita populations AU - Cervantes-Flores, J. C. AU - Yencho, G. C. AU - Davis, E. L. T2 - HortScience DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 37 IS - 7 SP - 1112-1116 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic structure of populations of Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 on potato in eastern North Carolina AU - Ceresini, PC AU - Shew, HD AU - Vilgalys, RJ AU - Rosewich, UL AU - Cubeta, MA T2 - MYCOLOGIA AB - A polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was developed to identify and differentiate genotypes of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 3 subgroup PT (AG-3 PT), a fungal pathogen of potato. Polymorphic co-dominant single-locus PCR-RFLP markers were identified after sequencing of clones from a genomic library and digestion with restriction enzymes. Multilocus genotypes were determined by a combination of PCR product and digestion with a specific restriction enzyme for each of seven loci. A sample of 104 isolates from one commercial field in each of five counties in eastern North Carolina was analyzed, and evidence for high levels of gene flow between populations was revealed. When data were clone-corrected and samples pooled into one single North Carolina population, random associations of alleles were found for all loci or pairs of loci, indicating random mating. However, when all genotypes were analyzed, the observed genotypic diversity deviated from panmixia and alleles within and between loci were not randomly associated. These findings support a model of population structure for R. solani AG-3 PT on potato that includes both recombination and clonality. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2307/3761779 VL - 94 IS - 3 SP - 450-460 SN - 0027-5514 KW - migration KW - population subdivision KW - Thanatephorus cucumeris ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic diversity of Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 from potato and tobacco in North Carolina AU - Ceresini, PC AU - Shew, HD AU - Vilgalys, RJ AU - Cubeta, MA T2 - MYCOLOGIA AB - Anastomosis group 3 (AG-3) of Rhizoctonia solani (teleomorph = Thanatephorus cucumeris) is frequently associated with diseases of potato (AG-3 PT) and tobacco (AG-3 TB). Although isolates of R. solani AG-3 from these two Solanaceous hosts are somatically related based on anastomosis reaction and taxonomically related based on fatty acid, isozyme and DNA characters, considerable differences are evident in their biology, ecology, and epidemiology. However, genetic diversity among field populations of R. solani AG-3 PT and TB has not been documented. In this study, the genetic diversity of field populations of R. solani AG-3 PT and AG-3 TB in North Carolina was examined using somatic compatibility and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) criteria. A sample of 32 isolates from potato and 36 isolates from tobacco were paired in all possible combinations on PDA plus activated charcoal and examined for their resulting somatic interactions. Twenty-eight and eight distinct somatic compatibility groups (SCG) were identified in the AG-3 PT and AG-3 TB samples, respectively. AFLP analyses indicated that each of the 32 AG-3 PT isolates had a distinct AFLP phenotype, whereas 28 AFLP phenotypes were found among the 36 isolates of AG-3 TB. None of the AG-3 PT isolates were somatically compatible or shared a common AFLP phenotype with any AG-3 TB isolate. Clones (i.e., cases where two or more isolates were somatically compatible and shared the same AFLP phenotype) were identified only in the AG-3 TB population. Four clones from tobacco represented 22% of the total population. All eight SCG from tobacco were associated with more than one AFLP phenotype. Compatible somatic interactions between AG-3 PT isolates occurred only between certain isolates from the same field (two isolates in each of four different fields), and when this occurred AFLP phenotypes were similar but not identical. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2307/3761778 VL - 94 IS - 3 SP - 437-449 SN - 0027-5514 KW - clonality KW - genetic structure KW - mating KW - population structure KW - recombination ER - TY - JOUR TI - A revised classification scheme for genetically diverse populations of Heterodera glycines AU - Niblack, T. L. AU - Arelli, P. R. AU - Noel, G. R. AU - Opperman, C. H. AU - Ore, J. H. AU - Schmitt, D. P. AU - Shannon, J. G. AU - Tylka, G. L. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 279-288 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of food size and dispersion pattern on retrieval rate by the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Hymenoptera : formicidae) AU - Roulston, TH AU - Silverman, J T2 - JOURNAL OF INSECT BEHAVIOR DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1023/A:1020791705673 VL - 15 IS - 5 SP - 633-648 SN - 1572-8889 KW - foraging KW - Formicidae KW - Linepithema KW - food retrieval KW - Argentine ant ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of two root-knot nematode-resistant peanut germplasm lines AU - Stalker, H. T. AU - Beute, M. K. AU - Shew, B. B. AU - Barker, K. R. T2 - Crop Science AB - Crop ScienceVolume 42, Issue 1 p. 312-313 Registration of Germplasm Registration of Two Root-Knot Nematode-Resistant Peanut Germplasm Lines H.T. Stalker, Corresponding Author H.T. Stalker hts@unity.ncsu.edu Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author (hts@unity.ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorM.K. Beute, M.K. Beute Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorB.B. Shew, B.B. Shew Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorK.R. Barker, K.R. Barker Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this author H.T. Stalker, Corresponding Author H.T. Stalker hts@unity.ncsu.edu Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author (hts@unity.ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorM.K. Beute, M.K. Beute Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorB.B. Shew, B.B. Shew Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorK.R. Barker, K.R. Barker Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 2002 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2002.312aCitations: 19 Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume42, Issue1January–February 2002Pages 312-313 RelatedInformation DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.312a VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 312-313 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of five leaf spot-resistant peanut germplasm lines AU - Stalker, HT AU - Beute, MK AU - Shew, BB AU - Isleib, TG T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 42, Issue 1 p. 314-316 Registration of Germplasm Registration of Five Leaf Spot-Resistant Peanut Germplasm Lines H.T. Stalker, Corresponding Author H.T. Stalker hts@unity.ncsu.edu Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author (hts@unity.ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorM.K. Beute, M.K. Beute Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorB.B. Shew, B.B. Shew Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorT.G. Isleib, T.G. Isleib Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this author H.T. Stalker, Corresponding Author H.T. Stalker hts@unity.ncsu.edu Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author (hts@unity.ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorM.K. Beute, M.K. Beute Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorB.B. Shew, B.B. Shew Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorT.G. Isleib, T.G. Isleib Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 2002 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2002.3140Citations: 27 Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume42, Issue1January–February 2002Pages 314-316 RelatedInformation DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.0314 VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 314-316 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predation of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) pupae in three ecosystems along the southern edge of infestation AU - Hastings, FL AU - Hain, FP AU - Smith, HR AU - Cook, SP AU - Monahan, JF T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - The predation potential of small mammals, in particular mice, Peromyscus spp., and invertebrates, was evaluated from 1992 to 1995 near the leading edge of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), spread into the southeastern United States. Two study sites were established in each of three geographic areas: the coastal plain, Piedmont, and mountains. All sites were mixed hardwood stands with varying amounts of oak, Quercus spp., and all were classified for gypsy moth susceptibility. Small mammal density was estimated using Sherman live-traps and pitfall traps within these 4.68-ha sites in early and late summer. Each site contained 75 trapping stations located on a 25-m grid. Predation was measured by offering freeze-dried gypsy moth pupae near trapping stations at four heights (0, 0.25, 1.0, and 2.0 m) on different tree boles. Pupal predation was monitored for three consecutive nights. Vertebrate predation was positively correlated with good mast production in the previous autumn. Predation data showed that when mice were at high densities they were the major source of pupal predation. However, within these southern sites, when densities of Peromyscus spp. were low, predation by invertebrates was occasionally greater than predation by vertebrates. These data suggest that in some years invertebrates may retard gypsy moth buildup when small mammals are scarce due to mast crop failures. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X-31.4.668 VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - 668-675 SN - 0046-225X KW - Lymantria dispar KW - Peromyscus KW - predation KW - mast ER - TY - JOUR TI - Highly conserved modified nucleosides influence Mg2+-dependent tRNA folding AU - Nobles, KN AU - Yarian, CS AU - Liu, G AU - Guenther, RH AU - Agris, PF T2 - NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH AB - Transfer RNA structure involves complex folding interactions of the TΨC domain with the D domain. However, the role of the highly conserved nucleoside modifications in the TΨC domain, rT54, Ψ55 and m5C49, in tertiary folding is not understood. To determine whether these modified nucleosides have a role in tRNA folding, the association of variously modified yeast tRNAPhe T‐half molecules (nucleosides 40–72) with the corresponding unmodified D‐half molecule (nucleosides 1–30) was detected and quantified using a native polyacrylamide gel mobility shift assay. Mg2+ was required for formation and maintenance of all complexes. The modified T‐half folding interactions with the D‐half resulted in Kds (rT54 = 6 ± 2, m5C49 = 11 ± 2, Ψ55 = 14 ± 5, and rT54,Ψ55 = 11 ± 3 µM) significantly lower than that of the unmodified T‐half (40 ± 10 µM). However, the global folds of the unmodified and modified complexes were comparable to each other and to that of an unmodified yeast tRNAPhe and native yeast tRNAPhe, as determined by lead cleavage patterns at U17 and nucleoside substitutions disrupting the Levitt base pair. Thus, conserved modifications of tRNA’s TΨC domain enhanced the affinity between the two half‐molecules without altering the global conformation indicating an enhanced stability to the complex and/or an altered folding pathway. DA - 2002/11/1/ PY - 2002/11/1/ DO - 10.1093/nar/gkf595 VL - 30 IS - 21 SP - 4751-4760 SN - 0305-1048 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of the entomopathogenic fungus, Entomophthora muscae (Zygomycetes : Entomophthoraceae), on sex pheromone and other cuticular hydrocarbons of the house fly, Musca domestica AU - Zurek, L AU - Watson, DW AU - Krasnoff, SB AU - Schal, C T2 - JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY AB - House fly (Musca domestica) males are highly attracted to dead female flies infected with the entomopathogenic fungus Entomophthora muscae. Because males orient to the larger abdomen of infected flies, both visual and chemical cues may be responsible for the heightened attraction to infected flies. Our behavioral assays demonstrated that the attraction is sex-specific-males were attracted more to infected females than to infected males, regardless of cadaver size. We examined the effect of E. muscae on the main component of the house fly sex pheromone, (Z)-9-tricosene, and other cuticular hydrocarbons including n-tricosane, n-pentacosane, (Z)-9-heptacosene, and total hydrocarbons of young (7 days old) and old (18 days old) virgin females. Young E. muscae-infected female flies accumulated significantly less sex pheromone and other hydrocarbons on their cuticular surface than uninfected females, whereas the cuticular hydrocarbons of older flies were unaffected by fungus infection. These results suggest that chemical cues other than (Z)-9-tricosene, visual cues other than abdomen size, or a combination of both sets of cues might be responsible for attraction of house fly males to E. muscae-infected females. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1016/S0022-2011(02)00109-X VL - 80 IS - 3 SP - 171-176 SN - 0022-2011 KW - Entomophthora muscae KW - Musca domestica KW - sex pheromone KW - cuticular hydrocarbons KW - behavior ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diallel analysis of sweetpotatoes for resistance to sweetpotato virus disease AU - Mwanga, ROM AU - Yencho, CGC AU - Moyer, JW T2 - EUPHYTICA DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1023/A:1020828421757 VL - 128 IS - 2 SP - 237-248 SN - 0014-2336 KW - general combining ability KW - heritability KW - Ipomoea batatas KW - Sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virus KW - Sweetpotato feathery mottle virus KW - Sweetpotato virus disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterisation and developmental expression of a chitinase gene in Heterodera glycines AU - Gao, BL AU - Allen, R AU - Maier, T AU - McDermott, JP AU - Davis, EL AU - Baum, TJ AU - Hussey, RS T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY AB - A chitinase full-length cDNA (designated Hg-chi-1) was isolated from a Heterodera glycines oesophageal gland cell-specific long-distance PCR cDNA library. The cDNA hybridised to genomic DNA of H. glycines in Southern blots. The Hg-chi-1 cDNA contained an open reading frame encoding 350 amino acids with the first 23 amino acids being a putative signal peptide for secretion. Hg-CHI-1 contained a chitinase 18 family catalytic domain, and chitinolytic activity of recombinant Hg-CHI-1 was confirmed in glycol-chitin substrate gel electrophoresis. In situ mRNA hybridisation analyses showed that transcripts of Hg-chi-1 accumulated specifically in the subventral oesophageal gland cells of parasitic stages of H. glycines, but Hg-chi-1 expression was not detected in eggs or hatched pre-parasitic second-stage juveniles, suggesting that this chitinase does not have a role in egg hatching of H. glycines. The biological function of Hg-CHI-1 in H. glycines remains to be determined. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1016/S0020-7519(02)00110-8 VL - 32 IS - 10 SP - 1293-1300 SN - 0020-7519 KW - chitinase KW - oesophageal gland cells KW - gene sequence KW - nematoda KW - plant-parasitic nematode ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bacillus thuringiensis-toxin resistance management: Stable isotope assessment of alternate host use by Helicoverpa zea AU - Gould, F AU - Blair, N AU - Reid, M AU - Rennie, TL AU - Lopez, J AU - Micinski, S T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Data have been lacking on the proportion of Helicovera zea larvae that develop on noncotton host plants that can serve as a refuge from selection pressure for adaptation to transgenic cotton varieties that produce a toxin from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis . We found that individual H. zea moths that develop as larvae on cotton and other plants with C 3 physiology have a different ratio of 13 C to 12 C than moths that develop on plants with C 4 physiology, such as corn. We used this finding in determining the minimum percentage of moths that developed on noncotton hosts in two cotton-growing areas. Our results indicate that local corn can serve as a refuge for H. zea in midsummer. Our results contrast dramatically with the prevailing hypothesis that the large majority of late-season moths are produced from larvae feeding on cotton, soybean, and other C 3 plants. Typically, <50% of moths captured in August through October have isotope ratios indicative of larval feeding on C 3 plants. In one October sample, 100% of the moths originated from C 4 hosts even though C 4 crops were harvested at least 1 mo earlier, and no common wild C 4 hosts were available. These findings support other research indicating that many late-season H. zea moths captured in Louisiana and Texas are migrants whose larvae developed on corn in more northern locations. Our isotope data on moths collected in Texas early in the season indicate that the majority of overwintering H. zea do not originate from cotton-feeding larvae and may be migrants from Mexico. Non-Bt corn in Mexico and the U.S. corn belt appears to serve as an important refuge for H. zea . DA - 2002/12/24/ PY - 2002/12/24/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.242382499 VL - 99 IS - 26 SP - 16581-16586 SN - 0027-8424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Altered glycosylation of 63- and 68-kilodalton microvillar proteins in Heliothis virescens correlates with reduced Cry1 toxin binding, decreased pore formation, and increased resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1 toxins AU - Jurat-Fuentes, JL AU - Gould, FL AU - Adang, MJ T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT The binding and pore formation abilities of Cry1A and Cry1Fa Bacillus thuringiensis toxins were analyzed by using brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) prepared from sensitive (YDK) and resistant (YHD2) strains of Heliothis virescens . 125 I-labeled Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, and Cry1Ac toxins did not bind to BBMV from the resistant YHD2 strain, while specific binding to sensitive YDK vesicles was observed. Binding assays revealed a reduction in Cry1Fa binding to BBMV from resistant larvae compared to Cry1Fa binding to BBMV from sensitive larvae. In agreement with this reduction in binding, neither Cry1A nor Cry1Fa toxin altered the permeability of membrane vesicles from resistant larvae, as measured by a light-scattering assay. Ligand blotting experiments performed with BBMV and 125 I-Cry1Ac did not differentiate sensitive larvae from resistant larvae. Iodination of BBMV surface proteins suggested that putative toxin-binding proteins were exposed on the surface of the BBMV from resistant insects. BBMV protein blots probed with the N -acetylgalactosamine-specific lectin soybean agglutinin (SBA) revealed altered glycosylation of 63- and 68-kDa glycoproteins but not altered glycosylation of known Cry1 toxin-binding proteins in YHD2 BBMV. The F1 progeny of crosses between sensitive and resistant insects were similar to the sensitive strain when they were tested by toxin-binding assays, light-scattering assays, and lectin blotting with SBA. These results are evidence that a dramatic reduction in toxin binding is responsible for the increased resistance and cross-resistance to Cry1 toxins observed in the YHD2 strain of H. virescens and that this trait correlates with altered glycosylation of specific brush border membrane glycoproteins. DA - 2002/11// PY - 2002/11// DO - 10.1128/AEM.68.11.5711-5717.2002 VL - 68 IS - 11 SP - 5711-5717 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A survey of parasitoids and other organisms affecting gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriia dispar L.) along the leading edge of its southward movement AU - Hastings, FL AU - Hain, FP AU - Odell, TM T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-37.2.207 VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - 207-209 SN - 0749-8004 KW - Lamantria dispar KW - parasitoids KW - Entomophaga maimaiga KW - nucleopolyhedrosis virus ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparison of the colony-founding potential of queens from single- and multiple-queen colonies of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta AU - DeHeer, CJ T2 - ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR AB - Newly mated queens from the polygyne (multiple-queen) form of S. invicta show a weight polymorphism that correlates with their genotype at the protein locus Gp-9. Although this variation in weight might be expected to translate into variation in the ability of queens to initiate new colonies using stored energy reserves, a systematic examination of the colony-founding ability of newly mated polygyne-derived queens of different weights has never been reported. Here I compare the ability of monogyne-derived queens (Gp-9BB M), heavy polygyne-derived queens (Gp-9BB P), and light polygyne-derived queens (Gp-9Bb P) to initiate their own colonies using only stored energy reserves. Most measurements of the ants' abilities yielded the following scale of competency:Gp-9BB M>Gp-9BB P>Gp-9Bb P. Surprisingly, most mated polygyne-derived queens of even the lighter genotype were capable of rearing considerable numbers of workers in isolation. This ability may be enhanced substantially in the field if such queens cooperate in initiating new nests (pleometrosis). These results are concordant with the growing body of work that implicates a simply inherited genetic polymorphism for the control of a complex social trait in this ant, and they indicate that the modes of reproduction in polygyne fire ants may show considerable diversity.Copyright 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved . DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1006/anbe.2002.3095 VL - 64 SP - 655-661 SN - 1095-8282 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transgenic assessment of CFP-mediated cercosporin export and resistance in a cercosporin-sensitive fungus AU - Upchurch, RG AU - Rose, MS AU - Eweida, M AU - Callahan, TM T2 - CURRENT GENETICS DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.1007/s00294-002-0280-4 VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - 25-30 SN - 0172-8083 KW - cercosporin resistance KW - major facilitator KW - heterologous gene expression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temperature sensitivity of the hypersensitive response of bell pepper to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria AU - Romero, A. M. AU - Kousik, C. S. AU - Ritchie, D. F. T2 - Phytopathology AB - When bacterial spot-resistant pepper plants carrying resistance gene Bs2 and infiltrated with incompatible strains of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria carrying a functional avrBs2 gene (races P1 and P3) were incubated at 32°C, they exhibited an electrolyte leakage and bacterial multiplication pattern in planta similar to that obtained with a compatible strain (race P4) carrying a nonfunctional avrBs2 gene. They also developed disease-like symptoms. Pretreatment of incompatible bacteria at 32°C before infiltration caused a delay in electrolyte leakage less pronounced than that caused by exposing plants to 32°C. Also, plants had to be exposed to 32°C for an hour prior to inoculation to increase symptom expression. These data suggest that the Bs2 gene is temperature sensitive. In other experiments, the avrBs1-Bs1 interaction appeared to be the most heat tolerant and thus the least likely to revert to compatible, whereas the avrBs3-Bs3 interaction had an intermediate sensitivity to elevated temperatures. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.2.197 VL - 92 IS - 2 SP - 197-203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Resistance to sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virus and sweetpotato feathery mottle virus is mediated by two separate recessive genes in sweetpotato AU - Mwanga, R. O. M. AU - Kriegner, A. AU - Cervantes-Flores, J. C. AU - Zhang, D. P. AU - Moyer, J. W. AU - Yencho, G. C. T2 - Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 127 IS - 5 SP - 798-806 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pyrrolnitrin production by Burkholderia cepacia and biocontrol of Rhizoctonia stem rot of poinsettia AU - Hwang, J AU - Chilton, WS AU - Benson, DM T2 - BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AB - Pyrrolnitrin production by Burkholderia cepacia strain 5.5B was closely related to suppression of stem rot of poinsettia caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Selected strains RR 13-1 and UV 19-4, which produced significantly less pyrrolnitrin than the parent strain 5.5B, lost the ability to control stem rot completely. Selected strain RR 21-2 produced the same level of pyrrolnitrin as strain 5.5B and was as effective as strain 5.5B in stem rot control. The effect of medium type and initial pH of medium on pyrrolnitrin production by B. cepacia was investigated to improve efficacy of biocontrol. More pyrrolnitrin was accumulated when the initial pH was adjusted to 5.8 than 6.8. With an initial pH of 5.8, strains of B. cepacia produced more pyrrolnitrin in a nutrient broth medium than in a minimum salts medium. Pyrrolnitrin was the major factor in biocontrol of Rhizoctonia stem rot of poinsettia by B. cepacia. Improvement in biocontrol efficacy may be possible by adjusting culture conditions to optimize pyrrolnitrin production. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00044-0 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 56-63 SN - 1049-9644 KW - Burkholderia cepacia (Pseudomonas cepacia) KW - Rhizoctonia solani KW - Euphorbia pulcherrima KW - poinsettia KW - biological control KW - Pyrrolnitrin KW - antibiosis KW - pH KW - polyfoarn rooting cube ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pollen mobilization in selected cucurbitaceae and the putative effects of pollinator abundance on pollen depletion rates AU - Stanghellini, MS AU - Schultheis, , JR AU - Ambrose, JT T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE AB - Very little is known about the rate at which pollen grains are mobilized within insect-pollinated crop systems, and this is especially true the for commercial production of field-grown cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.), monoecious muskmelon ( Cucumis melo L.), and triploid watermelon [ Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai]. The rates of pollen depletion for these crops were therefore investigated on plots simulating commercial crop production using a mixed honey bee ( Apis mellifera L.) and bumble bee ( Bombus impatiens Cresson) pollinator complex. At anthesis, staminate cucumber, muskmelon, and watermelon flowers contained on average 10539, 11176, and 30739 pollen grains/flower, respectively. At the time flowers closed in the early afternoon (1300 to 1400 hr ), only 61% of the total pollen produced had been removed from staminate cucumber flowers, 44% to 62% from muskmelon, and 81% from watermelon flowers. The results suggest that total pollen production in these crops may not necessarily reflect total pollen availability to floral visitors (bees). However, of the total amount of pollen actually removed per flower, >57% occurred during the 2 h following flower anthesis of cucumber and muskmelon, and >77% occurred during the 2 h following flower anthesis of watermelon. Thus, most of the accessible pollen was removed shortly after anthesis, which is when these crops are most receptive to pollination. Nonviable triploid and viable diploid watermelon pollen were removed at similar rates ( P = 0.4604). While correlation analyses were not possible for the influence of variable bee abundance on pollen depletion rates, higher bee populations in one year appeared to increase the rate at which pollen grains were removed from staminate flowers. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.21273/jashs.127.5.729 VL - 127 IS - 5 SP - 729-736 SN - 2327-9788 KW - cucumber KW - Cucumis sativus KW - muskmelon KW - Cucumis melo KW - watermelon KW - Citrullus lanatus KW - pollen depletion ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phytophthora infestans populations from tomato and potato in North Carolina differ in genetic diversity and structure AU - Wangsomboondee, T AU - Groves, CT AU - Shoemaker, PB AU - Cubeta, MA AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - Phytophthora infestans causes a destructive disease on tomato and potato. In North Carolina (NC) potatoes are mostly grown in the east, whereas tomatoes are grown in the mountainous areas in the western part of the state. Five genotypes of P. infestans were identified from 93 and 157 isolates collected from tomato and potato over a 5 year period between 1993 and 1998. All isolates collected from potato in eastern NC were the US-8 genotype, whereas only a single isolate was the US-1 genotype. Tuber blight was found on immature daughter tubers in a single field in 1997, however infection on mature tubers was not observed. Within potato fields, a range of sensitivity to metalaxyl was observed among isolates but all were either intermediate or highly resistant to the fungicide. In contrast, isolates from tomatoes included previously reported US-7 and US-8 genotypes and two new genotypes called US-18 and US-19 (A2 mating type, allozyme genotype Gpi 100/100 and Pep 92/100). These genotypes had unique restriction fragment length polymorphism banding patterns, were sensitive to metalaxyl, and have not been reported elsewhere. All genotypes, with the exception of the US-1, were the Ia mitochondrial haplotype. Thus, isolates of P. infestans from tomato were more genetically diverse over time in NC than those from potato and include two new genotypes that are sensitive to metalaxyl. DA - 2002/11// PY - 2002/11// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.11.1189 VL - 92 IS - 11 SP - 1189-1195 SN - 0031-949X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036827876&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - epidemiology KW - Irish potato famine KW - population genetics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multilocus DNA fingerprinting and microsatellite genotyping: Complementary molecular approaches to investigating colony and population genetic structure in subterranean termites AU - Husseneder, C. AU - Vargo, E. L. AU - Grace, J. K. T2 - Sociobiology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 40 IS - 1 SP - 217-226 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Didymella bryoniae and related Phoma species isolated from cucurbits AU - Somai, BM AU - Dean, RA AU - Farnham, MW AU - Zitter, TA AU - Keinath, AP T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - Didymella bryoniae (anamorph Phoma cucurbitacearum) is the causal agent of gummy stem blight, although other Phoma species are often isolated from cucurbit plants exhibiting symptoms of the disease. The molecular and phylogenetic relationships between D. bryoniae and these Phoma species are unknown. Isolates of D. bryoniae and Phoma obtained from cucurbits grown at various geographical locations in the United States were subjected to random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis (ITS-1 and ITS-2) to determine the molecular and phylogenetic relationships within and between these fungi. Using RAPD fingerprinting, 59 isolates were placed into four phylogenetic groups, designated RAPD group (RG) I, RG II, RG III, and RG IV. D. bryoniae isolates clustered in either RG I (33 isolates), RG II (12 isolates), or RG IV (one isolate), whereas all 13 Phoma isolates clustered to RG III. There was greater than 99% sequence identity in the ITS-1 and ITS-2 regions between isolates in RG I and RG II, whereas isolates in RG III, P. medicaginis ATCC 64481, and P. exigua ATCC 14728 clustered separately. On muskmelon seedlings, a subset of RG I isolates were highly virulent (mean disease severity was 71%), RG II and RG IV isolates were slightly virulent (mean disease severity was 4%), and RG III isolates were nonpathogenic (disease severity was 0% for all isolates). The ITS sequences indicate that RG I and RG II are both D. bryoniae, but RAPD fingerprints and pathogenicity indicate that they represent two different molecular and virulence subgroups. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.9.997 VL - 92 IS - 9 SP - 997-1004 SN - 1943-7684 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interaction of RNA with phage display selected peptides analyzed by capillary electrophoresis mobility shift assay AU - Mucha, P AU - Szyk, A AU - Rekowski, P AU - Guenther, R AU - Agris, PF T2 - RNA AB - A sensitive capillary electrophoresis mobility shift assay (CEMSA) to analyze RNA/peptide interactions has been developed. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been adapted for investigating the interaction between variously methylated 17-nt analogs of the yeast tRNAPhe anticodon stem and loop domain (ASL(Phe)) and 15-amino-acid peptides selected from a random phage display library (RPL). A peptide-concentration-dependent formation of RNA/peptide complex was clearly visible during CEMSA. In the presence of peptide, the UV-monitored CE peak for ASLPhe with three of the five naturally occurring modifications (2'-O-methylcytidine (Cm32), 2'-O-methylguanine (Gm34) and 5-methylcytidine (m5C40) shifted from 18.16 to 20.90 min. The mobility shift was observed only for methylated RNA. The negative effects of diffusion, electroosmotic flow and adhesion of molecules to the capillary internal wall were suppressed by using a buffer containing a sieving polymer and a polyacrylamide-coated capillary. Under these conditions, well-shaped peaks and resolution of RNA free and bound to peptide were achieved. Peptide tF2, the most populated ligand in the RPL, specifically bound triply methylated ASLPhe in a methylated nucleoside-dependent manner. CE was found to be an efficient and sensitive method for the qualitative analysis of RNA-peptide interaction and should be generally applicable to the study of RNA-peptide (protein) interactions. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.1017/S1355838202020319 VL - 8 IS - 5 SP - 698-704 SN - 1469-9001 KW - anticodon stem and loop KW - capillary electrophoresis KW - methylated nucleoside-dependent RNA-peptide KW - interaction KW - phage display selected peptides KW - tRNA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of tillage practices on entomopathogenic nematodes in a corn agroecosystem AU - Millar, LC AU - Barbercheck, ME T2 - BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AB - Cultural practices such as tillage affect soil abiotic and biotic factors, which in turn may affect the survival and activity of entomopathogenic nematodes. We investigated the relative sensitivity of an inundatively applied nematode species, Steinernema riobrave (Texas), and two endemic nematode species, Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, to tillage practices in no-till and conventional-till corn near Goldsboro, North Carolina. Two baiting methods using Galleria mellonella, one conducted in the laboratory and the other in the field, were used to evaluate the nematodes in terms of infected insects and nematode persistence. H. bacteriophora, which was only rarely detected, was not significantly affected by tillage. Tillage had a significant negative effect on the detection of S. carpocapsae and a significant positive effect on the detection of S. riobrave. The nematodes' dissimilar sensitivities to tillage may be partly explained by differences in environmental tolerances and differences in tendencies to disperse deeper in the soil profile. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00042-7 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 1-11 SN - 1049-9644 KW - Steinernema riobrave KW - Steinernema carpocapsae KW - Heterorhabditis bacteriophora KW - entomopathogenic nematode KW - biological control KW - tillage effects ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of production practices on soil-borne entomopathogens in western North Carolina vegetable systems AU - Hummel, RL AU - Walgenbach, JF AU - Barbercheck, ME AU - Kennedy, GG AU - Hoyt, GD AU - Arellano, C T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Populations of endemic soil entomopathogens (nematodes and fungi) were monitored in vegetable production systems incorporating varying degrees of sustainable practices in Fletcher, NC. Two tillage types (conventional plow and disk versus conservation tillage), two input approaches (chemically versus biologically based), and two cropping schedules (continuous tomato versus 3-yr rotation of corn, cucumber, cabbage, and tomato) were employed in large plots from 1995 to 1998. A Galleria mellonella (L.) trap bioassay was used to identify and monitor activity of Steinernema carpocapsae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Beauveria bassiana, and Metarhizium anisopliae populations during the vegetable growing season (April–September). Seasonal detection of entomopathogens was significantly higher in conservation compared with conventional tillage systems. The strip-till operation did not affect levels of detection of S. carpocapsae. Pesticide use significantly reduced detection of entomopathogenic fungi. Type of ground cover significantly affected temperature in the upper 12 cm of soil; highest soil temperatures were observed under black plastic mulch and bare ground, whereas lowest temperatures were observed under rye mulch and clover intercrop. The high soil temperatures associated with certain ground covers may have reduced entomopathogen detection or survival. Although type of tillage appeared to be the primary factor affecting survival of endemic soil entomopathogens in our system, other factors, such as pesticide use and type of ground cover, can negate the positive effects of strip-tillage. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X-31.1.84 VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - 84-91 SN - 0046-225X KW - conservation tillage KW - biological control KW - entomopathogens KW - sustainable agriculture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cloning of disease-resistance homologues in end sequences of BAC clones linked to Fom-2, a gene conferring resistance to Fusarium wilt in melon (Cucumis melo L.) AU - Wang, YH AU - Choi, WB AU - Thomas, CE AU - Dean, RA T2 - GENOME AB - Disease resistance has not yet been characterized at the molecular level in cucurbits, a group of high-value, nutritious, horticultural plants. Previously, we genetically mapped the Fom-2 gene that confers resistance to Fusarium wilt races 0 and I of melon. In this paper, two cosegregating codominant markers (AM, AFLP marker; FM, Fusarium marker) were used to screen a melon bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library. Identified clones were fingerprinted and end sequenced. Fingerprinting analysis showed that clones identified by each marker assembled into two separate contigs at high stringency. GenBank searches produced matches to leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) of resistance genes (R genes); to retroelements and to cellulose synthase in clones identified by FM; and to nucleotide-binding sites (NBSs) of R genes, retroelements, and cytochrome P-450 in clones identified by AM. A 6.5-kb fragment containing both NBS and LRR sequences was found to share high homology to TIR (Toll-interleukin-1 receptor)-NBS-LRR R genes, such as N, with 42% identity and 58% similarity in the TIR-NBS and LRR regions. The sequence information may be useful for identifying NBS-LRR class of R genes in other cucurbits. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1139/G02-005 VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - 473-480 SN - 0831-2796 KW - BAC end sequencing KW - Cucumis melo L. KW - Fusarium wilt KW - R gene ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aphid resistance and leaf surface chemistry of sugar ester producing tobaccos AU - Johnson, A. W. AU - Sisson, V. A. AU - Snook, M. E. AU - Fortnum, B. A. AU - Jackson, D. M. T2 - Journal of Entomological Science AB - Sugar ester producing tobacco lines were evaluated for aphid resistance and other surface chemicals. The cembrenoid and labdenoid diterpenes, α- and β-4,8,13-duvatrien-1-ols, α- and β-4,8,13-duvatriene-1,3-diols, (12Z)-labda-12,14-diene-8α-ol (cis-abienol), (13E)-labda-13-ene-8α,15-diol (labdenediol), docosanol, and sugar esters were quantified using high pressure liquid chromatography and compared with aphid infestation ratings. Regression analysis of aphid [Myzus persicae (Sulzer)] infestation rating and leaf surface chemistry was statistically significant and showed that surface chemicals were important in explaining the observed variation in the aphid infestation ratings. A significant negative correlation was found between aphid ratings and sugar ester levels among the 62 entries evaluated (r = −0.2758, P = 0.0301). α and β monols (α- and β-4,8,13-duvatrien-1-ols) were also significantly correlated with aphid infestations in this study (r = −0.2743, P = 0.0310 and r = −0.2797, P= 0.0109, respectively). None of the other surface chemicals were statistically correlated with aphid resistance. Although high sugar ester levels were correlated with aphid resistance, not all tobacco entries with high levels of sugar esters, such as Tl 1568 were resistant. This would suggest that there may be different types of sugar esters present in these tobaccos, and total sugar ester levels alone could not be used to predict aphid resistance. Also, some tobacco lines, like Tl 1674 and Tl 59 with lower sugar ester levels, were resistant in this study because of high monol levels. The ten tobacco entries with the highest levels of sugar esters in this study were Tl 698, Tl 675, Tl 704, Tl 998, Tl 193, JA 389, Tl 722R, Tl 1092, Tl 711, and Tl 1007. All of these lines exhibited high levels of aphid resistance, but some also had low-to-moderate levels of monols that may have elevated the aphid resistance level. A number of these tobaccos could be used for production of natural sugar ester biorationals or used in a breeding program for development of aphid resistant cultivars. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-37.2.154 VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - 154-165 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The use of DNA microarrays for the developmental expression analysis of cDNAs from the oesophageal gland cell region of Heterodera glycines AU - De Boer, JM AU - McDermott, JP AU - Wang, XH AU - Maier, T AU - Qu, F AU - Hussey, RS AU - Davis, EL AU - Baum, TJ T2 - MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY AB - Summary A microarray was printed containing cDNAs from a library made from cytoplasm microaspirated from the oesophageal gland cell region of parasitic stages of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. The array contained both previously described clones (Wang et al. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 2001, 14, 536-544) and uncharacterized cDNAs. Fluorescent probes for array hybridization were prepared using RNA polymerase amplification of nematode mRNA. Developmental expression profiles of the arrayed cDNAs were determined by hybridizing the microarray with probes from parasitic and non-parasitic H. glycines life stages. Distinct patterns of developmental expression were ascertained for the previously described gland expressed genes. In addition, four H. glycines cDNAs (SCN1018, SCN1020, SCN1028 and SCN1167) were identified that showed up-regulation in one or more parasitic life stages. Clone SCN1018 encodes a C-type lectin domain and is expressed in the hypodermis of females. Clone SCN1020 encodes a probable S-adenosylmethionine synthetase. Clone SCN1028 encodes a piwi protein with high similarity to the germ-line-specific protein R06C7.1 of Caenorhabditis elegans. The sequence of SCN1167 had no similarity to known genes. This paper describes the first use of cDNA microarrays to analyse genes of a plant-parasitic nematode and establishes a functional method to mine nematode cDNA libraries. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1046/j.1364-3703.2002.00122.x VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 261-270 SN - 1364-3703 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Synergism between Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycota : Hyphomycetes) and boric acid against the German cockroach (Dictyoptera : Blattellidae) AU - Zurek, L AU - Watson, DW AU - Schal, C T2 - BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AB - Mortality of German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), caused by Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin strain AC-1 alone and in combination with different formulations of boric acid, was evaluated in laboratory bioassays. Topical application of M. anisopliae alone (8.96 × 109 conidia/m2) required 28 days to cause >92% cockroach mortality (LT50 = 10 days). In contrast, in combination with boric acid (topically applied as a dust or in drinking water), M. anisopliae killed cockroaches significantly faster than without boric acid. M. anisopliae conidial dust (8.96 × 108 conidia/m2) with either 12.5% (w/w) boric acid dust or 0.1% (w/v) boric acid in drinking water killed 100% of the cockroaches in only 8 days (LT50 = 5 days) and 10 days (LT50 = 6 days), respectively, without compromising the fungus emergence from cadavers. Replacement of M. anisopliae with flour dust or heat-killed M. anisopliae conidia eliminated this effect, demonstrating that it was not the consequence of greater boric acid ingestion due to more extensive cockroach grooming upon exposure to M. anisopliae conidia. Moreover, injections of a low dose of M. anisopliae, which caused only 30% mortality, together with sublethal concentrations of boric acid into the cockroach hemocoel resulted in a doubling of mortality. Statistical analysis demonstrated a synergistic interaction between these two insecticides. DA - 2002/3// PY - 2002/3// DO - 10.1006/bcon.2001.1012 VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 296-302 SN - 1090-2112 KW - Metarhizium anisopliae KW - Blattella germanica KW - boric acid KW - dust KW - synergism ER - TY - JOUR TI - Strawberry plant growth parameters and yield among transplants of different types and from different geographic sources, grown in a plasticulture system AU - Butler, L. M. AU - Fernandez, G. E. AU - Louws, F. J. T2 - HortTechnology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 100-103 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogenetic relationships of the lower Cyclorrhapha (Diptera : Brachycera) based on 28S rDNA sequences AU - Collins, KP AU - Wiegmann, BM T2 - INSECT SYSTEMATICS & EVOLUTION AB - Abstract Cyclorrhaphan Diptera are an extremely successful clade of ecologically and phylogenenetically important flies. Despite their significance the relationships among lower cyclorrhaphans ('Aschiza') remain controversial in spite of several morphologically based phylogenetic analyses. We sequenced a 2.7-kb fragment of 28S rDNA for taxa representing all lower cyclorrhaphan families (except Ironomyiidae), four schizophoran families, and seven empidoid out-group taxa. Phylogenetic analysis of these data strongly supports a monophyletic Cyclorrhapha (including the enigmatic taxon Opetia nigra) that is divided into two clades - a well-supported Eumuscomorpha (Syrphidae + Pipunculidae + Schizophora), and a weakly-supported Platypezoidea (all non-Eumuscomorpha). Consequently, the former grouping known as Aschiza, which included syrphids and pipunculids, is not a valid monophyletic clade. Within Platypezoidea, most of our analyses place Lonchopteridae as sister group to Opetiidae, and strongly support the monophyly of Sciadoceridae + Phoridae. Among the Eumuscomorpha we do not recover the monophyly of Syrphoidea (Syrphidae + Pipunculidae). Instead, all analyses place Pipunculidae as the sister group to Schizophora. This novel finding has never been proposed based on morphological data and will require more data (both molecular and morphological) and taxa to confirm. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1163/187631202X00235 VL - 33 IS - 4 SP - 445-456 SN - 1876-312X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogenetic relationships and placement of the Empidoidea (Diptera : Brachycera) based on 28S rDNA and EF-1 alpha sequence AU - Collins, KP AU - Wiegmann, BM T2 - INSECT SYSTEMATICS & EVOLUTION AB - Abstract The phylogenetic relationships within the Eremoneura (Empidoidea + Cyclorrhapha) have been controversial. The monophyly of the Empidoidea, as well as the position and rank of higher-level empidoid clades remains unresolved despite numerous analyses using morphological data. In addition, the origin of the Cyclorrhapha and their relationship to the Empidoidea continues to be debated. We present the results of a molecular phylogenetic analysis using nucleotide sequences collected from 28S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and elongation factor-1α (EF-1α) genes. All currently recognized empidoid families and subfamilies, many lower cyclorrhaphan families (including Opetiidae), and several asiloid outgroups are represented in this study. Unweighted and weighted parsimony, as well as maximum likelihood analyses were applied to individual data partitions and a combined data set. Our results support the monophyly of both Empidoidea and Cyclorrhapha (including Opetia), as well as their sister-group relationship. Within Empidoidea we find support for the following: 1) Chvála's (1983) proposal to divide Empidoidea into five families; 2) Atelestidae as the basal empidoid lineage; and 3) monophyly of Microphoridae + Dolichopodidae. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1163/187631202X00226 VL - 33 IS - 4 SP - 421-444 SN - 1876-312X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Parasitism of the multicolored Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) by strongygaster triangulifer (Diptera : Tachinidae) in North Carolina AU - Nalepa, CA AU - Kidd, KA T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation C. A. Nalepa, K. A. Kidd; Parasitism of the Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) by Strongygaster triangulifer (Diptera: Tachinidae) in North Carolina. Journal of Entomological Science 1 January 2002; 37 (1): 124–127. doi: https://doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-37.1.124 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu nav search search input Search input auto suggest Search DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-37.1.124 VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 124-127 SN - 0749-8004 KW - Harmonia axyridis KW - new host association KW - Coccinellidae KW - Tachinidae KW - parasitism ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diurnal activity, floral visitation and pollen deposition by honey bees and bumble bees on field-grown cucumber and watermelon AU - Stanghellini, MS AU - Ambrose, JT AU - Schultheis, , JR T2 - JOURNAL OF APICULTURAL RESEARCH AB - SUMMARYHoney bees (Apis mellifera) and bumble bees (Bombus impatiens) were compared for three aspects of pollinating behaviour on field-grown cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). We measured: (1), diurnal foraging activity periods (as related to anthesis); (2), floral visitation rates (number of flowers visited per min by individual foragers); and (3), stigmatic pollen deposition (number of pollen grains deposited on stigmas after single bee visits to female flowers). B. impatiens was more effective than A. mellifera for all three parameters on both crops. B. impatiens initiated foraging activity 15–40 min before A. mellifera; both species continued foraging until flowers closed in early afternoon. B. impatiens consistently visited more flowers per min (P < 0.001) and deposited equal or greater amounts of pollen (P < 0.001) than A. mellifera, particularly during the initial hours of floral anthesis which is when these crops are most receptive to pollination. The data additionally suggest that researchers evaluating different pollinator candidates should consider time-of-day effects when comparing pollen deposition rates between pollinators, as time-of-day had a marked influence on pollen deposition in these studies. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1080/00218839.2002.11101065 VL - 41 IS - 1-2 SP - 27-34 SN - 2078-6913 KW - Apis mellifera KW - honey bees KW - Bombus impatiens KW - bumble bees KW - Cucurbitaceae pollination KW - pollen deposition KW - floral visitation rate KW - floral anthesis KW - alternative pollinators ER - TY - JOUR TI - Behavioral adaptations increase the value of enemy-free space for Heliothis subflexa, a specialist herbivore. AU - Oppenheim, S. J. AU - Gould, Fred T2 - Evolution AB - Abstract We investigated the importance of specialized behaviors in the use of enemy-free space by comparing the host-use behavior of two closely related moths, Heliothis subflexa Guenee and H. virescens Fabricius. Heliothis subflexa is a specialist on plants in the genus Physalis, whereas H. virescens is an extreme generalist, feeding on plants in at least 14 families. Heliothis subflexa uses the inflated calyx surrounding Physalis fruits as enemy-free space, and field rates of parasitism for H. subflexa on Physalis are much lower than for H. virescens on tobacco and cotton, common hosts found in the same habitat as Physalis. If Physalis' architecture were solely responsible for H. subflexa's low rates of parasitism on Physalis, we predicted thatH. virescens larvae experimentally induced to feed on Physalis would experience parasitism rates similar to those ofH. subflexa. We found, however, that specialized host-use and host-acceptance behaviors are integral to the use of enemy-free space on Physalis and strongly augment the effects of the structural refuge. In laboratory assays, we found considerable differences between the larval behavior of the specialist, H. subflexa, and the generalist, H. virescens, and these contributed to H. subflexa's superior use of enemy-free space on Physalis. We tested the importance of these behavioral differences in the field by comparing parasitism of H. virescens on Physalis, H. virescens on tobacco, and H. subflexa on Physalis by Cardiochiles nigriceps Vierick, a specialist braconid parasitoid. For H. virescens, a threefold decrease in parasitism occurred when feeding on Physalis (mean parasitism ± SEM = 13 ± 4%) rather than tobacco (43 ± 4%), a difference we attribute to the structural refuge provided by Physalis. However, parasitism ofH. virescens on Physalis was more than ten times as great as that of H. subflexa on Physalis (1 ± 4%), supporting the hypothesis that specialized behaviors have a substantial impact on use of Physalis as enemy-free space. Behavioral adaptations may be central to the use of enemy-free space by phytophagous insects and may act as an important selective force in the evolution of dietary specialization. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01379.x VL - 56 IS - 4 SP - 679–689 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Accurate translation of the genetic code depends on tRNA modified nucleosides AU - Yarian, C AU - Townsend, H AU - Czestkowski, W AU - Sochacka, E AU - Malkiewicz, AJ AU - Guenther, R AU - Miskiewicz, A AU - Agris, PF T2 - JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AB - Transfer RNA molecules translate the genetic code by recognizing cognate mRNA codons during protein synthesis. The anticodon wobble at position 34 and the nucleotide immediately 3′ to the anticodon triplet at position 37 display a large diversity of modified nucleosides in the tRNAs of all organisms. We show that tRNA species translating 2-fold degenerate codons require a modified U34 to enable recognition of their cognate codons ending in A or G but restrict reading of noncognate or near-cognate codons ending in U and C that specify a different amino acid. In particular, the nucleoside modifications 2-thiouridine at position 34 (s2U34), 5-methylaminomethyluridine at position 34 (mnm5U34), and 6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine at position 37 (t6A37) were essential for Watson-Crick (AAA) and wobble (AAG) cognate codon recognition by tRNAUUULys at the ribosomal aminoacyl and peptidyl sites but did not enable the recognition of the asparagine codons (AAU and AAC). We conclude that modified nucleosides evolved to modulate an anticodon domain structure necessary for many tRNA species to accurately translate the genetic code. DA - 2002/5/10/ PY - 2002/5/10/ DO - 10.1074/jbc.M200253200 VL - 277 IS - 19 SP - 16391-16395 SN - 0021-9258 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development and implementation of a long-term agricultural systems study: Challenges and opportunities AU - Mueller, J. P. AU - Barbercheck, M. E. AU - Bell, M. AU - Brownie, C. AU - Creamer, N. G. AU - Hitt, A. AU - Hu, S. AU - King, L. AU - Linker, H. M. AU - Louws, F. J. AU - Marlow, S. AU - Marra, M. AU - Raczkowski, C. W. AU - Susko, D. J. AU - Wagger, M. G. T2 - HortTechnology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 362-368 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tunnel architectures of three species of mole crickets (Orthoptera : Gryllotalpidae) AU - Brandenburg, RL AU - Xia, YL AU - Schoeman, AS T2 - FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST AB - The southern mole cricket, Scapteriscus vicinus Giglio-Tos, and the tawny mole cricket, S. borellii Scudder, damage turfgrass in southeastern United States. The two species are univoltine in most of their range. They also have similar life cycles and morphology. However, southern mole cricket is primarily carnivorous, whereas tawny mole cricket is herbivorous (Taylor 1979, Ulagaraj 1975, Matheny 1981). The African mole cricket, Gryllotalpa africana Palisot de Beauvois, is a world-wide pest (Sithole 1986). It damages plants including wheat, maize, rice, sorghum, millet, barley, oats, potatoes, cassava, groundnuts, strawberries, turnips, tobacco, and vegetables in Africa, Asia, and Europe. It also causes severe damage to turfgrass on golf courses in South Africa and Asia (Brandenburg, unpubl. data). Tsedeke (1979) reported that surface tunneling behavior, which is partly determined by feeding preference, is different between the two species in the U.S. We therefore speculate that tunnel architectures of three species are also different judging from the differences in their feeding behavior and damage. This study used fiberglass resins to compare tunnel architecture of three species of mole crickets in two locations Tawny and southern mole cricket tunnel castings were made on the driving range of Oyster Bay Golf Course, Brunswick County, NC, during 1998 to 2000. The turfgrass on the driving range was hybrid bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. in sandy loam soil. African mole cricket tunnel castings were made in typical heavy clay soil at Silver Lakes Golf and Country Club, Pretoria, South Africa. The turfgrass on the fairway was Kikuyu grass, Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov. We located mole cricket tunnel entrances by hand, and cleaned foreign matter, debris, and soil from the area around the entrance. We then used a soapy water flush (Short & Koehler 1979) as an irritant to flush the mole cricket from the tunnel for species identification. The soapy water flushing also helped to find other entrances to the tunnel and make the soil around the entrance firm. Areas without turf were avoided because the tunnels are often blocked by