TY - CHAP TI - Colorado potato beetle AU - Kennedy, G.G. T2 - Encyclopedia of Insects A2 - Resh, V. A2 - Carde, R.T. PY - 2003/// ET - 1st SP - 242–244 PB - Academic Press SN - 9780080546056 ER - TY - CONF TI - Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Geotrupidae) of North Carolina cattle pastures and their seasonal distribution AU - Bertone, Matt AU - Watson, Wes AU - Green, Jim C2 - 2003/// C3 - The 2003 ESA Annual Meeting and Exhibition DA - 2003/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular analysis of two cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes required for paxilline biosynthesis in Penicillium paxilli , and effects of paxilline intermediates on mammalian maxi-K ion channels AU - McMillan, L. K. AU - Carr, R. L. AU - Young, C. A. AU - Astin, J. W. AU - Lowe, R. G. T. AU - Parker, E. J. AU - Jameson, G. B. AU - Finch, S. C. AU - Miles, C. O. AU - McManus, O. B. AU - Schmalhofer, W. A. AU - Garcia, M. L. AU - Kaczorowski, G. J. AU - Goetz, M. AU - Tkacz, J. S. AU - Scott, B. T2 - Molecular Genetics and Genomics DA - 2003/9/1/ PY - 2003/9/1/ DO - 10.1007/s00438-003-0887-2 VL - 270 IS - 1 SP - 9-23 KW - Penicillium paxilli KW - indole-diterpenes KW - paxilline KW - cytochrome P450 KW - monooxygenases KW - maxi-K channels ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Manipulation of Clavicipitalean Endophytes AU - Scott, Barry AU - Young, Carolyn T2 - Clavicipitalean Fungi DA - 2003/7// PY - 2003/7// DO - 10.1201/9780203912706.ch14 ER - TY - JOUR TI - [] T2 - Biotechnology Letters DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1023/a:1022645124506 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1022645124506 KW - colonization KW - N-2-fixation KW - novel isolates KW - phosphate-solubilization KW - rice ER - TY - JOUR TI - Perception of noxious compounds by contact chemoreceptors of the blowfly, Phormia regina: Putative role of an odorant-binding protein AU - Ozaki, M. AU - Takahara, T. AU - Kawahara, Y. AU - Wada-Katsumata, A. AU - Seno, K. AU - Amakawa, T. AU - Yamaoka, R. AU - Nakamura, T. T2 - Chemical Senses AB - The blowfly, Phormia regina, has sensilla with four contact-chemoreceptor cells and one mechanoreceptor cell on its labellum. Three of the four chemoreceptor cells are called the sugar, the salt and the water receptor cells, respectively. However, the specificity of the remaining chemoreceptor cell, traditionally called the "fifth cell", has not yet been clarified. Referring to behavioral evaluation of the oral toxicity of monoterpenes, we measured the electrophysiological response of the "fifth cell" to these compounds. Of all the monoterpenes examined, D-limonene exhibited the strongest oral toxicity and induced the severest aversive behavior with vomiting and/or excretion in the fly. D-Limonene, when dispersed in an aqueous stimulus solution including dimethyl sulfoxide or an odorant-binding protein (OBP) found in the contact-chemoreceptor sensillum, the chemical sense-related lipophilic ligand-binding protein (CRLBP), evoked impulses from the "fifth cell". Considering the relationship between the aversive effects of monoterpenes and the response of the "fifth cell" to these effects, we propose that the "fifth cell" is a warning cell that has been differentiated as a taste system for detecting and avoiding dangerous foods. Here we suggest that in the insect contact-chemoreceptor sensillum, CRLBP carries lipophilic members of the noxious taste substances to the "fifth cell" through the aqueous sensillum lymph. This insect OBP may functionally be analogous to the von Ebner's grand protein in taste organs of mammals. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1093/chemse/28.4.349 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 349-359 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1942506801&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - monoterpene KW - oral toxicity KW - aversive behavior KW - bitter taste reception KW - odorant-binding protein ER - TY - CHAP TI - Slime Molds and Zoosporic Fungi AU - Mozley, S. AU - Porter, D. AU - Cubeta, M. T2 - Plant Pathology: Concepts and Laboratory Exercises A2 - Trigiano, R.N. A2 - Windham, M.T. A2 - Windham, A.S. PY - 2003/7/28/ DO - 10.1201/b12388-21 SP - 179–191 PB - CRC Press SN - 9780429211287 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b12388-21 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Laboratory Exercises with Zoosporic Plant Pathogens AU - Cubeta, M.A. AU - Porter, D. AU - Mozley, S.E. T2 - Plant Pathology: Concepts and Laboratory Exercises A2 - Trigiano, R.N. A2 - Windham, M.T. A2 - Windham, A.S. PY - 2003/// SP - 173–192 SN - 0849310377 020350657X ER - TY - CHAP TI - Regulation of pheromone biosynthesis, transport, and emission in cockroaches AU - Schal, Coby AU - Fan, Yongliang AU - Blomquist, Gary J. T2 - Insect Pheromone Biochemistry and Molecular Biology AB - This chapter discusses sex pheromones, which are used in mate finding and recognition. The chapter describes the reproductive modes in cockroaches and then presents a conceptual framework for neuroendocrine regulation of cockroach reproductive biology. Blattodea is divided into five families, out of which Blattidae, Blattellidae, and Blaberidae contain most of the cockroach species. This diverse group of insects exhibits a variety of reproductive strategies including obligatory and facultative parthenogenesis, oviparity, ovoviviparity, and viviparity. The reproductive cycle in cockroaches is regulated by several lipid and peptide hormones, with juvenile hormone III (JH III), a C16 sesquiterpenoid, being the critical adult gonadotropic hormone. JH III stimulates the fat body to produce vitellogenin, which is a yolk protein precursor and the oocytes to endocytose vitellogenin. Behavioral and physiological events related to mate finding and sexual receptivity are also regulated in a coordinated manner by this vital hormone. The chapter also discusses pheromone production in several of the best studied species, reviewing for each what is known about the tissues, biochemical pathways, transport routes, and neuroendocrine regulation of pheromone production. PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1016/b978-012107151-6/50012-8 SP - 283-322 OP - PB - Elsevier SN - 9780121071516 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012107151-6/50012-8 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - piggyBac-mediated germline transformation in the beetle Tribolium castaneum AU - Lorenzen, M. D. AU - Berghammer, A. J. AU - Brown, S. J. AU - Denell, R. E. AU - Klingler, M. AU - Beeman, R. W. T2 - Insect Molecular Biology AB - The lepidopteran transposable element piggyBac can mediate germline insertions in at least four insect orders. It therefore shows promise as a broad-spectrum transformation vector, but applications such as enhancer trapping and transposon-tag mutagenesis are still lacking. We created, cloned, sequenced and genetically mapped a set of piggyBac insertions in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Transpositions were precise, and specifically targeted the canonical TTAA recognition sequence. We detected several novel reporter-expression domains, indicating that piggyBac could be used to identify enhancer regions. We also demonstrated that a primary insertion of a non-autonomous element can be efficiently remobilized to non-homologous chromosomes by injection of an immobile helper element into embryos harbouring the primary insertion. These developments suggest potential for more sophisticated methods of piggyBac-mediated genome manipulation. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2003.00427.x VL - 12 IS - 5 SP - 433-440 J2 - Insect Mol Biol LA - en OP - SN - 0962-1075 1365-2583 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2583.2003.00427.x DB - Crossref KW - piggyBac KW - germline transformation KW - EGFP KW - enhancer trap KW - Tribolium castaneum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of Organic Amendments on Soilborne and Foliar Diseases in Field-Grown Snap Bean and Cucumber AU - Stone, A. G. AU - Vallad, G. E. AU - Cooperband, L. R. AU - Rotenberg, D. AU - Darby, H. M. AU - James, R. V. AU - Stevenson, W. R. AU - Goodman, R. M. T2 - Plant Disease AB - Several paper mills in Wisconsin have programs for spreading paper mill residuals (PMR) on land. A growing number of vegetable farmers recognize the agronomic benefits of PMR applications, but there have been no investigations on the use of PMR for control of vegetable crop diseases. Our objective was to determine the effect of PMR amendments on soilborne and foliar diseases of cucumber and snap bean grown on a sandy soil. Raw PMR, PMR composted without bulking agent (PMRC), or PMR composted with bark (PMRBC) were applied annually in a 3-year rotation of potato, snap bean, and pickling cucumber. Several naturally occurring diseases were evaluated in the field, along with in situ field bioassays. All amendments suppressed cucumber damping-off and Pythium blight and foliar brown spot of snap bean. Both composts reduced the incidence of angular leaf spot in cucumber. In a separate field experiment planted with snap bean for two consecutive years, all amendments reduced common root rot severity in the second year. In a greenhouse experiment, the high rate of PMRBC suppressed anthracnose of snap bean. These results suggest that the application of raw and composted PMR to sandy soils has the potential to control several soilborne and foliar diseases. DA - 2003/9// PY - 2003/9// DO - 10.1094/pdis.2003.87.9.1037 VL - 87 IS - 9 SP - 1037-1042 J2 - Plant Disease LA - en OP - SN - 0191-2917 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.9.1037 DB - Crossref KW - Aphanomyces euteiches KW - biological control KW - Colletotrichum lindemuthianum KW - Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans KW - P. syringae pv. syringae KW - Pythium spp. KW - suppressive soils ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydrocarbon synthesis by enzymatically dissociated oenocytes of the abdominal integument of the German Cockroach, Blaftella germanica AU - FAN, YL AU - ZUREK, L AU - DYKSTRA, MJ AU - Schal, Coby T2 - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1007/s00114-003-0402-y VL - 90 IS - 3 SP - 121-126 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Field and laboratory evaluations of potential oviposition attractants for Aedes albopictus (Diptera : Culicidae) AU - TREXLER, JD AU - APPERSON, CS AU - GEMENO, C AU - PERICH, MJ AU - CARLSON, D AU - SCHAL, C T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 228-234 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Cockroaches in swine production: Occupational allergens and integrated pest management AU - STRINGHAM, M AU - GORE, C AU - ZUREK, L AU - SCHAL, C DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// PB - SE - 471-476 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence for volatile sex pheromones in Parcoblatta wood cockroaches AU - GEMENO, C AU - SNOOK, K AU - BENDA, N AU - SCHAL, C T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 36-54 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Abatement of cockroach allergen (Bla g 1) in low-income, urban housing: A randomized controlled trial AU - ARBES, SJ AU - SEVER, M AU - ARCHER, J AU - LONG, EH AU - GORE, JC AU - SCHAL, C AU - WALTER, M AU - NUEBLER, B AU - VAUGHN, B AU - MITCHELL, H AU - LIU, E AU - COLLETTE, N AU - ADLER, P AU - SANDEL, M AU - ZELDIN, DC T2 - JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AB -

Abstract

Background: Clinically relevant reductions in exposure to cockroach allergen, an important risk factor for asthma in inner-city households, have proven difficult to achieve in intervention trials. Objective: This study investigated a method for the abatement of cockroach allergen in low-income, urban homes. The goal was to reduce mean Bla g 1 concentrations below the previously proposed thresholds for allergic sensitization and asthma morbidity. Methods: A prerandomized, nonmasked trial with 16 intervention and 15 control homes was conducted. Study inclusion was based on 50 to 500 cockroaches trapped in a 3-day period. The interventions consisted of occupant education, placement of insecticide bait, and professional cleaning. Vacuumed dust and multiple swab samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 months in intervention homes and at 0 and 6 months in control homes. Room maps containing cockroach and allergen data were used to guide and monitor the interventions. Results: From 0 to 6 months among intervention homes, geometric mean Bla g 1 concentrations (U/g dust) decreased from 633 to 24 on kitchen floors (96% reduction), from 25 to 4.3 on living room floors/sofas (83% reduction), from 46 to 7.3 on bedroom floors (84% reduction), and from 6.1 to 1.0 in bedroom beds (84% reduction). These reductions, with the exception of that on the bedroom floor (P = .06), were statistically significant relative to changes in control homes. Conclusions: Substantial reductions in cockroach allergen levels can be achieved in inner-city homes. In this study, allergen levels were reduced below the sensitization threshold (2 U/g) in beds, arguably the most relevant site for exposure, and below the asthma morbidity threshold (8 U/g) on bedroom floors and living room floors/sofas. The level on kitchen floors, although reduced 96%, remained above the asthma morbidity threshold. Future studies will test the intervention's effectiveness in asthma prevention trials. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;112:339-45.) DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1067/mai.2003.1597 VL - 112 IS - 2 SP - 339-345 KW - cockroaches KW - cockroach allergen KW - Bla g 1 KW - intervention ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship between vegetative compatibility and pathogenicity of isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tuberosi from potato. AU - Ayed, Fakher AU - Daami-Remadi, Mejda AU - Jabnoun-Khiareddine, Hayfa AU - Mahjoub, Mohamed El AU - Ayed, F AU - Ayed, F AU - Daami-Remadi, M AU - Jabnoun-Khiareddine, H AU - El Mahjoub, M AU - Ayed, F AU - others T2 - International Journal of Agricultural Research DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - pp-206 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vitro inhibitory activities of some chemical substances and antagonistic strains of Trichoderma spp. against certain agents causing potato tuber rots. AU - Ayed, F AU - Daami-Remadi, M AU - Jabnoun-Khiareddine, F AU - El Mahjoub, M AU - Bang, U AU - Beagle-Ristaino, JE AU - Papavizas, GC AU - Benhamou, N AU - Chet, I AU - Carnegie, SF AU - others T2 - International Journal of Agricultural Research DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 1 IS - 5 SP - pp-206 ER - TY - CONF TI - Molecular evolution of Phytophthora infestans. Evolución molecular de Phytophthora infestans. AU - Gómez-Alpı́zar, Luis Enrique AU - Thorne, JL AU - Ristaino, Jean Beagle C2 - 2003/// C3 - Annual Meeting of the American Phytopathological Society, Charlotte, NC, US, Aug. 09-13, 2003. DA - 2003/// VL - 93 SP - S30 M1 - 6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of microbial species and functional diversity in soils on pathogen dispersal and ecosystem processes in organic and conventional agroecosystems AU - Ristaino, Jean T2 - Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) research projects. Southern Region DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Field transmission efficiency of Alternaria sesami in sesame from infected seed AU - Ojiambo, P.S. AU - Mibey, R.K. AU - Narla, R.D. AU - Ayiecho, P.O. T2 - Crop Protection AB - Four sesame accessions with varying levels of susceptibility to Alternaria sesami were selected from an advanced germplasm collection of the Sesame Improvement Project to determine transmission efficiency of A. sesami from seed under field conditions. Accessions were sown in field plots in Siaya, Kenya, in March and October 1995 during the first and second rainy seasons, respectively. Incidence of Alternaria leaf spot (ALS) following artificial inoculation averaged 85–95% for all accessions in the two seasons. Infection of A. sesami in harvested seed averaged 11.8% for accessions SPS SIK 013, 9.4% for SPS SIK 110, 9.7% for SPS SIK 121 and 6.8% for SPS SIK 130. Three hundred seeds from the harvested seed lots for each accession were sown in disease-free field plots at Kibwezi, Kenya, in March and October 1996 for two seasons. Typical disease symptoms appeared about 5–6 weeks after sowing. Disease progress curves were better described using the Gompertz rather than the logistic model for all the accessions evaluated. Disease onset (Yo) was nearly the same in both seasons but the rate of disease increase (r) was faster in the first season than in the second season. Rate of disease progress was consistently higher for SPS SIK 013 than SPS SIK 130, in both seasons. Area under the disease progress curves for accessions was significantly higher (P<0.01) in the first season compared to the second season. Disease incidence averaged 0.0% for SPS SIK 110, 1.5% for SPS SIK 130, 3.3% for SPS SIK 121, and 3.6% for SPS SIK 013. Transmission efficiency of ALS by seed ranged from 0.0% to 40.7% and was significantly higher for SPS SIK 013 and SPS SIK 121 than for SPS SIK 110 in the two rainy seasons. DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// DO - 10.1016/s0261-2194(03)00144-3 VL - 22 IS - 9 SP - 1107-1115 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/AGR/IND44667546 KW - Alternaria leaf spot KW - epidemiology KW - seed infection KW - seed transmission efficiency KW - sesame KW - temporal progress ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inverted repeat of a heterologous 3′-untranslated region for high-efficiency, high-throughput gene silencing AU - Brummell, David A. AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter J. AU - Harpster, Mark H. AU - Palys, Joseph M. AU - Oeller, Paul W. AU - Gutterson, Neal T2 - The Plant Journal AB - Summary This report describes a method for the easy generation of inverted repeat constructs for the silencing of genes of unknown sequence which is applicable to high‐throughput studies. This improved procedure for high‐efficiency gene silencing is specific for a target gene, but does not require inverted repeat DNA of the target gene in the construct. The method employs an inverted repeat of the 3′‐untranslated region (3′‐UTR) of a heterologous gene, and has been demonstrated using the 3′‐UTR region of the nopaline synthase ( nos ) gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens , which is often used as the 3′‐UTR for transgene constructs. In a population of independent tomato primary transformants harboring a stably integrated polygalacturonase ( PG ) transgene driven by a constitutive promoter and linked to an inverted repeat of the nos 3′‐UTR, 51 of 56 primary transformants (91% of the population) showed highly effective post‐transcriptional silencing of the PG gene, with PG mRNA abundance in ripe fruit reduced by 98% or more. The method was also effective in Arabidopsis , where two different, relatively uncharacterized plant transcription factors were also targeted effectively. This method has the advantage of ease and rapidity in preparation of the constructs, since a gene of interest can be inserted into a binary vector already containing the promoter and the inverted nos domain in a single‐cloning step, and does not require any knowledge of the DNA sequence. The approach is suitable for high‐throughput gene silencing studies, where it is necessary to investigate the function of hundreds to thousands of uncharacterized genes. DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01659.x VL - 33 IS - 4 SP - 793-800 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037297007&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - double-stranded RNA KW - gene silencing KW - inverted repeat KW - nos KW - RNAi KW - siRNA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vigilance, predation risk, and the allee effect in desert bighorn sheep AU - Mooring, M.S. AU - Fitzpatrick, T. A. AU - Benjamin, J. E. AU - Fraser, I. C. AU - Nishihira, T. T. AU - Reisig, D. D. T2 - Journal of Wildlife Management AB - Knowledge of how predation risk affects population survivorship is important for understanding predator–prey relationships and designing effective conservation strategies. The Allee effect (inverse density dependence) can be generated when antipredator strategies become inefficient in small groups of prey, thus making the population more susceptible to catastrophic population collapse and extinction. Many populations of desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) are declining, and predation is, in many cases, a major mortality factor. We studied desert bighorns at the Red Rock Wildlife Area, New Mexico, USA, to assess predation risk in different group types (ram, ewe, mixed) and age–sex classes. Multiple regression analysis revealed that predation risk (as estimated by individual vigilance) increased with smaller group size and greater inter-individual distance for all bighorns, with groups of <5 individuals subject to the greatest risk. Although rugged terrain is thought to provide refuge from predators, habitat ruggedness did not influence vigilance. The biggest males in ram groups experienced the greatest predation risk in that they were in the smallest groups, were most likely to be solitary, and were spaced farther apart from conspecifics. Although big rams spent twice as much time vigilant as other age–sex classes, collective alertness was lowest for ram groups. The conclusion that big rams were most at risk from predation was partially supported by the recent predation history of the population and previous studies in which mountain lion (Felis concolor) kills were biased toward rams. We discuss the management implications of these results for small populations subject to Allee effects, including reintroduction and/or translocation practices and selective removal of problem predators. We suggest that the use of multivariate techniques to simultaneously explore the influence of multiple factors and the use of vigilance as a correlate of predation risk would be useful management tools for assessing seasonal and class-specific vulnerability to predation. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2193/0022-541x(2004)068[0519:vprata]2.0.co;2 VL - 68 SP - 519–532 KW - Allee effect KW - desert bighorn sheep KW - Felis concolor KW - mountain lion KW - New Mexico KW - Ovis canadensis KW - predation risk KW - reintroductions KW - selective removal KW - vigilance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sexual segregation in desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) AU - Mooring, M.S. AU - Fitzpatrick, T.A. AU - Benjamin, J.E. AU - Fraser, I.C. AU - Nishihira, T.T. AU - Reisig, D.D. AU - Rominger, E.M. T2 - Behaviour AB - One or several factors could explain sexual segregation, in which males and females of polygynous, sexually dimorphic species form separate herds during most of the year. Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) are polygynous ungulates that exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism and segregate into ram and ewe herds outside of the rutting season. Four major hypotheses for sexual segregation were tested in a population of desert bighorn (O. c. mexicana) at the Red Rock Wildlife Area, New Mexico, from 1999-2001. We collected data on the size, composition, and location of ram and ewe groups during the summer period of segregation. Activity budgets were recorded for males in ram herds and females in ewe herds, and foraging selectivity was measured for males and females in mixed groups during early rut. Habitat was evaluated by measuring forage availability, ruggedness, and visibility at sites utilized by ram and ewe groups. Ram herds utilized areas with more available forage compared with ewe sites, while ewe groups preferred more rugged terrain than that used by ram groups. Ewe groups occurred much closer to free water sources than did ram groups. Bighorns in ram and ewe groups did not differ in foraging time or selectivity, nor did time spent moving, reclining, or ruminating differ between the sexes as predicted by the 'activity budget hypothesis'. The results support the predictions of the 'reproductive strategy-predation risk hypothesis', which proposes that males seek more abundant forage in order to build up body condition needed to maximize mating success (even if exposing themselves to greater predation risk), while females choose rugged terrain that minimizes predation risk to themselves and their offspring (even if sacrificing forage abundance). Female bighorns chose sites that provided access to water, also predicted by the 'reproductive strategy-predation risk hypothesis', indicating that lactation-related water requirements may constrain the movements of ewe groups and contribute to patterns of sexual segregation in desert bighorn. