TY - JOUR TI - Progress towards the development of a transgenic strain of the Australian sheep blowfly (Lucilia cuprina) suitable for a male-only sterile release program AU - Scott, Maxwell J AU - Heinrich, Jörg C AU - Li, Xuelei T2 - Insect biochemistry and molecular biology DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 185-192 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dung beetles of central and eastern North Carolina cattle pastures AU - Bertone, Matt AU - Watson, Wes AU - Stringham, Mike AU - Green, Jim AU - Washburn, Steve AU - Poore, Matt AU - Hucks, Mark T2 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// SP - 1-7 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae and Geotrupidae) of North Carolina cattle pastures and their implications for pasture improvement AU - Bertone, Matthew Alan DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae and Geotrupidae) in North Carolina Pasture Ecosystem AU - Bertone, M T2 - Bertone, M. Entomology. North Carolina University, Raleigh, North Carolina DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// SP - 134 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Swaminathania salitolerans gen. nov., sp. nov., a salt-tolerant, nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacterium from wild rice (Porteresia coarctata Tateoka) T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY AB - A novel species, Swaminathania salitolerans gen. nov., sp. nov., was isolated from the rhizosphere, roots and stems of salt-tolerant, mangrove-associated wild rice ( Porteresia coarctata Tateoka) using nitrogen-free, semi-solid LGI medium at pH 5·5. Strains were Gram-negative, rod-shaped and motile with peritrichous flagella. The strains grew well in the presence of 0·35 % acetic acid, 3 % NaCl and 1 % KNO 3 , and produced acid from l -arabinose, d -glucose, glycerol, ethanol, d -mannose, d -galactose and sorbitol. They oxidized ethanol and grew well on mannitol and glutamate agar. The fatty acids 18 : 1 ω 7 c / ω 9 t / ω 12 t and 19 : 0cyclo ω 8 c constituted 30·41 and 11·80 % total fatty acids, respectively, whereas 13 : 1 AT 12–13 was found at 0·53 %. DNA G+C content was 57·6–59·9 mol% and the major quinone was Q-10. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that these strains were related to the genera Acidomonas , Asaia , Acetobacter , Gluconacetobacter , Gluconobacter and Kozakia in the Acetobacteraceae . Isolates were able to fix nitrogen and solubilized phosphate in the presence of NaCl. Based on overall analysis of the tests and comparison with the characteristics of members of the Acetobacteraceae , a novel genus and species is proposed for these isolates, Swaminathania salitolerans gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is PA51 T (=LMG 21291 T =MTCC 3852 T ). DA - 2004/7/1/ PY - 2004/7/1/ DO - 10.1099/ijs.0.02817-0 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02817-0 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutrient-Dependent Reduced Growth and Survival of Larval Culex restuans (Diptera: Culicidae): Laboratory and Field Experiments in Michigan AU - Reiskind, Michael H. AU - Walton, Emily T. AU - Wilson, Mark L. T2 - Journal of Medical Entomology AB - Culex restuans Theobold, a putative vector of West Nile virus among birds in northern North America, also may serve as a bridge vector to mammals. Despite its potential public health importance, little is known about what regulates populations of this species. Mosquitoes generally are subject to both density-dependent reductions in survival and growth and to density-independent limitations on their population abundances. The mechanisms by which density dependence may occur in this species were examined in both field and laboratory studies. Nutrient-dependent reductions in growth were found in field studies. Under laboratory conditions, nutrient levels in larval habitats and total water volume per container contributed to survival and growth of larvae. We related these findings to density-independent changes in available habitat for larval development observed in other studies. These results may suggest a mechanism for patterns of mosquito abundance. DA - 2004/7/1/ PY - 2004/7/1/ DO - 10.1603/0022-2585-41.4.650 VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - 650-656 SN - 0022-2585 1938-2928 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-41.4.650 KW - density dependence KW - population regulation KW - larval habitat KW - West Nile virus ER - TY - CHAP TI - Sex Pheromones of Cockroaches AU - Gemeno, C. AU - Schal, C. T2 - Advances in Insect Chemical Ecology A2 - Cardé, R.T. A2 - Millar, J. PY - 2004/// SP - 179–247 PB - Cambridge University Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Culex restuans (Diptera: Culicidae) Oviposition Behavior Determined by Larval Habitat Quality and Quantity in Southeastern Michigan AU - Reiskind, Michael H. AU - Wilson, Mark L. T2 - Journal of Medical Entomology AB - Oviposition is a critical stage in the mosquito lifecycle, and may determine population levels, distribution, biting behavior, and pathogen transmission. Knowledge of the oviposition behavior of Culex restuans Theobald has become particularly important with the emergence of West Nile virus (WNV) in North America. Laboratory and field studies have examined some factors that contribute to oviposition choice in Culex spp., but few studies have investigated responses to cues of future competition and breeding habitat availability in the field. We hypothesized that female Cx. restuans mosquitoes avoid laying eggs in habitats containing cues of larval competition, and that increased availability of larval habitat decreases egg density. To test these hypotheses, a series of field experiments were conducted in southeastern Michigan during summer 2002. We found that female mosquitoes prefer nutrient-enriched containers and decrease ovipositing in containers with conspecific larvae. In addition, greater habitat abundance decreased egg clutch density per container, although there was considerable aggregation of egg clutches. These results support our hypotheses and have potentially important implications for pathogen transmission by mosquitoes. DA - 2004/3/1/ PY - 2004/3/1/ DO - 10.1603/0022-2585-41.2.179 VL - 41 IS - 2 SP - 179-186 SN - 0022-2585 1938-2928 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-41.2.179 KW - mosquito oviposition KW - larval habitat KW - landscape ecology KW - density dependence KW - West Nile virus ER - TY - BOOK TI - Integrated Pest Management in the Global Arena. Edited by K M  Maredia, D  Dakouo, and , D  Mota‐Sanchez. Wallingford (United Kingdom) and Cambridge (Massachusetts): CABI Publishing. $149.00. xxv + 512 p; ill.; index. ISBN: 0–85199–652–3. 2003. AU - Kennedy, George G AU - Maredia, K.M. AU - Dakouo, D. AU - Mota-Sanchez, D. AB - Previous articleNext article No AccessEnvironmental SciencesIntegrated Pest Management in the Global Arena. Edited by K M Maredia, D Dakouo, and , D Mota‐Sanchez. Wallingford (United Kingdom) and Cambridge (Massachusetts): CABI Publishing. $149.00. xxv + 512 p; ill.; index. ISBN: 0–85199–652–3. 2003.George G KennedyGeorge G KennedyEntomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina Search for more articles by this author Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North CarolinaPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 79, Number 3September 2004 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/425817 Views: 4Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article. DA - 2004/9// PY - 2004/9// DO - 10.1086/425817 VL - 79 PB - University of Chicago Press SE - 327–328 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/425817 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of termite lipophorin and its involvement in hydrocarbon transport AU - Fan, Yongliang AU - Schal, Coby AU - Vargo, Edward L AU - Bagnères, Anne-Geneviève T2 - Journal of Insect Physiology AB - The transport of lipids constitutes a vital function in insects and requires the plasma lipoprotein lipophorin. In all insects examined to date, cuticular hydrocarbons are also transported through the hemolymph by lipophorin, and in social insects they play important roles not only in water proofing the cuticle but also in nestmate recognition. High-density lipophorin (HDLp), isolated from Reticulitermes flavipes plasma by KBr gradient ultracentrifugation, contains 66.2% protein and 33.8% lipids; hydrocarbons constitute its major neutral lipid (20.4% of total lipids). Anti-lipophorin serum was generated in rabbit and its specific association with lipophorin, and not with any other plasma proteins, was verified with Western blotting. Immunoprecipitation also confirmed that this antibody specifically recognizes lipophorin, because all hemolymph hydrocarbons of the termites R. flavipes and R. lucifugus and the cockroach Supella longipalpa, which associate only with lipophorin, were recovered in the immunoprecipitated protein. Cross-reactivity of the antiserum with lipophorin from related species was investigated by double immunodiffusion with 10 termite species in the genera Reticulitermes, Coptotermes, Zootermopsis, and Kalotermes, and with five cockroach species. Involvement of lipophorin in hydrocarbon transport was shown by injecting HDLp antiserum into Zootermopsis nevadensis and then monitoring the de novo biosynthesis of hydrocarbons and their transport to the cuticular surface; the antiserum significantly disrupted hydrocarbon transport. ELISA revealed a gradual increase in the lipophorin titer in successively larger R. flavipes workers, and differences among castes in lipophorin titers were highest between nymphs and first instar larvae. DA - 2004/7// PY - 2004/7// DO - 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2004.04.007 VL - 50 IS - 7 SP - 609-620 J2 - Journal of Insect Physiology LA - en OP - SN - 0022-1910 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2004.04.007 DB - Crossref KW - Reticulitermes flavipes KW - ELISA KW - hydrocarbon KW - lipophorin termite ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cloning, sequencing and functional analysis of Magnaporthe grisea MVP1 gene, a hex-1 homolog encoding a putative ‘woronin body’ protein AU - Asiegbu, Frederick O. AU - Choi, Woobong AU - Jeong, Jun Seop AU - Dean, Ralph A. T2 - FEMS Microbiology Letters AB - A hex-1 homolog named MVP1 was isolated from an appressoria cDNA library of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. The transcript of approximately 1.6 kb contains 546 bp of coding sequence with a 3' untranslated region about 168 bp long and a 5' untranslated region about 870 bp long. Southern gel blot analysis of genomic DNA following digestion with three restriction enzymes (BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII) indicated that the gene exists as a single copy in M. grisea genome. RNA gel blot analyses showed that MVP1 was highly expressed in germinating conidia and the mycelial stage compared to appressoria or non-germinated conidia. MVP1 showed a high degree of homology to the hex-1 gene recently described to encode a major protein in the woronin bodies of Neurospora crassa. Double homologous recombination was used to replace MVP1 with the hyg(R) gene. MVP1 knockout mutants showed apical swellings when grown on agar plates containing 2% sorbose but they were not impaired in any other vegetative or pathogenic properties evaluated. The pathological and other phenotypic consequences of gene disruption are discussed. DA - 2004/1// PY - 2004/1// DO - 10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00858-9 VL - 230 IS - 1 SP - 85-90 LA - en OP - SN - 0378-1097 1574-6968 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00858-9 DB - Crossref KW - appressorium KW - cDNA KW - gene disruption KW - Northern blotting KW - rice blast fungus ER - TY - JOUR TI - High society (of nematologists) AU - Bird, D.McK. T2 - Genome Biology AB - A report on the 43rd annual meeting of the Society of Nematologists (SON), Estes Park, USA, 7-11 August 2004. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1186/gb-2004-5-11-353 VL - 5 IS - 11 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-9444295870&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Inferring Process from Pattern in Fungal Population Genetics AU - Carbone, Ignazio AU - Kohn, Linda T2 - Fungal Genomics AB - The taxonomy and evolutionary species boundaries in a global collection of Cercospora isolates from Beta vulgaris was investigated based on sequences of six loci. Species boundaries were assessed using concatenated multi-locus phylogenies, Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC), Poisson Tree Processes (PTP), and Bayes factor delimitation (BFD) framework. Cercospora beticola was confirmed as the primary cause of Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) on B. vulgaris. Cercospora apii, C. cf. flagellaris, Cercospora sp. G, and C. zebrina were also identified in association with CLS on B. vulgaris. Cercospora apii and C. cf. flagellaris were pathogenic to table beet but Cercospora sp. G and C. zebrina did not cause disease. Genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition, GMYC and PTP methods failed to differentiate C. apii and C. beticola as separate species. On the other hand, multi-species coalescent analysis based on BFD supported separation of C. apii and C. beticola into distinct species; and provided evidence of evolutionary independent lineages within C. beticola. Extensive intra- and intergenic recombination, incomplete lineage sorting and dominance of clonal reproduction complicate evolutionary species recognition in the genus Cercospora. The results warrant morphological and phylogenetic studies to disentangle cryptic speciation within C. beticola. PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1016/s1874-5334(04)80005-4 SP - 29-58 OP - PB - Elsevier SN - 9780444516428 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1874-5334(04)80005-4 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - DIRS retroelements in arthropods: identification of the recently active TcDirs1 element in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum AU - Goodwin, T. J. D. AU - Poulter, R. T. M. AU - Lorenzen, M. D. AU - Beeman, R. W. T2 - Molecular Genetics and Genomics DA - 2004/6/19/ PY - 2004/6/19/ DO - 10.1007/s00438-004-1028-2 VL - 272 IS - 1 SP - 47-56 J2 - Mol Genet Genomics LA - en OP - SN - 1617-4615 1617-4623 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00438-004-1028-2 DB - Crossref KW - insect KW - transposable element KW - tyrosine recombinase ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interaction of spatially separated Pratylenchus penetrans and Verticillium dahliae on potato measured by impaired photosynthesis AU - Rotenberg, D. AU - MacGuidwin, A. E. AU - Saeed, I. A. M. AU - Rouse, D. I. T2 - Plant Pathology AB - Experiments were conducted under growth‐chamber conditions to determine if Pratylenchus penetrans systemically alters light use efficiency (LUE) of Russet Burbank potato infected by Verticillium dahliae. Pathogen separation was achieved by inoculating potato roots with the nematode prior to injecting fungal conidia into the stem vasculature. Treatments were P. penetrans alone, V. dahliae alone, nematode and fungus together, and a no‐pathogen control. Gas exchange was repeatedly and nondestructively measured on the fifth‐youngest leaf with a Li‐Cor LI‐6200 portable photosynthesis system. By 16 and 20 days after stem injection with the fungus, LUE was synergistically impaired in jointly infected plants. Transpiration in plants infected with both pathogens was significantly reduced. However, the combined effect of nematode and fungus was synergistic in one experiment and additive in the other. Stems were destructively harvested when LUE was synergistically impaired. Coinfected potato plants contained more colony‐forming units (CFU) of V. dahliae in stem sap than those infected by the fungus alone in one experiment. Evidence is provided that infection of Russet Burbank roots by P. penetrans systemically affects disease physiology associated with stem vascular infection by V. dahliae . The findings indicate that the role of the nematode in the fungus/host interaction is more than simply to facilitate extravascular and/or vascular entry of the fungus into potato roots. DA - 2004/6// PY - 2004/6// DO - 10.1111/j.0032-0862.2004.01005.x VL - 53 IS - 3 SP - 294-302 J2 - Plant Pathology LA - en OP - SN - 0032-0862 1365-3059 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0032-0862.2004.01005.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trends in cockroach control in urban and agricultural environments: Infestations, insecticides, and allergens in homes, schools, and farms AU - SCHAL, C T2 - ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 227 SP - U72 ER - TY - CONF TI - Population history of Phytophthora infestans inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences AU - Gomez, L AU - Thorne, J AU - Carbone, I AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA C2 - 2004/// C3 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY DA - 2004/// VL - 94 SP - S35-S35 M1 - 6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Metalaxyl stimulation of growth of isolates of Phytophthora infestans. AU - Taleb-Hossenkhan, N AU - Ibrahim, A AU - Andrivon, D AU - Corbiere, R AU - Lebreton, L AU - Pilet, F AU - Montarry, J AU - Pelle, R AU - Ellisseche, D AU - Andrivon, D AU - others T2 - Plant Pathology Journal DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 15-27 ER - TY - CONF TI - The effect of organic and synthetic fertility amendments and tillage on the resilience of soils to Phytophthora blight AU - Liu, B AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA C2 - 2004/// C3 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY DA - 2004/// VL - 94 SP - S62-S62 M1 - 6 ER - TY - CONF TI - Soil microbial and nematode communities in organic and conventional farming systems AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA C2 - 2004/// C3 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY DA - 2004/// VL - 94 SP - S129-S129 M1 - 6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic diversity and differentiation of Indian isolates of Phytophthora infestans as revealed by RAPD analysis. AU - Ibrahim, Adillah AU - Taleb-Hossenkhan, Nawsheen AU - Cooke, DEL AU - Lees, AK AU - Jaime-Garcia, R AU - Trinidad-Correa, R AU - Felix-Gastelum, R AU - Orum, TV AU - Wasmann, CC AU - Nelson, MR AU - others T2 - Plant Pathology Journal DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 16 IS - 3-4 SP - 692-704 ER - TY - CONF TI - Differential responses of self-fertile Phytophthora infestans isolates to metalaxyl AU - Avila-Adame, C AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA C2 - 2004/// C3 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY DA - 2004/// VL - 94 SP - S5-S5 M1 - 6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Farmers' cultural practices and management of potato late blight in Kenya highlands: Implications for development of integrated disease management AU - Nyankanga, R.O. AU - Wien, H.C. AU - Olanya, O.M. AU - Ojiambo, P.S. T2 - International Journal of Pest Management DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - 135-144 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-2542427836&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Applications of Survival Analysis in Botanical Epidemiology AU - Scherm, H. AU - Ojiambo, P. S. T2 - Phytopathology AB - ABSTRACT Data on the occurrence and timing of discrete events such as spore germination, disease onset, or propagule death are recorded commonly in epidemiological studies. When analyzing such "time-to-event" data, survival analysis is superior to conventional statistical techniques because it can accommodate censored observations, i.e., cases in which the event has not occurred by the end of the study. Central to survival analysis are two mathematical functions, the survivor function, which describes the probability that an individual will "survive" (i.e., that the event will not occur) until a given point in time, and the hazard function, which gives the instantaneous risk that the event will occur at that time, given that it has not occurred previously. These functions can be compared among two or more groups using chi-square-based test statistics. The effects of discrete or continuous covariates on survival times can be quantified with two types of models, the accelerated failure time model and the proportional hazards model. When applied to longitudinal data on the timing of defoliation of individual blueberry leaves in the field, analysis with the accelerated failure time model revealed a significantly (P < 0.0001) increased defoliation risk due to Septoria leaf spot, caused by Septoria albopunctata. Defoliation occurred earlier for lower leaves than for upper leaves, but this effect was confounded in part with increased disease severity on lower leaves. DA - 2004/9// PY - 2004/9// DO - 10.1094/phyto.2004.94.9.1022 VL - 94 IS - 9 SP - 1022-1026 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/AGR/IND43645293 KW - rabbiteye blueberry KW - Vaccinium ashei KW - Weibull distribution ER - TY - CONF TI - Microarray analysis of gene expression in OP pine families in field plantings AU - Whetten, R. W. AU - Li, Z. AU - McKeand, S. E. A2 - Li, B. A2 - McKeand, S. C2 - 2004/// C3 - Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding in the Age of Genomics: Progress and Future, IUFRO Joint Conference of Division 2, Conference Proceedings DA - 2004/// SP - 257-269 ER - TY - PAT TI - Method of repelling insects AU - Roe, R. M. C2 - 2004/// DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fungal pathogens associated with blueberry propagation beds in North Carolina AU - Cline, B. T2 - Small Fruits Review AB - SUMMARY Death of blueberry cuttings in commercial rooting beds was observed due to abiotic and biotic causes. Abiotic causes included poor watering practices, water quality, rooting medium, and inadequate drainage due to poor rooting bed design. Biotic causes were attributable to fungi and included (1) non-pathogenic Basidiomycetes colonizing unsterilized rooting media, (2) airborne or rain-splashed pathogens infecting individual cuttings (Botryosphaeria, Pestalotia and other sp.), and (3) Cylindrocladium sp. that spread radially from the initial infection, producing circular dead spots in rooting beds. Re-use of Cylindrocladium-infested media resulted in complete loss of cuttings. Methyl bromide fumigation was successfully used to sanitize infested media. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1300/j301v03n01_21 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 213 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chain reaction AU - Tomalski, M. AU - Vargo, E. T2 - Pest Control DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 72 IS - 5 SP - 51 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Towards a molecular understanding of Mycosphaerella/banana interactions AU - Balint-Kurti, P. AU - Churchill, A. C. L. T2 - Banana improvement : cellular, molecular biology, and induced mutations DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Protocol for DNA extraction from watermelon leaves for SSR marker studies AU - Gusmini, G. AU - Wehner, T. C. AU - Joobeur, T. AU - Dean, R. A. AU - Levi, A. T2 - Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative) DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// IS - 27 SP - 25 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of global change on biological processes in soil: Implications for agroecosystem management AU - Hu, Shuijin AU - WeiJian, Zhang T2 - Journal of Crop Improvement AB - SUMMARY The Earth is undergoing rapid environmental changes due to human activities. Three components of the ongoing global change, elevated atmospheric CO2, N deposition, and global warming, may significantly impact soil biota directly through modifying the physical and chemical environment, and indirectly through altering aboveground plant growth and community composition. The biomass, community structure, and activities of microbes and animals in soil as well as their interactions will likely be affected, leading to changes in ecological processes and functions. Biological processes that may be modified by global change include organic matter decomposition, N mineralization, food web interaction, and biotic N fixation. Lack of the complexity in agroecosystems may amplify the effects of global change on many biological processes in agricultural soils. However, minimizing human disturbance and thus increasing the complexity of agroecosystems may enhance the potential of C sequestration in agricultural soils and the stability of belowground systems, thereby contributing to ecological sustainability. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1300/j411v12n01_02 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 289 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of poultry litter applications on nematode communities in cotton agroecosystems AU - Koenning, S. R. AU - Barker, K. R. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 36 IS - 4 SP - 524-533 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heterogeneous evolution of the Myc-like Anthocyanin regulatory gene and its phylogenetic utility in Cornus L. (Cornaceae) AU - Fan, CZ AU - Purugganan, MD AU - Thomas, DT AU - Wiegmann, BM AU - Xiang, QY T2 - MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION AB - Anthocyanin is a major pigment in vegetative and floral organs of most plants and plays an important role in plant evolution. The anthocyanin regulatory genes are responsible for regulating transcription of genes in the anthocyanin synthetic pathway. To assess evolutionary significance of sequence variation and evaluate the phylogenetic utility of an anthocyanin regulatory gene, we compared nucleotide sequences of the myc-like anthocyanin regulatory gene in the genus of dogwoods (Cornus: Cornaceae). Phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that the myc-like anthocyanin regulatory gene has potential as an informative phylogenetic marker at different taxonomic levels, depending on the data set considered (DNA or protein sequences) and regions applied (exons or introns). Pairwise nonsynonymous and synonymous substitution rate tests and codon-based substitution models were applied to characterize variation and to identify sites under diversifying selection. Mosaic evolution and heterogeneous rates among different domains and sites were detected. DA - 2004/12// PY - 2004/12// DO - 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.08.002 VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 580-594 SN - 1095-9513 KW - Cornus KW - heterogeneous evolution KW - myc-like anthocyanin regulatory gene KW - phylogenetics KW - positive selection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gene discovery and gene expression in the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea: Analysis of expressed sequence tags AU - Ebbole, DJ AU - Jin, Y AU - Thon, M AU - Pan, HQ AU - Bhattarai, E AU - Thomas, T AU - Dean, R T2 - MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS AB - Over 28,000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were produced from cDNA libraries representing a variety of growth conditions and cell types. Several Magnaporthe grisea strains were used to produce the libraries, including a nonpathogenic strain bearing a mutation in the PMK1 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Approximately 23,000 of the ESTs could be clustered into 3,050 contigs, leaving 5,127 singleton sequences. The estimate of 8,177 unique sequences indicates that over half of the genes of the fungus are represented in the ESTs. Analysis of EST frequency reveals growth and cell type-specific patterns of gene expression. This analysis establishes criteria for identification of fungal genes involved in pathogenesis. A large fraction of the genes represented by ESTs have no known function or described homologs. Manual annotation of the most abundant cDNAs with no known homologs allowed us to identify a family of metallothionein proteins present in M. grisea, Neurospora crassa, and Fusarium graminearum. In addition, multiply represented ESTs permitted the identification of alternatively spliced mRNA species. Alternative splicing was rare, and in most cases, the alternate mRNA forms were unspliced, although alternative 5' splice sites were also observed. DA - 2004/12// PY - 2004/12// DO - 10.1094/MPMI.2004.17.12.1337 VL - 17 IS - 12 SP - 1337-1347 SN - 0894-0282 KW - plant pathogen ER - TY - JOUR TI - The HevCaLP protein mediates binding specificity of the Cry1A class of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in Heliothis virescens AU - Jurat-Fuentes, JL AU - Gahan, LJ AU - Gould, FL AU - Heckel, DG AU - Adang, MJ T2 - BIOCHEMISTRY AB - Retrotransposon-mediated disruption of the BtR-4 gene encoding the Heliothis virescens cadherin-like protein (HevCaLP) is linked to high levels of resistance in the YHD2 strain to Cry1Ac toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis. This suggests that HevCaLP functions as a Cry1Ac toxin receptor on the surface of midgut cells in susceptible larvae and that the BtR-4 gene disruption eliminates this protein in resistant larvae. However, Cry1Ac toxin binding to HevCaLP is yet to be reported. We used the polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting as tools to discriminate between individual H. virescens larval midguts from susceptible (YDK) and resistant (CXC, KCBhyb, and YHD2-B) strains according to their BtR-4 gene disruption genotype and phenotype. This approach allowed us to test the correlation between BtR-4 gene disruption, lack of HevCaLP, and altered Cry1A toxin binding. Toxin-binding assays using brush border membrane vesicles revealed that a wild-type BtR-4 allele is necessary for HevCaLP production and Cry1Aa toxin binding, while most of Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac binding was independent of the BtR-4 genotype. Moreover, toxin competition experiments show that KCBhyb midguts lacking HevCaLP are more similar to midguts of the original YHD2 strain than to the current YHD2-B strain. This resolves discrepancies in published studies of Cry1A binding in YHD2 and supports our earlier suggestion that a separate genetic change occurred in YHD2 after appearance of the cadherin disruption, conferring even higher resistance in the resulting YHD2-B strain as well as a large reduction in Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac binding. DA - 2004/11/9/ PY - 2004/11/9/ DO - 10.1021/bi048500i VL - 43 IS - 44 SP - 14299-14305 SN - 0006-2960 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Systemic acquired resistance delays race shifts to major resistance genes in bell pepper AU - Romero, AA AU - Ritchie, DF T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - The lack of durability of host plant disease resistance is a major problem in disease control. Genotype-specific resistance that involves major resistance (R) genes is especially prone to failure. The compatible (i.e., disease) host-pathogen interaction with systemic acquired resistance (SAR) has been studied extensively, but the incompatible (i.e., resistant) interaction less so. Using the pepper-bacterial spot (causal agent, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria) pathosystem, we examined the effect of SAR in reducing the occurrence of race-change mutants that defeat R genes in laboratory, greenhouse, and field experiments. Pepper plants carrying one or more R genes were sprayed with the plant defense activator acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) and challenged with incompatible strains of the pathogen. In the greenhouse, disease lesions first were observed 3 weeks after inoculation. ASM-treated plants carrying a major R gene had significantly fewer lesions caused by both the incompatible (i.e., hypersensitive) and compatible (i.e., disease) responses than occurred on nonsprayed plants. Bacteria isolated from the disease lesions were confirmed to be race-change mutants. In field experiments, there was a delay in the detection of race-change mutants and a reduction in disease severity. Decreased disease severity was associated with a reduction in the number of race-change mutants and the suppression of disease caused by the race-change mutants. This suggests a possible mechanism related to a decrease in the pathogen population size, which subsequently reduces the number of race-change mutants for the selection pressure of R genes. Thus, inducers of SAR are potentially useful for increasing the durability of genotype-specific resistance conferred by major R genes. DA - 2004/12// PY - 2004/12// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO.2004.94.12.1376 VL - 94 IS - 12 SP - 1376-1382 SN - 1943-7684 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Population diversity within isolates of Colletotrichum spp. causing Glomerella leaf spot and bitter rot of apples in three orchards in north Carolina AU - Gonzalez, E AU - Sutton, TB T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - The population diversity within isolates of Glomerella cingulata and Colletotrichum spp. associated with Glomerella leaf spot and bitter rot of apples was studied in an orchard of cv. Granny Smith located in Wilkes County, NC, and one orchard each of cultivars Granny Smith and Gala located in Lincoln County, NC. Morphological characters and vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) were used to determine diversity within the species. The relative frequencies of the morphological types found within each species in each orchard were also determined. G. cingulata was the predominant species associated with bitter rot in the three orchards and Glomerella leaf spot in the Gala orchard. In the three orchards, different morphological types were observed within isolates of G. cingulata and Colletotrichum acutatum, but not within isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Isolates of C. gloeosporioides were not found in the orchard of cv. Granny Smith in Lincoln County. In the other two orchards, C. gloeosporioides represented the lowest proportion of the population. Three VCGs were found among isolates of G. cingulata (VCG-1, 2, and 6), two among isolates of C. gloeosporioides (VCG-9 and 10), and two among isolates of C. acutatum (VCG-15 and 16). VCGs 2, 6, 9, 10, 15, and 16 were found in the Granny Smith orchard in Wilkes County, VCGs 1, 2, and 6 in the Gala orchard in Lincoln County, and VCGs 2 and 6 in the Granny Smith orchard in Lincoln County. Differences in frequencies among the different morphological types found within the three orchards remained relatively similar throughout the season and from year to year, suggesting that the relative frequencies of G. cingulata, C. gloeosporioides, and C. acutatum remain stable in an orchard once the fungi are established. DA - 2004/12// PY - 2004/12// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.12.1335 VL - 88 IS - 12 SP - 1335-1340 SN - 1943-7692 KW - chromogenic type KW - perithecial type ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparison of monitoring methods used to detect changes in Argentine ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) populations AU - Alder, P. AU - Silverman, J. T2 - Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 142-149 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Re-examination of Peltaster firucticola, a member of the apple sooty blotch complex AU - Williamson, SM AU - Hodges, CS AU - Sutton, TB T2 - MYCOLOGIA AB - Peltaster fructicola is one of several fungi that causes sooty blotch on apple. Johnson et al (1996 ———, ———, Hodges CS. 1996. Peltaster fructicola: a new species in the complex of fungi causing apple sooty blotch disease. Mycologia 88:114–120. [Google Scholar], 1997 ———, ———, ———. 1997. Etiology of apple sooty blotch disease in North Carolina. Phytopathology 87:88–95. [Google Scholar]) correctly described P. fructicola but illustrated two different fungi. One is P. fructicola and the other is an unidentified ascomycete. In this paper, P. fructicola is more completely described and accurately illustrated. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.2307/3762121 VL - 96 IS - 4 SP - 885-890 SN - 1557-2536 KW - fruit diseases KW - plant pathology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of selected nematicides for management of Hoplolaimus columbus in cotton. AU - Koenning, S. R. AU - Morrison, D. E. AU - Edmisten, K. L. AU - Taylor, R. N. T2 - Nematropica DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 211-218 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Behavioral activity of stereoisomers and a new component of the contact sex pheromone of female German cockroach, Blattella germanica AU - Eliyahu, D AU - Mori, K AU - Takikawa, H AU - Leal, WS AU - Schal, C T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY DA - 2004/9// PY - 2004/9// DO - 10.1023/B:JOEC.0000042405.05895.3a VL - 30 IS - 9 SP - 1839-1848 SN - 1573-1561 KW - contact sex pheromone KW - stereoisomers KW - German cockroach KW - behavioral assay KW - 3,11-dimethylnonacosan-2-one KW - 3,11-dimethylheptacosan-2-one ER - TY - JOUR TI - The diminutive supercolony: the Argentine ants of the southeastern United States AU - Buczkowski, G AU - Vargo, EL AU - Silverman, J T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - Abstract Native to Argentina and Brazil, the Argentine ant ( Linepithema humile ) is an invasive species that has become established on six continents and many oceanic islands. In several parts of its introduced range, including the western United States, southern Europe and Chile, the Argentine ant is unicolonial, forming extensive supercolonies. We examined population genetic structure and intercolony aggression in two regions of the introduced range of this species in the United States: California and the southeastern United States. Our results show that the southeastern L. humile population has high genotypic variability and strong intercolony aggression relative to the California population. In the California population, intercolony aggression was absent and 23 alleles were found across seven polymorphic microsatellite loci. However, in the Southeast, aggression between colonies was high and 47 alleles were present across the same seven loci in an equal number of colonies. We suggest that distinctly different colonization patterns for California and the Southeast may be responsible for the striking disparity in the genetic diversity of introduced populations. Southeastern colonies may have descended from multiple, independent introductions from the native range, undergoing a bottleneck at each introduction. In contrast, the California supercolony may have originated from one or more colonies inhabiting the southeastern United States, thus experiencing a double bottleneck. The differences in present‐day distribution patterns between California and the Southeast may be due to the combined effect of two factors: lower winter temperatures in the Southeast and/or competition with another successful and widely distributed ant invader, the fire ant Solenopsis invicta . DA - 2004/8// PY - 2004/8// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02261.x VL - 13 IS - 8 SP - 2235-2242 SN - 1365-294X KW - Argentine ant KW - introduced species KW - invasive ants KW - microsatellites KW - nestmate recognition KW - unicoloniality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regarding the taxonomic status of Ophyra Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Muscidae): A molecular approach AU - Schuehli, G. S. E. AU - De Carvalho, C. J. B. AU - Wiegmann, B. M. T2 - Zootaxa DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// IS - 712 SP - 12- ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phytoseiidae increase with pollen deposition on citrus leaves AU - Villanueva, R. T. AU - Childers, C. C. T2 - Florida Entomologist DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1653/0015-4040(2004)087[0609:PIWPDO]2.0.CO;2 VL - 87 IS - 4 SP - 609-611 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Phylogeny and systematics of the treehopper subfamily Centrotinae (Hemiptera:Membracidae) AU - Wallace, M. S. AU - Deitz, L. L. CN - QL527 .M45 W25 2004 DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// PB - New York: Associated Publishers SN - 1566650798 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Non-target toxicology of a new mosquito larvicide, trypsin modulating oostatic factor AU - Thompson, DM AU - Young, HP AU - Edens, FW AU - Olmstead, AW AU - LeBlanc, GA AU - Hodgson, E AU - Roe, RM T2 - PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY AB - Trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF), a peptide hormone originally isolated from the ovaries of adult Aedes aegypti, is currently under commercial development as a new pesticide chemistry with a novel mode of action for the control of larval mosquitoes. The objective of the current research is to evaluate potential risks of the use of TMOF as an insecticide on non-target organisms. TMOF (YDPAP6) was degraded in vitro (as determined by HPLC and LC/MS) to DPAP6, PAP6, and then AP6 by leucine aminopeptidase, a pancreatic enzyme found in the digestive system of vertebrates. The rate of degradation of TMOF and PAP6 was significantly greater than that of DPAP6, while no metabolism of AP6 was found. TMOF technical insecticide was produced on a commercial scale by recombinant yeast (heat-killed before application). The technical TMOF when administered in a single dose by gavage to male and female mice at 2000 mg dry weight/kg body weight produced no negative effects as compared to controls up to 12 days after treatment. When male and female mallard ducks were treated by gavage with 1250 mg dry weight of technical TMOF/kg body weight each day for 5 days, again no toxic effects were noted through 35 days after the last treatment. TMOF technical insecticide was also applied to the shaved skin of male and female rabbits at the rate of 2000 mg/kg for 1–2 days, with no effect. The end point observations in these in vivo experiments were mortality; changes in growth rate, behavior, body structure, and color; and possible lesions observed during necropsy. Finally, Daphnia incubated with technical TMOF in rearing water at the level of 1.0 × 106 yeast cells/ml (10 mg/ml) also demonstrated no negative effects on mortality, growth, molting, time to first brood, and production of viable neonates. It appears from these studies that TMOF can be degraded by vertebrate digestive proteases and technical TMOF is not toxic to the non-target organisms examined. DA - 2004/11// PY - 2004/11// DO - 10.1016/j.pestbp.2004.06.009 VL - 80 IS - 3 SP - 131-142 SN - 1095-9939 KW - trypsin modulating oostatic factor KW - TMOF KW - insecticide KW - mosquito KW - mouse KW - rabbit KW - duck KW - water flea ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular characterisation and developmental expression of a cellulose-binding protein gene in the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines AU - Gao, B AU - Allen, R AU - Davis, EL AU - Baum, TJ AU - Hussey, RS T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY AB - Secretory proteins encoded by ‘parasitism genes’ expressed in the oesophageal gland cells of plant-parasitic nematodes play key roles in nematode infection and parasitism of host plants. A cellulose-binding protein-encoding cDNA, designated Hg-cbp-1, was cloned from a Heterodera glycines oesophageal gland-cell long-distance PCR cDNA library. The cDNA hybridised to genomic DNA of H. glycines in Southern blots, and the genomic sequence of Hg-cbp-1 contained only one intron. The Hg-cbp-1 cDNA contained an open reading frame encoding 132 amino acids, with a predicted signal peptide sequence for secretion and a cellulose-binding domain. Bacterial expressed recombinant HG-CBP-1, minus the signal peptide sequence, had no hydrolytic activity on carboxymethyl-cellulose but was able to bind to cellulose. The developmental expression of Hg-cbp-1, determined by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR, showed that Hg-cbp-1 is expressed throughout the parasitic cycle of H. glycines, with a relatively higher expression level in developing parasitic stages. DA - 2004/11// PY - 2004/11// DO - 10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.09.001 VL - 34 IS - 12 SP - 1377-1383 SN - 1879-0135 KW - cellulose-binding domain KW - oesophageal gland cells KW - gene sequence KW - nematoda KW - plant-parasitic nematode ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gene expression during formation of earlywood and latewood in loblolly pine: Expression profiles of 350 genes AU - Egertsdotter, U AU - Zyl, LM AU - MacKay, J AU - Peter, G AU - Kirst, M AU - Clark, C AU - Whetten, R AU - Sederoff, R T2 - PLANT BIOLOGY AB - The natural variability of wood formation in trees affords opportunities to correlate transcript profiles with the resulting wood properties. We have used cDNA microarrays to study transcript abundance in developing secondary xylem of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) over a growing season. The cDNAs were selected from a collection of 75 000 ESTs that have been sequenced and annotated (http://web.ahc.umn.edu/biodata/nsfpine/). Cell wall thickness and climatic data were related to earlywood and latewood formation at different time points during the growing season. Seventy-one ESTs showed preferential expression in earlywood or latewood, including 23 genes with no significant similarity to genes in GenBank. Seven genes involved in lignin synthesis were preferentially expressed in latewood. The studies have provided initial insights into the variation of expression patterns of some of the genes related to the wood formation process. DA - 2004/11// PY - 2004/11// DO - 10.1055/s-2004-830383 VL - 6 IS - 6 SP - 654-663 SN - 1438-8677 KW - microarray analysis KW - Pinus taeda KW - earlywood KW - latewood KW - transcript abundance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of AFLP in poinsettia: Polymorphism selection, analysis, and cultivar identification AU - Parks, EJ AU - Moyer, JW T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE AB - Fingerprinting using molecular markers is a highly effective method of cultivar identification that is a powerful aid to traditional methods based on morphology. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) is a robust and reliable method for generating molecular markers that has been used to evaluate many crops for a variety of applications. In this study, AFLP was used to develop and validate robust genetic fingerprints for poinsettia ( Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzch) cultivars. Polymorphism selection was completed to facilitate the identification of useful polymorphisms and minimize future fingerprinting costs and time. Poinsettia is a highly variable crop subject to genetic drift and variable cultivars. Validation of polymorphisms to remove those associated with intracultivar variation improved the reliability of the fingerprinting. The result was a poinsettia AFLP database that defines the genetic fingerprints of 104 cultivars. Cluster analysis illustrated differentiation of most poinsettia cultivars tested. Selection of a subset of AFLP polymorphisms resulted in clustering of cultivars according to known origin and breeding program. This method has applications not only for cultivar identification for cultivar protection, and maintenance of cultivar uniformity, but also has the potential application of developing markers for important traits. DA - 2004/11// PY - 2004/11// DO - 10.21273/jashs.129.6.0863 VL - 129 IS - 6 SP - 863-869 SN - 0003-1062 KW - DNA KW - floral crop KW - intracultivar variation KW - fingerprinting KW - genetic analysis KW - molecular differentiation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Abatement of cockroach allergens (Bla g 1 and Bla g 2) in low-income, urban housing: Month 12 continuation results AU - Arbes, SJ AU - Sever, M AU - Mehta, J AU - Gore, JC AU - Schal, C AU - Vaughn, B AU - Mitchell, H AU - Zeldin, DC T2 - JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AB - In the first 6 months of this previously published, randomized trial, the combined intervention of occupant education, insecticide bait application, and professional cleaning significantly reduced cockroach numbers and Bla g 1 allergen levels in inner-city homes.This continuation study investigated whether the cockroach allergen reductions achieved by month 6 could be maintained through month 12 with insecticide application alone.Because we had agreed to place insecticide bait in control homes at the conclusion of the first study, intervention and control homes were treated with insecticide bait at months 6 and 9. No other intervention was conducted in either arm. Vacuumed dust and swab samples were collected at month 12. Twenty-one of the 31 original homes completed the 12-month study.Among the original intervention homes, Bla g 1 concentrations remained essentially unchanged from months 6 to 12. However, among the crossed-over control homes, the geometric mean Bla g 1 concentrations (Units per gram of dust) decreased from 287 to 14.4 for kitchen floors (95% reduction), from 28.8 to 5.6 for living room floors/sofas (81% reduction), from 26.7 to 4.7 for bedroom floors (82% reduction), and from 7.2 to 2.4 for beds (67% reduction). At month 12, Bla g 1 concentrations did not significantly differ between intervention and crossed-over control homes (P >.64 at each location). Similar results were seen for the allergen Bla g 2.Reductions in cockroach allergen concentrations achieved through the combined intervention of occupant education, insecticide application, and professional cleaning can be maintained with continued cockroach control. Surprisingly, and in contrast to other studies, insecticide application alone significantly lowered allergen concentrations in the crossed-over control homes. This unexpected result is being tested further in another randomized trial. DA - 2004/1// PY - 2004/1// DO - 10.1016/j.jaci.2003.10.042 VL - 113 IS - 1 SP - 109-114 SN - 1097-6825 KW - cockroaches KW - cockroach allergen KW - Bla g 1 KW - Bla g 2 KW - indoor allergens KW - intervention trial ER - TY - JOUR TI - A survey of SL1-spliced transcipts from the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans AU - Mitreva, M AU - Elling, AA AU - Dante, M AU - Kloek, AP AU - Kalyanaraman, A AU - Aluru, S AU - Clifton, SW AU - Bird, DM AU - Baum, TJ AU - McCarter, JP T2 - MOLECULAR GENETICS AND GENOMICS AB - Plant-parasitic nematodes are important and cosmopolitan pathogens of crops. Here, we describe the generation and analysis of 1928 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of a splice-leader 1 (SL1) library from mixed life stages of the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans. The ESTs were grouped into 420 clusters and classified by function using the Gene Ontology (GO) hierarchy and the Kyoto KEGG database. Approximately 80% of all translated clusters show homology to Caenorhabditis elegans proteins, and 37% of the C. elegans gene homologs had confirmed phenotypes as assessed by RNA interference tests. Use of an SL1-PCR approach, while ensuring the cloning of the 5′ ends of mRNAs, has demonstrated bias toward short transcripts. Putative nematode-specific and Pratylenchus -specific genes were identified, and their implications for nematode control strategies are discussed. DA - 2004/9// PY - 2004/9// DO - 10.1007/s00438-004-1054-0 VL - 272 IS - 2 SP - 138-148 SN - 1617-4623 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-5644283435&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Pratylenchus KW - expressed sequence tags (ESTs) KW - comparative genomics KW - gene expression KW - parasite ER - TY - JOUR TI - A modified pool design for collecting adult mole crickets (Orthoptera : Gryllotalpidae) AU - Thompson, , SR AU - Brandenburg, RL T2 - FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST AB - Mole crickets are one of the most damaging groups of turf and pasture grass pests found in the southeastern U.S. The need to collect mole crickets for use in laboratory studies and the advantages of monitoring adult flight for the timing of insecticide applications initiated the search for effective methods for monitoring flight activity. Ulagaraj and Walker (1973) determined that mole crickets would recognize and fly to stations that utilized electronic reproductions of the male calling song. Basic requirements for developing mole cricket calling traps were outlined by Ulagaraj (1975) and Ulagaraj and Walker (1973, 1975). The three main components of these early traps included a sound source, catching device, and power controller (Walker 1982). The sound sources, which were once tape-recorded songs of the crickets, now consist of an electronic caller that synthesizes the mole cricket song, similar to that developed by Walker (1982). Over time, the electronic callers have improved so that an external controller is no longer necessary to establish the on/off periods. Since the late 1980s, photocells that detect darkness and automatically turn on the callers at sundown have been in use rather than manual controllers (Walker 1996). In this design, originally developed by Bernie Mans for the University of Florida, the callers are also outfitted with a timer that resets the photocell after a specified time (Walker 1996), in our case two h. This allows for the production of sound during the first couple of h after sunset, a time period when most female mole crickets fly (Ulagaraj 1976). We, too, use the Mans design, and emitters were built for us by Precision Technologies Co. (Raleigh, NC). Various designs for the catching devices have been utilized including funnels or pans constructed from galvanized sheet metal that direct captured mole crickets into buckets of moist sand, and also into water-filled wading pools covered with coarse netting to prevent predation (Walker 1982). Although some of these earlier sheet metal traps have now been in use at some Florida locations for over 20 years (Frank 2001), they are expensive and not easily transported. A similar funnel design that uses lightweight fiberglass instead of sheet metal was first constructed in 1989 by Parkman and Frank (1993) to inoculate adult mole crickets with Steinernema scapterisci Nguyen Smart. This modification is less expensive to construct than the sheet metal design, but still has some disadvantages. For our laboratory and greenhouse studies at North Carolina State University, it has been necessary to collect large numbers of adult mole crickets. Unfortunately, frequent collection of crickets from calling traps is problematic, if not impossible, due to the long distances between sites. Funnel traps have been used successfully in the past, but require semi-permanent establishment at a site, something that is often difficult to accomplish on golf courses (which constitute the majority of our research sites). The funnels are also difficult to handle and transport, subject to damage during coastal storms, time-consuming to assemble, and expose the crickets to overcrowded conditions in the collection buckets. Wading pools filled with water were tested in the spring of 2002 and found to be ineffective because the crickets are only able to float for 12-24 h (Walker 1982), and frequent checking of the traps was not possible. For our research purposes, we needed a design that was inexpensive, quick and easy to assemble, temporary at each site, and able to maintain the live crickets for up to a week between visits. A modified design of the wading pools that met all of our requirements was developed in 2003. Instead of one wading pool (General Foam Plastics Corp., Norfolk, VA), two are used, one suspended above the other by four wooden, evenly distributed spacers that prevent excessive sagging of the top pool. The two pools are secured to one another by inserting a bolt (with washer) through the top pool, wooden spacer, bottom pool and then fastening all components with a nut (Fig. IA). All metal pieces were sprayed with WD-40? spray (San Diego, CA) to prevent rusting and allow for easy disassembly. The top wading pool has ten to twelve holes that are 135 mm in diameter cut into it, which allows the crickets to fall through into the bottom pool as they land and walk in the pool (Fig. iB). Instead of filling the bottom pool with water, it is filled with moist sand (Fig. IC). Because sand is used, the mole crickets are in their natural habitat when they fall through the hole in the top pool and stay healthy until retrieved. The bottom of the top pool does not touch the sand layer so it is not possible for many crickets to fly back out through the holes. The cut out holes allow for rain to moisten the sand layer, and drainage holes drilled in the bottom pool prevent flooding. The electronic caller speakers are placed on wooden boards that are centered over the top pool (Fig. 1D). DA - 2004/12// PY - 2004/12// DO - 10.1653/0015-4040(2004)087[0582:AMPDFC]2.0.CO;2 VL - 87 IS - 4 SP - 582-584 SN - 0015-4040 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Water solutions of boric acid and sugar for management of German cockroach populations in livestock production systems AU - Gore, JC AU - Zurek, L AU - Santangelo, RG AU - Stringham, SM AU - Watson, DW AU - Schal, C T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-97.2.715 VL - 97 IS - 2 SP - 715-720 SN - 1938-291X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Treehopper trees: phylogeny of Membracidae (Hemiptera : Cicadomorpha : Membracoidea) based on molecules and morphology AU - Cryan, , JR AU - Wiegmann, BM AU - Deitz, LL AU - Dietrich, CH AU - Whiting, MF T2 - SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Abstract. Recent independent phylogenetic analyses of membracid relationships based on molecular and morphological data have identified monophyletic lineages within the family. However, the results of these studies have not fully resolved treehopper phylogeny, and relationships among some higher membracid lineages remain in doubt. Portions of three datasets (958 aligned nucleotides from elongation factor‐1α, 2363 aligned nucleotides from 28S ribosomal DNA, and eighty‐three morphological features of adults and nymphs) introduced in recent studies were reanalysed separately and in combination with two new molecular datasets (321 aligned nucleotides from wingless and 1829 aligned nucleotides from 18S ribosomal DNA). The results of the combined data analyses, contrary to previous analyses of morphological data alone, grouped membracids into two well‐supported lineages, one comprising Stegaspidinae and Centrotinae, the other comprising Membracinae, Darninae and Smiliinae. The analyses recovered Centrotinae, Membracinae and Darninae as monophyletic groups, but Stegaspidinae was paraphyletic with respect to Centrotinae, and Smiliinae was polyphyletic with Micrutalini placed as a sister group to the clade comprising Membracinae, Darninae and Smiliinae. These results are consistent with the following hypotheses, proposed previously based on an analysis of morphological data: (1) the posterior pronotal process was derived and lost multiple times during the evolution of Membracidae; (2) Membracidae originated in the New World and reached the Old World subsequently via dispersal; (3) maternal care evolved independently multiple times and may or may not have