loose soil during the flushing. We have previously reported that fiberglass resin is the best material for mole cricket tunnel casting (Brandenburg et al. 2001). Bondo? fiberglass resin and hardener (Dynatron/Bondo Corp., Atlanta, GA), was used in the U.S. study and a similar product used in South Africa. This and other similar products are widely available at local hardware and automobile repair stores. Approximately 2/3 of the recommended amount of hardener was added to the fiberglass resin (about 1 ml hardener/100 ml resin). The fiberglass resin hardens quickly after adding hardener, therefore, the whole procedure must be done quickly. The fiberglass resin container was covered and shaken after adding hardener. The contents were then poured immediately into the tunnel entrance in a steady stream. The excavation of the castings started 1-2 h after pouring. The fiberglass resin in one can (1 1) usually filled two to three mole cricket tunnels. We used a large screwdriver to clear away the grass roots surrounding the tunnel entrance and to determine the direction of the casting before starting to dig the cast. Finding other entrance(s) of the tunnel helps to judge direction the tunnel casting. There are at least two entrances for tawny and African mole cricket tunnels. The soil on tunnel casts was washed away with water following excavation. We made over 100 castings and excavations during 3 years. Tunnels of tawny mole crickets were almost always (90%) in the shape of 'Y' with two entrances for each tunnel (Fig. IA, B, C). Variations were occasionally observed in the tunnel architecture. There might be two parallel 'Y's linking together to form a tunnel, or, two entrances observed at each end of a tunnel. The length of most tawny mole cricket tunnels ranged from 50 to 70 cm. Tunnels of African mole crickets also typically showed Y shape (Fig. 1G, H, I). The length of African mole cricket tunnels ranged from 10 cm to 23 cm. This was much shorter than that observed in tawny mole crickets. The tunnels of southern mole crickets were more likely in a reversed 'Y shape with only one surface entrance (Fig. 1D, E, F). The tunnels often branched within 10 cm deep of the soil surface. The tunnels were usually much shorter than those of tawny mole cricket. The difference in tunnel architecture probably relates to the behavioral difference of the three species. Southern mole crickets are carnivorous. They seek prey throughout the soil. Our observations and research by Tsedeke (1979) suggested that southern mole crickets were much more active in tunneling than tawny and African mole crickets. This may be why southern mole cricket tunnels were almost always branched down into the soil rather than near the soil surface. In con- DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0383:TAOTSO]2.0.CO;2 VL - 85 IS - 2 SP - 383-385 SN - 0015-4040 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tissue distribution and characterization of predominant hemolymph carrier proteins from Dermacentor variabilis and Ornithodoros parkeri AU - Gudderra, NP AU - Sonenshine, DE AU - Apperson, CS AU - Roe, RM T2 - JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY AB - The tissue distribution of the predominant hemolymph protein found throughout tick development was examined in the hard tick, Dermacentor variabilis, and in the soft tick, Ornithodoros parkeri. In D. variabilis, the predominant (purified) hemolymph protein was a lipoglycoheme-carrier protein (DvCP) with a molecular weight of 200 K. A protein with a similar mobility on native-PAGE was found in fat body, salivary gland, muscle and ovary from partially fed females which was most abundant in the plasma and salivary gland. DvCP from plasma, salivary gland and fat body of partially fed females consisted of two subunits on SDS-PAGE (98 and 92 K). In replete females, only salivary gland exhibited protein subunits equivalent to hemolymph CP. CP in salivary gland and fat body stained positive for lipids. The concentration of CP in tissues varied between partially fed and replete females, indicating a difference in the expression and/or sequestration of CP during adult development. The predominant hemolymph carrier protein from O. parkeri (OpCP) was purified to homogeneity for the first time and is presumed to have similar functions to CP from D. variabilis. Purified OpCP exhibited a molecular weight of 668 K by native-PAGE. Unlike CP from D. variabilis, OpCP was not detected in fat body or salivary gland tissues but occurred abundantly in coxal fluid. By SDS-PAGE, purified hemolymph OpCP consisted of two major subunits (114 and 93 K) and a less abundant protein with an apparent molecular weight of 48 K. Purified native OpCP was a lipoprotein like DvCP. A spectral analysis of purified OpCP failed to demonstrate the presence of heme like that found for CP from D. variabilis, purified by the same methods. However, plasma from O. parkeri contained heme with a λmax of 410 nm. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1016/S0022-1910(01)00160-3 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 161-170 SN - 0022-1910 KW - Acari KW - Ixodidae KW - Argasidae KW - American dog tick KW - Dermacentor variabilis KW - Ornithodoros parkeri KW - heme KW - carrier protein KW - storage protein ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficient evaluation of resistance to three root-knot nematode species in selected sweetpotato cultivars AU - Cervantes-Flores, J. C. AU - Yencho, G. C. AU - Davis, E. L. T2 - HortScience DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - 390-392 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of PCR-ELISA for detection and differentiation of Didymella bryoniae from related Phoma species AU - Somai, BM AU - Keinath, AP AU - Dean, RA T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - The causal agent of gummy stem blight, Didymella bryoniae, often is isolated from infected cucurbits together with other Phoma spp. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers specific to D. bryoniae and Phoma were used to develop and evaluate a microtiter-based PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Primers were modified by addition of a fluorescein and a biotin label to the 5′ ends of the forward and reverse primers, respectively. After amplification, PCR products were detected in an ELISA using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antifluorescein antibody and three substrates that yielded three colored products, one for each fungal group. The most sensitive substrate (highest signal:noise ratio) was 2,2′ -azino-bis[3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]. PCR-ELISA successfully detected 45 of 46 D. bryoniae and all 13 Phoma isolates that were used. Results were comparable to those obtained with gel electrophoresis. Only one D. bryoniae isolate could not be detected with PCR-ELISA; this isolate also produced a fragment larger than other D. bryoniae isolates on agarose gels. PCR-ELISA was used successfully on crude extracts of “blind” fungal samples and identified seven of seven isolates as D. bryoniae or Phoma. Although less sensitive than gel electrophoresis, PCR-ELISA was a highly specific, yet simple, rapid and convenient assay for detection of D. bryoniae and Phoma sp. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.7.710 VL - 86 IS - 7 SP - 710-716 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Combined molecular and morphological evidence on the phylogeny of the earliest lepidopteran lineages AU - Wiegmann, BM AU - Regier, JC AU - Mitter, C T2 - ZOOLOGICA SCRIPTA AB - Agreement among recent morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses has strengthened estimates of the relationships among the earliest lineages of the holometabolan order Lepidoptera. For a few major groups, evidence for monophyly and basal relationships remains relatively weak or contradictory — chiefly within the clades of basal Glossata and Heteroneura. Here we assess the support for these controversial areas of lepidopteran classification through molecular systematic investigation of 18S rDNA sequence variation. Parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses are presented for 1379 alignable sites of 18S. These data are then combined with 61 morphological features scored for major lineages of basal Glossata and Heteroneura. Our 18S rDNA data support recent hypotheses for the placement of Micropterigidae and Agathiphagidae as the basal‐most lineages of Lepidoptera, and support the monophyly of the groups Neolepidoptera and Exoporia. 18S data alone are shown to be insufficient for resolving the monophyly and relationships of the Glossata, and for specifying relationships above the Neolepidoptera. Combination of the 18S data with published morphological ground‐plan scorings improves overall support for the morphology‐based hypothesis for basal glossatans, but phylogenetic resolution among published alternatives for the basal Heteroneura remains a major question for lepidopteran systematics. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00091.x VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - 67-81 SN - 1463-6409 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biocontrol of Rhizoctonia stem and root rot of poinsettia with Burkholderia cepacia and binucleate Rhizoctonia AU - Hwang, J AU - Benson, DM T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Strategies for applying Burkholderia cepacia (strain 5.5B) and Pesta formulations of binucleate Rhizoctonia (BNR) isolates (BNR621 and P9023) were evaluated for biocontrol of Rhizoctonia stem and root rot of poinsettia caused by R. solani. During propagation, one application of B. cepacia suppressed stem rot, while application of either isolate of BNR did not. In contrast, after transplanting rooted poinsettias, one application of either BNR isolate was more effective for suppression of stem and root rot than application of B. cepacia. Sequential application of B. cepacia at propagation followed by a BNR isolate at transplanting was more effective over the crop production cycle than multiple applications of one biocontrol agent or combination application of both biocontrol agents. Root colonization by both biocontrol agents after transplanting rooted poinsettias was affected by application strategy. The least root colonization by both biocontrol agents occurred in the combination application. The highest root colonization by the BNR isolates was observed in the sequential application that provided the most effective disease control. Application of different biocontrol agents during the different production phases of poinsettia was effective for disease control, but understanding the interaction between biocontrol agents and root colonization was important to develop the best application strategy. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.1.47 VL - 86 IS - 1 SP - 47-53 SN - 0191-2917 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Telling the bees: NC beekeepers dedicate 2002 calendar of beekeeping to the victims and heroes of the September 11 terrorist attacks AU - Ambrose, J. T. T2 - American Bee Journal DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 142 IS - 3 SP - 163-164 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survey of the termites (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae, Termitidae) of St. John, US Virgin Islands AU - Jones, S. C. AU - Nalepa, C. A. T2 - Sociobiology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - 155-163 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pioneering women in plant pathology. Part I, Effie A. Southworth, first woman plant pathologist hired at the USDA AU - Ristaino, J. B. AU - Petersen, P. T2 - From: APSNet Education Center Website. Originally published in The plant health instructor, February 1, 2002. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// IS - 2002 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of synthetic and organic soil fertility amendments on southern blight, soil microbial communities, and yield of processing tomatoes AU - Bulluck, LR AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Soil fertility amendments, including composted cotton-gin trash, swine manure, a rye-vetch green manure, or synthetic fertilizers, were applied to subplots and tillage on bare soil; or tillage followed by surface mulch with wheat straw were applied to main plots to determine the effect on the incidence of southern blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, yield of processing tomato, and soil microbial communities. The amendment-tillage interaction was significant in 1997 and disease incidence was 67% in tilled bare soil receiving synthetic fertilizers; whereas disease incidence was 3, 12, and 16% in surface-mulched plots amended with a composted cotton-gin trash, swine manure, or a rye-vetch green manure. The amendment effect was significant in 1998, and disease incidence was 61% in plots receiving synthetic fertilizer and was 23, 44, and 53% in plots receiving cotton-gin trash, swine manure, or rye-vetch green manure, respectively. In 1997, yields were highest in tilled surface-mulched plots amended with synthetic fertilizers, cotton-gin trash, or swine manure, respectively. In 1998, yields were low in all plots and there were no significant differences in yield due to treatment. Propagule densities of antagonistic soil fungi in the genus Trichoderma were highest in soils amended with composted cotton-gin trash or swine manure in both years. Propagule densities of fluorescent pseudomonads in soil were higher in plots amended with organic amendments than with synthetic fertilizers in both years. Propagules densities of enteric bacteria were elevated in soils amended with raw swine manure biosolids in both years. Our research indicates that some organic amendments, such as cotton-gin trash, reduced the incidence of southern blight in processing tomato and also enhanced populations of beneficial soil microbes. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.2.181 VL - 92 IS - 2 SP - 181-189 SN - 0031-949X KW - organic agriculture KW - sustainable agriculture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterisation of guanylyl cyclase genes in the soyabean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines AU - Yan, YT AU - Davis, EL T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY AB - Parasitism by the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, has become one of the major limiting factors in soybean production world-wide. A partial HG-gcy-1 cDNA clone was obtained by screening a H. glycines cDNA library with a probe derived from the HG-gcy1 genomic sequence, and HG-gcy-1 full-length cDNA was obtained by nested PCR and 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5' RACE). Two additional, full-length guanylyl cyclase cDNA clones from H. glycines, named HG-gcy-2 and HG-gcy-3, were recovered directly by screening the H. glycines cDNA library with a probe derived from sequence of the HG-gcy-1 catalytic domain. The encoded proteins of all three HG-gcy genes had an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a single membrane-spanning domain, an intracellular protein kinase-like domain, and a guanylyl cyclase catalytic domain. The three HG-GCY proteins had conserved cysteine residues to form disulfide bridges within the extracellular domain similar to the predicted ligand-binding domains of other known membrane-bound guanylyl cyclases. mRNA in situ hybridisation detected the expression of HG-gcy-1 and HG-gcy-2 transcripts in specific and different sensory neurons within H. glycines specimens. HG-gcy-3 transcripts were not localised in H. glycines specimens by in situ hybridisation. The discovery of the three guanylyl cyclase genes in H. glycines is the first of its kind in a plant-parasitic nematode and may be representative of a conserved gene family used for chemosensory recognition in parasitic nematodes. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1016/S0020-7519(01)00315-0 VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - 65-72 SN - 1879-0135 KW - Caenorhabditis elegans KW - cDNA KW - chemosensory receptor KW - in situ hybridisation KW - Heterodera glycines KW - parasitic nematode KW - RNA splicing KW - sensory neurons ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing the potential of entomopathogenic nematodes to control the grape root borer Vitacea polistiformis (Lepidoptera : Sesiidae) through laboratory and greenhouse bioassays AU - Williams, RN AU - Fickle, DS AU - Grewal, PS AU - Meyer, , JR T2 - BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AB - Seventeen entomopathogenic nematode species and strains were evaluated for virulence to the grape root borer, Vitacea polistiformis (Harris) in laboratory and greenhouse bioassays. Heterohabditis bacteriophora strain GPS11 and H. zealandica strain X1 produced a larval mortality rate of over 85% of larvae embedded in the root cambium in laboratory bioassays. The nematode species H. marelata and H. bacteriophora strain Oswego produced mortality rates of over 75%. Of the Steinernema species tested, S. carpocapsae strain 'All' performed the best with a mortality rate of 69%. All other nematode species and strains tested, with the exception of S. bicornutum , produced some degree of larval mortality. In the greenhouse bioassays, 93% control was achieved with H. zealandica strain X1 applied at 4 2 109 infective juveniles (IJs) acre1 -1 (9.88 2 10 9 IJs ha -1 ). H. bacteriophora strain GPS11 successfully reproduced in grape root borer larvae. The numbers of IJs produced within infected larvae were related to larval size. The survival rate of neonate larvae on grape root sections was 61%, which thus provides a means to rear the neonate larvae for bioassays. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1080/09583150120110644 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 35-42 SN - 1360-0478 KW - Vitacea polistiformis KW - Steinernema KW - Heterorhabditis KW - entomopathogeni c nematodes KW - infectivity KW - biocontrol ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of soil moisture and time of year on mole cricket (Orthoptera : Gryllotalpidae) surface tunneling AU - Hertl, PT AU - Brandenburg, RL T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - The damage caused by two species of introduced mole cricket pests (Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder and Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos) was studied during 1995, 1996, and 1997 in Brunswick County, NC. Surface tunneling activity in bermudagrass was quantified weekly starting in late July or early August using a modification of the damage grid evaluation method of Cobb and Mack (1989). Soil moisture was monitored in three depth ranges (0–10.2, 10.2–20.3, and 20.3–30.5 cm) and percentage soil moisture based on dry soil weight was determined gravimetrically. Most sites had a higher percentage of S. borellii than S. vicinus, with the percentage of S. borellii ranging from 42–95%. The percentage soil moisture ranged from 1.2–24.9, 1.3–19.3, and 1.3–20.4% at 0–10.2, 10.2–20.3, and 20.3–30.5-cm, respectively. Moisture percentages in the 10.2–20.3- and 20.3–30.5-cm ranges were not significantly different. Mean percentage soil moisture in the 0–10.2 cm range was significantly greater than for the 10.2–20.3 and 20.3–30.5-cm ranges combined. Average damage ratings (0–9) increased linearly with Julian date, but due to differences in damage levels among the years, three separate linear equations were used to describe the relationship. Mean damage ratings increased by one rating point (11%) every 2–3 wk. A significant nonlinear relationship was found between percentage soil moisture and mean damage ratings. Management implications of the findings are discussed. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X-31.3.476 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 476-481 SN - 1938-2936 KW - mole crickets KW - Scapteriscus KW - surface activity KW - behavior KW - damage KW - soil moisture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Kenneth Lee Knight. AU - Apperson, C. S. T2 - American Entomologist (Lanham, Md.) DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 48 IS - 3 SP - 189-190 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of production system on vegetable arthropods and their natural enemies AU - Hummel, RL AU - Walgenbach, JF AU - Hoyt, GD AU - Kennedy, GG T2 - AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT AB - Populations of foliar insect pests and natural enemies were monitored in vegetable production systems incorporating varying degrees of sustainable practices in Fletcher, NC, USA. Two types of tillage (conventional plow and disk, strip-tillage), two input approaches (chemically-based, biologically-based) and two cropping schedules (continuous tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), 3-year rotation of corn (Zea mays L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and tomato) were employed from 1995 to 1998. Tomato pest pressure was relatively low in all years, resulting in a limited impact of production systems on potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Homoptera: Aphididae), and its associated parasitoids and predators. Thrips (Frankliniella spp. (Thysanoptera)) populations were significantly higher in the biological input treatments in 3 of 4 years. Lepidopterous (primarily Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)) damage on tomato was significantly higher in biological treatments in all years, damage by thrips and pentatomids (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) increasing each year in the continuous tomato crop schedule. Most insect populations were significantly influenced by type of insecticide input or ground cover. Few population measurements were affected by tillage type. Foliar insect problems in commercial vegetable production may be associated predominantly with insecticide input (i.e. more damage with biologically based insecticides) and use of intercropping (i.e. more damage in systems with living mulch); however, the long term effects of tillage and crop rotation remain to be seen. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00345-0 VL - 93 IS - 1-3 SP - 165-176 SN - 0167-8809 KW - sustainable agriculture KW - Lycopersicon esculentum KW - conservation tillage KW - organic production KW - IPM ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tracking historic migrations of the Irish potato famine pathogen, Phytophthora infestans AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - MICROBES AND INFECTION AB - The plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans causes late blight, a devastating disease on potato that led to the Irish potato famine during 1845–1847. The disease is considered a reemerging problem and still causes major epidemics on both potato and tomato crops worldwide. Theories on the origin of the disease based on an examination of the genetic diversity and structure of P. infestans populations and use of historic specimens to understand modern day epidemics are discussed. DA - 2002/11// PY - 2002/11// DO - 10.1016/S1286-4579(02)00010-2 VL - 4 IS - 13 SP - 1369-1377 SN - 1286-4579 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036848765&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Phytophthora injestans KW - late blight of potatoes KW - plant disease epidemiology KW - ancient DNA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hemolymph proteins in ticks AU - Gudderra, NP AU - Sonenshine, DE AU - Apperson, CS AU - Roe, RM T2 - JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY AB - In comparison to insects and Crustacea, our knowledge of the predominant hemolymph proteins in ticks is minimal. The hemolymph protein most studied in ticks has been vitellogenin (Vg). Vg is synthesized by the tick fat body after female adults obtain a blood meal, is released into the hemolymph and is absorbed by developing oocytes as vitellin (Vn). Much of what we know about Vg is from studies of Vn. In general, the carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid composition is similar to insects except that in the tick, Vg contains heme, most likely from the digestion of host hemoglobin. In the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, Vg is comprised of two native proteins and seven subunits on SDS-PAGE. Vg has been characterized in five tick species but the amino acid sequence is not yet available. Another predominant hemolymph protein, apparently a carrier protein (CP), has recently been studied in two tick species. This protein is found in the hemolymph of both male and females adults, in adult tissues outside of the hemolymph in some tick species, in coxal fluid of soft ticks and in whole body homogenates from eggs, larvae and nymphs. CP from the hard tick, D. variabilis, contains cholesterol, phospholipids, monoacylglycerides, triacylglycerides, free fatty acids, carbohydrate and heme. Under identical assay conditions, the analogous protein in the soft tick, Ornithodoros parkeri, did not contain heme. CP in the American dog tick consists of two subunits, one of which has 61% identity to the biliprotein, artemocyanin, from the fairy shrimp. CP is identical to a heme-lipoprotein (HeLp) from Boophilus microplus. The exact roles of CP and HeLp have not yet been fully determined, but they apparently are important in heme sequestration and as a storage depot for protein and lipid. Macroglobulin, lectin, antimicrobial, JH binding, JH esterase, and other tick hemolymph proteins are also discussed. DA - 2002/3// PY - 2002/3// DO - 10.1016/S0022-1910(02)00050-1 VL - 48 IS - 3 SP - 269-278 SN - 1879-1611 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of vegetable production system on epigeal arthropod populations AU - Hummel, RL AU - Walgenbach, JF AU - Hoyt, GD AU - Kennedy, GG T2 - AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT AB - Populations of epigeal arthropods were monitored in vegetable production systems under varying degrees of sustainable agricultural practices in Fletcher, NC (USA). Two tillage types (conventional plow and disk, strip-tillage (ST)), two input approaches (chemically based, biologically based) and two cropping schedules (continuous tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.], 3-year rotation of sweet corn [Zea mays L.]/cabbage [Brassica oleracea L.], cucumber [Cucumis sativus L.]/cabbage and tomato) were employed from 1995–1998. A second study with tomatoes was performed in 1997–1998 to separate effects of pesticide use, intercropping and herbicide application. Pitfall traps (48-h sample period) were used at ∼25-day intervals to monitor relative activity of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae), staphylinid (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) beetles and lycosid spiders (Araneidae: Lycosidae). Carabids and lycosids appeared to be more active in systems with ground cover. Trap catches of carabid species were not significantly affected by insecticide input, but trap catches of lycosids were lower in plots with conventional insecticide use. No consistent effect of tillage was found over time, although Scarites spp. were more active in minimally disturbed habitats in 1998. Two distinct patterns of seasonal activity were observed for carabid beetles and lycosid spiders. Ground cover generally enhanced abundance of carabids and lycosids, while tillage type, pesticide use and crop rotation had different effects. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00346-2 VL - 93 IS - 1-3 SP - 177-188 SN - 0167-8809 KW - conservation tillage KW - epigeal arthropods KW - biological control KW - IPM KW - intercropping ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogeny of the Apochrysine green lacewings (Neuroptera : Chrysopidae : Apochrysinae) AU - Winterton, SL AU - Brooks, SJ T2 - ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA AB - Phylogenetic relationships among the genera of Apochrysinae are examined. Exemplars from all 13 previously defined genera of the subfamily are compared with outgroups from the Nothochrysinae (Nothochrysa McLachlan) and Chrysopinae (Italochrysa Principi) in a parsimony analysis of 78 character states across 39 adult morphological characters. The analysis resulted in three most parsimonious trees with a length of 70 steps. The Apochrysinae are confirmed as monophyletic, with the enigmatic genus Nothancyla as the sister to the rest of the subfamily. The phylogenetic relationships among the genera of Apochrysinae are discussed, as are primitive and derived venational characters and wing vein reticulation in apochrysine wings. Six valid genera are recognized in light of the analysis: Apochrysa Schneider (Anapochrysa Kimmins, Lauraya Winterton, Nacaura Navás, Oligochrysa Esben-Petersen and Synthochrysa Needham, syns. nov.), Domenechus Navás, Joguina Navás (Lainius Navás syn. nov.), Loyola Navás (Claverina Navás syn. nov.), Nobilinus Navás and Nothancyla Navás. Valid genera are rediagnosed in a revised classification. A new key to genera and lists of included species are presented. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1603/0013-8746(2002)095[0016:POTAGL]2.0.CO;2 VL - 95 IS - 1 SP - 16-28 SN - 0013-8746 KW - Neuroptera KW - green lacewings KW - Chrysopidae KW - phylogeny KW - systematics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimization of sample size and DNA extraction methods to improve PCR detection of different propagules of Phytophthora infestans AU - Wangsomboondee, T AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - The plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans causes a destructive blight of potato tubers and foliage. A rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay has been developed for detection of P. infestans in potato tubers. In this study, the effect of method of DNA extraction on different propagule types and the minimal number of propagules of P. infestans detectable by PCR were assessed using the PINF and internal transcribed spacer (ITS)5 primers. Sensitivity of the primers for PCR was high, and DNA was detectable at concentrations as low as 10 pg/ml. Zoospores and oospores responded differently to different extraction methods, whereas all extraction methods worked equally well for sporangia. Freeze-thaw DNA lysis, in which propagules were frozen at -80°C and thawed at 65°C three times for 15 min each, or direct PCR, in which propagules were placed directly in the reaction mix, were effective methods for PCR detection of sporangia or zoospores but were not effective methods for PCR detection of DNA in oospores of P. infestans. DNA from a single sporangium or oospore could be amplified by PCR after hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) or NaOH lysis extraction methods, whereas DNA from a single zoospore could be amplified by CTAB or direct PCR methods. “IsoCode” Stixs, used in forensic applications, were used to collect the pathogen from leaf and tuber lesions and provided another simple method to extract template DNA. PCR detection of the pathogen in infected tubers using PINF and ITS5 primers was compared to tissue isolation or visual observation. The probability of detection of P. infestans in infected tubers at 7 days post inoculation using the PCR assay, tissue isolation, or visual observation was 0.90, 0.80, and 0.75, respectively. The PINF and ITS5 primers provide a powerful tool for rapid and sensitive detection of zoospores, sporangia, and oospores of P. infestans when used with appropriate extraction methods, and could easily be deployed to reduce spread of the pathogen in potato tubers. DA - 2002/3// PY - 2002/3// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.3.247 VL - 86 IS - 3 SP - 247-253 SN - 1943-7692 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036191533&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimal storage by crop producers AU - Fackler, PL AU - Livingston, MJ T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AB - Abstract When post‐harvest marketing strategies are restricted by disallowing speculative purchases, sales out of storage becomes an irreversible decision and the dynamic marketing problem becomes analogous to the optimal exercise of a financial option. The optimal marketing strategy is to hold at low prices and to sell at high prices with a cutoff price function marking the boundary between low and high prices. A method for estimating the cut‐off price function is developed and applied to Illinois soybean prices. The decision rule is demonstrated to result in substantial gains from storage. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1111/1467-8276.00325 VL - 84 IS - 3 SP - 645-659 SN - 0002-9092 KW - commodity marketing KW - options KW - storage ER - TY - JOUR TI - Managing the horn fly (Diptera : Muscidae) using an electric walk-through fly trap AU - Watson, DW AU - Stringham, SM AU - Denning, SS AU - Washburn, SP AU - Poore, MH AU - Meier, A T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - An electric walk-through fly trap was evaluated for the management of the horn fly, Hematobia irritans (L.), on dairy cattle in North Carolina over 2 yr. The trap relies on black lights and electrocution grids to attract and kill flies that are brushed from the cattle passing through. During the first season, horn fly densities were reduced from >1,400 to <200 flies per animal. Horn fly density averaged 269.2 ± 25.8 on cattle using the walk-through fly trap twice daily, and 400.2 ± 43.5 on the control group during the first year. The second year, seasonal mean horn fly density was 177.3 ± 10.8 on cattle using the walk-through fly trap compared with 321.1 ± 15.8 on the control group. No insecticides were used to control horn flies during this 2-yr study. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-95.5.1113 VL - 95 IS - 5 SP - 1113-+ SN - 1938-291X KW - horn fly KW - walk-through fly trap KW - horn fly management KW - integrated pest management KW - dairy KW - pasture fly management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Arachis species for resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus AU - Lyerly, J. H. AU - Stalker, H. T. AU - Moyer, J. W. AU - Hoffman, K. T2 - Peanut Science AB - Abstract Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is an important plant pathogen with a wide host range, including the domesticated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). After initial outbreaks on peanut during the 1980s, the virus has spread to all peanut-producing states in the U.S. TSWV is transmitted by several species of thrips which are difficult to control with insecticides; therefore, control of TSWV most likely will come from selecting resistant genotypes in breeding programs. Although moderate levels of resistance have been discovered in A. hypogaea, complete virus resistance has not been found. Several Arachis species have desirable genes for plant resistances and tolerate many disease and insect pests better than the cultivated species. The objectives of this study were to (a) evaluate TSWV disease incidence and severity in accessions of Arachis species, and (b) compare levels of TSWV resistance in diploid species to selected A. hypogaea genotypes. In this study, 46 diploid Arachis spp. accessions were evaluated in the greenhouse by artificial inoculation tests for resistance to TSWV. Nine Arachis accessions were observed with no disease symptoms when TSWV isolate 10 was used as opposed to A. hypogaea lines that ranged from moderately to highly susceptible. Additional testing with more virulent isolates identified A. diogoi accession GKP 10602 and A. correntina accession GKP 9530 as highly resistant to the virus. These two accessions are being used as parents in crossing programs to incorporate TSWV resistance genes into A. hypogaea. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.3146/pnut.29.2.0001 VL - 29 SP - 79-84 ER -