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1163/156853903321671497 VL - 140 IS - 2 SP - 183–207 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Insect-repelling strategies of desert bighorn sheep AU - Mooring, M.S. AU - Fitzpatrick, T.A. AU - Benjamin, J.E. AU - Fraser, I.C. AU - Nishihira, T.T. AU - Reisig, D.D. T2 - The Southwestern Naturalist AB - Biting insects impose costs on hosts, including decreased feeding or resting time as the result of disturbance, blood loss, and disease transmission. Insect-repelling behaviors, such as ear-flicking, head-shaking, stamping, and grouping, have evolved in many ungulate species to minimize these costs. We studied female desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) at Red Rock Wildlife Area, New Mexico, during the summers of 1999 and 2000. We tested the predictions that: 1) bighorn sheep will increase insect-defense behavior when biting insects are more abundant, and 2) close aggregation of sheep will decrease the per capita insect harassment by means of a dilution effect. Numbers of midges and other biting insects increased in association with rising temperature and decreased with increasing wind speed. Ewes performed between 0 and 78 ear-flicks/min, and >5,000 ear-flicks over the course of a 12-h day. As predicted, the rate of ear-flicking was positively correlated with counts of biting insects, indicating that ear-flicking was a direct response to the irritation of attacking insects. We also found a negative correlation between the number of sheep clustered together within 1 body length and ear-flicking rate, suggesting that insect harassment is diluted when bighorn sheep bunch together. Bighorn sheep generally bedded on upper slopes and rocky outcrops exposed to gusts of wind. These results indicate that ear-flicking, grouping, and microhabitat choice might be important strategies for reducing the costs of biting insects in desert bighorn sheep. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1894/0038-4909(2003)048<0635:ibbdbs>2.0.co;2 VL - 48 IS - 4 SP - 635–643 ER - TY - CONF TI - Cone and seed insect pest research: the role of the southwide studies AU - Byram, T. D. AU - Mangini, A. C. AU - McKeand, S. E. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the 27th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 2003/// SP - 116-125 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Turkey litter treatment with hydrated lime AU - Stringham, M. AU - Watson, W. AU - Zurek, L. T2 - Zootecnica International DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// IS - 9 SP - 46 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cropping systems and Integrated Pest Management: Examples from selected crops AU - Barker, K. R. AU - Sorenson, C. T2 - Journal of Crop Production AB - SUMMARY Cropping systems have been central to managing associated pests for centuries. This treatment focuses on the history, concepts, and the integration of available Integrated Pest Management (IPM) tools/strategies into cropping systems. Pest assessments/diagnoses, IPM-decision-making aids, and examples of pest management in selected crops/cropping systems (wheat, soybean, corn, cotton, potato, and strawberry) as well as emerging opportunities and challenges are discussed. The evolving philosophy of IPM and the recently renewed emphasis on ecologically based pest management address the fact that significant levels of predation and/or parasitism are desirable insofar as they promote diversity and sustainability of agroecosystems. Thus, cropping systems are beginning to focus on soil and crop health as well as specific IPM and production goals. Although extensive efforts have been directed toward modeling the many interactions between crops, associated pests and the environment, the general implementation of a systems approach to integrated crop and pest management remains to be accomplished. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1300/j144v08n01_11 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 271 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of lime hydrate on the growth and development of darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus AU - Watson, D. W. AU - Denning, S. S. AU - Zurek, L. AU - Stringham, S. M. AU - Elliott, J. T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science AB - The addition of hydrated lime to poultry litter to control insects and pathogens has a history of support. We examined the effects of hydrated lime litter treatments on the darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus and the fungal pathogen Aspergillus. Hydrated lime application rates were calculated as poultry house equivalents; 22.6, 45.4, 56.7, 90.7 kg per 93 m (50, 100, 125 and 200 lbs per 1,000 ft ), groun d 2 2 DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.3923/ijps.2003.91.96 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 91 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of sweetpotato viruses using an RT- PCR based method AU - Lyerly, J. H. AU - New, S. L. AU - Abad, J. A. AU - Moyer, J. W. T2 - Phytopathology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 93 SP - S55 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The parasitome of the phytonematode Heterodera glycines AU - Gao, BL AU - Allen, R AU - Maier, T AU - Davis, EL AU - Baum, TJ AU - Hussey, RS T2 - MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS AB - Parasitism genes expressed in the esophageal gland cells of phytonematodes encode secretions that control the complex process of plant parasitism. In the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, the parasitome, i.e., the secreted products of parasitism genes, facilitate nematode migration in soybean roots and mediate the modification of root cells into elaborate feeding cells required to support the growth and development of the nematode. With very few exceptions, the identities of these secretions are unknown, and the mechanisms of cyst nematode parasitism, therefore, remain obscure. The most direct and efficient approach for cloning parasitism genes and rapidly advancing our understanding of the molecular interactions during nematode parasitism of plants is to create gland cell-specific cDNA libraries using cytoplasm microaspirated from the esophageal gland cells of various parasitic stages. By combining expressed sequence tag analysis of a gland cell cDNA library with high throughput in situ expression localization of clones encoding secretory proteins, we obtained the first comprehensive parasitome profile for a parasitic nematode. We identified 51 new H. glycines gland-expressed candidate parasitism genes, of which 38 genes constitute completely novel sequences. Individual parasitome members showed distinct gland cell expression patterns throughout the parasitic cycle. The parasitome complexity discovered paints a more elaborate picture of host cellular events under specific control by the nematode parasite than previously hypothesized. DA - 2003/8// PY - 2003/8// DO - 10.1094/MPMI.2003.16.8.720 VL - 16 IS - 8 SP - 720-726 SN - 1943-7706 KW - microaspiration KW - plant-parasitic nematode ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hierarchical analysis of colony and population genetic structure of the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes, using two classes of molecular markers. AU - Vargo, E. L. T2 - Evolution AB - Termites (Isoptera) comprise a large and important group of eusocial insects, yet, in contrast to the eusocial Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps), the breeding systems of termites remain poorly understood. In this study, I inferred the breeding system of the subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes based on colony and population genetic structure as determined from microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA markers. Termites were sampled from natural wood debris from three undisturbed, forested sites in central North Carolina. In each site, two transects separated by 1 km were sampled at approximately 15-m intervals. A total of 1272 workers collected from 57 collection points were genotyped at six microsatellite loci, and mitochondrial DNA haplotype was determined for a subset of these individuals using either restriction fragment length polymorphism or sequence variation in the AT-rich region. Colonies appeared to be localized: workers from the 57 collection points represented 56 genetically distinct colonies with only a single colony occupying two collection points located 15 m apart. Genetic analysis of family structure and comparisons of estimates of F-statistics (FIT, FIC, FCT) and coefficients of relatedness (r) among nestmate workers with results of computer simulations of potential breeding systems suggested that 77% of all colonies were simple families headed by outbred monogamous pairs, whereas the remaining colonies were extended (inbred) families headed by low numbers of neotenics (about two females and one male) who were the direct offspring of the colony founders. There was no detectable isolation by distance among colonies along transects, suggesting that colony reproduction by budding is not common and that dispersal of reproductives during mating flights is not limited over this distance. Higher-level analysis of the microsatellite loci indicated weak but significant differentiation among sites (FST = 0.06), a distance of 16–38 km, and between transects within sites (FST = 0.06), a distance of 1 km. No significant differentiation at either the transect or site level was detected in the mitochondrial DNA sequence data. These results indicate that the study populations of R. flavipes have a breeding system characterized by monogamous pairs of outbred reproductives and relatively low levels of inbreeding because most colonies do not live long enough to produce neotenics, and those colonies that do generate neotenics contain an effectively small number of them. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1554/03-336 VL - 57 IS - 12 SP - 2805-2818 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The new world treehopper tribe Microcentrini (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Stegaspidinae): monographic revision and phylogenetic position AU - Cryan, J. R. AU - Robertson, J. A. AU - Deitz, L. L. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// PB - Lanham, MD: Entomological Society of America SN - 093852299X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimates of genetic parameters for oleoresin and growth traits in juvenile loblolly pine AU - Roberds, JH AU - Strom, BL AU - Hain, FP AU - Gwaze, DP AU - McKeand, SE AU - Lott, LH T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - In southern pines of the United States, resistance to attack by southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, is believed to principally involve flow of oleoresin to beetle attack sites. Both environmental and genetic factors are known to affect the quantity of oleoresin flow in loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., but little is known about the genetic contribution to phenotypic variation in this trait. Here we report estimates of genetic variation in oleoresin flow and growth traits for a population of this species. Oleoresin yield, total height, and diameter were measured on 10- and 11-year-old trees from an experimental test in Santa Rosa County, Florida. Trees were from 72 full-sib families produced by mating 48 parents according to a disconnected partial diallel mating design. Resin yield was determined from breast-height samples collected at two times: once in the summer of 1999 when latewood was being produced (summer resin flow), and once in the spring of 2000 during earlywood formation (spring resin flow). All traits studied were found to be highly genetically variable and to have much greater additive than dominance variance. Estimates of narrow-sense heritability for spring and summer resin flow were in the moderate range and are comparable to values obtained for the growth traits. Additive genetic correlations between oleoresin yield and the growth traits were positive and moderately high, suggesting that directional selection to improve growth in loblolly pine will also result in increased production of oleoresin. DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.1139/X03-186 VL - 33 IS - 12 SP - 2469-2476 SN - 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Time flies, a new molecular time-scale for brachyceran fly evolution without a clock AU - Wiegmann, B. M. AU - Yeates, D. K. AU - Thorne, J. L. AU - Kishino, H. T2 - Systematic Biology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 52 IS - 6 SP - 745-756 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Afrotropical species of the genus Ommatius Wiedemann, 1821 (Diptera: Asilidae): longipennis and sinuatus species-groups AU - Scarbrough, A. G. AU - Marasci, C. AU - Hill, H. N. T2 - African Entomology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 233-259 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of bacteria in mediating the oviposition responses of Aedes albopictus (Diptera : Culicidae) AU - Trexler, JD AU - Apperson, CS AU - Zurek, L AU - Gemeno, C AU - Schal, C AU - Kaufman, M AU - Walker, E AU - Watson, DW AU - Wallace, L T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - The responses of Aedes albopictus to sources of oviposition attractants and stimulants were evaluated with a behavioral bioassay in which females attracted to odorants emanating from water were trapped on screens coated with an adhesive. Gravid mosquitoes were attracted to volatiles from larval-rearing water and soil-contaminated cotton towels. Bacteria were isolated from these substrates and from an organic infusion made with oak leaves. Through fatty acid-methyl ester analyses, six bacterial isolates from larval-rearing water, two isolates from soil-contaminated cotton towels, and three isolates from oak leaf infusion were identified to species. The response of gravid mosquitoes to these isolates was also evaluated in behavioral bioassays. Water containing Psychrobacter immobilis (from larval-rearing water), Sphingobacterium multivorum (from soil-contaminated cotton towels), and an undetermined Bacillus species (from oak leaf infusion) elicited significantly higher oviposition than control water without bacteria. Only volatiles collected from larval rearing water elicited significant electroantennogram responses in females. DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// DO - 10.1603/0022-2585-40.6.841 VL - 40 IS - 6 SP - 841-848 SN - 0022-2585 KW - Aedes albopictus KW - bacteria KW - organic infusion KW - oviposition KW - attractants KW - electroantennogram ER - TY - CHAP TI - Pyraloidea, Pyralidae (part), Phycitinae (part). AU - Neunzig, H. H. T2 - Moths of America north of Mexico including Greenland: Fascicle 15.5 CN - QL548 .M68 no.15 pt.5 PY - 2003/// VL - 15 PB - London: E. W. Classey; Los Angeles: distributed in the U.S. by Entomological Reprint Specialists ER - TY - JOUR TI - New phycitine records for the Dominican Republic and description of a new species of Nefundella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae). AU - Neunzig, H. H. T2 - Tropical Lepidoptera DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 11 IS - 1-2 SP - 7-12 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nematode gene sequences: Update for December 2003 AU - McCarter, J.P. AU - Mitreva, M. AU - Clifton, S.W. AU - Bird, D.McK. AU - Waterston, R.H. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 465-469 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1842510703&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isolation of two cDNAS encoding a tropomyosin and an intermediate filament protein from the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines AU - Guimaraes, P. M. AU - Leal-Bertioli, S. C. M. AU - Curtis, R. H. AU - Davis, E. L. AU - Bertioli, D. J. T2 - Nematropica DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 87-95 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transcriptional regulation of biomass-degrading enzymes in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei AU - Foreman, PK AU - Brown, D AU - Dankmeyer, L AU - Dean, R AU - Diener, S AU - Dunn-Coleman, NS AU - Goedegebuur, F AU - Houfek, TD AU - England, GJ AU - Kelley, AS AU - Meerman, HJ AU - Mitchell, T AU - Mitchinson, C AU - Olivares, HA AU - Teunissen, PJM AU - Yao, J AU - Ward, M T2 - JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AB - The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei produces and secretes profuse quantities of enzymes that act synergistically to degrade cellulase and related biomass components. We partially sequenced over 5100 random T. reesei cDNA clones. Among the sequences whose predicted gene products had significant similarity to known proteins, 12 were identified that encode previously unknown enzymes that likely function in biomass degradation. Microarrays were used to query the expression levels of each of the sequences under different conditions known to induce cellulolytic enzyme synthesis. Most of the genes encoding known and putative biomass-degrading enzymes were transcriptionally co-regulated. Moreover, despite the fact that several of these enzymes are not thought to degrade cellulase directly, they were coordinately overexpressed in a cellulase overproducing strain. A variety of additional sequences whose function could not be ascribed using the limited sequence available displayed analogous behavior and may also play a role in biomass degradation or in the synthesis of biomass-degrading enzymes. Sequences exhibiting additional regulatory patterns were observed that might reflect roles in regulation of cellulase biosynthesis. However, genes whose products are involved in protein processing and secretion were not highly regulated during cellulase induction. The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei produces and secretes profuse quantities of enzymes that act synergistically to degrade cellulase and related biomass components. We partially sequenced over 5100 random T. reesei cDNA clones. Among the sequences whose predicted gene products had significant similarity to known proteins, 12 were identified that encode previously unknown enzymes that likely function in biomass degradation. Microarrays were used to query the expression levels of each of the sequences under different conditions known to induce cellulolytic enzyme synthesis. Most of the genes encoding known and putative biomass-degrading enzymes were transcriptionally co-regulated. Moreover, despite the fact that several of these enzymes are not thought to degrade cellulase directly, they were coordinately overexpressed in a cellulase overproducing strain. A variety of additional sequences whose function could not be ascribed using the limited sequence available displayed analogous behavior and may also play a role in biomass degradation or in the synthesis of biomass-degrading enzymes. Sequences exhibiting additional regulatory patterns were observed that might reflect roles in regulation of cellulase biosynthesis. However, genes whose products are involved in protein processing and secretion were not highly regulated during cellulase induction. Saprophytic microorganisms produce and secrete a variety of hydrolytic enzymes, including proteases, amylases, cellulases, and hemicellulases. These enzymes degrade organic biological substrates, providing nutrients for growth and contributing to carbon recycling in nature. Recently, a great deal of attention has focused on cellulases and hemicellulases produced by these organisms because of their potential to be produced industrially and used in degradation of biomass for a number applications, most notably biofuel production (1Biely P. Tenkanen M. Harman G.E. Kubicek C.P. Trichoderma and Gliocladium: Enzymes, Biological Control and Commercial Applications. Vol. 2. Taylor & Francis Ltd., London1998: 25-47Google Scholar, 2Dove A. Nat. Biotechnol. 2000; 18: 490Crossref PubMed Scopus (2) Google Scholar, 3Gerngross T.U. Nat. Biotechnol. 1999; 17: 541-544Crossref PubMed Scopus (133) Google Scholar, 4Himmel M.E. Adney W.S. Baker J.O. Elander R. McMillan J.D. Nieves R.A. Sheehan J. Thomas S.R. Vinzant T.B. Zhang M. Woodward J. Saha B. Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass. American Chemical Society, Washington D. C.1997: 2-45Google Scholar, 5Mielenz J.R. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2001; 4: 324-329Crossref PubMed Scopus (381) Google Scholar, 6Sheehan J. Himmel M. 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Among the most prolific producers of biomass-degrading enzymes is the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. The cellulase activity produced by T. reesei is composed of a complement of endoglucanases (EGI/Cel7B, EGII/Cel5A, EGIII/Cel12A, EGIV/Cel61A, and EGV/Cel45A) and exoglucanases (the cellobiohydrolases, CBHI/Cel7A, and CBHII/Cel6A) that act synergistically to break down cellulose to cellobiose (glycosyl β-1,4-glucose) (9Okada H. Tada K. Sekiya T. Yokoyama K. Takahashi A. Tohda H. Kumagai H. Morikawa Y. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1998; 64: 555-563Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 10Saloheimo M. Lehtovaara P. Penttila M. Teeri T.T. Stahlberg J. Johansson G. Pettersson G. Claeyssens M. Tomme P. Knowles J.K. Gene (Amst.). 1988; 63: 11-22Crossref PubMed Scopus (273) Google Scholar, 11Teeri T.T. Lehtovaara P. Kauppinen S. Salovuori I. Knowles J. Gene (Amst.). 1987; 51: 43-52Crossref PubMed Scopus (276) Google Scholar, 12Ward M. Wu S. Dauberman J. Weiss G. Larenas E. Bower B. Rey M. Clarkson K. Bott R. Aubert J.-P. Beguin P. Millet J. Biochemistry and Genetics of Cellulose Degradation. Academic Press, New York1993: 53-70Google Scholar, 13Saloheimo M. Nakari-Setala T. Tenkanen M. Penttila M. Eur. J. Biochem. 1997; 249: 584-591Crossref PubMed Scopus (167) Google Scholar, 14Saloheimo A. Henrissat B. Hoffren A.M. Teleman O. Penttila M. Mol. Microbiol. 1994; 13: 219-228Crossref PubMed Scopus (151) Google Scholar). Two β-glucosidases (BGLI/Cel3A and BGLII/Cel1A) have been identified that are implicated in hydrolyzing cellobiose to glucose (15Barnett C.C. Berka R.M. Fowler T. Bio/Technology. 1991; 9: 562-567Crossref PubMed Scopus (131) Google Scholar, 16Takashima S. Nakamura A. Hidaka M. Masaki H. Uozumi T. J. Biochem. (Tokyo). 1999; 125: 728-736Crossref PubMed Scopus (121) Google Scholar). An additional protein, swollenin (encoded by the gene swo1), has been described that disrupts crystalline cellulose structures, presumably making polysaccharides more accessible to hydrolysis (17Saloheimo M. Paloheimo M. Hakola S. Pere J. Swanson B. Nyyssonen E. Bhatia A. Ward M. Penttila M. Eur. J. Biochem. 2002; 269: 4202-4211Crossref PubMed Scopus (355) Google Scholar). The four most abundant components of T. reesei cellulase CBHI/Cel7A, CBHII/Cel6A, EGI/Cel7B, and EGII/Cel5A together constitute greater than 50% of the protein produced by the cell under inducing conditions and can be secreted in excess of 40 g/liter (18Durand H. Baron M. Calmels T. Tiraby G. FEMS Symp. 1998; 43: 135-152Google Scholar). The regulation of cellulolytic enzyme expression in T. reesei is complex and only partially understood. Transcription of the major components of cellulase (CBHI/Cel7A, CBHII/Cel6A, EGI/Cel7B, EGII/Cel5A, EGIII/Cel12A, EGIV/Cel61A, and EGV/Cel45A) is induced not only by cellulose but also by a variety of disaccharides including lactose, cellobiose, and sophorose (glycosyl β-1,2-glucose) (13Saloheimo M. Nakari-Setala T. Tenkanen M. Penttila M. Eur. J. Biochem. 1997; 249: 584-591Crossref PubMed Scopus (167) Google Scholar, 19Nogawa M. Goto M. Okada H. Morikawa Y. Curr. Genet. 2001; 38: 329-334Crossref PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar, 20Ilmen M. Saloheimo A. Onnela M.L. Penttila M.E. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1997; 63: 1298-1306Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). Induction by these molecules is antagonized by the presence of the preferred carbon sources, glucose and fructose. Sophorose is by far the most potent inducer of cellulase expression (21Mandels M. Parrish F.W. Reese E.T. J. Bacteriol. 1962; 83: 400-408Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). However, it is unclear whether this high potency is an innate characteristic of the molecule or whether other disaccharides are less effective because they are more readily cleaved by cellular glucosidases. The balance between intact disaccharides and inhibitory monosaccharide cleavage products might then influence the transcriptional state of these genes. In accordance with this notion both lactose and cellobiose fail to fully induce cellulase gene expression when present at high concentrations. In addition to enzymes with cellulolytic activity, a number of enzymes have been identified in T. reesei that degrade hemicellulose (17Saloheimo M. Paloheimo M. Hakola S. Pere J. Swanson B. Nyyssonen E. Bhatia A. Ward M. Penttila M. Eur. J. Biochem. 2002; 269: 4202-4211Crossref PubMed Scopus (355) Google Scholar, 22Margolles-Clark E. Tenkanen M. Nakari-Setala T. Penttila M. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1996; 62: 3840-3846Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 23Margolles-Clark E. Tenkanen M. 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Biotechnol. 2002; 58: 461-468Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar, 31Torronen A. Mach R.L. Messner R. Gonzalez R. Kalkkinen N. Harkki A. Kubicek C.P. Bio/Technology. 1992; 10: 1461-1465Crossref PubMed Scopus (199) Google Scholar). These enzymes include four xylanases (Xyn1, Xyn2, Xyn3, and Xyn4) and mannanase (Man1), which cleave the xylan and mannan main chains of hemicellulose. Acetyl xylan esterase (Axe1), α-glucuronidase (Glr1), and arabinofuranosidase (Abf1) digest side chains containing acetyl, methylglucuronic acid, and arabinose moieties, respectively. Additionally, enzymes that digest oligosaccharides derived from hemicellulose have been identified. These are β-xylosidase (Bxl1) and three α-galactosidases (Agl1, Agl2, and Agl3). Among the hemicellulases that have been studied, all except arabinofuranosidase are expressed at a substantially higher level when T. reesei is grown in medium containing cellulose than when it is grown in medium containing non-inducing carbon sources such as sorbitol (28Xu J. Takakuwa N. Nogawa M. Okada H. Morikawa Y. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1998; 49: 718-724Crossref Scopus (79) Google Scholar, 32Margolles-Clark E. Ilmen M. Penttila M. J. Biotechnol. 