been preceded by the acquisition of ant mutualism. DA - 2004/10// PY - 2004/10// DO - 10.1111/j.0307-6970.2004.00260.x VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 441-454 SN - 1365-3113 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The fusarium wilt resistance locus Fom-2 of melon contains a single resistance gene with complex features AU - Joobeur, T AU - King, JJ AU - Nolin, SJ AU - Thomas, CE AU - Dean, RA T2 - PLANT JOURNAL AB - The soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis causes significant losses in the cultivated melon, a key member of the economically important family, the Cucurbitaceae. Here, we report the map-based cloning and characterization of the resistance gene Fom-2 that confers resistance to race 0 and 1 of this plant pathogen. Two recombination events, 75 kb apart, were found to bracket Fom-2 after screening approximately 1324 gametes with PCR-based markers. Sequence analysis of the Fom-2 interval revealed the presence of two candidate genes. One candidate gene showed significant similarity to previously characterized resistance genes. Sequence analysis of this gene revealed clear polymorphisms between resistant and susceptible materials and was therefore designated as Fom-2. Analysis of susceptible breeding lines (BL) presenting a haplotype very similar to the resistant cultivar MR-1 indicated that a gene conversion had occurred in Fom-2, resulting in a significant rearrangement of this gene. The second candidate gene which shared high similarity to an essential gene in Arabidopsis, presented an almost identical sequence in MR-1 and BL, further supporting Fom-2 identity. The gene conversion in Fom-2 produced a truncated R gene, revealing new insights into R gene evolution. Fom-2 was predicted to encode an NBS-LRR type R protein of the non-TIR subfamily. In contrast to most members of this class a coiled-coil structure was predicted within the LRR region rather than in the N-terminal. The Fom-2 physical region contained retroelement-like sequences and truncated genes, suggesting that this locus is complex. DA - 2004/8// PY - 2004/8// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02134.x VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - 283-297 SN - 1365-313X KW - Fom-2 KW - melon KW - complex R locus KW - fine mapping KW - BAC end sequence KW - R gene evolution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Publications of Thomas Kenneth Wood (1942-2002) AU - Deitz, L. L. AU - Bartlett, C. R. T2 - Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 106 IS - 3 SP - 586-591 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phytophthora root rot mortality in fraser fir seedlings AU - Frampton, J. AU - Benson, D. M. T2 - HortScience DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 39 IS - 5 SP - 1025-1026 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Performance of feral and Cry1Ac-selected Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) strains on transgenic cottons expressing one or two Bacillus thuringiensis ssp kurstaki proteins under greenhouse conditions AU - Jackson, RE AU - Bradley, , JR AU - Van Duyn, JW T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - Efficacy of Bollgard (DP50B) and Bollgard II (DP50BX) cottons that express either one or two Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner proteins, respectively, along with the conventional sister genotype (DP50), was determined for a feral strain of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and a Cry1Ac-selected bollworm strain in 1999. In 2000, a greenhouse study was designed to compare the efficacy of three transgenic cottons expressing either the Cry1Ac endotoxin alone (DP50B), the Cry2Ab endotoxin alone (DP50X), or both the CrylAc and Cry2Ab endotoxins (DP50BX) against a feral and a Cry1Ac-selected bollworm strain. Results from the 1999 greenhouse study evaluating both a feral and a Cry1Ac-selected bollworm strain demonstrated that when averaged across bollworm strains, the Bollgard II genotype significantly reduced larval survival and fruit penetration by bollworm compared to the Bollgard variety. Also, the Cry1Ac-selected bollworm strain displayed increased larval survival, superficial fruit damage, and fruit penetration compared to the feral strain when averaged across genotypes. In the 2000 study, the Bollgard II genotype significantly reduced fruit penetration by bollworm below that of the Bollgard variety when averaged across strains; however, the single Cry2Ab-producing genotype performed similarly to both Bollgard and Bollgard II with respect to fruit penetration. The Cry1Ac-selected bollworm strain exhibited significantly greater larval survival and superficial fruit damage on the Bollgard variety compared to the feral strain, but no differences among larval strains were evident for other genotypes. Also, when averaged across genotypes, the Cry1Ac-selected bollworm strain penetrated a higher proportion of cotton fruit compared to the feral strain. These results suggest that commercialization of Bollgard II cottons would significantly reduce bollworm survival and damage compared to that experienced by current Bollgard varieties. Bollgard II plantings also should have a positive impact on Bt resistance management of bollworm. DA - 2004/1// PY - 2004/1// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-39.1.46 VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - 46-55 SN - 0749-8004 KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - Helicoverpa zea KW - bollworm KW - cotton ER - TY - JOUR TI - Laboratory evaluation of boric acid-sugar solutions as baits for management of German cockroach infestations AU - Gore, JC AU - Schal, C T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Boric acid dust has a long history as an insecticide in urban pest management, and it has been shown to be an effective alternative to conventional neurotoxic insecticides. However, dust formulations require specialized equipment and are difficult to apply, whereas gel and paste formulations contain large amounts of boric acid and tend to be less efficacious than other insecticide baits. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of borate solutions as baits against the German cockroach. Several borate-sugar combinations were evaluated in choice and no-choice assays in the laboratory. Mortality was recorded for 15 d and expressed as lethal time90, the time taken to kill 90% of the cockroaches. Results showed that boric acid was more effective than sodium tetraborate or disodium octaborate tetrahydrate and that aqueous solutions containing mixtures of 0.5–2% boric acid and any of several inexpensive sugars, including fructose, glucose, maltose, and sucrose as a phagostimulant, at molar concentrations of 0.05–1.0, can provide rapid and effective kill of German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.). DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-97.2.581 VL - 97 IS - 2 SP - 581-587 SN - 1938-291X KW - German cockroach KW - boric acid KW - liquid bait KW - insecticide KW - IPM ER - TY - JOUR TI - Developmental expression and biochemical properties of a beta-1,4-endoglucanase family in the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines AU - Gao, BL AU - Allen, R AU - Davis, EL AU - Baum, TJ AU - Hussey, RS T2 - MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY AB - SUMMARY The soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, produces beta-1,4-endoglucanases (cellulases) that are secreted during infection of soybean. The gene structures of three, hg-eng-4, hg-eng-5 and hg-eng-6, of the six beta-1,4-endoglucanase genes, all family 5 glycosyl hydrolases previously identified from H. glycines, are presented here. Furthermore, we present the detailed expression analyses of beta-1,4-endoglucanase genes as well as the biochemical properties of four H. glycines endoglucanase enzymes. Two of the endoglucanases, HG-ENG-5 and HG-ENG-6, differed significantly in their amino acid sequence of the catalytic domains and their gene structure from that of the other four beta-1,4-endoglucanases. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed distinct developmental expression differences among the hg-eng family members during the early stages of parasitism and relatively low expression levels in late parasitic stages, with the exception of the adult male stage for some eng genes. Recombinant HG-ENGs degraded carboxymethylcellulose and optimum enzyme activity ranged from pH 5.5 for HG-ENG-5 to pH 8 for HG-ENG-6. EDTA, Ca(2+), Co(2+), Mg(2+) and Fe(2+) did not affect enzyme activity of any ENG protein, whereas Zn(2+), Cu(2+) and Mn(2+) inhibited enzyme activity from 23% to 73% in some cases. In tests with 12 different polysaccharide substrates, enzyme activity was restricted to beta-1,4 linkages with all ENG proteins tested. Only HG-ENG-5 and HG-ENG-6 had relatively high activity on xylan and slightly degraded microcrystalline cellulose. Together, these data reveal distinct differences in expression and biochemistry of cyst nematode parasitism genes and proteins, respectively, and cast light on the intricate interactions between a parasitic animal and its plant host. DA - 2004/3// PY - 2004/3// DO - 10.1111/J.1364-3703.2004.00209.X VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - 93-104 SN - 1364-3703 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparative production of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) from transgenic cotton expressing either one or two Bacillus thuringiensis proteins with and without insecticide oversprays AU - Jackson, RE AU - Bradley, , JR AU - Van Duyn, JW AU - Gould, F T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Journal Article Comparative Production of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Transgenic Cotton Expressing Either One or Two Bacillus thuringiensis Proteins with and without Insecticide Oversprays Get access R. E. Jackson, R. E. Jackson Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. R. Bradley, Jr., J. R. Bradley, Jr. Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. W. Van Duyn, J. W. Van Duyn Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar F. Gould F. Gould Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 97, Issue 5, 1 October 2004, Pages 1719–1725, https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-97.5.1719 Published: 01 October 2004 Article history Received: 20 January 2004 Accepted: 27 June 2004 Published: 01 October 2004 DA - 2004/10// PY - 2004/10// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-97.5.1719 VL - 97 IS - 5 SP - 1719-1725 SN - 1938-291X KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - bollworm KW - cotton KW - Helicoverpa zea KW - resistance management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Behavioral and genetic analysis of colony fusion in Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) AU - Fisher, M. L. AU - Gold, R. E. AU - Vargo, E. L. AU - Cognato, A. I. T2 - Sociobiology DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - 565-576 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Toxicity and residual activity of methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide to codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) AU - Borchert, D. M. AU - Walgenbach, J. F. AU - Kennedy, George AU - Long, J. W. T2 - Journal of Economic Entomology AB - A series of studies were conducted to examine the residual activity and toxicity of the ecdysone agonists tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide to codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), in North Carolina apple systems. Methoxyfenozide exhibited greater activity than tebufenozide against codling moth eggs in dose-response bioassays, with a 4.5- and 5.3-fold lower LC50 value to eggs laid on fruit treated before or after oviposition, respectively. Oriental fruit moth eggs were 57- and 12-fold less sensitive to methoxyfenozide than were codling moth eggs on fruit treated before and after oviposition, respectively. Methoxyfenozide was effective in reducing larval entries of both codling moth and oriental fruit moth in field residual activity bioassays, exhibiting activity for at least 28 d after application. Residue breakdown on fruit was ≈80% at 28 d after treatment for both methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide, with the most rapid residue decline (60%) occurring during the first 14 d after application. Two applications of methoxyfenozide applied at 14-d intervals provided better canopy coverage and higher residue levels than one application. Spray volume (683 versus 2,057 liters/ha) did not affect the efficacy of methoxyfenozide. Leaf and fruit expansion during the season was measured to determine potential plant-growth dilution effects on residual activity. There was very little increase in leaf area after mid May, but increase in fruit surface area over the season was described by a second order polynomial regression. Implications for codling moth and oriental fruit moth management programs are discussed. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-97.4.1342 VL - 97 IS - 4 SP - 1342–1352 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal development of Gryllotalpa africana (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) on turfgrass in South Africa AU - De Graaf, J. AU - Schoeman, A. S. AU - Brandenburg, R. L. T2 - Florida Entomologist AB - The population dynamics (in terms of seasonal development) of Gryllotalpa africana Palisot de Beauvois was documented for the first time in South Africa. An irritant drench (soapy water solution) was used to quantify life stage occurrence on turfgrass over a one-year period. Oviposition took place from early October (spring), with eggs incubating for approximately three weeks. Nymphs reached the adult stage from March (late summer) and most individuals overwintered in this stage. Adult numbers peaked in early September (early spring), declining through spring. G. africana was therefore univoltine in the study area. The adult population was female biased in spring. The smallest nymphs and adults (in relation to mean length) were collected in December (early summer), while the smallest nymphs (in relation to mean length) occurred in November (late spring). DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1653/0015-4040(2004)087[0130:SDOGAG]2.0.CO;2 VL - 87 IS - 2 SP - 130-135 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recombination and migration of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 as inferred from gene genealogies and the coalescent AU - Carbone, I AU - Liu, YC AU - Hillman, BI AU - Milgroom, MG T2 - GENETICS AB - Genealogy-based methods were used to estimate migration of the fungal virus Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 between vegetative compatibility types of the host fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, as a means of estimating horizontal transmission within two host populations. Vegetative incompatibility is a self/non-self recognition system that inhibits virus transmission under laboratory conditions but its effect on transmission in nature has not been clearly demonstrated. Recombination within and among different loci in the virus genome restricted the genealogical analyses to haplotypes with common mutation and recombinational histories. The existence of recombination necessitated that we also use genealogical approaches that can take advantage of both the mutation and recombinational histories of the sample. Virus migration between populations was significantly restricted. In contrast, estimates of migration between vegetative compatibility types were relatively high within populations despite previous evidence that transmission in the laboratory was restricted. The discordance between laboratory estimates and migration estimates from natural populations highlights the challenges in estimating pathogen transmission rates. Genealogical analyses inferred migration patterns throughout the entire coalescent history of one viral region in natural populations and not just recent patterns of migration or laboratory transmission. This application of genealogical analyses provides markedly stronger inferences on overall transmission rates than laboratory estimates do. DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.1534/genetics.166.4.1611 VL - 166 IS - 4 SP - 1611-1629 SN - 0016-6731 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quality assessment of selected commercially available whitefly and aphid biological control agents in the United States AU - Vasquez, GM AU - Orr, DB AU - Baker, , JR T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY DA - 2004/6// PY - 2004/6// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493(2004)097[0781:QAOSCA]2.0.CO;2 VL - 97 IS - 3 SP - 781-788 SN - 1938-291X KW - augmentation biological control KW - quality control KW - Encarsia formosa KW - Aphidiu colemani KW - Aphidoletes aphidimyza ER - TY - JOUR TI - Population genetics of the socially polymorphic ant Formica podzolica AU - DeHeer, CJ AU - Herbers, JM T2 - INSECTES SOCIAUX DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1007/s00040-004-0745-1 VL - 51 IS - 4 SP - 309-316 SN - 1420-9098 KW - Formicidae KW - polygyny KW - relatedness KW - microsatellites KW - genetic structure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) phenology and management with methoxyfenozide in North Carolina apples AU - Borchert, D. M. AU - Stinner, R. E. AU - Walgenbach, J. F. AU - Kennedy, George T2 - Journal of Economic Entomology AB - The phenology of oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), on apple (Malus spp.) in North Carolina was studied using pheromone traps and egg sampling in abandoned and commercial orchards in 2000 and 2001, with subsequent development of an oviposition degree-day model and management studies in relation to codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), phenology. Oriental fruit moth eggs were found in greater numbers on leaves early and on fruit later in the growing season, on the top versus the bottom of the leaf surface, and on the calyx area versus the side or stem end of the fruit. A degree-day (DD) model to predict oriental fruit moth oviposition was developed based on temperature accumulations from peak moth trap capture of the first (overwintering) generation, by using 7.2 and 32.2 degrees C as the temperature limits. The model predicted four ovipositing generations of oriental fruit moth with the second beginning 507 DD after peak moth catch. Using predictions of the oriental fruit moth and codling moth degree-day oviposition models, an experiment was conducted to determine the level of second generation oriental fruit moth control with methoxyfenozide applied under different scenarios for first generation codling moth. Methoxyfenozide was equally effective in managing codling moth and oriental fruit moth for all treatment timings. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1093/jee/97.4.1353 VL - 97 IS - 4 SP - 1353–1364 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Introgressing pheromone QTL between species: Towards an evolutionary understanding of differentiation in sexual communication AU - Groot, A.T. AU - Ward, C. AU - Wang, J. AU - Pokrzywa, A. AU - O’Brien, J. AU - Bennett, J. AU - Kelly, J. AU - Santangelo, R.G. AU - Schal, C. AU - Gould, F. T2 - Journal of Chemical Ecology AB - As a first step toward understanding how noctuid moths evolve species-specific pheromone communication systems, we hybridized and back-crossed two closely related moth species, Heliothis virescens (Hv) and H. subflexa (Hs), which differ qualitatively and quantitatively in their multicomponent sex pheromone blends. We used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker-based mapping of backcross families to determine which of the 30 autosomes in these moths contained quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling the percentages of specific chemical components in the pheromone blends. In two previous backcrosses to Hs, we found a strong depressive effect of Hv-chromosome 22 on the percentage of three acetate components in the pheromone gland. These acetates are present in Hs and absent in Hv. Here, we describe how we introgressed Hv-chromosome 22 into the genomic background of Hs. Selection for Hv-chromosome 22 started from backcross 3 (BC3) females. All females that had Hv-chromosome 22 and a low percentage of acetates (<3% of the total amount of pheromone components present) were backcrossed to Hs males. In BC5 to BC8, we determined whether Hv-chromosome 22 was present by a) running only the primer pairs that would yield the markers for that chromosome, and/or b) determining the relative percentages of acetates in the pheromone glands. Either or both genotype and phenotype were used as a criterion to continue to backcross these females to Hs males. In BC9, we confirmed the isolation of Hv-chromosome 22 in the Hs genomic background, and backcrossed the males to Hs females to eliminate the Hv-sex chromosome as well as mitochondrial DNA. The pheromone composition was determined in BC3, BC5, and BC11 females with and without Hv-chromosome 22. All backcross females with Hv-chromosome 22 contained significantly less acetates than females without this chromosome. In addition, BC3 females with Hv-chromosome 22 contained significantly more Z11-16:OH than BC3 females without Hv-chromosome 22. However, in BC5 and BC11 females, the correlation between Z11-16:OH and Hv-chromosome 22 was lost, suggesting that there are separate QTL for the acetates and for Z11-16:OH, and that the relative amount of the alcohol component is only affected in epistasis with other (minor) QTL. Now that we have succeeded in isolating the chromosome that has a major effect on acetate production, we can test in behavioral experiments whether the presence of acetates may have been a driving force for a shift in pheromone composition. Such tests are necessary to move towards an evolutionary understanding of the differentiation in sexual communication in Heliothis spp. moths. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1007/s10886-004-7946-y VL - 30 IS - 12 SP - 2495–2514 SN - 1573-1561 KW - Heliothis virescens KW - Heliothis subflexa KW - multi-component sex pheromone blend KW - QTL KW - quantitative trait loci KW - backcross KW - AFLP KW - amplified fragment length polymorphism KW - phenotype KW - genotype ER - TY - JOUR TI - Insight into Trichoderma reesei's genome content, organization and evolution revealed through BAC library characterization AU - Diener, SE AU - Chellappan, MK AU - Mitchell, TK AU - Dunn-Coleman, N AU - Ward, M AU - Dean, RA T2 - FUNGAL GENETICS AND BIOLOGY AB - Trichoderma reesei is an important industrial fungus known for its ability to efficiently secrete large quantities of protein as well as its wide variety of biomass degrading enzymes. Past research on this fungus has primarily focused on extending its protein production capabilities, leaving the structure of its 33 Mb genome essentially a mystery. To begin to address these deficiencies and further our knowledge of T. reesei's secretion and cellulolytic potential, we have created a genomic framework for this fungus. We constructed a BAC library containing 9216 clones with an average insert size of 125 kb which provides a coverage of 28 genome equivalents. BAC ends were sequenced and annotated using publicly available software which identified a number of genes not seen in previously sequenced EST datasets. Little evidence was found for repetitive sequence in T. reesei with the exception of several copies of an element with similarity to the Podospora anserina transposon, PAT. Hybridization of 34 genes involved in biomass degradation revealed five groups of co-located genes in the genome. BAC clones were fingerprinted and analyzed using fingerprinted contigs (FPC) software resulting in 334 contigs covering 28 megabases of the genome. The assembly of these FPC contigs was verified by congruence with hybridization results. DA - 2004/12// PY - 2004/12// DO - 10.1016/j.fgb.2004.08.007 VL - 41 IS - 12 SP - 1077-1087 SN - 1096-0937 KW - Trichoderma reesei KW - bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) KW - physical map KW - genome organization KW - secretion KW - biomass degradation KW - repetitive element ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of proteins that interact with two regulators of appressorium development, adenylate cyclase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea AU - Kulkarni, R. D. AU - Dean, Ralph T2 - Molecular Genetics and Genomics DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1007/s00438-003-0935-y VL - 270 IS - 6 SP - 497–508 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) sterile egg mass augmentation increases Entomophaga maimaiga density AU - Gillock, HH AU - Hain, FP T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Hilary H. Gillock, Fred P. Hain; Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Sterile Egg Mass Augmentation Increases Entomophaga maimaiga Density. Journal of Entomological Science 1 April 2004; 39 (2): 291–293. doi: https://doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-39.2.291 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest Search DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-39.2.291 VL - 39 IS - 2 SP - 291-293 SN - 0749-8004 KW - azygospore KW - Entomophaga maimaiga KW - gypsy moth KW - Lymantria dispar KW - sterile egg mass ER - TY - JOUR TI - Getting to the roots of parasitism by nematodes. AU - Davis, E. L. AU - Hussey, R. S. AU - Baum, T. J. T2 - Trends in Parasitology DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 134-141 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gene expression and tissue distribution of the major human allergen Bla g 1 in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica L. (Dictyoptera : Blattellidae) AU - GORE, JC AU - SCHAL, C T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Exposure and sensitization to cockroach allergens is an important risk factor for allergic disease in humans. Despite a recent burgeoning of clinical and socioeconomic studies regarding environmental pervasiveness and human exposure to cockroach allergens, little is known about the basic biology of these proteins. The purpose of this study was to ascertain gene expression patterns and the tissue distribution of Blattella germanica allergen 1 (Bla g 1), a perennial indoor environmental allergen, thought to be involved in digestion in cockroaches. We also investigated the relative potential contribution of different life stages of the German cockroach to environmental Bla g 1. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to quantify the Bla g 1 contents of feces and various anatomical tissues, and Northern blot analysis was used to elucidate tissue-specific expression of Bla g 1. Results showed that the Bla g 1 protein is most prevalent in the midgut, and the Bla g 1 gene is exclusively expressed by midgut cells. Although Bla g 1 is produced by both sexes and all life stages of the German cockroach, adult females produce and excrete significantly more Bla g 1 in their feces than males or nymphs, even when corrected for body mass or mass of voided feces. Our results show that the concentration of Bla g 1 in feces of adult females is 6- to 7- and 30-fold higher than in adult males and nymphs, respectively, probably because females process more food than other life stages of the German cockroach. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1603/0022-2585-41.5.953 VL - 41 IS - 5 SP - 953-960 ER - TY - JOUR TI - First report of Sclerotium rolfsii on common chickweed in North Carolina. AU - Hollowell, JE AU - Shew, BB T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Common chickweed (Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo) is a common weed species found in agricultural fields of northeastern North Carolina. Symptomatic plants of common chickweed were observed during a March 2001 survey of winter annual weed species in Perquimans County, NC. The plants were growing in a harvested peanut field with a known history of southern stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Water-soaked, bleached stems and chlorotic leaves were collected from plants and brought to the laboratory for isolation. Small portions (1 to 2 cm) of symptomatic stems and entire leaves were rinsed with tap water and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Developing colonies were transferred to obtain pure cultures. The rapidly growing cultures had coarse, white mycelium typical of S. rolfsii and produced abundant, small, round, brown sclerotia approximately 2.0 mm in diameter on the surface of the culture. Clamp connections were observed with microscopic examination of mycelia. Pathogenicity of isolates was tested by placing 4-mm-diameter agar plugs of 2-day-old fungal mycelium on stems of three mature, nonsymptomatic chickweed plants. Agar plugs without fungal mycelium were used for the control treatment. Plugs were held in place with self-sticking bandage gauze. Plants were misted with water, enclosed in plastic bags, and incubated on a laboratory counter top at ambient temperature (24°C). Abundant mycelia developed, and water-soaked lesions and necrotic stems were observed. Noninoculated plants remained healthy and free of signs and symptoms during the incubation period. The fungus was reisolated on PDA, and pure cultures of S. rolfsii were obtained. Koch's postulates confirmed common chickweed was a host of S. rolfsii. To our knowledge, this is the first report of common chickweed as a host of S. rolfsii. Crop species commonly used in peanut rotations (corn, small grains, sorghum, and cotton) do not support populations of S. rolfsii. Many dicotyledonous weed species have been reported as hosts of S. rolfsii, but our observation of active disease on a winter weed species was unexpected. Colonization of winter weed, if prevalent, may enhance survival of S. rolfsii between crops of susceptible hosts such as peanut. DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.4.426B VL - 88 IS - 4 SP - 426-426 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expression profile analysis of wild-type and fec1 mutant strains of Fusarium verticillioides during fumonisin biosynthesis AU - Pirttila, AM AU - McIntyre, LM AU - Payne, GA AU - Woloshuk, CP T2 - FUNGAL GENETICS AND BIOLOGY AB - Fusarium verticillioides produces a group of mycotoxins known as fumonisins that are associated with a variety of mycotoxicoses in humans and animals. In this study, DNA microarrays were constructed with expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from F. verticillioides. To identify genes with patterns of expression similar to the fumonisin biosynthetic (FUM) genes, the microarray was probed with labeled cDNAs originating from a wild-type strain and a fcc1 mutant grown on maize and in a defined medium adjusted to either pH 3 or pH 8. The comparative analyses revealed differential expression of genes corresponding to 116 ESTs when the fungal strains were grown on maize. Under different pH conditions, 166 ESTs were differentially expressed, and 19 ESTs were identified that displayed expression patterns similar to the FUM ESTs. These results provide candidate genes with potential roles in fumonisin biosynthesis. DA - 2004/6// PY - 2004/6// DO - 10.1016/j.fgb.2004.02.001 VL - 41 IS - 6 SP - 647-656 SN - 1096-0937 KW - Fusarium KW - femonisin KW - ESTs KW - microarray KW - pH regulation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Crimson: A novel sex-linked eye color mutant of Culex pipiens L. (Diptera : Culicidae) AU - Rasgon, JL AU - Scott, TW T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Xanthommatin is the primary ommochrome eye pigment in mosquitoes. The terminal step in xanthommatin biosynthesis, involving oxidation of 3-hydroxykynurenine (3HK), can proceed enzymatically by phenoxazinone synthase or by nonenzymatic auto-oxidation of 3HK. The relative contributions of these pathways, however, are unclear. We isolated a novel Culex pipiens mutant (crimson) that could be used to address this question. Homozygous crimson embryos exhibit no visible eyespot; first-instar larval ocelli are colorless. Eyes gradually turn red through immature development. Teneral crimson adults possess red eyes that darken to wild-type ≈5 d after emergence. Crosses indicate that crimson is sex-linked and fully recessive. Addition of xanthommatin precursors to rearing water did not rescue wild-type phenotype and suggested that the mutation is in the terminal step of ommochrome biosynthesis. Crimson expression was not temperature sensitive. Thin-layer chromatography demonstrated teneral crimson adults lacked xanthommatin. Teneral and aged wild-type adults exhibited low-mobility black ommochrome spots; aged crimson adults exhibited low-mobility brown-red ommochrome spots. Absorbance spectroscopy of eye extracts indicated teneral adult crimson eyes lacked xanthommatin but had abnormally high levels of 3HK, whereas extracts of 10-d-old crimson adults had depleted levels of 3HK and detectable levels of xanthommatin. Light microscopy indicated that eyes of young (3 d old) wild-type adults had a high concentration of pigment granules. Eyes of teneral crimson adults had no pigment granules. Eyes of 20-d-old crimson adults had low levels of pigment granules. We suggest two possible mechanisms for the crimson mutation: (1) transport of 3HK into the pigment cells and/or pigment granules is slow, with normal oxidation of 3HK into xanthommatin, or (2) 3HK is transported normally into pigment cells/granules but is not immediately oxidized to xanthommatin, resulting in 3HK hyper-accumulation and slow nonenzymatic production of xanthommatin after adult emergence. DA - 2004/5// PY - 2004/5// DO - 10.1603/0022-2585-41.3.385 VL - 41 IS - 3 SP - 385-391 SN - 1938-2928 KW - Culex pipiens KW - eye color mutant KW - ommochrome KW - 3-hydroxykynurenine KW - xanthommatin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Colony genetic organization and colony fusion in the termite Reticulitermes flavipes as revealed by foraging patterns over time and space AU - Deheer, CJ AU - Vargo, EL T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - Temporal and spatial analyses are seldom utilized in the study of colony genetic structure, but they are potentially powerful methods which can yield novel insights into the mechanisms underlying variation in breeding systems. Here we present the results of a study which incorporated both of these dimensions in an examination of genetic structure of subterranean termites in the genus Reticulitermes (primarily R. flavipes). Most colonies of this species (70%) were simple families apparently headed by outbred primary reproductives, while most of the remaining (27% of the total) colonies contained low effective numbers of moderately inbred reproductives. Mapping the spatial distribution of colony foraging sites over time revealed that despite the high colony density, the absolute foraging boundaries of most R. flavipes colonies were persistent and exclusive of other conspecific colonies, which suggests that this species is more territorial than has been implied by laboratory studies of intraspecific aggression. Nevertheless, we found a single colony (3% of all colonies) which contained the offspring of more than two unrelated reproductives. Although other studies have also described subterranean termite colonies with a similarly complex genetic composition, we demonstrate here that such colonies can form under natural conditions via the fusion of whole colonies. This study underscores how repeated sampling from individual colonies over time and space can yield information about colony spatial and genetic structure that cannot be obtained from conventional analyses or sampling methods. DA - 2004/2// PY - 2004/2// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.2065.x VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - 431-441 SN - 1365-294X KW - breeding system KW - colony fusion KW - colony genetic organization KW - Isoptera KW - microsatellites KW - territoriality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Are hind coxal knobs a synapomorphy for therevids? An unusual new species of Anabarhynchus Macquart from Australia (Diptera: Therevidae: Therevinae) AU - Winterton, S. L. T2 - Zootaxa DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 413 IS - 413 SP - 08- ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acraspisoides gen. nov (Diptera: Therevidae: Agapophytinae): a new genus of stiletto-flies from Australia AU - Hill, H. N. AU - Winterton, S. L. T2 - Zootaxa DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 414 IS - 414 SP - 15- ER - TY - JOUR TI - Abiotic and biological suppression of Phytophthora parasitica in a horticultural medium containing composted swine waste AU - Fichtner, EJ AU - Benson, DM AU - Diab, HG AU - Shew, HD T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - Horticultural potting media have been amended with compost to enhance biological suppression and with Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 to enhance abiotic suppression of plant pathogens, but these factors have not been simultaneously incorporated into the same medium. In this study, the efficacy of aluminum (Al)-amended potting medium containing 20% composted swine waste (CSW) was assessed for control of Phytophthora parasitica (syn. P. nicotianae), a soilborne pathogen causing damping-off of many horticultural bedding plants. Steamed and unsteamed media were amended with no Al or Al at 0.0079 g of Al g -1 of medium with an Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 solution at either pH 4 or pH 6. Infested leaf disks were buried for 2-day durations beginning 0, 6, 13, and 21 days after Al amendment. The number of sporangia produced on infested leaf disks was assessed. A similar experiment was conducted to determine the effect of steaming and Al amendments on pathogen populations. Medium treated with the pH 4 solution consistently reduced sporangia production between 38 and 65% on day 0, but no Al effect was noted at subsequent time points. The pH 6 amendment did not consistently affect sporangia production. Exchangeable Al levels decreased over time, and abiotic suppression was only observed at >2 μM Al g -1 of medium. Pathogen populations were occasionally affected by steaming and Al. Sporangia production in unsteamed medium was reduced by 50% on leaf disks buried on days 6, 13, and 21, but not on day 0. Al amendment of a 20% CSW potting medium enhanced suppression of P. parasitica and abiotic suppression occurred before biological suppression developed. DA - 2004/7// PY - 2004/7// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO.2004.94.7.780 VL - 94 IS - 7 SP - 780-788 SN - 1943-7684 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Robust-LongSAGE (RL-SAGE): A substantially improved LongSAGE method for gene discovery and transcriptome analysis AU - Gowda, M AU - Jantasuriyarat, C AU - Dean, RA AU - Wang, GL T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Abstract Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) is a widely used technique for large-scale transcriptome analysis in mammalian systems. Recently, a modified version called LongSAGE (S. Saha, A.B. Sparks, C. Rago, V. Akmaev, C.J. Wang, B. Vogelstein, K.W. Kinzler [2002] Nat Biotechnol 20: 508-512) was reported by increasing tag length up to 21 bp. Although the procedures for these two methods are similar, a detailed protocol for LongSAGE library construction has not been reported yet, and several technical difficulties associated with concatemer cloning and purification have not been solved. In this study, we report a substantially improved LongSAGE method called Robust-LongSAGE, which has four major improvements when compared with the previously reported protocols. First, a small amount of mRNA (50 ng) was enough for a library construction. Second, enhancement of cDNA adapter and ditag formation was achieved through an extended ligation period (overnight). Third, only 20 ditag polymerase chain reactions were needed to obtain a complete library (up to 90% reduction compared with the original protocols). Fourth, concatemers were partially digested with NlaIII before cloning into vector (pZEro-1), greatly improving cloning efficiency. The significant contribution of Robust-LongSAGE is that it solved the major technical difficulties, such as low cloning efficiency and small insert sizes associated with existing SAGE and LongSAGE protocols. Using this protocol, one can generate two to three libraries, each containing over 4.5 million tags, within a month. We recently have constructed five libraries from rice (Oryza sativa), one from maize (Zea mays), and one from the rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea). DA - 2004/3// PY - 2004/3// DO - 10.1104/pp.103.034496 VL - 134 IS - 3 SP - 890-897 SN - 1532-2548 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Resistance of soybean cultivars to field populations of Heterodera glycines in North Carolina AU - Koenning, , SR T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, is the most important pathogen of soybean, Glycine max, in North Carolina. Cultural practices are the most effective means of managing this pathogen because a majority of cultivars are susceptible to the races of this nematode that predominate in the state. Resistant and susceptible cultivars were evaluated in 14 H. glycines-infested fields from 1992 to 1999. Resistance in cvs. Hartwig and Delsoy 5710, and line S92-1603 derived from plant introduction (PI) 437654, was highly effective against all populations of H. glycines evaluated in these experiments. Numbers of cysts (cysts and white females) per three plants 28 days after planting and final egg population densities (Pf) were lower than on other cultivars evaluated. Cultivars with SCN resistance derived from PI 90763 were moderately resistant in many of the test fields, but cultivars with Peking-derived resistance were effective at only two locations. Some cultivars with resistance derived from PI 88788 were highly to moderately resistant to races 9 or 14 of SCN, but were not consistently effective against other populations. Hartwig and Delsoy 5710 had low SCN reproductive factors (Rf = egg density at harvest/mean egg density at planting for site) of 0.16 and 0.23 compared with an Rf of 1.9 and 2.19 on the susceptible cvs. Essex and Hutcheson, respectively. In contrast, the Rf on cultivars derived from Peking generally was greater than on susceptible cultivars. Resistant cvs. Hartwig and Delsoy 5710 generally yielded more than susceptible cultivars or cultivars derived from other sources of resistance. The initial inoculum level (Pi) was negatively correlated with soybean seed yield, but cysts 28 days after planting proved to be better at predicting seed yield than Pi. Due to the genetic diversity of H. glycines populations with regard to the ability to parasitize resistant cultivars, cultivars with resistance derived from PI 437654 or other genotypes are needed to manage this nematode in North Carolina. DA - 2004/9// PY - 2004/9// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.9.942 VL - 88 IS - 9 SP - 942-950 SN - 1943-7692 KW - damage function KW - host-plant resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Red clover necrotic mosaic virus replication proteins accumulate at the endoplasmic reticulum AU - Turner, KA AU - Sit, TL AU - Callaway, AS AU - Allen, NS AU - Lommel, SA T2 - VIROLOGY AB - Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) encodes N-terminally overlapping proteins of 27 and 88 kDa (p27 and p88) known to be required for replication. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions were used to visualize the location of p27 and p88 within Nicotiana benthamiana cells. GFP:p27 fusions localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), co-localized with ER-targeted yellow fluorescent protein and caused membrane restructuring and proliferation. Cellular fractionation of virus-inoculated N. benthamiana leaves confirmed the association of p27 with ER membranes. GFP:p88 fusions also localized to the ER and co-localized with GFP:p27. Both fusion proteins co-localize to the cortical and cytoplasmic ER and were associated with invaginations of the nuclear envelope. Independent accumulation in, and perturbation of, the ER suggests that p27 and p88 function together in the replication complex. This is the first report of a member of the Tombusviridae replicating in association with the ER. DA - 2004/3/15/ PY - 2004/3/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.virol.2003.12.006 VL - 320 IS - 2 SP - 276-290 SN - 0042-6822 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1542285421&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - RCNMV KW - polymerase KW - green fluorescent protein KW - endoplasmic reticulum KW - co-localization KW - Tombusviridae KW - confocal microscopy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plant-parasitic nematodes attacking cotton in the United States - Old and emerging production challenges AU - Koenning, , SR AU - Kirkpatrick, TL AU - Starr, JL AU - Wrather, JA AU - Walker, NR AU - Mueller, JD T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - HomePlant DiseaseVol. 88, No. 2Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Attacking Cotton in the United States: Old and Emerging Production Challenges PreviousNext OPENOpen Access licensePlant-Parasitic Nematodes Attacking Cotton in the United States: Old and Emerging Production ChallengesStephen R. Koenning, J. Allen Wrather, Terrence L. Kirkpatrick, Nathan R. Walker, James L. Starr, and John D. MuellerStephen R. KoenningCorresponding author: S. R. Koenning E-mail: E-mail Address: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author, J. Allen WratherSearch for more papers by this author, Terrence L. KirkpatrickSearch for more papers by this author, Nathan R. WalkerSearch for more papers by this author, James L. StarrSearch for more papers by this author, and John D. MuellerSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations Stephen R. Koenning , North Carolina State University Raleigh J. Allen Wrather , University of Missouri, Columbia Portageville Terrence L. Kirkpatrick , University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Hope Nathan R. Walker , Oklahoma State University Stillwater James L. Starr , Texas A & M University College Station John D. Mueller , Clemson University Blackville, SC Published Online:23 Feb 2007https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.2.100AboutSectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 88, No. 2 February 2004SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 25 Jan 2008Published: 23 Feb 2007 Pages: 100-113 Information© 2004 The American Phytopathological SocietyPDF downloadCited byPlant-Parasitic Nematodes and their Effects on Ornamental Plants: A Review14 April 2023 | Journal of Nematology, Vol. 55, No. 1Characterization of Hoplolaimus seinhorsti and Hoplolaimus pararobustus (Tylenchina: Hoplolaimidae) from banana, with phylogeny and species delineation in the genus Hoplolaimus23 May 2023 | Journal of Nematology, Vol. 55, No. 1A soil sampling method to estimate the population density of Tylenchulus semipenetrans cobb, 1913 in infested citrus orchards of the Fars province in Southern Iran20 October 2022 | European Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 165, No. 1Nematode problems in cotton and their sustainable managementNematode problems on oil seed crops and their sustainable managementEarly Season Growth Responses of Resistant and Susceptible Cotton Genotypes to Reniform Nematode and Soil Potassium Application19 November 2022 | Agronomy, Vol. 12, No. 11Identifying Nematode Damage on Soybean through Remote Sensing and Machine Learning Techniques5 October 2022 | Agronomy, Vol. 12, No. 10Meta-Analysis of the Field Efficacy of Seed- and Soil-Applied Nematicides on Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis Across the U.S. Cotton BeltTravis R. 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Kochman16 February 2007 | Plant Disease, Vol. 90, No. 6Potassium Fertilization Effects on Cotton Lint Yield, Yield Components, and Reniform Nematode Populations1 July 2005 | Agronomy Journal, Vol. 97, No. 4Cotton Tolerance to Hoplolaimus columbus and Impact on Population DensitiesS. R. Koenning and D. T. Bowman5 February 2007 | Plant Disease, Vol. 89, No. 6Integrating Cotton and Beef Production to Reduce Water Withdrawal from the Ogallala Aquifer in the Southern High Plains1 March 2005 | Agronomy Journal, Vol. 97, No. 2 DA - 2004/2// PY - 2004/2// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.2.100 VL - 88 IS - 2 SP - 100-113 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Peanut response to planting pattern, row spacing, and irrigation AU - Lanier, JE AU - Jordan, DL AU - Spears, JF AU - Wells, R AU - Johnson, PD AU - Barnes, JS AU - Hurt, CA AU - Brandenburg, RL AU - Bailey, JE T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Experiments were conducted from 1999 through 2002 in North Carolina to compare interactions of planting pattern, plant population, and irrigation on peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) pod yield and market grade characteristics. In additional experiments, pod yield and severity of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus associated with the cultivars NC‐V 11, NC 12C, VA 98R, and Perry were compared in single row (rows spaced 91 cm apart) and standard twin row (two rows spaced 18 cm apart on 91‐cm centers) planting patterns when peanut was dug and vines inverted on two digging dates spaced 10 to 16 d apart. In a third set of experiments, pod yield, market grade characteristics, and severity of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus were compared when the cultivars NC‐V 11 and Perry were planted in single row, standard twin row, and narrow twin row (two rows spaced 18 cm apart on 46‐cm centers) planting patterns. Peanut pod yield was higher in standard twin row planting patterns than when grown in single row planting patterns in some but not all experiments. Planting peanut in the narrow twin row pattern did not increase peanut pod yield over the standard twin row planting pattern. Less tomato spotted wilt was observed in standard or narrow twin row planting patterns compared with single row planting patterns. Planting peanut in single rows spaced 46 cm apart did not improve yield over peanut planted in single rows spaced 91 cm apart or the standard twin row planting pattern, regardless of irrigation treatment. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2004.1066 VL - 96 IS - 4 SP - 1066-1072 SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mechanism for the differential toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides in the honey bee, Apis mellifera AU - Iwasa, T AU - Motoyama, N AU - Ambrose, JT AU - Roe, RM T2 - CROP PROTECTION AB - Laboratory bioassays were conducted to determine the contact honey bee toxicity of commercial and candidate neonicotinoid insecticides. The nitro-substituted compounds were the most toxic to the honey bee in our laboratory studies with LD50 values of 18 ng/bee for imidacloprid, 22 ng for clothianidin, 30 ng for thiamethoxam, 75 ng for dinotefuran and 138 ng for nitenpyram. The cyano-substituted neonicotinoids exhibited a much lower toxicity with LD50 values for acetamiprid and thiacloprid of 7.1 and 14.6 μg/bee, respectively. Piperonyl butoxide, triflumizole and propiconazole increased honey bee toxicity of acetamiprid 6.0-, 244- and 105-fold and thiacloprid 154-, 1,141- and 559-fold, respectively, but had a minimal effect on imidacloprid (1.70, 1.85 and 1.52-fold, respectively). The acetamiprid metabolites, N-demethyl acetamiprid, 6-chloro-3-pyridylmethanol and 6-chloro-nicotinic acid when applied topically, produced no mortality at 50 μg/bee. These results suggest that P450s are an important mechanism for acetamiprid and thiacloprid detoxification and their low toxicity to honey bees. When honey bees were placed in cages in forced contact with alfalfa treated with acetamiprid and the synergist, triflumizole, in combination at their maximum recommended application rates, no mortality was detected above that of the control. DA - 2004/5// PY - 2004/5// DO - 10.1016/j.cropro.2003.08.018 VL - 23 IS - 5 SP - 371-378 SN - 1873-6904 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Host feeding patterns of established and potential mosquito vectors of West Nile virus in the eastern United States AU - Apperson, CS AU - Hassan, HK AU - Harrison, BA AU - Savage, HM AU - Aspen, SE AU - Farajollahi, A AU - Crans, W AU - Daniels, TJ AU - Falco, RC AU - Benedict, M AU - Anderson, M AU - McMillen, L AU - Unnasch, TR T2 - VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES AB - An important variable in determining the vectorial capacity of mosquito species for arthropod-borne infections is the degree of contact of the vector and the vertebrate reservoir. This parameter can be estimated by examining the host-feeding habits of vectors. Serological and polymerase chain reaction based methods have been used to study the host-feedings patterns of 21 mosquito species from New York, New Jersey, and Tennessee, 19 of which previously have been found infected with West Nile virus. Mammalophilic mosquito species in New Jersey and New York fed primarily upon white-tailed deer, while those from Memphis, Tennessee, fed mainly upon domestic dogs. A total of 24 different avian host species were detected among the avian-derived blood meals. American Robin, Northern Cardinal, Northern Mockingbird, Tufted Titmouse, and Brown-headed Cowbird were common avian hosts, while blood meals derived from the American Crow were relatively rare. Although the majority of common host species were potentially among the most abundant birds at each location, the proportion of blood meals from the most commonly fed upon avian species was greater than was predicted based upon the likely abundance of these species alone. These findings suggest that vector species for West Nile virus may preferentially feed upon certain avian hosts. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1089/153036604773083013 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 71-82 SN - 1557-7759 KW - arbovirus KW - mosquito KW - host KW - vector blood meal ER - TY - JOUR TI - Frequency of Bt resistance genes in Helicoverpa armigera populations from the Yellow River cotton-farming region of China AU - Li, GP AU - Wu, KM AU - Gould, F AU - Feng, HQ AU - He, YZ AU - Guo, YY T2 - ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA AB - Abstract Bt cotton has been widely planted in the Yellow River valley of China since 1998. Anci County in Hebei Province and Xiajin County in Shandong Province are two areas where almost 100% of the cotton grown produces Cry1A(c) toxin. These areas were therefore selected for analysis of the frequency of genes coding for resistance to Cry1A(c) in field populations of the bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In 2002, adult females were collected using light traps. Females were caged individually and were allowed to lay eggs. At hatch, 25–35 larvae from each female were screened for growth rate on normal artificial diet, and on diet containing 1.0 µg of Cry1A(c) toxin per ml of diet. This growth rate bioassay was designed to detect non‐recessive resistance genes in heterozygous genotypes and to detect recessive resistance genes only when present in a homozygous resistant genotype. The bioassay detected one resistant individual out of 234 screened in Anci and one resistant individual out of 420 in Xiajin. These results suggest that a conservative estimate of the resistance gene frequency is 0.00107 in the Anci population, and 0.00059 in the Xiajin population. Our results indicate that minor resistance genes or less dominant genes for resistance may occur at higher frequencies, especially in the Xiajin population. DA - 2004/8// PY - 2004/8// DO - 10.1111/j.0013-8703.2004.00191.x VL - 112 IS - 2 SP - 135-143 SN - 1570-7458 KW - Bt cotton KW - insect resistance KW - gene frequency KW - Helicoverpa armigera KW - Lepidoptera KW - Noctuidae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of extended-season mating disruption of the Oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lep., Tortricidae) in apples AU - Kovanci, OB AU - Walgenbach, JF AU - Kennedy, GG AU - Borchert, D T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AB - Abstract: Oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lep., Tortricidae) has recently become a key pest of apples throughout the eastern USA. Pheromone‐mediated mating disruption of Oriental fruit moth was successfully used in North Carolina apple orchards in the past few years. However, low levels of late‐season fruit damage occurred in some orchards treated in late May with hand‐applied pheromone dispensers because of inadequate dispenser longevity. To investigate alternative pheromone application schedules for extended mating disruption control, the following pheromone treatments were compared with conventional insecticides in Henderson County (NC) in 2002: late May application of hand‐applied dispensers; late June application of hand‐applied dispensers; late May application of hand‐applied dispensers supplemented with a late August application of sprayable pheromone dispensers; late May application of hand‐applied dispensers which have a longer activity period; and conventional insecticides as a control. All treatments were sprayed with an insecticide at petal fall in late April for thinning and for control of the first generation Oriental fruit moth adults. Pheromone trap catches were significantly reduced in all mating disruption blocks compared with conventional insecticide blocks. Among pheromone treatments, the highest trap captures were recorded in the delayed hand‐applied dispenser treatment in June before treatment. However, the mean percentage fruit damage did not vary with timing of application of hand‐applied dispensers and the type of pheromone dispenser used. Clearly, the combination of each mating disruption treatment with insecticide application against first generation Oriental fruit moth was as effective as the conventional insecticide treatment under moderate population pressure. DA - 2004/12// PY - 2004/12// DO - 10.1111/j.1439-0418.2004.00906.x VL - 128 IS - 9-10 SP - 664-669 SN - 1439-0418 KW - Grapholita molesta KW - apple pest management KW - biorational control KW - controlled release KW - mating disruption ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of soluble silica on brown patch and dollar spot of creeping bentgrass AU - Uriarte, RF AU - Shew, HD AU - Bowman, DC T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AB - Abstract Disease pressure on cool season turfgrasses is very high in the transition zone due to the heat and humidity of prolonged summers. Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) is susceptible to both brown patch (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn) and dollar spot (Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F.T. Bennett) fungi. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of soluble silica for reducing the severity or incidence of disease on creeping bentgrass. Two mature stands of creeping bentgrass, maintained as putting greens, were used. Both greens were constructed to USGA specifications and planted with either “Penncross” or “Cato” and “Crenshaw” blend creeping bentgrass. Plots were treated biweekly with silica at rates of 0, 25, and 50 kg ha−1. Turf quality was unaffected by silica application. Differences in disease incidence between the silica treatments and the control were observed in 1995 but not in 1996. There was no effect of treatment on tissue Si, suggesting that creeping bentgrass may be a Si excluder. Based on these results, silica may provide some degree of protection from dollar spot and brown patch. However, the level of control is unlikely to satisfy expectations for putting green turf quality. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1081/PLN-120027657 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 325-339 SN - 1532-4087 KW - turfgrass disease KW - Rhizoctonia solani KW - Sclerotinia homoeocarpa KW - integrated pest management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Colony genetic organization and colony fusion in the termite Reticulitermes flavipes as revealed by foraging patterns over time and space AU - Deheer, C. J. AU - Vargo, E. L. T2 - Molecular Ecology DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.02065.x VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - 431-441 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clustered pathway genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis AU - Yu, JJ AU - Chang, PK AU - Ehrlich, KC AU - Cary, JW AU - Bhatnagar, D AU - Cleveland, TE AU - Payne, GA AU - Linz, JE AU - Woloshuk, CP AU - Bennett, JW T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - Aflatoxins, a group of polyketide-derived furanocoumarins (Fig. [1][1]), are the most toxic and carcinogenic compounds among the known mycotoxins. Among the at least 16 structurally related aflatoxins characterized, however, there are only four major aflatoxins, B1, B2, G1, and G2 (AFB1, AFG1, AFB2 DA - 2004/3// PY - 2004/3// DO - 10.1128/AEM.70.3.1253-1262.2004 VL - 70 IS - 3 SP - 1253-1262 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of termite lipophorin and its involvement in hydrocarbon transport AU - FAN, YL AU - Schal, Coby AU - VARGO, EL AU - BAGNERES, AG T2 - JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1016/j.jinphys.2004.04.007 VL - 50 IS - 7 SP - 609-620 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An initial survey for Wolbachia (Rickettsiales : Rickettsiaceae) infections in selected california mosquitoes (Diptera : Culicidae) AU - Rasgon, JL AU - Scott, TW T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Knowledge of biogeographic variation in Wolbachia infection rates and inferred susceptibility to infection among different mosquito taxa has fundamental implications for the design and successful application of Wolbachia-based vector-borne disease control strategies. Using a Wolbachia-specific polymerase chain reaction assay, we tested 14 North American mosquito species in five genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Culiseta, Culex, and Ochlerotatus) for Wolbachia infection. Wolbachia infections were only detected in members of the Culex pipiens (L.) species complex. DA - 2004/3// PY - 2004/3// DO - 10.1603/0022-2585-41.2.255 VL - 41 IS - 2 SP - 255-257 SN - 0022-2585 KW - Wolbachia KW - wsp KW - mosquito KW - classification KW - transgenic ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of solid-phase subtractive hybridization for the identification of parasitism gene candidates from the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita AU - Huang, GZ AU - Dong, RH AU - Maier, T AU - Allen, R AU - Davis, EL AU - Baum, TJ AU - Hussey, RS T2 - MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY AB - SUMMARY A solid-phase subtractive strategy was used to clone parasitism gene candidates (PGCs) expressed in the oesophageal gland cells of Meloidogyne incognita. Nematode intestinal first-strand cDNA was synthesized directly on magnetic beads and used to enrich for gland-specific sequences by high stringency hybridization to gland-cell mRNA. A gland-specific cDNA library was created from the nonhybridizing gland-cell mRNA by long-distance reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Subtraction of the gland cDNA library (1000 clones) with previously cloned M. incognita parasitism genes removed 89 cDNA clones and promoted efficient identification of new PGCs. Sequencing of 711 cDNA clones from the subtracted library revealed that deduced protein sequences of 67 cDNAs were preceded by a signal peptide for secretion, a key criterion for parasitism genes. In situ hybridization with probes from the cDNA clones encoding signal peptides showed that seven cDNA clones were specifically expressed in the subventral gland cells and four in the dorsal gland cell of M. incognita. BLASTP analyses revealed the predicted proteins of five cDNAs to be novel sequences. The six PGCs with similarities to known proteins included a pectate lyase, three beta-1,4-endoglucanases and two chorismate mutases. This subtractive protocol provides an efficient and reliable approach for identifying PGCs encoding oesophageal gland cell secretory proteins that may have a role in M. incognita parasitism of plants. DA - 2004/5// PY - 2004/5// DO - 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2004.00220.x VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - 217-222 SN - 1364-3703 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The promoter of the Arabidopsis thaliana Cel1 endo-1,4-beta glucanase gene is differentially expressed in plant feeding cells induced by root-knot and cyst nematodes AU - Mitchum, MG AU - Sukno, S AU - Wang, XH AU - Shani, Z AU - Tsabary, G AU - Shoseyov, O AU - Davis, EL T2 - MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY AB - SUMMARY Transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis thaliana carrying the Arabidopsis endo‐1,4‐β‐glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) Cel1 promoter fused to the β‐glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene were infected with the root‐knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita , and either the tobacco cyst nematode, Globodera tabacum (tobacco), or beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii ( Arabidopsis ). Cel1 ‐driven GUS expression was detected in cell elongation zones of noninfected plants and within feeding sites (giant‐cells) induced in roots of both plant hosts by M. incognita . The first detectable signs of Cel1 expression within developing giant‐cells occurred at the onset of giant‐cell formation and continued throughout the M. incognita life cycle. UidA ( Gus ) transcripts were detectable within giant‐cells induced in tobacco roots at 11–13 days postinoculation with M. incognita as determined by in situ mRNA hybridization. By contrast, expression of the Cel1 promoter was not detected within developing syncytia induced in tobacco or Arabidopsis roots by G. tabacum and H. schachtii , respectively, at any time point. The results demonstrate specific regulation of cell wall‐degrading enzymes that may be required for cell wall modifications during feeding cell formation by sedentary endoparasitic nematodes. Differential expression of Cel1 by cyst and root‐knot nematodes further supports underlying mechanistic differences in giant‐cell and syncytium formation. DA - 2004/5// PY - 2004/5// DO - 10.1111/J.1364-3703.2004.00216.X VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - 175-181 SN - 1364-3703 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Structural characterization of an intermolecular RNA-RNA interaction involved in the transcription regulation element of a bipartite plant virus AU - Guenther, RH AU - Sit, TL AU - Gracz, HS AU - Dolan, MA AU - Townsend, HL AU - Liu, GH AU - Newman, WH AU - Agris, PF AU - Lommel, SA T2 - NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH AB - The 34‐nucleotide trans‐activator (TA) located within the RNA‐2 of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus folds into a simple hairpin. The eight‐nucleotide TA loop base pairs with eight complementary nucleotides in the TA binding sequence (TABS) of the capsid protein subgenomic promoter on RNA‐1 and trans‐activates subgenomic RNA synthesis. Short synthetic oligoribonucleotide mimics of the RNA‐1 TABS and the RNA‐2 TA form a weak 1:1 bimolecular complex in vitro with a Ka of 5.3 × 104 M–1. Ka determination for a series of RNA‐1 and RNA‐2 mimic variants indicated optimum stability is obtained with seven‐base complementarity. Thermal denaturation and NMR show that the RNA‐1 TABS 8mers are weakly ordered in solution while RNA‐2 TA oligomers form the predicted hairpin. NMR diffusion studies confirmed RNA‐1 and RNA‐2 oligomer complex formation in vitro. MC‐Sym generated structural models suggest that the bimolecular complex is composed of two stacked helices, one being the stem of the RNA‐2 TA hairpin and the other formed by the intermolecular base pairing between RNA‐1 and RNA‐2. The RCNMV TA structural model is similar to those for the Simian retrovirus frameshifting element and the Human immunodeficiency virus‐1 dimerization kissing hairpins, suggesting a conservation of form and function. DA - 2004/5// PY - 2004/5// DO - 10.1093/nar/gkh585 VL - 32 IS - 9 SP - 2819-2828 SN - 1362-4962 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-3042761419&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Signaling between nematodes and plants AU - Bird, DM T2 - CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY AB - After hatching in the soil, root-knot nematodes must locate and penetrate a root, migrate into the vascular cylinder, and establish a permanent feeding site. Presumably, these events are accompanied by extensive signaling between the nematode parasite and the host. Hence, much emphasis has been placed on identifying proteins that are secreted by the nematode during the migratory phase. Further progress in understanding the signaling events has been made recently by studying the host response. Striking parallels can be drawn between the nematode–plant interaction and plant symbioses with other microorganisms, and evidence is emerging to suggest that nematodes acquired components of their parasitic armory from those microbes. DA - 2004/8// PY - 2004/8// DO - 10.1016/j.pbi.2004.05.005 VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - 372-376 SN - 1879-0356 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2004.05.005 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of ultra-narrow and conventional spaced cotton to variable nitrogen rates AU - Rinehardt, JM AU - Edmisten, KL AU - Wells, R AU - Faircloth, JC T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AB - Abstract Insufficient nitrogen (N) uptake in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) has been shown to delay maturity and decrease lint yields, while excessive amounts will cause a host of disadvantages, ranging from increased insect damage to defoliation difficulties. Proper nitrogen fertilization rates are therefore essential to maximizing lint production while minimizing input costs. This test was designed to determine if ultra–narrow row cotton (UNRC) has similar nitrogen requirements as conventional row cotton (CRC). Two sites, one in peanuts and the other fallow the previous growing season, and four nitrogen rates (45, 67, 90, and 112 kg N ha−1) were used to compare soil fertility and nitrogen effects on petiole nitrate concentrations, lint yields, and ginning percentages. Although petiole nitrate concentrations between early and peak bloom were lower in ultra–narrow row cotton with 45 and 67 kg N ha−1, there was no correlation between petiole nitrate concentrations and lint yield. Conventional spacing receiving 67 kg N ha−1 had the highest lint production at both locations, while application of 90 kg N ha−1 produced the highest yields in UNRC at both locations. Ultra–narrow row cotton produced numerically higher yields than conventional row at all nitrogen rates at the location without a previous legume crop, but no significant trend was observed. Ultra–narrow row cotton lint percentages were significantly lower than conventional spacing, independent of nitrogen application rate. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1081/PLN-120030379 VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - 743-755 SN - 1532-4087 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Population density based management AU - Schmitt, D. P. AU - Koenning, S. R. AU - Barker, K. R. T2 - Biology and management of the soybean cyst nematode (2nd ed.) A2 - R. D. Riggs, A2 - Wrather, J. A. PY - 2004/// SP - 89-110 PB - Weinheim: Wiley-VCH ER - TY - CHAP TI - Population biology AU - Koenning, S. R. T2 - Biology and management of the soybean cyst nematode (2nd ed.) A2 - R. D. Riggs, A2 - Wrather, J. A. PY - 2004/// SP - 73-88 PB - Weinheim: Wiley-VCH ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cytokinins play opposite roles in lateral root formation, and nematode and Rhizobial symbioses AU - Lohar, DP AU - Schaff, JE AU - Laskey, JG AU - Kieber, JJ AU - Bilyeu, KD AU - Bird, DM T2 - PLANT JOURNAL AB - We used the cytokinin-responsive Arabidopsis response regulator (ARR)5 gene promoter fused to a beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, and cytokinin oxidase (CKX) genes from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtCKX3) and maize (ZmCKX1) to investigate the roles of cytokinins in lateral root formation and symbiosis in Lotus japonicus. ARR5 expression was undetectable in the dividing initial cells at early stages of lateral root formation, but later we observed high expression in the base of the lateral root primordium. The root tip continues to express ARR5 during subsequent development of the lateral root. These results suggest a dynamic role for cytokinin in lateral root development. We observed ARR5 expression in curled/deformed root hairs, and also in nodule primordia in response to Rhizobial inoculation. This expression declined once the nodule emerged from the parent root. Root penetration and migration of root-knot nematode (RKN) second-stage larvae (L2) did not elevate ARR5 expression, but a high level of expression was induced when L2 reached the differentiating vascular bundle and during early stages of the nematode-plant interaction. ARR5 expression was specifically absent in mature giant cells (GCs), although dividing cells around the GCs continued to express this reporter. The same pattern was observed using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter driven by the ARR5 promoter in tomato. Overexpression of CKX genes rendered the transgenic hairy roots resistant to exogenous application of the cytokinin [N6-(Delta2 isopentenyl) adenine riboside] (iPR). CKX roots have significantly more lateral roots, but fewer nodules and nematode-induced root galls per plant, than control hairy roots. DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02038.x VL - 38 IS - 2 SP - 203-214 SN - 1365-313X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1942507459&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - cytokinins KW - lateral root KW - symbiosis KW - cytokinin oxidase KW - ARR KW - Lotus japonicus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of the protein processing and secretion pathways in a comprehensive set of expressed sequence tags from Trichoderma reesei (vol 230, pg 275, 2004) AU - Diener, S. E. AU - Dunn-Coleman, N. AU - Foreman, P. AU - Houfek, T. D. AU - Teunissen, P. J. M. AU - Solingen, P. Van AU - Dankmeyer, L. AU - Mitchell, T. K. AU - Ward, M. AU - Dean, Ralph T2 - FEMS Microbiology Letters DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09588.x VL - 235 IS - 1 SP - 209 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plant development and harvest yields of greenhouse tomatoes in six organic growing systems AU - Rippy, J. F. M. AU - Peet, M. M. AU - Louws, F. J. AU - Nelson, P. V. AU - Orr, D. B. AU - Sorensen, K. A. T2 - HortScience DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 39 IS - 2 SP - 223-229 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Thricops Rondani (Diptera : Muscidae) based on molecular and morphological characters AU - Savage, J AU - Wheeler, TA AU - Wiegmann, BM T2 - SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Abstract. The muscid genus Thricops Rondani comprises forty‐four species and two subspecies restricted to the northern hemisphere. A species‐level phylogenetic analysis of Thricops was conducted using forty‐four morphological characters, 426 bp of the nuclear gene white and 523 bp spanning the 5′ end of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), the tRNA leucine gene (L2 region) and the 3′ end of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII). Thirty‐nine species and two subspecies of Thricops were included in the analysis. Two species of Azelia Robineau‐Desvoidy and one species of Hydrotaea Robineau‐Desvoidy were used as outgroups. Morphological characters were coded for all included species, the mitochondrial gene fragment (COI + II) was sequenced for a subset of seventeen species of Thricops and three outgroup species, and white for twelve of those seventeen Thricops species and two outgroup species. Six separate maximum parsimony analyses were performed on three taxon sets of different sizes ( n = 14, n = 20, n = 44). Results from the partition homogeneity test indicated no significant incongruence between data partitions, and four combined maximum parsimony analyses were conducted (DNA + morphology for n = 14; COI + II + morphology for n = 20; DNA + morphology for n = 20; DNA + morphology for n = 44). The relative contribution of each data partition to individual nodes was assessed using partitioned Bremer support. Strict consensus trees resulting from the unweighted analyses of each dataset are presented. Combination of datasets increased resolution for the small taxon set ( n = 14), but not for the larger ones ( n = 20, n = 44), most probably due to increasing amounts of missing data in the larger taxon sets. Results from both individual and combined analyses of the smaller taxon sets ( n = 14, n = 20) provided support for the monophyly of Thricops and a complete division of the genus into two monophyletic subgroups. The strict consensus cladograms resulting from the analysis of the morphological data alone and the combined data for the large taxa set ( n = 44) both supported the monophyly of the genus, but placed the species Thricops foveolatus (Zetterstedt) and Thricops bukowskii (Ringdahl) at the base of the ingroup, in a polytomy with a relatively well‐resolved branch comprising all remaining species of the genus. The basal position of these two species, included in the morphological taxon set but absent in the others, illustrates the potential pitfalls of taxon sampling and missing data in phylogenetic analyses. The synonymy of Alloeostylus with Thricops as proposed by previous authors was supported by our results. Relative contributions of different data partitions is discussed, with the mitochondrial sequence generally providing finer resolution and better branch support than white . DA - 2004/7// PY - 2004/7// DO - 10.1111/j.0307-6970.2004.00252.x VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 395-414 SN - 1365-3113 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Movement and residual activity of deltamethrin in a golf course fairway under two post-treatment irrigation timings AU - Xia, Y. L. AU - Fidanza, M. A. AU - Brandenburg, R. L. T2 - Florida Entomologist AB - The impacts of two post-treatment irrigation timings on the field efficacy and residual activity of deltamethrin against nymphs of the southern mole cricket, Scaptericus vicinus Giglio-Tos, and the tawny mole cricket, S. borellii Scudder, as well as movement of deltamethrin in the turfgrass profile, were investigated in 1998. Deltamethrin followed by irrigation 24 h after treatment provided the best mole cricket control versus immediate irrigation in both field and greenhouse