1977; 57: 167-179Crossref Scopus (142) Google Scholar). Additionally, expression of many of the genes encoding these enzymes, with the notable exception of man1, is induced by xylans. Sugars such as sophorose, arabitol, xylobiose, cellobiose, and galactose also induce expression to varying extents, particularly of enzymes that degrade substrates related to these sugars (32Margolles-Clark E. Ilmen M. Penttila M. J. Biotechnol. 1977; 57: 167-179Crossref Scopus (142) Google Scholar). The molecular mechanisms by which T. reesei senses the composition of the extracellular milieu and modulates the expression of these enzymes are unknown. Moreover, although expression of some of these genes is modified by certain substrates, it is unclear to what extent each gene has a unique regulatory apparatus and to what extent expression of these genes are coupled among themselves and with the cellulases via sharing of regulatory pathways. The mechanisms by which the cellulase and hemicellulase genes are regulated are likely to influence the ecological niches that T. reesei occupies and are of interest in the commercial production of these enzymes. The very large quantity of biomass-degrading enzymes synthesized by T. reesei requires a significant investment of cellular resources. Evidence suggests that a primary means by which the cell manages these demands is to regulate transcription of the genes encoding these enzymes according to the availability of different carbon sources. However, the degree to which gene products involved in other cellular processes, such as secretion, must be regulated to accommodate the substantial burden of cellulase biosynthesis has not been systematically investigated. In this study, aspects of these questions are addressed by determining the transcriptional effects of cellulase inducers on a genomic scale. Over 5100 cDNAs from T. reesei were partially or fully sequenced. Twelve cDNAs encoding new enzymes with putative roles in biomass degradation were discovered. Microarrays were used to examine the regulation of these and previously identified genes encoding biomass-degrading enzymes in the context of the extensive repertoire of newly identified genes. The results presented shed light on the coregulation of cellulases and hemicellulases and the mechanisms by which the cell copes with synthesizing very large quantities of these secreted enzymes. Media, Strains, and Culture Growth Conditions—T. reesei strains used in this study were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. Liquid minimal medium was as described previously (20Ilmen M. Saloheimo A. Onnela M.L. Penttila M.E. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1997; 63: 1298-1306Crossref PubMed Google Scholar), except that 100 mm piperazine-N, N-bis(3-propanesulfonic acid) (Calbiochem) was included to maintain the pH at 5.5. Vogel's medium was described by Davis and DeSerres (33Davis R.H. DeSerres F.J. Methods Enzymol. 1970; 17: 79-143Crossref Scopus (951) Google Scholar). YEG medium contains 0.5% yeast extract (Difco), 2% glucose. For Northern blot analysis, ∼1 × 108 spores were inoculated into 50 ml of minimal medium supplemented with 5% glucose and grown at 30 °C for 24 h. Mycelia were collected by centrifugation, washed in carbon-free medium, and resuspended to an optical density of ∼0.3 in 50 ml of minimal medium supplemented with 5% glucose, 2% avicel (FMC), 2% glycerol, or 2% glycerol containing 1 mm sophorose (Sigma). Cultures were grown in flasks with vigorous agitation for 20 h. For microarray analysis, inoculation was performed as above. Cultures were grown in triplicate overnight. Mycelia were collected by centrifugation and washed with minimal medium containing 2% glycerol. They were then resuspended to an OD of 0.15–0.2 and grown for 9 h (OD 0.5). The cultures were then divided in half, and 0.01 volume of 100 mm sophorose was added to 1 flask of each pair immediately and 10 h later. The cultures were grown an additional 2 h to an OD ∼2–4. cDNA Library and Sequencing—T. reesei strain QM6a mycelia were grown in baffled flasks at 30 °C for 24 h in YEG medium with vigorous aeration. 5 ml of this culture was added to 50 ml of the following media and grown under the following conditions: Vogel's liquid medium, 2% avicel, 3 and 6 days; Vogel's liquid medium, 2% Solka floc (International Fiber Corp., North Tonawanda, NY), 3 and 6 days; Vogel's liquid medium, 2% wheat bran (Skidmore Sales and Distributing Co., Inc., West Chester, OH), 3 and 6 days; Vogel's liquid medium, 2% beet pulp (D&D Ingredients Distributors, Inc., Delphos, OH), 6 days; Vogel's liquid medium, 2% glucose, 24 h; Vogel's liquid medium, 2% lactose, 24 h; Vogel's liquid medium, 2% xylose, 24 h; Vogel's liquid medium, 2% fructose, 24 h; Vogel's liquid medium, 2% maltose, 24 h; Vogel's liquid medium, no carbon source added, 24 h; Vogel's liquid medium, no nitrogen source added, 24 h; Vogel's liquid medium, 2% phosphoric acid swollen cellulose, 3 days; YEG medium, 42 °C, 1.5 h; YEG medium, 20 mm dithiothreitol, 1.5 h; YEG, room temperature, closed container with no agitation (anoxia), 1.5 h; solid state, 15 g of wheat bran, 1 g of proflo, 1 g of solkafloc, 30 ml of water, 6 and 7 days; solid state, 15 g of beet pulp, 1 g of proflo, 1 g of solkafloc, 30 ml of water, 9 days. RNA was prepared from the mycelia by grinding under liquid nitrogen with a mortar and pestle and extracting using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen) according to manufacturer's instructions. cDNA libraries were constructed by Invitrogen in the vector pREP3Y, which is a derivative of pREP3X (33Davis R.H. DeSerres F.J. Methods Enzymol. 1970; 17: 79-143Crossref Scopus (951) Google Scholar) containing additional restriction sites at the multiple cloning site. ESTs 1The abbreviations used are: EST, expressed sequence tag; GH, glycoside hydrolase; ORF, open reading frame. were generated by sequencing cDNA clones from the 5′ end. Template DNA was extracted in a 96-well format using a modified alkaline lysis protocol. Sequencing reactions were performed following standard Big Dye (Applied Biosystems) protocols for a 0.25× reaction. Cycle sequencing was performed over 35 cycles (96 °C for 10 s; 50 °C for 5 s; and 60 °C for 4 min) in an Applied Biosystems GenAmp 9700 thermocycler. DyeEx 96-well plates (Qiagen) were used for dyeterminator removal. Samples were sequenced using an ABI 3700 capillary sequencer (Applied Biosystems). Fermentation—Duplicate fermentations were run for each of the strains displayed in Fig. 3. 0.8 liters of minimal media containing 5% glucose was inoculated with 1.5 ml of frozen spore suspension. After 48 h, each culture was transferred to 6.2 liters of the same media in a 14-liter Biolafitte fermenter. The fermenter was run at 25 °C, 750 rpm, and 8 standard liters per min of air flow. One hour after the initial glucose was exhausted, a 25% (w/w) lactose feed was started and was fed in a carbon-limiting fashion to prevent lactose accumulation. The concentrations of glucose and of lactose were monitored using a glucose oxidase assay kit or a glucose hexokinase assay kit with β-galactosidase added to cleave lactose, respectively (Instrumentation Laboratory Co., Lexington, MA). Samples were obtained at regular intervals to monitor the progress of the fermentation. Samples obtained before (20–35 g/liter glucose) and just after glucose exhaustion, and 24 and 48 h after the lactose feeding commenced were used for microarray analysis. Isolation of RNAs, Labeling, and Hybridization—Mycelia were harvested by filtration through miracloth (Northern blots and fermentation samples) or by vacuum filtration through Whatman No. 1 paper and were quick frozen in liquid nitrogen. For Northern blotting, RNA was prepared as described above for construction of cDNA libraries. Polyadenylated RNA was selected 2 times using Oligotex (Qiagen). Blotting was performed using a NorthernMax-Gly Kit (Ambion). 32P-Labeled probes were generated using a DECAprime Kit (Ambion). Hybridization was performed using ULTRAhyb Ultrasensitive Hybridization Buffer (Ambion). In all of the microarray experiments performed, the relative expression levels were determined between two RNA samples derived from growth under two different conditions. RNA was prepared using a FastRNA (Red) Kit (Qbiogene). Two aliquots of total RNA were taken from each sample. One aliquot was labeled with cyanine 3-CTP, and the other aliquot was labeled with cyanine 5-CTP (PerkinElmer Life Sciences) using a fluorescent linear amplification kit (Agilent Technologies). 250 ng of cyanine 5-labeled RNA derived from mycelia grown under one condition of interest were combined with 250 ng of cyanine 3-labeled RNA derived from mycelia grown under a second condition of interest, and the pooled RNAs were hybridized to the microarrays using an in situ hybridization kit (Agilent Technologies). The relative fluorescent intensities of cyanine 5- and cyanine 3-labeled species bound to each probe of the microarray were determined using an Agilent Technologies microarray scanner and software. The log of the ratio (log ratio) of the two fluorescent species bound to each of the probes reflects the relative expression levels of the cognate genes in the two samples (34Hughes T.R. Mao M. Jones A.R. Burchard J. Marton M.J. Shannon K.W. Lefkowitz S.M. Ziman M. Schelter J.M. Meyer M.R. Kobayashi S. Davis C. Dai H. He Y.D. Stephaniants S.B. Cavet G. Walker W.L. West A. Coffey E. Shoemaker D.D. Stoughton R. Blanchard A.P. Friend S.H. Linsley P.S. Nat. Biotechnol. 2001; 19: 342-347Crossref PubMed Scopus (1059) Google Scholar, 35DeRisi J. Penland L. Brown P.O. Bittner M.L. Meltzer P.S. Ray M. Chen Y. Su Y.A. Trent J.M. Nat. Genet. 1996; 14: 457-460Crossref PubMed Scopus (1776) Google Scholar). To avoid possible bias resulting from differences in incorporation of the dyes, duplicate microarrays were hybridized in which reciprocal dye combinations were used. Thus, for example, in sophorose induction experiments, cyanine 5-labeled RNA derived from sophorose-induced cultures was combined with cyanine 3-labeled RNA from uninduced cultures; and in replicate microarrays, cyanine 3-labeled RNA derived from sophorose-induced cultures was combined with cyanine 5-labeled RNA from uninduced cultures. A total of 6 microarrays was performed for each condition in the sophorose induction experiments (duplicate reciprocally labeled arrays for triplicate cultures). In the lactose induction experiments 4 microarrays were performed for each time point (duplicate reciprocally labeled arrays for duplicate fermenters). For all figures the mean values across replicates are presented. Microarray Design—60-mer oligonucleotides corresponding to the assembled ESTs were designed and synthesized in situ by Agilent Technologies. Bioinformatics and Data Analysis—Sequence chromatograms were assigned base quality values by Phred (version 0.990722, www.phrap.org). Sequences containing >100 bases with Phred quality values ≥20 or an average base quality ≥12 were retained. High quality sequences were assembled using the PhredPhrap (version 0.990329) script provided by Consed (version 11.0) (36Gordon D. Abajian C. Green P. Genome Res. 1998; 8: 195-202Crossref PubMed Scopus (2868) Google Scholar). Contigs were virtually translated in 6 reading frames and were annotated using the BioSCOUT system from LION Biosciences as in Andrade et al. (37Andrade M.A. Brown N.P. Leroy C. Hoersch S. de Daruvar A. Reich C. Franchini A. Tamames J. Valencia A. Ouzounis C. Sander C. Bioinformatics. 1999; 15: 391-412Crossref PubMed Scopus (163) Google Scholar). Briefly, biasdb (37Andrade M.A. Brown N.P. Leroy C. Hoersch S. de Daruvar A. Reich C. Franchini A. Tamames J. Valencia A. Ouzounis C. Sander C. Bioinformatics. 1999; 15: 391-412Crossref PubMed Scopus (163) Google Scholar) and Seq (38Wooton J.C. Federhen S. 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To identify genes involved in protein processing and secretion, the sequences of gene products of interest from other organisms were compared by BLAST to the translated ESTs. Microarray data were quantified using Feature Extraction software (Agilent Technologies). The data were visualized and analyzed using Genespring version 4.2 (Silicon Genetics). Clustering was performed using a standard correlation and Genespring default settings. Identification of New Genes Encoding Hydrolytic Enzymes— The inducible expression of the very abundant cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes requires the coordination of a variety of cellular processes. To identify T. reesei genes that participate in these processes and to identify new enzymes that might play a role in biomass utilization, we sequenced the 5′ ends of 18,000 random cDNAs from mycelia grown on a wide variety of carbon sources and conditions. The sequences of individual sequence reads were compared, and overlapping segments were assembled to form 2101 contigs consisting of two or more 5′ reads. 3030 individual reads did not have significant sequence overlap with any other reads in the data set. The predicted coding regions of the EST set were compared with all publicly available sequence data bases. Twelve new sequences were identified encoding proteins with significant similarity to known enzymes whose substrates are commonly found in biomass. Full-length sequences corresponding to these gene products were determined. The genes encoding these sequences along with relevant previously identified enzymes from T. reesei are listed in Table I.Table ICharacterized and predicted biomass degrading activities and their genes in T. reeseiGeneFamilyaGH, glycosylhydrolase family; CE, carbohydrate esterase family.FunctionbFunction and features of proteins identified in this study are predicted from encoded amino acid sequence.FeaturesbFunction and features of proteins identified in this study are predicted from encoded amino acid sequence.,cSS, N-terminal signal sequence; CBM, carbohydrate binding module; GPI, glycosylphosphatidyloinositol anchor.Ref.GenBank™ accession no.cbh1/cel7aGH7CellobiohydrolaseSS, CBM58Shoemaker S. Schweickart V. Ladner M. Gelfand D. Kwok S. Myambo K.A.I.M. Bio/Technology. 1983; 1: 691-696Crossref Scopus (317) Google Scholarcbh2/cel6aGH6CellobiohydrolaseSS, CBM11Teeri T.T. Lehtovaara P. Kauppinen S. Salovuori I. Knowles J. 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Bio/Technology. 1992; 10: 1461-1465Crossref PubMed Scopus (199) Google Scholar, 61Saarelainen R. Paloheimo M. Fagerstrom R. Suominen P.L. Nevalainen K.M. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1993; 241: 497-503Crossref PubMed Scopus (61) Google ScholarX69574xyn2GH11XylanaseSS61Saarelai DA - 2003/8/22/ PY - 2003/8/22/ DO - 10.1074/jbc.M304750200 VL - 278 IS - 34 SP - 31988-31997 SN - 1083-351X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Suppression of Rhizoctonia solani on impatiens by enhanced microbial activity in composted swine waste-amended potting mixes AU - Diab, HG AU - Hu, S AU - Benson, DM T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - Peat moss-based potting mix was amended with either of two composted swine wastes, CSW1 and CSW2, at rates from 4 to 20% (vol/vol) to evaluate suppression of pre-emergence damping-off of impatiens (Impatiens balsamina) caused by Rhizoctonia solani (anastomosis group-4). A cucumber bioassay was used prior to each impatiens experiment to monitor maturity of compost as the compost aged in a curing pile by evaluating disease suppression toward both Pythium ultimum and R. solani. At 16, 24, 32, and 37 weeks after composting, plug trays filled with compost-amended potting mix were seeded with impatiens and infested with R. solani to determine suppression of damping-off. Pre-emergence damping-off was lower for impatiens grown in potting mix amended with 20% CSW1 than in CSW2-amended and nonamended mixes. To identify relationships between disease suppression and microbial parameters, samples of mixes were collected to determine microbial activity, biomass carbon and nitrogen, functional diversity, and population density. Higher rates of microbial activity were observed with increasing rates of CSW1 amendment than with CSW2 amendments. Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen also were higher in CSW1-amended mixes than in CSW2-amended potting mixes 1 day prior to seeding and 5 weeks after seeding. Principal component analysis of Biolog-GN2 profiles showed different functional diversities between CSW1- and CSW2-amended mixes. Furthermore, mixes amended with CSW1 had higher colony forming units of fungi, endospore-forming bacteria, and oligotrophic bacteria. Our results suggest that enhanced microbial activity, functional and population diversity of stable compost-amended mix were associated with suppressiveness to Rhizoctonia damping-off in impatiens. DA - 2003/9// PY - 2003/9// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.9.1115 VL - 93 IS - 9 SP - 1115-1123 SN - 0031-949X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Retrieval of granular bait by the Argentine ant (Hymenoptera : Formicidae): Effect of clumped versus scattered dispersion patterns AU - Silverman, J AU - Roulston, TH T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Argentine ants, Linepithema humile (Mayr), use mass recruitment foraging, with clumped prey items being retrieved more efficiently than dispersed prey. However, in prior field experiments, granular baits, whether dispensed in containers or broadly scattered, had a similar impact on Argentine ant populations. In laboratory experiments, granular insecticide bait was encountered faster by Argentine ant workers and more granules were initially returned to the colony when the granules were scattered versus clumped. After 2 h, granules from both dispersion patterns were retrieved equally. Our results suggest that Argentine ant colonies adjust their foraging patterns to resources of different quality (prey versus bait). Also, foraging activity patterns for bait in the laboratory are consistent with prior field results demonstrating no efficacy advantages to discrete granular bait placements. DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-96.3.871 VL - 96 IS - 3 SP - 871-874 SN - 1938-291X KW - Linepithema humile KW - Argentine ant KW - foraging KW - granular bait ER - TY - JOUR TI - Peanut response to cultivar selection, digging date, and tillage intensity AU - Jordan, DL AU - Barnes, JS AU - Bogle, CR AU - Brandenburg, RL AU - Bailey, JE AU - Johnson, PD AU - Culpepper, AS T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the United States is generally grown in conventionally tilled systems. However, interest in reduced tillage peanut production has increased. Five experiments were conducted in North Carolina to determine if cultivar selection and digging date affected peanut yield and economic value when peanut was seeded into conventionally tilled seedbeds compared with strip tillage into small-grain cover crop or stubble from the crop planted the previous summer. In separate experiments, peanut yield and economic value in these tillage systems were compared with peanut strip-tilled into beds prepared the previous fall (stale seedbeds). Cultivar selection and digging date did not affect pod yield or gross value when comparing tillage systems. Pod yield in conventional and stale seedbed systems was similar in all five experiments where these systems were compared, and yields in these tillage systems exceeded those of strip tillage into crop stubble in three of five experiments. Pod yield was similar among all three tillage systems in the other two experiments. In experiments where only conventional tillage and strip tillage systems were compared, pod yield was similar between the two tillage systems in four experiments, higher in conventional tillage compared with strip tillage in one experiment, and higher for strip tillage compared with conventional tillage in one experiment. In 16 of 17 comparisons, pod yield of peanut planted in conventional tillage systems equaled or exceeded that of peanut planted into stubble from the previous crop. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2003.0380 VL - 95 IS - 2 SP - 380-385 SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pathogenicity of a novel biotype of Limonomyces roseipellis in tall fescue AU - Burpee, LL AU - Mims, CW AU - Tredway, LP AU - Bae, J AU - Jung, G T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - An unusual and undescribed foliar blight of tall fescue was observed in a home lawn and in turf grass research plots near Griffin, GA in May and June, 2000 and 2001. Isolation from lesions yielded mycelium of a basidiomycete with hyphal characteristics (binucleate cells, absence of clamp connections) associated with Laetisaria and Limonomyces spp. Isolates from blighted tall fescue and an isolate of Limonomyces roseipellis formed a clade distinct from isolates of Laetisaria fuciformis based on ribosomal DNA sequences. These data, in conjunction with cultural morphology, indicate that the basidiomycete from tall fescue represents a biotype of Limonomyces roseipellis that lacks clamp connections. In a controlled environment, isolates of the biotype induced foliar blight in the fescue cvs. Kentucky 31 and Rebel III. Histological observations revealed that the fungus colonized leaf surfaces as branched hyphae and aggregated hyphal strands. Penetration occurred via stomatal pores on the abaxial leaf surface. Colonization of leaf tissues was inter- and intracellular, with no evidence of papilla formation in response to invading hyphae. The name “cream leaf blight” is proposed for this new disease of tall fescue. DA - 2003/9// PY - 2003/9// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.9.1031 VL - 87 IS - 9 SP - 1031-1036 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isolation of a novel antimicrobial peptide gene (Sp-AMP) homologue from Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) following infection with the root rot fungus Heterobasidion annosum AU - Asiegbu, FO AU - Choi, WB AU - Li, GS AU - Nahalkova, J AU - Dean, RA T2 - FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS AB - A new family of antimicrobial peptide homologues termed Sp-Amp has been discovered in Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine). This is the first report of such proteins to be characterized in a conifer species. Sp-AMP1 was identified in a substructured cDNA library of root tissue infected with the root rot fungus Heterobasidion annosum and encodes a mature peptide of 79 amino acid residues. Three additional members of the Sp-AMP family (Sp-AMPs 2-4) encode cysteine-rich proteins of 105 amino acids, each containing an N-terminal region with a probable cleavage signal sequence. Northern analysis confirmed that Sp-AMP expression is elevated in Scots pine roots upon infection with H. annosum. These peptides share 64% amino acid identity with a mature protein from Macadamia integrifolia (MiAMP1), which allowed us to build a homology model for preliminary analysis. Southern analyses further confirmed that several copies of the gene are present in the Scots pine genome. The potential significance of Sp-AMP in the H. annosum-conifer pathosystem is discussed. DA - 2003/11/7/ PY - 2003/11/7/ DO - 10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00697-9 VL - 228 IS - 1 SP - 27-31 SN - 1574-6968 KW - subtraction hybridization KW - Heterobasidion annosum KW - expressed sequence tag KW - Pinus sylvestris ER - TY - JOUR TI - In-depth view of structure, activity, and evolution of rice chromosome 10 T2 - Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 300 IS - 5625 SP - 1566-1569 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of aromatic cedar mulch on Argentine ant (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) foraging activity and nest establishment AU - Meissner, HE AU - Silverman, J T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - In the laboratory, Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr), mortality was positively correlated to the length of an aromatic cedar mulch section that had to be crossed before food could be reached. When ants could access food without crossing the mulch, mortality was not correlated to mulch section length. In the field, Argentine ants showed a tendency to avoid aromatic cedar mulch as a nesting substrate. In plant beds alongside buildings the number of ant nests (pockets containing brood) found was not significantly different between aromatic cedar and cypress mulch. However, when pine straw mulch around oak trees was replaced with aromatic cedar or cypress mulch, a similar number of ant nests was found in the cypress mulch as in the original pine straw, whereas numbers in aromatic cedar mulch were significantly lower. Also, fewer ants were trailing on the trees surrounded by aromatic cedar mulch compared with cypress mulch or the original pine straw. The number of ants attracted to apple jelly baits placed alongside the buildings did not differ between mulch types; neither did the number of ant trails crossing the mulch beds around the buildings. We suggest that aromatic cedar mulch may help control Argentine ants and reduce insecticide input when applied in combination with conventional control methods. DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-96.3.850 VL - 96 IS - 3 SP - 850-855 SN - 1938-291X KW - Linepithema humile KW - aromatic cedar mulch KW - cultural control KW - field study KW - nesting sites ER - TY - JOUR TI - Boric acid dust as a component of an integrated cockroach management program in confined swine production AU - Zurek, L AU - Gore, JC AU - Stringham, SM AU - Watson, DW AU - Waldvogel, MG AU - Schal, C T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Boric acid dust treatments were evaluated as a tool for the integrated management of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), in commercial confined swine production. The efficacy of boric acid dust was comparable to that of an organic residual insecticide, cyfluthrin, which is commonly used to control cockroaches in this environment. Fall treatments suppressed the cockroach population for longer durations than treatments in the Spring. Boric acid dust is an effective, inexpensive, and low risk (to animal and human health, and the environment) alternative for the management of cockroaches in livestock production systems. DA - 2003/8// PY - 2003/8// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-96.4.1362 VL - 96 IS - 4 SP - 1362-1366 SN - 0022-0493 KW - German cockroach KW - boric acid KW - cyfluthrin KW - swine production KW - integrated pest management (IPM) ER - TY - JOUR TI - An arabinogalactan protein associated with secondary cell wall formation in differentiating xylem of loblolly pine AU - Zhang, Y AU - Brown, G AU - Whetten, R AU - Loopstra, CA AU - Neale, D AU - Kieliszewski, MJ AU - Sederoff, RR T2 - PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY DA - 2003/5// PY - 2003/5// DO - 10.1023/A:1023978210001 VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - 91-102 SN - 0167-4412 KW - arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) KW - Pinus taeda KW - plant cell wall biosynthesis KW - xylem differentiation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unlocking the secrets behind secondary metabolism: A review of Aspergillus flavus from pathogenicity to functional genomics AU - Scheidegger, KA AU - Payne, GA T2 - JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY-TOXIN REVIEWS AB - Aspergillus flavus has received a considerable amount of attention due to its ability to produce aflatoxin, a secondary metabolite that is both immunosuppressive and carcinogenic to animals and humans. Research on aflatoxin over the last 40 years has made it one of the best studied fungal secondary metabolites. In spite of the large volume of research in this area, many unanswered questions remain concerning the genetic regulation of aflatoxin production and the molecular signals that intimately associate the synthesis of aflatoxin with specific environmental and nutritional conditions. It is anticipated that the tools now available in the field of genomics will build upon our existing knowledge and provide answers to some of these questions. Complete genome sequences are now available for a number of fungal species that are closely related to A. flavus. This information can be used along with current genomic analyses in A. flavus to more closely examine the biosynthesis and regulation of secondary metabolism. The intent of this review is to summarize the large body of knowledge that exists from many years of research on A. flavus, with the hope that this information in the light of new genomic studies may bring scientists closer to unraveling the web of regulatory circuits that govern aflatoxin biosynthesis. Specifically, scientific findings in the following areas will be presented: classification and phylogenetic analyses of A. flavus, population biology, ecology and pathogenicity in agricultural environments, classical genetics including linkage group and mutant analyses, gene clusters, regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis, and genomics. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1081/TXR-120024100 VL - 22 IS - 2-3 SP - 423-459 SN - 0731-3837 KW - aflatoxin KW - mycotoxins KW - fungal genetics KW - Aspergillus flavus taxonomy KW - parasexual analysis KW - vegetative compatibility group KW - section flavi ER - TY - JOUR TI - The rice blast pathosystem as a case study for the development of new tools and raw materials for genome analysis of fungal plant pathogens AU - Mitchell, TK AU - Thon, MR AU - Jeong, JS AU - Brown, D AU - Deng, JX AU - Dean, RA T2 - NEW PHYTOLOGIST AB - Summary Fungi have an astounding and diverse impact on this planet. While they are agents of human diseases and the cause of allergic reactions, factories for the conversion of carbon in environmental and industrially adapted systems, and potential biological weapons, their importance as plant pathogens is unparalleled. In plants alone, fungi cause tens of thousands of different diseases and are responsible for massive losses of food, fiber and forestry at an estimated annual cost of hundreds of billions of dollars. These losses are not only realized in the incomes of individual farmers and state economies, but contribute significantly to world hunger problems and issues relating to safeguarding a global food supply. Our collective understanding of how fungi, particularly plant pathogens, grow, reproduce, identify a host and cause disease is still at a formative stage. There is an equal lack of detailed knowledge about how a plant recognizes that it is being attacked and then mounts an adequate defense response. The advent of genomic technologies has given researchers an unprecedented opportunity to address these mysteries in a powerful and more holistic manner. Where the genetic revolution of only a few years ago allowed for the characterization of single genes, today's genomic technologies are facilitating the evaluation of the entire complement of genes in an organism and the discovery of the suites of genes that act during any one time or particular condition. This review will describe the recent development of tools for whole or partial genome analysis and multigenome comparisons. Th discussion focuses on the rice blast pathosystem as a case study. DA - 2003/7// PY - 2003/7// DO - 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00787.x VL - 159 IS - 1 SP - 53-61 SN - 0028-646X KW - Magnaporthe grisea KW - rice blast KW - genomic tools KW - BAC KW - physical map KW - synteny KW - whole genome comparison KW - fungi ER - TY - JOUR TI - Root-parasitic nematodes enhance soil microbial activities and nitrogen mineralization AU - Tu, C AU - Koenning, , SR AU - Hu, S T2 - MICROBIAL ECOLOGY DA - 2003/7// PY - 2003/7// DO - 10.1007/s00248-002-1068-2 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - 134-144 SN - 1432-184X ER - TY - PAT TI - Insecticide resistance assay AU - Roe, R. M. AU - Bailey, W. D. AU - Gould, F. AU - Kennedy, G. G. AU - Sutula, C. L. C2 - 2003/// DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of genes differentially expressed during aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus AU - OBrian, GR AU - Fakhoury, AM AU - Payne, GA T2 - FUNGAL GENETICS AND BIOLOGY AB - A complex regulatory network governs the biosynthesis of aflatoxin. While several genes involved in aflatoxin production are known, their action alone cannot account for its regulation. Arrays of clones from an Aspergillus flavus cDNA library and glass slide microarrays of ESTs were screened to identify additional genes. An initial screen of the cDNA clone arrays lead to the identification of 753 unique ESTs. Many showed sequence similarity to known metabolic and regulatory genes; however, no function could be ascribed to over 50% of the ESTs. Gene expression analysis of Aspergillus parasiticus grown under conditions conducive and non-conductive for aflatoxin production was evaluated using glass slide microarrays containing the 753 ESTs. Twenty-four genes were more highly expressed during aflatoxin biosynthesis and 18 genes were more highly expressed prior to aflatoxin biosynthesis. No predicted function could be ascribed to 18 of the 24 genes whose elevated expression was associated with aflatoxin biosynthesis. DA - 2003/7// PY - 2003/7// DO - 10.1016/S1087-1845(03)00014-8 VL - 39 IS - 2 SP - 118-127 SN - 1087-1845 KW - aflatoxin KW - Aspergillus KW - ESTs KW - microarrays ER - TY - JOUR TI - Horizontally transferred genes in plant-parasitic nematodes: a high-throughput genomic approach. AU - Scholl, E.H. AU - Thorne, J.L. AU - McCarter, J.P. AU - Bird, D.M. T2 - Genome biology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 4 IS - 6 SP - R39-1 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038576862&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Etiology of Phytophthora drechsleri and P-nicotianae (=P. parasitica) diseases affecting floriculture crops AU - Lamour, KH AU - Daughtrey, ML AU - Benson, DM AU - Hwang, J AU - Hausbeck, MK T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Phytophthora nicotianae and P. drechsleri isolates (n = 413) recovered from eight floricultural hosts at 11 different production sites were described according to compatibility type, resistance to mefenoxam, and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) profiles. Sample sizes ranged from 2 to 120. In all cases, isolates recovered from a single facility had the same compatibility type and resistance to mefenoxam. AFLP analysis indicated that six clonal lineages of P. nicotianae and two clonal lineages of P. drechsleri were responsible for the 11 epidemics and that isolates recovered from the same facility were identical. A single clone of P. nicotianae was recovered from snapdragons at two field production sites in the southeastern United States receiving seedlings from the same source. This clone persisted at one site from 2000 to 2001. Another clone was recovered from verbena at three separate greenhouse facilities where one facility was supplying verbena to the other two. These results suggest that asexual reproduction of these pathogens plays an important role in epidemics and spread may occur between distant facilities via movement of plants. DA - 2003/7// PY - 2003/7// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.7.854 VL - 87 IS - 7 SP - 854-858 SN - 0191-2917 ER - TY - PAT TI - Chemoreceptors in plant parasitic nematodes AU - Davis, E. L. AU - Yan, Y.-T. C2 - 2003/// DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Apparent homology of expressed genes from wood-forming tissues of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) with Arabidopsis thaliana AU - Kirst, M AU - Johnson, AF AU - Baucom, C AU - Ulrich, E AU - Hubbard, K AU - Staggs, R AU - Paule, C AU - Retzel, E AU - Whetten, R AU - Sederoff, R T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) and Arabidopsis thaliana differ greatly in form, ecological niche, evolutionary history, and genome size. Arabidopsis is a small, herbaceous, annual dicotyledon, whereas pines are large, long-lived, coniferous forest trees. Such diverse plants might be expected to differ in a large number of functional genes. We have obtained and analyzed 59,797 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from wood-forming tissues of loblolly pine and compared them to the gene sequences inferred from the complete sequence of the Arabidopsis genome. Approximately 50% of pine ESTs have no apparent homologs in Arabidopsis or any other angiosperm in public databases. When evaluated by using contigs containing long, high-quality sequences, we find a higher level of apparent homology between the inferred genes of these two species. For those contigs 1,100 bp or longer, ≈90% have an apparent Arabidopsis homolog ( E value < 10 - 10 ). Pines and Arabidopsis last shared a common ancestor ≈300 million years ago. Few genes would be expected to retain high sequence similarity for this time if they did not have essential functions. These observations suggest substantial conservation of gene sequence in seed plants. DA - 2003/6/10/ PY - 2003/6/10/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.1132171100 VL - 100 IS - 12 SP - 7383-7388 SN - 0027-8424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - AFLP analysis of a worldwide collection of Didymella bryoniae AU - Kothera, RT AU - Keinath, AP AU - Dean, RA AU - Farnham, MW T2 - MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH AB - Didymella bryoniae (anamorph Phoma cucurbitacearum) is an ascomycete that causes gummy stem blight, a foliar disease that occurs on cucurbits in greenhouses and fields throughout the world. In a previous study using RAPD analysis, little genetic diversity was found among isolates of D. bryoniae from New York and South Carolina, USA. Here we report the use of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis to assess the genetic variation within a worldwide collection of D. bryoniae, 102 field and greenhouse isolates from ten states in the USA (California, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Maryland, Michigan, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Texas) and seven other countries (Australia, Canada, China, Greece, Israel, Sweden, and The Netherlands) were examined. Seven different AFLP primer-pair combinations generated 450 bands, of which 134 were polymorphic (30%). Using cluster analysis, two groups and a total of seven subgroups were delineated. Representative isolates varied in their virulence on muskmelon and watermelon seedlings, but the degree of virulence was not strongly associated with AFLP groupings. However, isolates from the northern USA grouped separately from isolates originating from the southern USA. DA - 2003/3// PY - 2003/3// DO - 10.1017/S0953756203007470 VL - 107 SP - 297-304 SN - 0953-7562 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Densovirus of German Cockroach Blattella germanica: Detection, nucleotide sequence, and genome organization AU - Mukha, D.V. AU - Schal, C. T2 - Molecular Biology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1023/A:1025175008298 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 513–523 KW - insect densoviruses KW - cockroach Blattella germanica ER - TY - JOUR TI - Origin and extent of resistance to fipronil in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera : Blattellidae) AU - Holbrook, GL AU - Roebuck, J AU - Moore, CB AU - Waldvogel, MG AU - Schal, C T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-96.5.1548 VL - 96 IS - 5 SP - 1548-1558 SN - 1938-291X KW - fipronil KW - insecticide resistance KW - cross-resistance KW - cyclodienes KW - Blattella germanica ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mechanical transmission of turkey coronavirus by domestic houseflies (Musca domestica linnaeaus) AU - Calibeo-Hayes, D. AU - Denning, S. S. AU - Stringham, S. M. AU - Guy, J. S. AU - Smith, L. G. AU - Watson, D. W. T2 - Avian Diseases AB - Domestic houseflies (Musca domestica Linnaeaus) were examined for their ability to harbor and transmit turkey coronavirus (TCV). Laboratory-reared flies were experimentally exposed to TCV by allowing flies to imbibe an inoculum comprised of turkey embryo–propagated virus (NC95 strain). TCV was detected in dissected crops from exposed flies for up to 9 hr postexposure; no virus was detected in crops of sham-exposed flies. TCV was not detected in dissected intestinal tissues collected from exposed or sham-exposed flies at any time postexposure. The potential of the housefly to directly transmit TCV to live turkey poults was examined by placing 7-day-old turkey poults in contact with TCV-exposed houseflies 3 hr after flies consumed TCV inoculum. TCV infection was detected in turkeys placed in contact with TCV-exposed flies at densities as low as one fly/bird (TCV antigens detected at 3 days post fly contact in tissues of 3/12 turkeys); however, increased rates of infection were observed with higher fly densities (TCV antigens detected in 9/12 turkeys after contact with 10 flies/bird). This study demonstrates the potential of the housefly to serve as a mechanical vector of TCV. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1637/0005-2086(2003)047[0149:MTOTCB]2.0.CO;2 VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - 149-153 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mating type distribution and fertility status in Magnaporthe grisea populations from turfgrasses in Georgia AU - Tredway, LP AU - Stevenson, KL AU - Burpee, LL T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Populations of Magnaporthe grisea associated with tall fescue and St. Augustinegrass in Georgia were analyzed for mating type distribution and fertility status in 1999 and 2000. A polymerase chain reaction based assay for mating type was developed to facilitate population analysis. M. grisea populations from St. Augustinegrass in Georgia were dominated by the Mat1-1 mating type, whereas populations from tall fescue were dominated by Mat1-2. The opposite mating type was found in low frequency (0 to 5.7%) associated with each host. The fertility status of isolates from two populations was determined using controlled crosses in vitro. Seventy-eight Mat1-1 isolates from St. Augustinegrass were sterile in test crosses, but a single Mat1-2 isolate from St. Augustinegrass was male fertile. Of 87 Mat1-2 isolates from tall fescue, 47 were male fertile in test crosses, but 19 produced perithecia that were barren. All Mat1-1 isolates from tall fescue were sterile. Although both mating types exist in M. grisea populations from turfgrasses in Georgia, no female fertile isolates were identified in sample populations. The predominance of one mating type in eight sample populations and absence of female fertile isolates in two sample populations indicates that sexual reproduction may not occur with significant frequency in M. grisea populations associated with turfgrasses in Georgia. DA - 2003/4// PY - 2003/4// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.4.435 VL - 87 IS - 4 SP - 435-441 SN - 1943-7692 KW - Festuca arundinacea KW - gray leaf spot KW - Pyricularia KW - Stenotaphrum secundatum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Life history and laboratory rearing of Sinea diadema (Heteroptera : Reduviidae) with descriptions of immature stages AU - Voss, SC AU - McPherson, JE T2 - ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA AB - The life history of the assassin bug Sinea diadema (F.) was studied in southern Illinois from February 2001 to November 2002, and the immature stages were described. The bug also was reared under controlled laboratory conditions. This bivoltine species occurs in herbaceous fields, often in association with leaves and stems of Solidago missouriensis Nuttall, and preys primarily on small bugs and beetles. It apparently overwinters as eggs. Nymphs emerged in mid-April and were found until mid-September. Adults were found from the third week of May until early October. The bug was reared in the laboratory on larval beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), at 26 ± 3.0°C under a 16:8 (L:D) h photoperiod. The incubation period averaged 13.87 d; eyespots appeared in ≈7 d. The five stadia averaged 9.59, 7.80, 8.95, 11.80, and 12.97 d, respectively. Instars can be distinguished by differences in several anatomical features, including body length and width and progressive development of size, number, and pattern of spines. DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// DO - 10.1603/0013-8746(2003)096[0776:LHALRO]2.0.CO;2 VL - 96 IS - 6 SP - 776-792 SN - 1938-2901 KW - Sinea diadema KW - life history KW - laboratory rearing KW - descriptions KW - nymphs ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of cotton production systems on management of Hoplolaimus columbus AU - Koenning, S. R. AU - Edmisten, K. L. AU - Barker, K. R. AU - Morrison, D. E. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 73-77 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evolution in the genus Cryptocercus (Dictyoptera : Cryptocercidae): no evidence of differential adaptation to hosts or elevation AU - Nalepa, CA T2 - BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY AB - In a recent paper, Kambhampati, Clark & Brock (Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2002; 75: 163–172) suggested that members of the wood-feeding cockroach genus Cryptocercus are differentially adapted to two features of the environment: host log species and elevation. A re-examination of the evidence, however, fails to support their hypothesis. First, their analysis of host preferences was based on a general description of forest type, rather than on the level at which host choice occurs: the dead tree on the forest floor. Cryptocercus in both East Asia and in the eastern United States have been collected from a range of evergreen and deciduous logs. Although C. clevelandi in the western United States is associated primarily with conifers, no evidence of host adaptation exists. Second, there is no support for the described evolutionary trend toward low-altitude habitats among karyotype groups of C. punctulatus in the eastern United States. The findings of Kambhampati et al. are based on inadequate sampling; they did not include the highest and most topographically complex regions of the Southern Appalachian Mountains, nor the lower elevation border regions to the north and east of the range. An analysis of elevational data from 71 collection sites revealed no significant difference in the range of altitudes at which karyotype groups of C. punctulatus are found. In contrast to the suggestions of these authors, a lack of specialization with regard to altitude and host logs was probably the factor that allowed all taxa in the genus to thrive during climatically driven shifts in the geographical location and plant species composition of northern hemisphere mesic forests. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00225.x VL - 80 IS - 2 SP - 223-233 SN - 0024-4066 KW - biogeography KW - cockroach KW - detritus buffered system KW - distribution KW - habitat KW - saprophagy KW - taxonomy KW - vegetation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating isolate aggressiveness and host resistance from peanut leaflet inoculations with Sclerotinia minor AU - Hollowell, JE AU - Shew, BB AU - Isleib, TG T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Sclerotinia minor is a major pathogen of peanut in North Carolina, Virginia, Oklahoma, and Texas. Partial resistance to S. minor has been reported based on field screening, but field performance is not always correlated with laboratory or greenhouse evaluations of resistance. More efficient screening methods and better understanding of the mechanisms contributing to Sclerotinia blight resistance are needed, and a detached leaf assay was developed and evaluated. Detached leaflets of 12 greenhouse-grown peanut lines were inoculated on the adaxial surface with a 4-mm-diameter mycelial plug of a single isolate of S. minor. Leaflets were incubated in the dark at 20°C in Nalgene utility boxes containing moistened sand. Lesion length 3 days after inoculation ranged from 11 to 24 mm, with a mean of 19 mm. Lengths differed significantly among the entries, with GP-NC WS 12, an advanced breeding line derived from a cross of NC 6 × (NC 3033 × GP-NC WS 1), being the most resistant. Forty-eight isolates of S. minor obtained from peanut were inoculated on leaflets of the susceptible cultivar NC 7 and aggressiveness was assessed by measuring lesion-length expansion. Three days after inoculation, lesion length differed among the isolates and ranged from 2 to 24 mm, with a mean of 15 mm. Finally, the potential for specific interactions between peanut lines and S. minor isolates was evaluated. A subset of S. minor isolates was selected to represent the observed range of aggressiveness and a subset of peanut entries was selected to represent the range of resistance or susceptibility. Nine-week-old greenhouse- or field-grown plants were compared for five peanut entries. Main effects of isolates and entries were highly significant, but isolate-entry interactions were not significant. The most resistant peanut entry (GP-NC WS 12) performed consistently with all isolates regardless of plant source. DA - 2003/4// PY - 2003/4// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.4.402 VL - 87 IS - 4 SP - 402-406 SN - 0191-2917 KW - Arachis hypogaea KW - groundnut KW - Sclerotinia blight ER - TY - PAT TI - Endoglucanase gene promoter upregulated by the root-knot nematode AU - Davis, E. L. AU - Goellner, M. C2 - 2003/// DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of diseases on soybean yields in the United States and Ontario 1992-2002 AU - Wrather, J. A. AU - Koenning, S. R. AU - Anderson, T. T2 - Plant Health Progress AB - Soybean yields in the U.S. and Ontario have often been suppressed by diseases. The resulting losses are important to rural economies and to the economies of allied industries in urban areas. The authors compiled estimates of soybean yield losses due to diseases for each soybean producing state in the U.S. and Ontario from 1999 to 2002. The goal was to provide this information to help funding agencies and scientists prioritize research objectives and budgets. Accepted for publication 4 March 2003. Published 25 March 2003. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1094/php-2003-0325-01-rv IS - 2003 March 25 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Checklist of the treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae) of Great Smoky Mountains National Park AU - Wallace, M. S. AU - Deitz, L. L. AU - Rothschild, M. J. T2 - Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 105 IS - 3 SP - 578-591 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An eight-cysteine-containing CFEM domain unique to a group of fungal membrane proteins AU - Kulkarni, RD AU - Kelkar, HS AU - Dean, RA T2 - TRENDS IN BIOCHEMICAL SCIENCES AB - CFEM, an eight cysteine-containing domain, has been identified by analyzing over 25 fungal sequences selected from database sequence searches. Features of CFEM suggest that it is a novel domain with characteristics distinct from known cysteine-rich domains. Some CFEM-containing proteins (e.g. Pth11 from Magnaporthe grisea) are proposed to have important roles in fungal pathogenesis. DA - 2003/3// PY - 2003/3// DO - 10.1016/S0968-0004(03)00025-2 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 118-121 SN - 1362-4326 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agricultural chemicals use data access using COLDFUSION markup language and a relational database AU - Xia, YL AU - Stinner, RE AU - Brinkman, D AU - Bennett, N T2 - COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE AB - A relational database was developed for the agricultural chemical use data collected by the US Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service since 1990. coldfusion Markup Language was used for the client-side interface and server side process programming. The database is accessible from the Web at URL: http://www.pestmanagement.info/nass. Users can obtain information about agricultural chemical use in the database by search of crop, year, region, and active ingredient. Various agricultural chemical usage statistics are provided as Web tables, dynamically generated US maps, charts and graphs, and downloadable Excel files. We used a centralized software architecture in this project, which is suitable for projects with moderate programming complexity. A distributed approach might be more appropriate for the more complex projects. The current database information, spanning 1990–2001, will be augmented in the future, possibly using an automated updating scheme. DA - 2003/3// PY - 2003/3// DO - 10.1016/S0168-1699(03)00003-6 VL - 38 IS - 3 SP - 217-225 SN - 0168-1699 KW - database KW - SQL KW - COLDFUSION KW - dynamic access KW - agriculture KW - pesticide KW - agricultural chemicals ER - TY - JOUR TI - Weed species as hosts of Sclerotinia minor in peanut fields AU - Hollowell, JE AU - Shew, BB AU - Cubeta, MA AU - Wilcut, JW T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Bleached stems and sclerotia were observed on winter annual weed species growing in harvested peanut fields in northeastern North Carolina in March 2001. Each field had a history of Sclerotinia blight caused by Sclerotinia minor. Symptomatic plants were collected and brought back to the laboratory for identification and isolation. S. minor was isolated and Koch's postulates were fulfilled to confirm pathogenicity of S. minor on nine weed species. They included Lamium aplexicaule (henbit), Cardamine parviflora (smallflowered bittercress), Stellaria media (common chickweed), Cerastium vulgatum (mouse-ear chickweed), Coronopus didymus (swinecress), Oenothera laciniata (cutleaf eveningprimrose), Conyza canadensis (horseweed), Brassica kaber (wild mustard), and Arabidopsis thaliana (mouse-ear cress). This is the first report of these species as hosts of S. minor in the natural environment. All isolates of S. minor obtained from the weed species were pathogenic to peanut. DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.2.197 VL - 87 IS - 2 SP - 197-199 SN - 0191-2917 KW - Arachis hypogaea KW - groundnut ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tomato, Pests, parasitoids, and predators: Tritrophic interactions involving the genus Lycopersicon AU - Kennedy, GG T2 - ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY AB - Insect-plant interactions involving the cultivated tomato and its relatives in the genus Lycopersicon have been intensively studied for several decades, resulting in one of the best documented and in-depth examples of the mechanistic complexities of insect-plant interactions, which encompass both herbivores and their natural enemies. Trichome-mediated defenses are particularly significant in L. hirsutum f. glabratum and have been extensively implicated in negative tritrophic effects mediated by direct contact of parasitoids and predators with trichomes, as well as indirect effects mediated through their hosts or prey. Both constitutive and inducible defense traits of L. esculentum exert effects on selected parasitoids and predators. The effects of any particular plant defense trait on parasitoids and predators depend on the specific attributes of the plant trait and the details of the physical, biochemical, and behavioral interaction between the natural enemy, its host (prey), and the plant. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112733 VL - 48 SP - 51-72 SN - 1545-4487 KW - trichomes KW - host plant resistance KW - insect-plant interactions KW - constitutive plant defenses KW - induced plant defenses ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nestmate discrimination in ants: effect of bioassay on aggressive behavior AU - Roulston, TH AU - Buczkowski, G AU - Silverman, J T2 - INSECTES SOCIAUX DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1007/s00040-003-0624-1 VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - 151-159 SN - 1420-9098 KW - aggression assay KW - Formicidae KW - nestmate recognition KW - Argentine ants KW - Linepithema humile ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mate location in the green capsid bug, Lygocoris pabulinus AU - Drijfhout, FP AU - Groot, AT AU - Beek, TA AU - Visser, JH T2 - ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA AB - Abstract Headspace extracts from female Lygocoris pabulinus (L.) (Heteroptera: Miridae) as well as female leg extracts attracted male L. pabulinus in Y‐track olfactometer bioassays. In contrast, only female leg extracts were active in the vibration bioassay. Male extracts had no activity at all in either bioassay. When the female leg extract was analysed by coupled gas chromatography‐electroantennography ( Z )‐9‐pentacosene and ( Z )‐7‐pentacosene were EAD‐active. ( Z )‐9‐Pentacosene and sometimes ( Z )‐7‐pentacosene were also observed in female headspace extracts. EAG responses could be obtained for ( Z )‐9‐pentacosene. A mixture of ( Z )‐9‐pentacosene and ( Z )‐7‐pentacosene in the ratio 5 : 1 elicited vibration behaviour in males. The results indicate that these alkenes are important cues for male L. pabulinus in mate location behaviour. DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// DO - 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2003.00016.x VL - 106 IS - 2 SP - 73-77 SN - 1570-7458 KW - Lygocoris pabulinus KW - Miridae KW - GC-EAD KW - alkenes (Z)-9-pentacosene KW - (Z)-7-pentacosene KW - mate location behavior KW - sex pheromone KW - chemical communication KW - hydrocarbons KW - attraction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic structure of Reticulitermes flavipes and R-virginicus (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae) colonies in an urban habitat and tracking of colonies following treatment with hexaflumuron bait AU - Vargo, EL T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Colony and population genetic structure was determined for Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks) collected from Sentricon Termite Colony Elimination System monitoring stations at an apartment complex in Raleigh, NC. Once in each of 2000, 2001, and 2002, samples of termites were collected from monitoring stations just before the installation of bait tubes containing 0.5% hexaflumuron. Twenty workers from each sample were genotyped at five microsatellite loci. Comparison of worker genotypes among samples provided unambiguous colony associations. Analysis of worker genotypes within colonies coupled with estimates of F-statistics and nestmate relatedness showed that three fourths (30) of the 41 R. flavipes colonies and all three of the R. virginicus colonies were simple families headed by pairs of outbred monogamous reproductives. The remaining R. flavipes colonies were extended families, apparently headed by a few neotenic reproductives. Most colonies appeared to be localized, occupying only a single monitoring station. Termite pressure was initially heavy, with up to five colonies present around a single building simultaneously, but it progressively decreased over time. Of 35 R. flavipes colonies and 1 R. virginicus colony baited in 2000 or 2001, only a single R. flavipes colony was found again 1 yr later, but this colony was not detected the following year. These results suggest that although treatment with hexaflumuron bait successfully suppresses or eliminates Reticulitermes spp. colonies, new colonies can quickly move into areas vacated by treated colonies, but over time continuous baiting can reduce termite pressure and effectively protect structures. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X-32.5.1271 VL - 32 IS - 5 SP - 1271-1282 SN - 0046-225X KW - eastern subterranean termite KW - microsatellite markers KW - colony fate KW - social organization KW - breeding system ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of remediation methods for Nosema disease in Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae) AU - Boohene, CK AU - Geden, CJ AU - Becnel, JJ T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Several methods were investigated for managing Nosema disease in the parasitoid Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders. Treatment of parasitoid eggs or pupae within host puparia with gamma radiation from a cesium-137 source were either lethal to the parasitoids at all dosages tested (eggs) or failed to reduce infection rates (pupae). Exposure of parasitoid eggs within host puparia to heat was effective at several temperatures and exposure times. Optimal results for disease reduction were achieved with a 5-h exposure to 45°C, which resulted in no infection in the resulting adult parasitoids. Continuous rearing at elevated temperatures (30 and 32°C) for three generations resulted in decreased spore loads in infected parasitoids but did not reduce infection rates. Incorporation of the drugs albendazole and rifampicin into rearing media of the parasitoid’s host (house fly immatures) resulted in pupae that were of poor quality and did not reduce infection rates in parasitoids that developed in flies reared on drug-treated media. Treatment of adult parasitoids with 3% albendazole and/or rifampicin resulted in decreased rates of transovarial transmission of the disease. Transmission blockage required 3–7 d of exposure to the drug before substantial treatment effects were manifest. Parasitoids that fed for 7 d on rifampicin-treated honey transmitted the disease to 57.7% of their progeny compared with a 99.1% transmission rate among untreated parasitoids. An uninfected colony of M. raptor was established by pooling cured parasitoids from heat shock and drug treatment experiments. Parasitoids from the uninfected colony lived longer and produced over twice as many female progeny (201.2) as infected parasitoids (85.2). DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X-32.5.1146 VL - 32 IS - 5 SP - 1146-1153 SN - 1938-2936 KW - Nosema KW - heat therapy KW - rifampicin KW - Muscidifurax raptor KW - Musca domestica ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecology and control of Neosorius brevipennis (Coleoptera : Staphymnidae) on turf grass in South Africa AU - De Graaf, J AU - Schoeman, AS AU - Brandenburg, RL T2 - FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST AB - Very little information on the ecology and pest status of the fossorial rove beetle, Neosorius brevipennis Fagel is available (Smetana 1985). These beetles tunnel underground and lay their eggs in clusters of three to ten in the blind ends of tunnels. It was found by sampling and observation that N. brevipennis were responsible for casting mounds on golf course putting greens in Johannesburg and Pretoria (Schoeman 1997). Soil castings may damage mowing equipment, interfere with play by deflecting putts, and are objectionable for aesthetic reasons. A study of a fossorial rove beetle (Osorius planifrons Leconte), responsible for casting mounds on greens at the Tucson Country Club, Tuscon, AZ, USA, was conducted in the late 1970s. That study included ecological and behavioral analysis and concluded that 0. planifrons requires high soil moisture and probably feeds on soil microbes (Smith et al. 1978). The authors discussed cultural control but no chemical or biological control methods were addressed. The objectives of this study were to determine the annual population densities and soil profile distributions of N. brevipennis on bent grass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) and kikuyu grass (Penisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex. Chiov.). The efficacy of chemical controls for N. brevipennis was also investigated. Neosorius brevipennis was sampled at the Wingate Park Country Club (WPCC) in Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa (25?44'S, 28015'E). Chemical trials were conducted at Kensington golf course in Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa (28040'S, 25010'E). The study was conducted from November 1999 to October 2000. Five random samples were taken with a putting green hole cutter (diameter: 110 mm and depth: 100 mm) on a green (bent grass) and on a fairway (kikuyu grass), respectively, to examine the distribution and population densities of adult and immature rove beetles in the soil profile. Eggs were not included in the study. Soil cores were examined in 25 mm thick sections and all stages found at each depth were recorded. The 10 samples were collected and analyzed monthly from November 1999 to October 2000 to determine the population density of N. brevipennis throughout the year. The distribution of N. brevipennis between the upper 50 mm and 51-100 mm of the soil profile and between green (bent grass) and fairway (kikuyu grass) samples were compared using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Ten random plots of 0.25 m2 (0.5 m x 0.5 m) were sampled to determine the mean number of casting mounds per 0.25 M2. After assessments were made, 100 individual mounds were collected in poly-top-containers and the average dry mass per mound was measured in the laboratory with a Sartorius scale. Data were collected mid-day on putting green 9 at WPCC in mid April 2000, at an average surface temperature of 25.9?C. The chemical trials were conducted at the beginning of 2000 (8 January-3 March). The infested putting green 12 on Kensington golf course was divided into six blocks of 28 m2 (3.00 m x 9.33 m). Five chemicals (carbaryl, fipronil, imidacloprid, isofenphos and azinphos-methyl), formulated as a WP, SC, SC, EC and EC, respectively, were tested. Blocks were randomly allocated to each chemical and a control (untreated) area. Insecticides were applied to the turf surface with a backpack sprayer at the typical turf rate (Table 1). Application was followed by irrigation (using the golf course irrigation system) for 9 min (equivalent of DA - 2003/9// PY - 2003/9// DO - 10.1653/0015-4040(2003)086[0370:EACONB]2.0.CO;2 VL - 86 IS - 3 SP - 370-372 SN - 0015-4040 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detecting migrants in populations of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 3 from potato in North Carolina using multilocus genotype probabilities AU - Ceresini, PC AU - Shew, HD AU - Vilgalys, RJ AU - Gale, LR AU - Cubeta, MA T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - The relative contribution of migration of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 3 (AG-3) on infested potato seed tubers originating from production areas in Canada, Maine, and Wisconsin (source population) to the genetic diversity and structure of populations of R. solani AG-3 in North Carolina (NC) soil (recipient population) was examined. The frequency of alleles detected by multilocus polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms, heterozygosity at individual loci, and gametic phase disequilibrium between all pairs of loci were determined for subpopulations of R. solani AG-3 from eight sources of potato seed tubers and from five soils in NC. Analysis of molecular variation revealed little variation between seed source and NC recipient soil populations or between subpopulations within each region. Analysis of population data with a Bayesian-based statistical method previously developed for detecting migration in human populations suggested that six multilocus genotypes from the NC soil population had a statistically significant probability of being migrants from the northern source population. The one-way (unidirectional) migration of genotypes of R. solani AG-3 into NC on infested potato seed tubers from Canada, Maine, and Wisconsin provides a plausible explanation for the lack of genetic subdivision (differentiation) between populations of the pathogen in NC soils or between the northern source and the NC recipient soil populations. DA - 2003/5// PY - 2003/5// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.5.610 VL - 93 IS - 5 SP - 610-615 SN - 1943-7684 KW - migrant genotypes KW - population genetics KW - Thanatephorus cucumeris ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of aflatoxin production in normal- and high-oleic backeross-derived peanut lines AU - Xue, HQ AU - Isleib, TG AU - Payne, GA AU - Wilson, RF AU - Novitzky, WP AU - G O'Brian, T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - The effect of the high-oleate trait of peanut on aflatoxin production was tested by comparing normal oleic lines with high-oleic backcross-derived lines. Seeds were blanched, quartered, and inoculated with Aspergillus flavus conidia, placed on moistened filter paper in petri dishes, and incubated for 8 days. In one experiment, dishes were stacked in plastic bags in a Latin square design with bags and positions in stacks as blocking variables. High-oleic lines averaged nearly twice as much aflatoxin as normal lines. Background genotype had no significant effect on aflatoxin content, and interaction between background genotype and oleate level was not detected. In a second experiment, dishes were arranged on plastic trays enclosed in plastic bags and stacked with PVC spacers between trays. Fungal growth and aflatoxin production were greater than in the first experiment. Background genotype, oleate level, and their interaction were significant. The mean of high-oleic lines was almost twice that of normal lines, but the magnitude of the difference varied with background genotype. Special care should be taken with high-oleic lines to prevent growth of Aspergillus spp. and concomitant development of aflatoxin contamination. DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.11.1360 VL - 87 IS - 11 SP - 1360-1365 SN - 1943-7692 KW - Arachis hypogaea ER - TY - JOUR TI - Colony and population genetic structure of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus, in Japan AU - Vargo, EL AU - Husseneder, C AU - Grace, JK T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - Subterranean termites have unusual plasticity in their breeding systems. As a result of their cryptic foraging and nesting habits, detailed information on the numbers and types of reproductive individuals in colonies has been difficult to obtain. In this study, we used microsatellite markers to infer the major features of the breeding system of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus, in southern Japan, where it is believed to have been introduced from China. A total of 30 colonies was sampled from two islands (Kyushu and Fukue) located 100 km apart. Twenty workers from each colony were genotyped at six microsatellite loci. Analysis of worker genotypes within colonies indicated that 27 colonies (90%) were simple (Mendelian) families. The remaining three colonies, all from Kyushu, were consistent with being extended families having begun as simple families but being currently headed by multiple neotenic (secondary) reproductives descended from the original king and queen. Workers from simple families in both populations were significantly inbred (FIT = 0.10 for Kyushu and 0.46 for Fukue) and highly related to their nestmates (coefficient of relatedness, r = 0.59 for Kyushu and 0.77 for Fukue), suggesting that many simple-family colonies were headed by closely related reproductives, especially in the Fukue population. This conclusion is supported by the high coefficient of relatedness between nestmate reproductives in simple-family colonies (r = 0.23 for Kyushu and 0.61 for Fukue) based on genotypes inferred from their worker offspring. There was moderate genetic differentiation (FST = 0.12) between the two populations, suggesting rather restricted gene flow between them. There was no significant isolation by distance among colonies, as might be expected given the limited dispersal of reproductives, presumably because of the frequent movement of colonies by humans. Finally, there was no evidence of a recent bottleneck, a finding possibly consistent with the more than 300-year history of this species in Japan. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01938.x VL - 12 IS - 10 SP - 2599-2608 SN - 0962-1083 KW - breeding system KW - gene flow KW - Isoptera KW - microsatellites KW - Rhinotermitidae KW - social organization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterisation of PtMYB1, an R2R3-MYB from pine xylem AU - Patzlaff, A AU - Newman, LJ AU - Dubos, C AU - Whetten, R AU - Smith, C AU - McInnis, S AU - Bevan, MW AU - Sederoff, RR AU - Campbell, MM T2 - PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// DO - 10.1023/B:PLAN.0000019066.07933.d6 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - 597-608 SN - 1573-5028 KW - MYB KW - phenylalanine ammonia-lyase KW - phenylpropanoid KW - pine KW - xylem ER - TY - JOUR TI - PI3K signaling is required for prostaglandin-induced mucosal recovery in ischemia-injured porcine ileum AU - Little, D AU - Dean, RA AU - Young, KM AU - McKane, SA AU - Martin, LD AU - Jones, SL AU - Blikslager, AT T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY AB - We have previously shown that PGE(2) and PGI(2) induce recovery of transepithelial resistance (TER) in ischemia-injured porcine ileal mucosa, associated with initial increases in Cl(-) secretion. We believe that the latter generates an osmotic gradient that stimulates resealing of tight junctions. Because of evidence implicating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in regulating tight junction assembly, we postulated that this signaling pathway is involved in PG-induced mucosal recovery. Porcine ileum was subjected to 45 min of ischemia, after which TER was monitored for a 180-min recovery period. Endogenous PG production was inhibited with indomethacin (5 microM). PGE(2) (1 microM) and PGI(2) (1 microM) stimulated recovery of TER, which was inhibited by serosal application of the osmotic agent urea (300 mosmol/kgH(2)O). The PI3K inhibitor wortmannin (10 nM) blocked recovery of TER in response to PGs or mucosal urea. Immunofluorescence imaging of recovering epithelium revealed that PGs restored occludin and zonula occludens-1 distribution to interepithelial junctions, and this pattern was disrupted by pretreatment with wortmannin. These experiments suggest that PGs stimulate recovery of paracellular resistance via a mechanism involving transepithelial osmotic gradients and PI3K-dependent restoration of tight junction protein distribution. DA - 2003/1// PY - 2003/1// DO - 10.1152/ajpgi.00121.2002 VL - 284 IS - 1 SP - G46-G56 SN - 0193-1857 KW - phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase KW - tight junction KW - occludin KW - zonula occludens-1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - New nearctic record for Epitranus clavatus F. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) AU - Hoebeke, E. R. AU - Kaufmann, P. E. AU - Glenister, C. S. AU - Stringham, S. M. T2 - Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 105 IS - 4 SP - 1062-1063 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Naturally-occurring modification restricts the anticodon domain conformational space of tRNA(Phe) AU - Stuart, JW AU - Koshlap, KM AU - Guenther, R AU - Agris, PF T2 - JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB - Post-transcriptional modifications contribute chemistry and structure to RNAs. Modifications of tRNA at nucleoside 37, 3'-adjacent to the anticodon, are particularly interesting because they facilitate codon recognition and negate translational frame-shifting. To assess if the functional contribution of a position 37-modified nucleoside defines a specific structure or restricts conformational flexibility, structures of the yeast tRNA(Phe) anticodon stem and loop (ASL(Phe)) with naturally occurring modified nucleosides differing only at position 37, ASL(Phe)-(Cm(32),Gm(34),m(5)C(40)), and ASL(Phe)-(Cm(32),Gm(34),m(1)G(37),m(5)C(40)), were determined by NMR spectroscopy and restrained molecular dynamics. The ASL structures had similarly resolved stems (RMSD approximately 0.6A) of five canonical base-pairs in standard A-form RNA. The "NOE walk" was evident on the 5' and 3' sides of the stems of both RNAs, and extended to the adjacent loop nucleosides. The NOESY cross-peaks involving U(33) H2' and characteristic of tRNA's anticodon domain U-turn were present but weak, whereas those involving the U(33) H1' proton were absent from the spectra of both ASLs. However, ASL(Phe)-(Cm(32),Gm(34),m(1)G(37),m(5)C(40)) exhibited the downfield shifted 31P resonance of U(33)pGm(34) indicative of U-turns; ASL(Phe)-(Cm(32),Gm(34),m(5)C(40)) did not. An unusual "backwards" NOE between Gm(34) and A(35) (Gm(34)/H8 to A(35)/H1') was observed in both molecules. The RNAs exhibited a protonated A(+)(38) resulting in the final structures having C(32).A(+)(38) intra-loop base-pairs, with that of ASL(Phe)-(Cm(32),Gm(34),m(1)G(37),m(5)C(40)) being especially well defined. A single family of low-energy structures of ASL(Phe)-(Cm(32),Gm(34), m(1)G(37),m(5)C(40)) (loop RMSD 0.98A) exhibited a significantly restricted conformational space for the anticodon loop in comparison to that of ASL(Phe)-(Cm(32),Gm(34),m(5)C(40)) (loop RMSD 2.58A). In addition, the ASL(Phe)-(Cm(32),Gm(34),m(1)G(37),m(5)C(40)) average structure had a greater degree of similarity to that of the yeast tRNA(Phe) crystal structure. A comparison of the resulting structures indicates that modification of position 37 affects the accuracy of decoding and the maintenance of the mRNA reading frame by restricting anticodon loop conformational space. DA - 2003/12/12/ PY - 2003/12/12/ DO - 10.1016/j.jmb.2003.09.058 VL - 334 IS - 5 SP - 901-918 SN - 1089-8638 KW - methylation KW - anticodon dynamics KW - tRNA position 37 KW - codon recognition KW - frameshifting ER - TY - CHAP TI - Molecular genetic methods: New approaches to termite biology AU - Husseneder, C. AU - Vargo, E. L. AU - Grace, I. K. T2 - Wood deterioration and preservation: Advances in our changing world A2 - B. Goodell, D. D. Nicholas A2 - Schultz, T. P. AB - Termites (Isoptera) are of global economic and ecological importance as decomposers of lignocellulose matter. Yet little is known about their biology due to their cryptic feeding and nesting habits. The advent of a variety of molecular genetic techniques provides a powerful method to elucidate many aspects of termite ecology and social organization. We present an overview of currently applied molecular genetic methods, including analyses of proteins, mitochondrial and genomic DNA, in a variety of termite species. These methods complement each other in the description of termite population structure, the identification of colonies and their breeding systems. The increasing application of these and other methods will yield a much improved understanding of termite ecology and social evolution as well as more effective means of controlling pest species. CN - TA422 .W68 2003 [NRL] PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1021/bk-2003-0845.ch021 VL - 845 SP - 358-370 PB - Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evidence for cocladogenesis between diverse dictyopteran lineages and their intracellular endosymbionts AU - Lo, N AU - Bandi, C AU - Watanabe, H AU - Nalepa, C AU - Beninati, T T2 - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION AB - Bacteria of the genus Blattabacterium are intracellular symbionts that reside in specialized cells of cockroaches and the termite Mastotermes darwiniensis. They appear to be obligate mutualists, and are transmitted vertically in the eggs. Such characteristics are expected to lead to equivalent phylogenies for host and symbiont, and we tested this hypothesis using recently accumulated data on relationships among termites and cockroaches and their Blattabacterium spp. Host and symbiont topologies were found to be highly similar, and various tests indicated that they were not statistically different. A close relationship between endosymbionts from termites and members of the wood-feeding cockroach genus Cryptocercus was found, supporting the hypothesis that the former evolved from subsocial, wood-dwelling cockroaches. The majority of the Blattabacterium spp. sequences appear to have undergone similar rates of evolution since their divergence from a common ancestor, and an estimate of this rate was determined based on early Cretaceous host fossils. The results support the idea that the stem group of modern cockroaches radiated sometime between the late Jurassic and early Cretaceous-not the Carboniferous, as has been suggested on the basis of roach-like fossils from this epoch. DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// DO - 10.1093/molbev/msg097 VL - 20 IS - 6 SP - 907-913 SN - 1537-1719 KW - symbiosis KW - molecular clock KW - cockroach KW - fossil KW - termite KW - Blattabacterium ER - TY - JOUR TI - Economic and social impacts of la crosse encephalitis in western North Carolina AU - Utz, JT AU - Apperson, CS AU - MacCormack, JN AU - Salyers, M AU - Dietz, EJ AU - McPherson, JT T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE AB - La Crosse encephalitis (LACE), a human illness caused by a mosquito-transmitted virus, is endemic in western North Carolina. To assess the economic and social impacts of the illness, 25 serologically confirmed LACE case patients and/or families were interviewed to obtain information on the economic costs and social burden of the disease. The total direct and indirect medical costs associated with LACE over 89.6 life years accumulated from the onset of illness to the date of interview for 24 patients with frank encephalitis totaled dollar 791,374 (range = dollar 7,521-175,586), with a mean +/- SD per patient cost of dollar 32,974 +/- dollar 34,793. The projected cost of a case with lifelong neurologic sequelae ranged from dollar 48,775 to dollar 3,090,798 (n = 5). For the 25 LACE patients, 55.15 (54.83%) of the 100.59 cumulative life years (CLYs) were impaired to some degree. Disability adjusted life years (DALYs) were calculated to measure the productive life years lost to LACE. Approximately 13.00 DALYs were accumulated over 100.59 CLYs of study. Projected DALYs for case patients (n = 5) with lifelong neurologic sequelae ranged from 12.90 to 72.37 DALYs. An Impact of La Crosse Encephalitis Survey (ILCES) was used to measure the social impact of LACE over time for case patients and their families. The ILCES scores demonstrated that the majority of the social burden of the illness is borne by the five patients with lifelong neurologic sequelae. The socioeconomic burden resulting from LACE is substantial, which highlights the importance of the illness in western North Carolina, as well as the need for active surveillance, reporting, and prevention programs for the infection. DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// DO - 10.4269/ajtmh.2003.69.509 VL - 69 IS - 5 SP - 509-518 SN - 1476-1645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterisation of a pine MYB that regulates lignification AU - Patzlaff, A AU - McInnis, S AU - Courtenay, A AU - Surman, C AU - Newman, LJ AU - Smith, C AU - Bevan, MW AU - Mansfield, S AU - Whetten, RW AU - Sederoff, RR AU - Campbell, MM T2 - PLANT JOURNAL AB - Summary A member of the R2R3‐MYB family of transcription factors was cloned from a cDNA library constructed from RNA isolated from differentiating pine xylem. This MYB, Pinus taeda MYB4 ( Pt MYB4), is expressed in cells undergoing lignification, as revealed by in situ RT‐PCR. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) showed that recombinant Pt MYB4 protein is able to bind to DNA motifs known as AC elements. AC elements are ubiquitous in the promoters of genes encoding lignin biosynthetic enzymes. Transcriptional activation assays using yeast showed that Pt MYB4 could activate transcription in an AC‐element‐dependent fashion. Overexpression of Pt MYB4 in transgenic tobacco plants altered the accumulation of transcripts corresponding to genes encoding lignin biosynthetic enzymes. Lignin deposition increased in transgenic tobacco plants that overexpressed Pt MYB4, and extended to cell types that do not normally lignify. Taken together, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that Pt MYB4 is sufficient to induce lignification, and that it may play this role during wood formation in pine. DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01916.x VL - 36 IS - 6 SP - 743-754 SN - 1365-313X KW - lignin KW - MYB KW - transcription KW - wood KW - pine KW - phenylpropanoid ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in juvenile hormone biosynthetic rate and whole body content in maturing virgin queens of Solenopsis invicta AU - Brent, CS AU - Vargo, EL T2 - JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Studies were conducted on the physiological and hormonal changes following the release of alates from developmentally suppressive pheromones produced by mature queens of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta Buren. Winged virgin queens were removed from the pheromonal signal and placed in colony fragments. The time for dealation, degree of ovarian development, and biosynthesis rate and whole body content of juvenile hormone (JH) were measured. The production rate and content of JH were highly correlated. Dealation and the initiation of oviposition corresponded to peak production of JH. JH production rose sharply following separation from the natal nest, peaking after 3 days. After 8 days of isolation, JH production gradually subsided to levels similar to that found in pre-release queens, but began to increase again after 12 days. Mature queens had highly elevated levels of JH relative to recently dealate females, probably reflecting the increased reproductive capability of these older females. The results support the hypothesis that the pheromone released by functional queens inhibits reproduction in virgin alates by suppressing corpora allata activity and the production of JH. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1016/S0022-1910(03)00166-5 VL - 49 IS - 10 SP - 967-974 SN - 1879-1611 KW - reproduction KW - formicidae KW - queen KW - juvenile hormone KW - primer pheromone ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bt-resistance management - theory meets data AU - Gould, F T2 - NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.1038/nbt1203-1450 VL - 21 IS - 12 SP - 1450-1451 SN - 1087-0156 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Archasia pallida (Fairmaire) (Hemiptera: membracidae) in north Carolina AU - Flynn, D. J. AU - Deitz, L. L. AU - Rothschild, M. J. T2 - Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 105 IS - 4 SP - 1060-1061 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An assessment of predictive forecasting of Juniperus ashei pollen movement in the Southern Great Plains, USA AU - Water, PK AU - Keever, T AU - Main, CE AU - Levetin, E T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.1007/s00484-003-0184-0 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 74-82 SN - 0020-7128 KW - Juniperus ashei KW - pollen KW - forecasting KW - Great Plains, USA KW - wind trajectories ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aconophora lineosa Walker 1858, new junior synonym of Thelia bimaculata (Fabricius 1794) (Hemiptera: Membracidae) AU - Wallace, M. S. AU - Deitz, L. L. T2 - Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 105 IS - 4 SP - 1051-1052 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation in biological parameters of Trichogramma spp. purchased from commercial suppliers in the United States AU - Schmidt, VB AU - Linker, HM AU - Orr, DB AU - Kennedy, GG T2 - BIOCONTROL DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1023/A:1025751428043 VL - 48 IS - 5 SP - 487-502 SN - 1386-6141 KW - brachyptery KW - inundative augmentation KW - parasitoid KW - quality KW - Trichogramma ER - TY - JOUR TI - Measuring thickness variations in fiber bundles with a flying laser spot scanning method AU - Huh, Y AU - Suh, MW T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - Apparent thickness variations in yarn have a decisive influence on its performance and textile processing efficiency. Yarn thickness has an even more critical influence on the quality of fabrics made from it. This study describes a method for measuring and analyzing the cross-sectional variations of fiber bundles on the basis of a new measurement system consisting of a flying laser spot and a photoelectric sensor. A yarn sample is used to test the feasibility of this measuring system and the usefulness of the results. The analysis shows that the new system has good reproducibility of the measured results and permits extraction of new information on yarn irregularity for shorter wavelengths than conventional devices. Furthermore, the data analysis process can be efficiently automated. DA - 2003/9// PY - 2003/9// DO - 10.1177/004051750307300904 VL - 73 IS - 9 SP - 767-773 SN - 0040-5175 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Large scale parallel analysis of gene expression during infection-related morphogenesis of Magnaporthe grisea AU - Takano, Y AU - Choi, WB AU - Mitchell, TK AU - Okuno, T AU - Dean, RA T2 - MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY AB - SUMMARY The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea causes one of the most destructive diseases of rice. To initiate the infection of host tissues, conidia elaborate germ tubes that differentiate specialized infection structures called appressoria. Microarrays composed of 3500 cDNAs of M. grisea were prepared for the identification of genes that are specifically up‐ or down‐regulated during appressorium formation. Gene expression in ungerminated conidia, during appressorium formation, and during mycelial growth was investigated with a novel highly sensitive dendrimer based detection system. Transcripts of 85 different genes were found to be more abundant in ungerminated conidia and/or in conidia with developing appressoria than in vegetative mycelia. Nineteen of these showed higher expression in both ungerminated conidia and developing appressoria than in mycelia, suggesting that their expression remains elevated during the early stage of fungal infection. The expression of 18 genes was higher in ungerminated conidia than in developing appressoria, indicating their possible role in the germination process or maintaining dormancy. Transcripts of 47 genes were found to be more abundant in developing appressoria than in ungerminated conidia, suggesting that their expression is induced during appressorium formation. Several of these genes, including a chitin binding protein and infection structure specific protein MIF23, were previously shown to be preferentially expressed during appressorium formation. However, the expression of many of these genes has not been reported prior to this analysis. In contrast, transcripts of 38 different genes were found to be more abundant in mycelia than in developing appressoria. A Northern blot analysis of selected genes was consistent with the microarray results. Results from this study provide a powerful resource for furthering our understanding of gene expression during infection‐related morphogenesis and for the functional analysis of M. grisea genes involved in fungal infection. DA - 2003/9// PY - 2003/9// DO - 10.1046/J.1364-3703.2003.00182.X VL - 4 IS - 5 SP - 337-346 SN - 1464-6722 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of rate and time of application of poultry litter on Hoplolaimus columbus on cotton AU - Koenning, , SR AU - Edmisten, KL AU - Barker, KR AU - Bowman, DT AU - Morrison, DE T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of soil-incorporated poultry litter on the population dynamics of Hoplolaimus columbus and cotton lint yield. Rates of poultry litter applied varied from 0.0 to 27.0 t/ha and were applied in December, February, or March. Time of application did not influence population densities of this nematode or cotton yield. The rate of poultry litter applied was negatively related to the population density of H. columbus at midseason, but not at other sampling dates. The lower midseason levels of this nematode corresponded with increases in cotton lint yield in all experiments. Cotton yield increases generally were linear with respect to the rate of litter applied, although the highest rates of litter applied did not always result in the greatest cotton yield. Poultry litter can be used effectively to supply nutrients to the crop and suppress damaging levels of H. columbus. Optimal rates of litter application were from 6.0 to 13.4 t/ha. Application of poultry litter at these rates, however, may exceed nutrient levels required for best management practices. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.10.1244 VL - 87 IS - 10 SP - 1244-1249 SN - 0191-2917 KW - Columbia lance nematode KW - Gossypium hirsutum KW - management KW - manure KW - organic amendments KW - population dynamics KW - sustainable agriculture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dual resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac and Cry2Aa toxins in Heliothis virescens suggests multiple mechanisms of resistance AU - Jurat-Fuentes, JL AU - Gould, FL AU - Adang, MJ T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT One strategy for delaying evolution of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis crystal (Cry) endotoxins is the production of multiple Cry toxins in each transgenic plant (gene stacking). This strategy relies upon the assumption that simultaneous evolution of resistance to toxins that have different modes of action will be difficult for insect pests. In B. thuringiensis- transgenic (Bt) cotton, production of both Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab has been proposed to delay resistance of Heliothis virescens (tobacco budworm). After previous laboratory selection with Cry1Ac, H. virescens strains CXC and KCBhyb developed high levels of cross-resistance not only to toxins similar to Cry1Ac but also to Cry2Aa. We studied the role of toxin binding alteration in resistance and cross-resistance with the CXC and KCBhyb strains. In toxin binding experiments, Cry1A and Cry2Aa toxins bound to brush border membrane vesicles from CXC, but binding of Cry1Aa was reduced for the KCBhyb strain compared to susceptible insects. Since Cry1Aa and Cry2Aa do not share binding proteins in H. virescens , our results suggest occurrence of at least two mechanisms of resistance in KCBhyb insects, one of them related to reduction of Cry1Aa toxin binding. Cry1Ac bound irreversibly to brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) from YDK, CXC, and KCBhyb larvae, suggesting that Cry1Ac insertion was unaffected. These results highlight the genetic potential of H. virescens to become resistant to distinct Cry toxins simultaneously and may question the effectiveness of gene stacking in delaying evolution of resistance. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1128/AEM.69.10.5898-5906.2003 VL - 69 IS - 10 SP - 5898-5906 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular signals and receptors: Controlling rhizosphere interactions between plants and other organisms AU - Hirsch, AM AU - Bauer, WD AU - Bird, DM AU - Cullimore, J AU - Tyler, B AU - Yoder, JI T2 - ECOLOGY AB - Rhizosphere interactions are affected by many different regulatory signals. As yet, however, only a few have been identified. Signals, by definition, contain information, react with a receptor, and elicit a response. Signals may thus represent the highest level of evolved response in rhizosphere communities and, in that sense, occupy a supreme control point. At the same time, some signals may function as modulators of downstream responses, rather than on/off switches. To assess these possibilities, several interactions between plants and soil organisms are described, starting with the molecular interactions between leguminous plants and symbiotic bacteria of the family Rhizobiaceae, one of the best-characterized plant–microbe associations in the rhizosphere. We then examine other interactions between plants and soil organisms for overlap and/or connections with the rhizosphere signals utilized in the legume–Rhizobium symbiosis. Whether information currently available reflects the interaction of the organisms in nature or only in the laboratory has not always been determined. Thus, the key ecological issue of how important some of the signals are under field conditions remains to be addressed. Molecular tools now available make this task less daunting than in the past, and thus a new age of experimental field ecology may soon burst forth in rhizosphere studies. By identifying the signals, receptors, and the critical control points, we can better understand the organismal dynamics in this key belowground ecosystem. Corresponding Editor: D. A. Phillips. For reprints of this Special Feature, see footnote 1, p. 815 DA - 2003/4// PY - 2003/4// DO - 10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[0858:msarcr]2.0.co;2 VL - 84 IS - 4 SP - 858-868 SN - 1939-9170 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0043094328&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - parasitism KW - pathogenesis KW - predation KW - quorum sensing KW - receptors KW - rhizosphere interactions KW - signals KW - symbiosis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Horizontal transfer of the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen to larval microcosms by gravid Aedes albopictus and Ochlerotatus triseriatus mosquitoes in the laboratory AU - Chism, BD AU - Apperson, CS T2 - MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY AB - Abstract. The insect growth regulator (IGR) pyriproxyfen is highly active against mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Through continuous emersion of large larvae (instars 3–4) the concentration causing 50% inhibition of adult emergence (EI 50 ) was determined as 0.200 p.p.b. for Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and 3.5 to 7 times less for Ochlerotatus triseriatus (Say): IE 50 0.0288 p.p.b. As a possible method of application to larval microscosms of these species that oviposit in water containers and phytotelmata, the horizontal transfer of pyriproxyfen to larval microcosms by adult mosquitoes was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Gravid females were forced to walk on surfaces treated with pyriproxyfen (tarsal contact exposure) and then allowed to oviposit in larval microcosms. Using replicate bioassay cages, each with an oviposition container, and a factorial experimental design, we assessed Ae. albopictus for the effects of (i) pyriproxyfen concentration (0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mg/cm 2 ) contacted by gravid females, and (ii) the number of treated gravid females added to bioassay cages (one, three or five females/cage), on the mortality of larvae in oviposition containers. Only 0.2 mg/cm 2 treatment rate was tested on Oc. triseriatus . A significant ( P < 0.05) curvilinear response in inhibition of emergence (IE) was achieved on both species. Densities of one or three treated Oc. triseriatus females/cage yielded IE rates of only 21–27%, whereas five treated females/cage resulted in 70% inhibition. With Ae . albopictus , densities of three or five treated females/cage yielded 48–67% and 59–73% IE, respectively, whereas one treated female/cage gave only 4–30% inhibition. Use of IGR‐treated oviposition containers to achieve horizontal transfer of pyriproxyfen to mosquito oviposition sites could be a field management technique based on mosquito biology and behaviour. In binary choice tests with Ae . albopictus , horizontal transfer of pyriproxyfen from a container with a treated ovistrip (0.3 or 0.4 mg/cm 2 ) to an untreated microcosm resulted in 14–38% inhibition. In larval bioassays, pyriproxyfen activity declined markedly within 10 days. Forcibly exposing gravid female mosquitoes to pyriproxyfen‐treated paper surface did not affect their fecundity. However, from the 1st to 2nd gonotrophic cycles the egg hatch rate declined by 30% ( P < 0.05). Some variation of results could be due to interactions between females at the oviposition site, possibly causing disproportionate transfer of pyriproxyfen to larval microcosms. Comparative studies of the oviposition behaviour of each mosquito are warranted and would potentially provide information needed to improve the technique. DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2003.00433.x VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 211-220 SN - 1365-2915 KW - Aedes albopictus KW - Ochlerotatus triseriatus KW - adult mosquitoes KW - bioassay KW - emergence inhibition KW - IGR KW - insect growth regulator KW - metamorphosis KW - mosquito behaviour KW - mosquito control KW - mosquito immatures KW - oviposition KW - pyriproxyfen ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expression of induced systemic resistance in poinsettia cuttings against Rhizoctonia stem rot by treatment of stock plants with binucleate Rhizoctonia AU - Hwang, J AU - Benson, DM T2 - BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AB - Three cultivars of poinsettia (V14 Glory, Freedom Red, and Angelica White) were evaluated for induction of host resistance to Rhizoctonia stem rot in cuttings acquired from stock plants treated with binucleate Rhizoctonia (BNR) in a Pesta formulation. Resistance to stem rot in cuttings of V14 Glory was induced within 7 days of treatment with BNR while Freedom Red and Angelica White did not express resistance until 10 or more days after application of BNR to stock plants. None of the cultivars expressed resistance to stem rot when cuttings were taken from stock plants that were treated with BNR for only 3 or 5 days before propagation. Population dynamics of BNR on poinsettia root tissue were consistent with the expression of induced resistance. A dramatic increase of root colonization by BNR was observed in all cultivars between day 5 and 7. The integrated use of both BNR and Burkholderia cepacia, previously characterized as a stem rot control agent during poinsettia propagation, was evaluated to test for enhanced resistance against stem rot. No additive effect on stem rot control was observed when cuttings taken from stock plants treated with BNR were propagated in rooting strips treated with B. cepacia compared to cuttings propagated in root strips treated with B. cepacia alone. Our results may be the first to demonstrate induced systemic resistance by BNR fungi during vegetation propagation where the biocontrol agent applied to roots of a stock plant was able to protect cuttings from Rhizoctonia solani during propagation. DA - 2003/5// PY - 2003/5// DO - 10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00185-8 VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - 73-80 SN - 1049-9644 KW - binucleate Rhizoctonia KW - Burkholderia cepacia KW - Rhizoctonia solani KW - poinsettia KW - biological control KW - induced resistance KW - integrated application ER - TY - JOUR TI - Establishment of multicolored Asian lady beetle in Eastern North Carolina: Seasonal abundance and crop exploitation within an agricultural landscape AU - Nault, BA AU - Kennedy, GG T2 - BIOCONTROL DA - 2003/8// PY - 2003/8// DO - 10.1023/A:1024763804318 VL - 48 IS - 4 SP - 363-378 SN - 1573-8248 KW - biological control KW - Coccinellidae KW - Coleoptera KW - habitat utilization KW - Harmonia axyridis KW - landscape ER - TY - JOUR TI - Describing the spatial and social organization of Formosan subterranean termite colonies in Armstrong Park, New Orleans AU - Husseneder, C. AU - Grace, J. K. AU - Messenger, M. T. AU - Vargo, E. L. AU - Su, N. Y. T2 - Sociobiology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 41 IS - 1A SP - 61-65 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cu(HCO2)(2)L {L = pyrazine, 4,4 '-bipyridine}: employing the formate anion as a building block in three-dimensional coordination polymers AU - Manson, JL AU - Lecher, JG AU - Gu, JY AU - Geiser, U AU - Schlueter, JA AU - Henning, R AU - Wang, XP AU - Schultz, AJ AU - Koo, HJ AU - Whangbo, MH T2 - DALTON TRANSACTIONS AB - The formate anion, HCO2−, has been used infrequently as a building block in molecular magnetic materials. We have synthesized and structurally and magnetically characterized two new Cu(HCO2)2L compounds, where L represents pyrazine (pyz) and 4,4′-bipyridine (bipy). The single crystal structure of Cu(HCO2)2(pyz), 1, has been established by both X-ray (295 K) and neutron diffraction (20 K). The compound consists of tetragonally-elongated CuN2O4 octahedra made up of four bridging formate anions and two neutral pyz ligands. The 3D polymeric network is comprised of 2D Cu(HCO2)2 layers that are fused together by the linear pyz spacers, which form Cu–pyz-Cu chains. Cu(HCO2)2(bipy), 2, is chiral and has a more complex framework than 1. The CuO4N2 octahedra align in two unique orientations relative to one another, owing to the 41 and 21 screw axes that lie along the a and b-axes. The octahedra are connected via four bridging HCO2− anions and two bridging bipy ligands, resulting in a unique 3D scaffold structure. The magnetic behavior of 1 and 2 indicates antiferro- and ferromagnetic interactions, respectively, and the exchange couplings in both 1 and 2 are well reproduced by a 1D spin Hamiltonian. Spin dimer analysis was carried out to evaluate the relative strengths of the various spin exchange paths. It is found that the interaction through HCO2− is comparatively weak, and the strong Cu2+ spin exchange interactions are mediated by the pyz and bipy ligands via the σ-pathway. A possible reason as to why 2 displays ferromagnetic coupling is proposed. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1039/b302631k IS - 14 SP - 2905-2911 SN - 1477-9234 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Construction and preliminary evaluation of an Aspergillus flavus reporter gene construct as a potential tool for screening aflatoxin resistance AU - Brown, RL AU - Brown-Jenco, CS AU - Bhatnagar, D AU - Payne, GA T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - Effective preharvest strategies to eliminate aflatoxin accumulation in crops are not presently available. The molecular biology of aflatoxin biosynthesis has been extensively studied, and genetic and molecular tools such as reporter gene systems for the measurement of fungal growth have been developed. A reporter construct containing the Aspergillus flavus beta-tubulin gene promoter fused to Escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase (GUS) has been shown to be a reliable tool for the indirect measurement of fungal growth in maize kernels. Since cost-saving alternative methods for the direct measurement of aflatoxin levels are needed to facilitate more widespread field and laboratory screening of maize lines, a new reporter gene construct involving the promoter region of the omtA gene of the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway was constructed and tested. Expression of GUS activity by this construct (omtA::GUS) was correlated with aflatoxin accumulation in culture. In the fungal transformant GAP26-1, which harbors this construct, aflatoxin production and GUS expression on sucrose-containing medium showed the same temporal pattern of toxin induction. Furthermore, GUS expression by GAP26-1 was shown to be associated with aflatoxin accumulation in maize kernels inoculated with this strain. Our results suggest that this and other reporter gene pathway promoter constructs may provide superior alternatives to direct aflatoxin quantification with respect to time, labor, and materials for the screening of maize lines for resistance to aflatoxin accumulation. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-66.10.1927 VL - 66 IS - 10 SP - 1927-1931 SN - 0362-028X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Components of resistance to Magnaporthe grisea in 'Coyote' and 'Coronado' tall fescue AU - Tredway, LP AU - Stevenson, KL AU - Burpee, LL T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - The components of resistance in tall fescue to Magnaporthe grisea, the causal agent of gray leaf spot, were measured in growth chamber experiments. Cultivars ranging in susceptibility to M. grisea were selected: ‘Kentucky 31’ (susceptible), ‘Rebel III’ (moderately susceptible), ‘Coronado’ (resistant), and ‘Coyote’ (resistant). Plants were inoculated with nine M. grisea isolates representing five clonal lineages associated with tall fescue in Georgia. Compared to Kentucky 31, Coronado and Coyote exhibited longer incubation and latent periods, reduced rates of disease progress and lesion expansion, and lower final disease incidence, final foliar blight incidence, final mean lesion length, area under the lesion expansion curve, and area under the disease progress curve. No evidence of hypersensitive response was observed, all M. grisea isolates completed the disease cycle by producing secondary inoculum, and no differential response to isolates from different clonal lineages was detected in Coronado and Coyote. These results indicate that Coronado and Coyote have partial resistance to M. grisea. Measurement of resistance components using primary parameters and derived parameters yielded similar results. Foliar blight incidence data exhibited increased variation relative to other parameters and was less powerful for detection of M. grisea resistance. Measurements of incubation period, latent period, final disease incidence, and final mean lesion length were the most effective and efficient methods for detecting M. grisea resistance in tall fescue. DA - 2003/8// PY - 2003/8// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.8.906 VL - 87 IS - 8 SP - 906-912 SN - 0191-2917 KW - Pyricularia KW - turfgrass ER - TY - JOUR TI - Colony and population genetic structure of Formosan subterranean termites from Hawaii and Louisiana AU - Vargo, E. L. AU - Husseneder, C. AU - Grace, J. K. AU - Henderson, G. AU - Ring, D. T2 - Sociobiology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 41 IS - 1A SP - 67-69 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Behavioral and electropysiological responses of the brownbanded cockroach, Supella longipalpa, to stereoisomers of its sex pheromone, supellapyrone AU - Gemeno, C. AU - Leal, W.S. AU - Mori, K. AU - Schal, C. T2 - Journal of Chemical Ecology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1023/A:1024846110711 VL - 29 IS - 8 SP - 1797-1811 SN - 1573-1561 KW - Supella longipalpa KW - cockroach KW - Dictyoptera KW - sex pheromone KW - supellapyrone KW - chirality KW - electroantennogram KW - dose-response KW - EAG ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aerobiological, ecological, and health linkages AU - Main, CE T2 - ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL AB - Aerobiology is an interdisciplinary science representing the presence and movement of biological particles in the earth's atmosphere. As an important component of air quality, the impact of these particles on human populations and agriculture were discussed in terms of the ecology of the landscape targets involved. The role of aerobiology in air quality studies was considered. DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// DO - 10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00012-6 VL - 29 IS - 2-3 SP - 347-349 SN - 0160-4120 KW - aerobiology KW - bioaerosols KW - aeorbiota ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptation of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, to insect food plant AU - Barbercheck, ME AU - Wang, J AU - Brownie, C T2 - BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AB - Abstract We conducted assays to determine if characteristics of entomopathogenic nematodes vary in response to continued exposure to a particular insect/host plant combination, and whether selection results in changed performance on other insect/host plant combinations. Three isolates of Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Agriotos, Mexican, and Hybrid) were continuously cultured in corn-fed ( Zea mays L.) or squash-fed ( Cucurbita pepo L.) southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber for 25 passages. The rootworm-selected nematodes were compared to the same isolates maintained on Galleria mellonella (L.) (“unselected”). There was no increase in the ability to kill rootworms in selected nematodes compared to unselected nematodes. Among rootworm-selected nematodes, there were changes based on the host plant on which the rootworms had fed. The ability of nematodes selected on corn-fed rootworms to kill corn-fed rootworms compared to squash-fed rootworms improved in the Mexican and Agriotos isolates. The squash-selected Mexican isolate lost virulence against rootworms. Virulence of the Hybrid isolate did not change in response to selection on rootworms or host plant/rootworm combination. In general, changes in infective juvenile (IJ) production were not related to number of passages through rootworms. Using computer-aided image analysis, we measured the effects of selection on length and neutral lipid density and area in IJ. IJ selected on corn-fed rootworms were longer than those selected on squash-fed rootworms or maintained in G. mellonella . Length of IJ was positively correlated with the area of stained neutral lipids. The Hybrid isolate had a greater area and density of stained lipids than the Agriotos or Mexican isolates. IJ from nematodes selected on corn-fed rootworms tended to have a greater area of stained lipids, but not lipid density, compared with IJ selected on squash-fed rootworms or maintained in G. mellonella . There was a pattern for an inverse relationship between numbers of IJ produced and measures of lipid content. This pattern is discussed with reference to trade-offs in life history characteristics. Our results suggest that some characteristics of entomopathogenic nematodes can respond to selection on insect host plant, but that changes are dependent on the nematode isolate and the particular host plant on which the insect feeds. DA - 2003/5// PY - 2003/5// DO - 10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00187-1 VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - 81-94 SN - 1090-2112 KW - tritrophic level effects KW - adaptation KW - Steinernema carpocapsae KW - Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi KW - neutral lipids KW - trade-offs KW - image analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - A profile of putative parasitism genes expressed in the esophageal gland cells of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita AU - Huang, GZ AU - Gao, BL AU - Maier, T AU - Allen, R AU - Davis, EL AU - Baum, TJ AU - Hussey, RS T2 - MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS AB - Identifying parasitism genes encoding proteins secreted from a nematode's esophageal gland cells and injected through its stylet into plant tissue is the key to understanding the molecular basis of nematode parasitism of plants. Meloidogyne incognita parasitism genes were cloned by microaspirating the cytoplasm from the esophageal gland cells of different parasitic stages to provide mRNA to create a gland cell-specific cDNA library by long-distance reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Of 2,452 cDNA clones sequenced, deduced protein sequences of 185 cDNAs had a signal peptide for secretion and, thus, could have a role in root-knot nematode parasitism of plants. High-throughput in situ hybridization with cDNA clones encoding signal peptides resulted in probes of 37 unique clones specifically hybridizing to transcripts accumulating within the subventral (13 clones) or dorsal (24 clones) esophageal gland cells of M. incognita. In BLASTP analyses, 73% of the predicted proteins were novel proteins. Those with similarities to known proteins included a pectate lyase, acid phosphatase, and hypothetical proteins from other organisms. Our cell-specific analysis of genes encoding secretory proteins provided, for the first time, a profile of putative parasitism genes expressed in the M. incognita esophageal gland cells throughout the parasitic cycle. DA - 2003/5// PY - 2003/5// DO - 10.1094/MPMI.2003.16.5.376 VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - 376-381 SN - 1943-7706 KW - gland-cell cDNA library KW - plant-parasitic nematode KW - stylet secretions ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spinosad selection of a laboratory strain of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae), and characterization of resistance AU - Young, HP AU - Bailey, WD AU - Roe, RM T2 - CROP PROTECTION AB - The potential for insect resistance to the spinosyns, a novel class of insecticide chemistry, was examined using a laboratory strain of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), originally collected from tobacco at sites in North Carolina. Technical grade spinosad (spinosyns A and D), was topically applied to third instars. Initially 533 third instars were used but one to two thousand larvae were treated per generation thereafter. Initially mortality ranged from 75% to 85% with doses of 0.044–0.088 μg per larva, until the fifth generation (G5) when mortality decreased. The selection dose was subsequently increased every generation from G5 to G11 in an attempt to restore mortality to >70%. After six generations of selection, the LD50 of the selected budworms was 1.68-times that of the parental generation (G1) as estimated 15 d after treatment. By G14, the topical LD50 of the selected insects was 1068-fold greater than the parental generation. Four additional populations of the budworm from the southeastern US demonstrated similar LD50s to spinosad as our parental strain, suggesting that the parental budworms from North Carolina were representative of field populations elsewhere. The resistance ratio determined with spinosad (formulated as Tracer®) in heliothine diet was 314-fold at 15 d after the start of exposure. Injection of spinosad into the larval hemocoel resulted in a >163-fold resistance ratio 15 d after injection, indicating that resistance could not be explained simply by altered penetration alone. Mortality was delayed in the resistant relative to the parental generation regardless of whether third instars were topically treated or exposed to treated diet. Spinosad resistance was also expressed in G14 adults, indicating that an adult vial test would be feasible for monitoring resistance. A feeding disruption assay was developed to monitor larval resistance in the field. DA - 2003/3// PY - 2003/3// DO - 10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00147-3 VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 265-273 SN - 1873-6904 KW - spinosad KW - tracer KW - resistance KW - tobacco budworm KW - Heliothis virescens ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial processes in the evolution of resistance in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) to Bt transgenic corn and cotton in a mixed agroecosystem: a biology-rich stochastic simulation model AU - Storer, NP AU - Peck, SL AU - Gould, F AU - Van Duyn, JW AU - Kennedy, GG T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-96.1.156 VL - 96 IS - 1 SP - 156-172 SN - 1938-291X KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - transgenic crops KW - computer simulation KW - resistance management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sensitivity analysis of a spatially-explicit stochastic simulation model of the evolution of resistance in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) to Bt transgenic corn and cotton AU - Storer, NP AU - Peck, SL AU - Gould, F AU - Van Duyn, JW AU - Kennedy, GG T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-96.1.173 VL - 96 IS - 1 SP - 173-187 SN - 0022-0493 KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - transgenic crops KW - computer simulation KW - resistance management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal dispersal patterns of Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) and tomato spotted wilt virus occurrence in central and eastern North Carolina AU - Groves, RL AU - Walgenbach, JF AU - Moyer, JW AU - Kennedy, GG T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - The seasonal abundance and temporal pattern of Frankliniella fusca Hinds dispersal were monitored from 1996 to 2000 at 12 locations in central and eastern North Carolina. The predominant vector species of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) captured across all locations was F. fusca (98%). The temporal patterns of F. fusca dispersal observed during spring seasons varied among locations in all years except 2000. Regression analysis estimated that times of first flight in the spring seasons varied among locations, whereas flight duration intervals were similar. Temporal patterns of F. fusca captured varied significantly between aerial traps placed 0.1 and 1.0 m above the soil surface. Fewer total thrips were captured at 0.1 m, although thrips dispersal occurred earlier and over a greater time interval compared with 1.0-m traps. Temporal patterns of TSWV occurrence differed among locations in the spring seasons of 1999 and 2000, whereas patterns of virus occurrence were similar during the fall seasons. Patterns of F. filsca dispersal and subsequent TSWV occurrence were synchronous at locations in 1999 and 2000 where the greatest number of TSWV lesions was recorded. Knowledge of the temporal patterns of F. fiasca dispersal and TSWV occurrence may be a useful indicator for describing the time when susceptible crops are at highest risk of TSWV infection. DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-96.1.1 VL - 96 IS - 1 SP - 1-11 SN - 1938-291X KW - Frankliniella occidentalis KW - thrips KW - tomato spotted wilt virus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimated frequency of nonrecessive Bt resistance genes in bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) in eastern North Carolina AU - Burd, AD AU - Gould, F AU - Bradley, , JR AU - Van Duyn, JW AU - Moar, WJ T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-96.1.137 VL - 96 IS - 1 SP - 137-142 SN - 0022-0493 KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - Bt resistance KW - gene frequency KW - bollworm ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biology and genetics of a laboratory strain of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae), highly resistant to spinosad AU - Wyss, CF AU - Young, HP AU - Shukla, J AU - Roe, RM T2 - CROP PROTECTION AB - Tobacco budworm larvae, Heliothis virescens (F.), were collected from the field in North Carolina in 1996 and 1997 and established as a laboratory (parental) strain. When a subset of these insects was selected by the topical application of technical spinosad (a mixture of spinosyns A and D) every generation for 13 generations, they became highly resistant to the insecticide. The resistance ratio for topically applied spinosad based on differences in the LD50 between the parental (susceptible) and the resistant (generation 19) strain was 669-fold when fourth stadium larvae were treated. The susceptible strain LD50 18d after treatment was 0.11μg of active ingredient per larva while the LD50 for generation (G) 19 of the resistant strain was 73.55μg per larva. Reciprocal single pair matings between the resistant and the parental strain and backcrosses of F1(R×S) females with resistant males indicated that a non-sex linked, (partially) recessive single gene was responsible for spinosad resistance. The F1 larvae were only slightly (5.3–5.6-fold) resistant compared to the parental strain. The stability of resistance was tested by removing spinosad selection for five generations. In the absence of immigration of susceptible budworms into the population and insecticide treatments, the LD50 decreased only 1.4-fold. The only differences noted in the biology of the parental and resistant strain was that the resistant males developed slower as larvae and emerged as adults later than the susceptible males and had a slightly smaller 1d old pupal wet weight. However, when 80% highly resistant and 20% parental moths of both sexes were allowed to mate freely, the majority of the offspring (84.6%) were susceptible to spinosad. This suggests a reduced reproductive competitiveness for the resistant strain. DA - 2003/3// PY - 2003/3// DO - 10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00153-9 VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 307-314 SN - 1873-6904 KW - tobacco budworm KW - Heliothis virescens KW - spinosad KW - resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Oviposition preference of Lygocoris pabulinus (Het., Miridae) in relation to plants and conspecifics AU - Groot, AT AU - Heijboer, A AU - Visser, JH AU - Dicke, M T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AB - Abstract: To predict possible locations of Lygocoris pabulinus (L) in the field during the summer, we determined their oviposition preference under summer conditions. With L. pabulinus reared on potato, oviposition preference was determined for potato, tomato or green bean. As preference may depend on larval or early adult experience, the oviposition preference of bugs reared on green bean for three generations, and of bugs captured from the field 12 h prior to the experiment was also determined. All females showed a strong preference for potato plants, on which fecundity was higher. Hence, although L. pabulinus is a generalist in its feeding habits, the summer generation seems to be an oviposition specialist. Aggregation of ovipositing females does not seem to occur; similar amounts of eggs were oviposited in plants with clip cages containing conspecifics as in plants without conspecifics. More eggs were oviposited in damaged plants than in undamaged plants. Plant volatiles released upon damage may aid L. pabulinus females in finding suitable oviposition sites. DA - 2003/3// PY - 2003/3// DO - 10.1046/j.1439-0418.2003.00669.x VL - 127 IS - 2 SP - 65-71 SN - 1439-0418 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cis-acting regulatory elements in the potato virus X 3 ' non-translated region differentially affect minus-strand and plus-strand RNA accumulation AU - Pillai-Nair, N AU - Kim, KH AU - Hemenway, C T2 - JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB - The 72 nt 3′ non-translated region (NTR) of potato virus X (PVX) RNA is identical in all sequenced PVX strains and contains sequences that are conserved among all potexviruses. Computer folding of the 3′ NTR sequence predicted three stem-loop structures (SL1, SL2, and SL3 in the 3′ to 5′ direction), which generally were supported by solution structure analyses. The importance of these sequence and/or structural elements to PVX RNA accumulation was further analyzed by inoculation of Nicotiana tabacum (NT-1) protoplasts with PVX transcripts containing mutations in the 3′ NTR. Analyses of RNA accumulation by S1 nuclease protection indicated that multiple sequence elements throughout the 3′ NTR were important for minus-strand RNA accumulation. Formation of SL3 was required for accumulation of minus-strand RNA, whereas SL1 and SL2 formation were less important. However, sequences within all of these predicted structures were required for minus-strand RNA accumulation, including a conserved hexanucleotide sequence element in the loop of SL3, and the CU nucleotide in a U-rich sequence within SL2. In contrast, 13 nucleotides that were predicted to reside in SL1 could be deleted without any significant reduction in minus or plus-strand RNA levels. Potential polyadenylation signals (near upstream elements; NUEs) in the 3′ NTR of PVX RNA were more important for plus-strand RNA accumulation than for minus-strand RNA accumulation. In addition, one of these NUEs overlapped with other sequence required for optimal minus-strand RNA levels. These data indicate that the PVX 3′ NTR contains multiple, overlapping elements that influence accumulation of both minus and plus-strand RNA. DA - 2003/2/21/ PY - 2003/2/21/ DO - 10.1016/S0022-2836(02)01369-4 VL - 326 IS - 3 SP - 701-720 SN - 0022-2836 KW - potato virus X KW - RNA replication KW - RNA structure KW - RNA virus KW - stem-loop ER - TY - CHAP TI - Phytophthora blight on bell pepper AU - Ristaino, J. B. T2 - Compendium of pepper diseases CN - SB608 .P5 C66 2003 PY - 2003/// PB - St. Paul, MN: American Phytopathological Society Press SN - 0890543003 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Whitefringed beetles (Graphognathus spp.) damage to North Carolina cotton AU - Faircloth, JC AU - Edmisten, KL AU - Bradley, , JR T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Joel C. Faircloth, Keith L. Edmisten, J. R. Bradley; Whitefringed Beetles (Graphognathus spp.) Damage to North Carolina Cotton. Journal of Entomological Science 1 January 2003; 38 (1): 140. doi: https://doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-38.1.140 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest Search DA - 2003/1// PY - 2003/1// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-38.1.140 VL - 38 IS - 1 SP - 140-140 SN - 0749-8004 KW - seedling cotton KW - conservation tillage KW - crop host ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interactions between bacteria and plant-parasitic nematodes: now and then AU - Bird, DM AU - Opperman, CH AU - Davies, KG T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY AB - Based on genome-to-genome analyses of gene sequences obtained from plant-parasitic, root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), it seems likely that certain genes have been derived from bacteria by horizontal gene transfer. Strikingly, a common theme underpinning the function of these genes is their apparent direct relationship to the nematodes' parasitic lifestyle. Phylogenetic analyses implicate rhizobacteria as the predominant group of 'gene donor' bacteria. Root-knot nematodes and rhizobia occupy similar niches in the soil and in roots, and thus the opportunity for genetic exchange may be omnipresent. Further, both organisms establish intimate developmental interactions with host plants, and mounting evidence suggests that the mechanisms for these interactions are shared too. We propose that the origin of parasitism in Meloidogyne may have been facilitated by acquisition of genetic material from soil bacteria through horizontal transfer, and that such events represented key steps in speciation of plant-parasitic nematodes. To further understand the mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer, and also to provide experimental tools to manipulate this promising bio-control agent, we have initiated a genomic sequence of the bacterial hyper-parasite of plant parasitic nematodes, Pasteuria penetrans. Initial data have established that P. penetrans is closely related to Bacillus spp., to the extent that considerable genome synteny is apparent. Hence, Bacillus serves as a model for Pasteuria, and vice versa. DA - 2003/9/30/ PY - 2003/9/30/ DO - 10.1016/S0020-7519(03)00160-7 VL - 33 IS - 11 SP - 1269-1276 SN - 1879-0135 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0042326079&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - horizontal gene transfer KW - Meloidogyne KW - Pasteuria penetrans KW - rhizobia KW - root-knot nematode KW - synteny ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogeny of the Dictyoptera Re-examined (Insecta) AU - Deitz, L.. L.. AU - Nalepa, C. AU - Klass, K.-D. T2 - Entomologische Abhandlungen DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 61 IS - 1 SP - 69-91 ER - TY - PAT TI - Pesticidal activity of functionalized alkenes AU - Linderman, R. J. AU - Roe, R. M. AU - Thompson, D. M. AU - Vanderherehen, M. C2 - 2003/// DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ocoidae, a new family of asiloid flies (Diptera : Brachycera : Asiloidea), based on Ocoa chilensis gen. and sp.n. from Chile, South America AU - Yeates, DK AU - Irwin, ME AU - Wiegmann, BM T2 - SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Abstract. The monotypic new family Ocoidae is described to accommodate Ocoa gen.n., small, elongate, delicate, asiloid flies known from west‐central Chile, South America. Both sexes of adult O. chilensis sp.n. are described and illustrated; immature stages are unknown. Diagnostic morphological features of adults include the antennal postpedicel comprising a single, undivided structure consisting of a bulbous base and a long, threadlike terminal element; vein M 3 lacking, anal vein complete; acropod heterodactylus; spurs lacking on all tibiae; and anterior surface of hind coxa with strong, knoblike, bulbous projection; and abdominal tergite 2 lacking sensory patches of hairs. The epandrium of the male terminalia is divided along the midline into two sicklelike sections; gonostyli articulate in a horizontal plane. The female terminalia has well‐developed acanthophorite spines; posterior margin of hypoproct with several ventrally projecting, elongate, needlelike setae; two large, poorly sclerotized spermathecae; and a spermathecal sac that is smaller than each spermatheca. The relationships of this enigmatic family are discussed in relation to recent findings on the phylogeny and classification of the Asiloidea. Ocoidae are similar to Therevidae and close relatives Scenopinidae and Apsilocephalidae, comprising the therevoid group of families; however, they lack defining synapomorphies of those families. Morphological evidence supports a sister‐group relationship between Ocoidae and Scenopinidae. Molecular evidence from 28S rDNA provides further support for the monophyly of the therevoid group of families, and suggests that Ocoidae belongs within this clade, in agreement with the morphological data. The nucleotide data place Ocoidae as sister to the Scenopinidae + Therevidae, but the morphology‐based hypothesis of relationships (Ocoidae + Scenopinidae) is only two additional steps (0.2%) on the optimal trees from the molecular data. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-3113.2003.00224.x VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 417-431 SN - 1365-3113 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular phylogeny of Neuropterida with emphasis on the lacewings (Neuroptera). AU - Winterton, S. L. T2 - Entomologische Abhandlungen DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 61 IS - 2 SP - 158-160 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A new mode of parental care in cockroaches AU - Perry, J AU - Nalepa, CA T2 - INSECTES SOCIAUX DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1007/s00040-003-0665-5 VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - 245-247 SN - 0020-1812 KW - Madagascar hissing cockroach KW - Dictyoptera KW - Blaberidae KW - parental investment KW - ovoviviparity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rotylenchulus reniformis management in cotton with crop rotation AU - Davis, R. F. AU - Koenning, S. R. AU - Kemerait, R. C. AU - Cummings, T. D. AU - Shurley, W. D. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 58-64 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lotus japonicus: A new model to study root-parasitic nematodes AU - Lohar, DP AU - Bird, DM T2 - PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY AB - Sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes engage in complex interactions, and induce specialized feeding structures by redirecting plant developmental pathways, and parallels have been observed with rhizobial nodule development on legumes. A model legume would greatly facilitate a better understanding of the differences between parasitic (nematode) and mutualistic (rhizobia and mycorrhizae) symbioses, and we have developed Lotus japonicus as such a model. Conditions for efficient parasitism by root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) of the widely used Lotus “Gifu” ecotype were established. Features of Lotus biology, such as thin and translucent roots, proved ideal for monitoring the progress of nematode infection both on live specimens and post-staining. We examined L. japonicus mutants with nodulation phenotypes. One, har1, which is a hypernodulated mutant defective in a CLAVATA1-like receptor kinase gene, was found to be hyperinfected by M. incognita. However, another hypernodulated Lotus mutant exhibited the same level of M. incognita infection as wild-type plants. We also established conditions for infection of Lotus by soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). In contrast to the response to root-knot nematode, the Gifu ecotype is resistant to H. glycines, and elicits a hypersensitive response. This pattern of resistance recapitulates that seen on nematode-resistant soybean plants. We conclude that L. japonicus is a powerful model legume for studying compatible and incompatible plant–nematode interactions. DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// DO - 10.1093/pcp/pcg146 VL - 44 IS - 11 SP - 1176-1184 SN - 1471-9053 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0348038676&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - CLAVATA1-like receptor kinase KW - har1 KW - Heterodera glycines KW - hypersensitive response KW - Lotus japonicus KW - Meloidogyne spp. ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of disturbance and ecosystem on decomposition AU - Neher, DA AU - Barbercheck, ME AU - El-Allaf, SM AU - Anas, O T2 - APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY AB - Decomposition of organic matter integrates collective activities of organisms within the soil food web. We compared decomposition of museum board (predominantly cellulose) and balsa wood substrates in 18 sites chosen to represent a completely nested design with two disturbance levels nested within three ecosystems (agriculture, wetland, and forest) and ecosystems nested within three land resource regions (LRR) in North Carolina. Percentage mass remaining and daily rate of mass loss of museum board and balsa wood substrates were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of covariance with soil physical and chemical properties as covariates. At the end of the two-year monitoring period, the percentage of museum board and balsa wood substrates remaining was least in agricultural and wetland and greatest in forest ecosystems. Soil pH influenced the percentage of substrate remaining based on days of incubation, and its effects were greater than electrical conductivity, percentage soil organic matter, and total available soil nitrogen (N). Percentage of substrate remaining (museum board or balsa wood) was correlated negatively with pH for all sites, suggesting that pH should be included as a covariate if measures of decomposition are used as environmental indicators. Overall, rate of decomposition of museum board substrates distinguished between relative levels of disturbance in agricultural and wetland but not forest ecosystems. The rate of balsa wood decomposition distinguished between relative levels of disturbance in wetland but not forest or agricultural sites. Forest soils had consistently lower total N and electrical conductivity, and sometimes lower pH, associated with slower decomposition than disturbed wetlands or agricultural lands. We conclude that for short-term monitoring, measures of decomposition of predominantly cellulose substrates can be used to distinguish between relative levels of disturbance in agricultural and wetland but not forest systems. Differences in decomposition may signal either a change in decomposer community or condition of biotic and abiotic resources at a site. DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// DO - 10.1016/S0929-1393(03)00043-X VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 165-179 SN - 1873-0272 KW - agricultural ecosystems KW - balsa wood KW - cellulose KW - decomposition KW - environmental monitoring KW - forests KW - indicators KW - lignin KW - wetlands ER - TY - JOUR TI - Black sigatoka: An increasing threat to banana cultivation AU - Marin, DH AU - Romero, RA AU - Guzman, M AU - Sutton, TB T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - HomePlant DiseaseVol. 87, No. 3Black Sigatoka: An Increasing Threat to Banana Cultivation PreviousNext OPENOpen Access licenseBlack Sigatoka: An Increasing Threat to Banana CultivationDouglas H. Marín, Ronald A. Romero, Mauricio Guzmán, and Turner B. SuttonDouglas H. MarínSearch for more papers by this author, Ronald A. RomeroSearch for more papers by this author, Mauricio GuzmánSearch for more papers by this author, and Turner B. SuttonCorresponding author: Turner B. Sutton, North Carolina State University, Raleigh; E-mail: E-mail Address: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations Douglas H. Marín , Del Monte Fresh Produce Ronald A. Romero , Chiquita Brands Mauricio Guzmán , National Banana Corporation of Costa Rica Turner B. Sutton , North Carolina State University, Raleigh Published Online:23 Feb 2007https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.3.208AboutSectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 87, No. 3 March 2003SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 25 Jan 2008Published: 23 Feb 2007 Pages: 208-222 Information© 2003 The American Phytopathological SocietyPDF downloadCited byEffect of duration of mycelia fragmentation and concentration on virulence of Mycosphaerella fijiensis in banana16 June 2023 | Brazilian Journal of Science, Vol. 2, No. 11Leaf disease detection using machine learning and deep learning: Review and challengesApplied Soft Computing, Vol. 3Screening and Optimization of Fermentation Medium for Bacillus velezensis BP-1 and Its Biocontrol Effects against Peyronellaea arachidicola7 April 2023 | Applied Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 8High level of somatic mutations detected in a diploid banana wild relative Musa basjoo26 October 2022 | Molecular Genetics and Genomics, Vol. 298, No. 1Plant extracts as potential control agents of Black Sigatoka in banana7 September 2022 | Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 104, No. 4Prediction of Banana Production Using Epidemiological Parameters of Black Sigatoka: An Application with Random Forest29 October 2022 | Sustainability, Vol. 14, No. 21Plantain hybrids for the humid forest agroecology of Central Africa – diseases and pests load, fruit yield and farmers perception1 November 2022 | Plant Production Science, Vol. 25, No. 4The long road to a sustainable banana trade16 September 2022 | PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET, Vol. 18Regional disparities in impacts of climate extremes require targeted adaptation of Fairtrade supply chainsOne Earth, Vol. 5, No. 8Gene Expression, Histology and Histochemistry in the Interaction between Musa sp. and Pseudocercospora fijiensis27 July 2022 | Plants, Vol. 11, No. 15Novel mating-type-associated genes and gene fragments in the genomes of Mycosphaerellaceae and Teratosphaeriaceae fungiMolecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Vol. 171Producing Crops without Mancozeb? 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management in the field18 December 2014 | Biocontrol Science and Technology, Vol. 25, No. 4Do some IPM concepts contribute to the development of fungicide resistance? Lessons learned from the apple scab pathosystem in the United States6 February 2014 | Pest Management Science, Vol. 71, No. 3A novel bioassay to monitor fungicide sensitivity in Mycosphaerella fijiensis11 June 2014 | Pest Management Science, Vol. 71, No. 3Lintnerization of banana starch isolated from underutilized variety: morphological, thermal, functional properties, and digestibility4 July 2014 | CyTA - Journal of Food, Vol. 13, No. 1Banana DiseasesThe arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus Rhizophagus irregularis MUCL 41833 decreases disease severity of Black Sigatoka on banana c.v. Grande naine, under in vitro culture conditions20 January 2015 | Fruits, Vol. 70, No. 1Same Disease-different research strategies: Bananas and Black Sigatoka in Brazil and Colombia22 July 2014 | Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, Vol. 35, No. 3Multiple response optimization of Bacillus subtilis EA-CB0015 culture and identification of antifungal metabolitesBiocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, Vol. 3, No. 4Long-Distance Wind-Dispersal of Spores in a Fungal Plant Pathogen: Estimation of Anisotropic Dispersal Kernels from an Extensive Field Experiment12 August 2014 | PLoS ONE, Vol. 9, No. 8Positive selection and intragenic recombination contribute to high allelic diversity in effector genes of Mycosphaerella fijiensis , causal agent of the black leaf streak disease of banana16 December 2013 | Molecular Plant Pathology, Vol. 15, No. 5Role of ascospores and conidia in the initiation and spread of South American leaf blight in a rubber tree plantation11 September 2013 | Plant Pathology, Vol. 63, No. 3Response of Perennial Horticultural Crops to Climate Change9 May 2014Climate Change Impacts on Plant Pathogens and Plant Diseases9 January 2014 | Journal of Crop Improvement, Vol. 28, No. 1Mycosphaerella musicola Identified as the Only Pathogen of the Sigatoka Disease Complex Present in Minas Gerais State, BrazilLahyre Izaete S. Gomes, Greg W. Douhan, Líllian B. J. Bibiano, Luiz A. Maffia, and Eduardo S. G. Mizubuti6 November 2013 | Plant Disease, Vol. 97, No. 12Evaluation of banana hybrids for tolerance to black leaf streak (Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet) in Puerto RicoCrop Protection, Vol. 54Analysis of the leaf transcriptome of Musa acuminata during interaction with Mycosphaerella musicola: gene assembly, annotation and marker development5 February 2013 | BMC Genomics, Vol. 14, No. 1Climate change driven shifts in the extent and location of areas suitable for export banana productionEcological Economics, Vol. 95In vitro antifungal activity of synthetic dsRNA molecules against two pathogens of banana, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense and Mycosphaerella fijiensis7 March 2013 | Pest Management Science, Vol. 69, No. 10Sensitivity of isolates of Macrophoma theicola from untreated and DMI treated tea to hexaconazole31 March 2016 | Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, Vol. 120, No. 5-6Dothideomycetes20 September 2013Predicted economic impact of black Sigatoka on the Australian banana industryCrop Protection, Vol. 51Pathogenic variation of Mycosphaerella species infecting banana and plantain in Nigeria2 July 2012 | Plant Pathology, Vol. 62, No. 2Expression of a rice chitinase gene in transgenic banana (‘Gros Michel’, AAA genome group) confers resistance to black leaf streak disease13 July 2012 | Transgenic Research, Vol. 22, No. 1Mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel extract fractions from different cultivars differentially affect lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cellsFood & Function, Vol. 4, No. 3“A draft Musa balbisiana genome sequence for molecular genetics in polyploid, inter- and intra-specific Musa hybrids”BMC Genomics, Vol. 14, No. 1Abundance, distribution and potential impact of transposable elements in the genome of Mycosphaerella fijiensis22 December 2012 | BMC Genomics, Vol. 13, No. 1Understanding the recent colonization history of a plant pathogenic fungus using population genetic tools and Approximate Bayesian Computation25 July 2012 | Heredity, Vol. 109, No. 5Cultivable Bacteria Populations Associated with Leaves of Banana and Plantain Plants and Their Antagonistic Activity Against Mycosphaerella fijiensis5 May 2012 | Microbial Ecology, Vol. 64, No. 3Pericarps retained in the tree canopy and stomatal abundance are components of resistance to husk spot caused by Pseudocercospora macadamiae in macadamia24 February 2012 | Euphytica, Vol. 185, No. 2Silicon Reduces Black Sigatoka Development in BananaL. 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E. Brooks11 December 2007 | Plant Disease, Vol. 92, No. 1Molecular Diagnostics for the Sigatoka Disease Complex of BananaMahdi Arzanlou, Edwin C. A. Abeln, Gert H. J. Kema, Cees Waalwijk, Jean Carlier, Ineke de Vries, Mauricio Guzmán, and Pedro W. Crous9 August 2007 | Phytopathology®, Vol. 97, No. 9A Quantitative Assay Using Mycelial Fragments to Assess Virulence of Mycosphaerella fijiensisBruno Giuliano Garisto Donzelli and Alice C. L. Churchill11 July 2007 | Phytopathology®, Vol. 97, No. 8Phenalenone-Type Compounds from Musa acuminata var. “Yangambi km 5” (AAA) and Their Activity against Mycosphaerella fijiensis12 April 2007 | Journal of Natural Products, Vol. 70, No. 5Rapid Screening of Musa Species for Resistance to Black Leaf Streak Using In Vitro Plantlets in Tubes and Detached LeavesM. Twizeyimana, P. S. Ojiambo, A. Tenkouano, T. Ikotun, and R. 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Timmer5 February 2007 | Phytopathology®, Vol. 94, No. 9 DA - 2003/3// PY - 2003/3// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.3.208 VL - 87 IS - 3 SP - 208-222 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aux/IAA gene family is conserved in the gymnosperm, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) AU - Goldfarb, B AU - Lanz-Garcia, C AU - Lian, ZG AU - Whetten, R T2 - TREE PHYSIOLOGY AB - We isolated five members of the Aux/IAA gene family in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Degenerate primers complementary to conserved regions of angiosperm Aux/IAA genes were used to amplify fragments that were, in turn, used as probes to screen a cDNA library constructed from auxin-treated hypocotyls. The five unique clones, named PTIAA1-5, contain the four highly conserved domains that are characteristic of the Aux/IAA proteins. All clones contain the bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) between Domains I and II that is predicted in most angiosperm Aux/IAA genes, but only one, PTIAA2, contains the conserved NLS in Domain IV. The five invariant residues in Domain II that have been found to constitute part of a protein destabilization element in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. are conserved in all the PTIAAs. A postulated phosphorylation site located between Domains I and II and proximal to the conserved bipartite NLS was conserved in 20 out of 36 genes in this analysis, including the pine genes. Transcripts of all five PTIAAs accumulated specifically in the hypocotyls in response to exogenous auxin treatment and were induced by all auxins tested. Transcript abundance above basal levels in response to 1-naphthaleneacetic acid treatment was first detected after 10 min (PTIAA3) to 3 h (PTIAA2) in the different genes and remained above basal levels throughout 7 days. Induction of PTIAA2 was inhibited by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, indicating that PTIAA2 is a secondary response gene. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all five pine genes clustered within a single class (Class I) of the dendrogram. Clone PTIAA2 has a sequence that is relatively distinct from the other four and is the most closely related to the angiosperm genes of Class I. Class I contains both primary and secondary auxin response genes, suggesting that it is the original lineage and that other gene classes have evolved subsequent to the angiosperm/gymnosperm divergence. DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.1093/treephys/23.17.1181 VL - 23 IS - 17 SP - 1181-1192 SN - 1758-4469 KW - adventitious roots KW - auxin KW - auxin-induced genes KW - early response genes KW - multi-gene family ER - TY - JOUR TI - Are roots special? Nematodes have their say AU - Bird, DM AU - Kaloshian, I T2 - PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY AB - Nematodes are ubiquitous and cosmopolitan parasites of vascular plants, causing substantial crop damage. Although various species exploit all parts of the plant, roots are the major target. Nematodes deploy a broad spectrum of feeding strategies, ranging from simple grazing to the establishment of complex cellular structures (including galls) in host tissues. Various models of feeding site formation have been proposed, and a rôle for phytohormones has long been speculated. Based on recent molecular evidence we present several scenarios involving phytohormones in the induction of giant cells by root-knot nematodes. The origin of parasitism by nematodes, and the rôle of horizontal gene transfer from microbes is discussed. Throughout, parallels with aphid-plant interactions are emphasized. DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// DO - 10.1016/S0885-5765(03)00045-6 VL - 62 IS - 2 SP - 115-123 SN - 0885-5765 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038374984&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Caenorhabditis elegans KW - genomics KW - horizontal-gene transfer KW - Macrosiphum euphorbiae KW - Meloidogyne spp KW - rhizobia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis and functional classification of transcripts from the nematode Meloidogyne incognita. AU - McCarter, J.P. AU - Mitreva, M.D. AU - Martin, J. AU - Dante, M. AU - Wylie, T. AU - Rao, U. AU - Pape, D. AU - Bowers, Y. AU - Theising, B. AU - Murphy, C.V. AU - Kloek, A.P. AU - Chiapelli, B.J. AU - Clifton, S.W. AU - Bird, D.M. AU - Waterston, R.H. T2 - Genome biology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - R26-1 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-9444261296&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptation and market potential of Jack o' Lantern and miniature pumpkin cultivars in eastern North Carolina AU - Stanghellini, MS AU - Schultheis, , JR AU - Holmes, GJ T2 - HORTTECHNOLOGY AB - In 1998 and 1999, a total of 27 large-fruited and 15 miniature-fruited pumpkin ( Cucurbita pepo ) cultivars were evaluated for adaptation to eastern North Carolina grow- ing conditions. Test categories were yield (fruit number and weight); fruit characteristics (shape, rind and stem attributes); and susceptibility to edema (wart-like growths on fruit exterior), foliar diseases, preharvest and postharvest fruit decay, and viruses. Yields of large pumpkins ranged from over 3,200 fruit/acre (7,907 fruit/ha) for `SVT 4613367', `Autumn Gold', and `Gold Standard' to less than 1,000 fruit/acre (2,471 fruit/ha) for `Gold Rush' and `Progold 200'. For miniature pumpkins, over 33,000 fruit/acre (81,542 fruit/ha) were produced by `Touch of Autumn', `Lil' Pump- ke-mon', and `HMX 5682', whereas `Mystic' and `Progold 100' produced less than 7,000 fruit/acre (17,297 fruit/ha). `Gold Rush', `Howden', and `Progold 510' (large), and `EXT 4612297', `Lil' Goblin', and `Lil' Ironsides' (miniature) appeared the most susceptible to foliar diseases. Preharvest fruit decay ranged from 0% for `Howden' and `EXT 4612297' to over 20% for `Lil' Goblin', `Jumping Jack', `Peek-A-Boo', and `Tom Fox'. Virus incidence on fruit and foliage was low on virus-resistant cultivars ('SVT 4613367' and `EXT 4612297'), and ranged from 4% to 74% for nontransgenic cultivars. Virus incidence and/or severity on foliage and fruit were not related. `Early Autumn' (large) and `Touch of Autumn' (miniature) were the most prone to edema. `Aspen' and `Magic Lantern' (large) and `Baby Pam', `Lil' Goblin', and `Spooktacular' (miniature) were the most susceptible to postharvest fruit decay. Fruit characteristics are discussed in relation to marketability and possible consumer appeal to pumpkins. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.21273/horttech.13.3.0532 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 532-539 SN - 1063-0198 KW - Cucurbita pepo KW - papaya ringspot virus KW - Phytophthora nicotianae KW - postharvest fruit decay KW - southern blight KW - vegetable production KW - watermelon mosaic virus KW - zucchini yellow KW - mosaic virus KW - yield ER - TY - JOUR TI - Within-generation bet hedging: a seductive explanation? AU - Hopper, K. R. AU - Rosenheim, J. A. T2 - Oikos (Copenhagen, Denmark) DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 101 IS - 1 SP - 219-222 ER -