studies. Regardless of irrigation timing, grass clippings had the highest residual levels of deltamethrin followed by the thatch layer. Clipping residues were higher with post 24 h irrigation than immediate irrigation with few residues in the upper soil profile (top 5 cm). DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1653/0015-4040(2004)087[0060:MARAOD]2.0.CO;2 VL - 87 IS - 1 SP - 60-64 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Managing resistance evolution in two pests to two toxins with refugia AU - Livingston, MJ AU - Carlson, GA AU - Fackler, PL T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AB - We use a regulatory model with resistance evolution in two pests to insecticidal Bt cotton and pyrethroids (a conventional insecticide) to examine non-Bt cotton (refuge) planting requirements designed to manage Bt-resistance evolution in the midsouth. Our analysis suggests that reduced refuge requirements would enhance producer profitability, sprayed refugia are more cost effective than unsprayed refugia, and producers would receive slightly higher returns under dynamic relative to static refuge policies. Pyrethroid susceptibility in one of the pests was a renewable resource, and toxin-mixture effects associated with pyrethroid use in Bt cotton were important considerations for midsouth refuge policies. DA - 2004/2// PY - 2004/2// DO - 10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00558.x VL - 86 IS - 1 SP - 1-13 SN - 0002-9092 KW - Bt cotton KW - bollworm KW - budworm KW - pyrethroids KW - refuge policy KW - renewable susceptibility KW - resistance management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Infection and fumonisin production by Fusarium verticillioides in developing maize kernels AU - Bush, BJ AU - Carson, ML AU - Cubeta, MA AU - Hagler, WM AU - Payne, GA T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin contamination are serious problems for maize growers, particularly in the southeastern United States. The lack of maize genotypes highly resistant to infection by Fusarium verticillioides or to fumonisin contamination emphasizes the need for management strategies to prevent contamination by this mycotoxin. Information on the initial appearance of infection and fumonisin contamination of kernels and their increase over time is needed to determine if early harvest may be an appropriate control strategy. Maize ears from replicated studies at two locations in eastern North Carolina were harvested weekly, starting 2 weeks after pollination and continuing for 14 weeks. The percentage of kernels infected with F. verticillioides and the fumonisin contamination in the harvested samples were determined. Kernel infection by F. verticillioides and fumonisin contamination appeared as kernels neared physiological maturity and increased up to the average harvest date for maize in North Carolina. Beyond this date, the concentrations of fumonisin fluctuated. Under years conducive for fumonisin contamination, early harvest (greater than 25% grain moisture) may help reduce the level of contamination. DA - 2004/1// PY - 2004/1// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO.2004.94.1.88 VL - 94 IS - 1 SP - 88-93 SN - 0031-949X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identity of the mtDNA haplotype(s) of Phytophthora infestans in historical specimens from the Irish Potato Famine AU - May, KJ AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH AB - The mtDNA haplotypes of the plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans present in dried potato and tomato leaves from herbarium specimens collected during the Irish potato famine and later in the 19th and early 20th century were identified. A 100 bp fragment of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) specific for P. infestans was amplified from 90% of the specimens (n = 186), confirming infection by P. infestans. Primers were designed that distinguish the extant mtDNA haplotypes. 86% percent of the herbarium specimens from historic epidemics were infected with the Ia mtDNA haplotype. Two mid-20th century potato leaves from Ecuador (1967) and Bolivia (1944) were infected with the Ib mtDNA haplotype of the pathogen. Both the Ia and IIb haplotypes were found in specimens collected in Nicaragua in the 1950s. The data suggest that the Ia haplotype of P. infestans was responsible for the historic epidemics during the 19th century in the UK, Europe, and the USA. The Ib mtDNA haplotype of the pathogen was dispersed later in the early 20th century from Bolivia and Ecuador. Multiple haplotypes were present outside Mexico in the 1940s-60s, indicating that pathogen diversity was greater than previously believed. DA - 2004/5// PY - 2004/5// DO - 10.1017/s0953756204009876 VL - 108 IS - 5 SP - 471-479 SN - 0953-7562 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-2942588943&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetics of postzygotic isolation in eucalyptus: Whole-genome analysis of barriers to introgression in a wide interspecific cross of Eucalyptus grandis and E-globulus AU - Myburg, AA AU - Vogl, C AU - Griffin, AR AU - Sederoff, RR AU - Whetten, RW T2 - GENETICS AB - The genetic architecture of hybrid fitness characters can provide valuable insights into the nature and evolution of postzygotic reproductive barriers in diverged species. We determined the genome-wide distribution of barriers to introgression in an F(1) hybrid of two Eucalyptus tree species, Eucalyptus grandis (W. Hill ex Maiden.) and E. globulus (Labill.). Two interspecific backcross families (N = 186) were used to construct comparative, single-tree, genetic linkage maps of an F(1) hybrid individual and two backcross parents. A total of 1354 testcross AFLP marker loci were evaluated in the three parental maps and a substantial proportion (27.7% average) exhibited transmission ratio distortion (alpha = 0.05). The distorted markers were located in distinct regions of the parental maps and marker alleles within each region were all biased toward either of the two parental species. We used a Bayesian approach to estimate the position and effect of transmission ratio distorting loci (TRDLs) in the distorted regions of each parental linkage map. The relative viability of TRDL alleles ranged from 0.20 to 0.72. Contrary to expectation, heterospecific (donor) alleles of TRDLs were favored as often as recurrent alleles in both backcrosses, suggesting that positive and negative heterospecific interactions affect introgression rates in this wide interspecific pedigree. DA - 2004/3// PY - 2004/3// DO - 10.1534/genetics.166.3.1405 VL - 166 IS - 3 SP - 1405-1418 SN - 0016-6731 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evolution and phylogenetic utility of CAD (rudimentary) among Mesozoic-aged Eremoneuran Diptera (Insecta) AU - Moulton, JK AU - Wiegmann, BM T2 - MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION AB - We sequenced nearly the entire carbomoylphosphate synthase (CPS) domain of CAD, or rudimentary, (ca. 4 kb) from 29 species of flies representing all major clades within Eremoneura, or higher flies, and several orthorrhaphous brachyceran outgroups. We compared these sequences with orthologs from Anopheles gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster to assess structure, compositional bias, and phylogenetic utility. CAD is large (6.6+ kb), complex (comprised of three major and myriad minor functional domains) and relatively free of introns, extreme nucleotide bias (except third codon positions), and large hypervariable regions. The CPS domain possesses moderate levels of nonsynonymous divergence among taxa of intermediate evolutionary age and conveys considerable phylogenetic signal. Phylogenetic analysis of CPS sequences under varying methods and assumptions resulted in well-resolved, strongly supported trees concordant with many traditional ideas about higher dipteran phylogeny and with prior inferences from 28S rDNA. The most robustly supported major eremoneuran clades were Cyclorrhapha, Platypezoidea, Eumuscomorpha, Empidoidea, Atelestidae, Empidoidea exclusive of Atelestidae, Hybotidae s.l., Microphoridae+Dolichopodidae, and Empididae s. str. Because CAD is ubiquitous, apparently single copy (at least within holometabolous insects), readily obtained from several insect orders using primers described herein, and exhibits considerable phylogenetic utility, it should have wide applicability in insect molecular systematics. DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00284-7 VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - 363-378 SN - 1095-9513 KW - Diptera KW - phylogeny KW - taxonomy KW - marker KW - genomic ER - TY - JOUR TI - Delaying evolution of insect resistance to transgenic crops by decreasing dominance and heritability AU - Tabashnik, BE AU - Gould, F AU - Carriere, Y T2 - JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY AB - Abstract The refuge strategy is used widely for delaying evolution of insect resistance to transgenic crops that produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins. Farmers grow refuges of host plants that do not produce Bt toxins to promote survival of susceptible pests. Many modelling studies predict that refuges will delay resistance longest if alleles conferring resistance are rare, most resistant adults mate with susceptible adults, and Bt plants have sufficiently high toxin concentration to kill heterozygous progeny from such matings. In contrast, based on their model of the cotton pest Heliothis virescens, Vacher et al. (Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 16, 2003, 378) concluded that low rather than high toxin doses would delay resistance most effectively. We demonstrate here that their conclusion arises from invalid assumptions about larval concentration-mortality responses and dominance of resistance. Incorporation of bioassay data from H. virescens and another key cotton pest (Pectinophora gossypiella) into a population genetic model shows that toxin concentrations high enough to kill all or nearly all heterozygotes should delay resistance longer than lower concentrations. DA - 2004/7// PY - 2004/7// DO - 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00695.x VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - 904-912 SN - 1420-9101 KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - Bt cotton KW - dominance KW - genetically modified crops KW - Heliothis virescens KW - Pectinophora gossypiella KW - refuges KW - resistance management KW - transgenic crops ER - TY - JOUR TI - Control of Herpomyces spp. (Ascomycetes : Laboulbeniales) infection in the wood cockroach, Parcoblatta lata (Dictyoptera : Blattodea : Blattellidae), with benomyl AU - Gemeno, C AU - Zurek, L AU - Schal, C T2 - JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY AB - Understanding the distribution of parasites is crucial for biodiversity conservation. Here, we studied the distribution of the ectoparasitic fungus Laboulbenia formicarum in native and invasive Lasius ants in a 2000 km2 area. We screened over 16,000 ant workers in 478 colonies of five different species. We found that Lab. formicarum was rare in native Lasius species but infected 58% of the colonies of the invasive species Las. neglectus. At landscape scale, Lab. formicarum presence could not be explained by geographic and genetic distances between Las. neglectus colonies but was associated with hotter and dryer climatic conditions and its prevalence in colonies increased with urbanization. Within infected colonies, fungal prevalence varied from 0 to 100 percent within meters and was negatively correlated with impervious ground cover. In a changing world, our findings emphasize the importance of land-use and climatic factors in shaping the distribution and prevalence of fungal parasites. DA - 2004/2// PY - 2004/2// DO - 10.1016/j.jip.2004.01.005 VL - 85 IS - 2 SP - 132-135 SN - 0022-2011 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cloning, sequencing and functional analysis of Magnaporthe grisea MVP1 gene, a hex-1 homolog encoding a putative 'woronin body' protein AU - Asiegbu, F. O. AU - Choi, W. AU - Jeong, J. S. AU - Dean, Ralph T2 - FEMS Microbiology Letters DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1016/S0378-1097(03)0858-9 VL - 230 IS - 1 SP - 85–90 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An auxin-inducible gene from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is differentially expressed in mature and juvenile-phase shoots and encodes a putative transmembrane protein AU - Busov, VB AU - Johannes, E AU - Whetten, RW AU - Sederoff, RR AU - Spiker, SL AU - Lanz-Garcia, C AU - Goldfarb, B T2 - PLANTA DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.1007/s00425-003-1175-4 VL - 218 IS - 6 SP - 916-927 SN - 1432-2048 KW - adventitious root formation KW - auxin KW - gene expression (5NG4) KW - maturation KW - nodulin KW - Pinus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polymorphic microsatellite loci in the European subterranean termite, Reticulitermes santonensis Feytaud AU - Dronnet, S AU - Bagneres, AG AU - Juba, TR AU - Vargo, EL T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES AB - Abstract We report on the identification and characterization of two dinucleotide, two trinucleotide and eight tetranucleotide microsatellite DNA loci isolated from the European subterranean termite Reticulitermes santonensis . We tested the loci on 51–92 individuals from 46 colonies from different regions of France. Eleven loci were polymorphic with 2–8 alleles per locus and low observed heterozygosities (0.10–0.48). We also tested the loci on 17–20 individuals from 10 colonies in the closely related North American species R. flavipes and found significantly more alleles (2–9 alleles per locus) and higher observed heterozygosities (0.15–0.80) than in R. santonensis . The lower observed heterozygosities in R. santonensis are consistent with higher levels of inbreeding in these colonies due to the presence of numerous inbred replacement reproductives. DA - 2004/3// PY - 2004/3// DO - 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00600.x VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 127-129 SN - 1471-8278 KW - dinucleotide repeats KW - microsatellites KW - R.flavipes KW - Reticulitermes santonensis KW - tetranucleotide KW - repeats KW - trinucleotide repeats ER - TY - JOUR TI - Maternal investment affects offspring phenotypic plasticity in a viviparous cockroach AU - Holbrook, GL AU - Schal, C T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Maternal effects, crossgenerational influences of the mother's phenotype on phenotypic variation in offspring, can profoundly influence the fitness of offspring. In insects especially, social interactions during larval development also can alter life-history traits. To date, however, no experimental design, to our knowledge, has manipulated the prenatal and postnatal environments independently to investigate their interaction. We report here that the degree of maternal nutrient investment in developing embryos of the viviparous cockroach Diploptera punctata influences how quickly neonate males become adults and how large they are at adulthood. An offspring's probability of reaching adulthood in fewer than four molts increased with birth weight: the heavier neonates were, consequently, more likely to become smaller adults. Social interaction also affected nymphal development and adult size. Nymphs reared in pairs molted fewer times than solitary nymphs and, thus, became smaller adults. The social effect on developmental trajectory was, however, eliminated by experimentally increasing the level of maternal nutrient investment per offspring, which was accomplished by removing one of the female's paired ovaries (allometric engineering). We conclude that a particular prenatal environment can result in different offspring phenotypes under different postnatal social conditions. By investing more in each offspring, however, D. punctata mothers, because they are viviparous, are able to produce broods with environmentally (socially) independent phenotypes. DA - 2004/4/13/ PY - 2004/4/13/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.0400209101 VL - 101 IS - 15 SP - 5595-5597 SN - 1091-6490 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of population age structure on Wolbachia transgene driver efficacy: ecologically complex factors and release of genetically modified mosquitoes AU - Rasgon, JL AU - Scott, TW T2 - INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB - Wolbachia symbionts hold theoretical promise as a way to drive transgenes into insect vector populations for disease prevention. For simplicity, current models of Wolbachia dynamics and spread ignore ecologically complex factors such as the age structure of vector populations and overlapping vector generations. We developed a model including these factors to assess their impact on the process of Wolbachia spread into populations of three mosquito species (Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens). Depending on the mosquito species, Wolbachia parameters, released mosquito life stage and initial age structure of the target population, the number of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes that we predict would need to be released ranged from less than the threshold calculated by the simple model to a 10–30-fold increase. Transgenic releases into age-structured populations, which is an expectation for wild mosquitoes, will be difficult and depending on the circumstances may not be economically or logistically feasible due to the large number of infected mosquitoes that must be released. Our results support the perspective that understanding ecological factors is critical for designing transgenic vector-borne disease control strategies. DA - 2004/7// PY - 2004/7// DO - 10.1016/j.ibmb.2004.03.023 VL - 34 IS - 7 SP - 707-713 SN - 1879-0240 KW - Wolbachia KW - vector-borne disease KW - mathematical model KW - population dynamics KW - transgenic mosquito KW - drive mechanism KW - Anopheles gambiae KW - Aedes aegypti KW - Culex pipiens ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of the German cockroach (Blattella germanica) as a vector for verotoxigenic Escherichia coli F18 in confined swine production AU - Zurek, L AU - Schal, C T2 - VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY AB - German cockroaches are common pests of confined swine production in North Carolina and other southeastern states. Vector competence of German cockroaches for one of the most important porcine bacterial pathogens, verotoxigenic Escherichia coli F18, was evaluated in laboratory bioassays using a culturing approach followed by multiplex PCR. In addition, the populations of fecal coliforms from the feces of piglets and cockroaches collected from a swine nursery were assessed. Viable and virulent cells of E. coli F18 were detected in cockroach feces for up to 8 days after the initial exposure. The population of fecal coliforms in cockroach feces was high (4.4 × 105 CFU g−1) and comparable to that of piglet feces (1.9 × 106 CFU g−1). This study demonstrates that cockroaches may serve as important mechanical vectors of pathogenic E. coli. Integrated management of cockroach populations should be incorporated into the disease prevention and control programs in the swine industry. DA - 2004/8/6/ PY - 2004/8/6/ DO - 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.04.011 VL - 101 IS - 4 SP - 263-267 SN - 0378-1135 KW - Escherichia coli F18 KW - German cockroach KW - colibacillosis KW - fecal coliforms ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of the protein processing and secretion pathways in a comprehensive set of expressed sequence tags from Trichoderma reesei AU - Diener, SE AU - Dunn-Coleman, N AU - Foreman, P AU - Houfek, TD AU - Teunissen, PJM AU - Solingen, P AU - Dankmeyer, L AU - Mitchell, TK AU - Ward, M AU - Dean, RA T2 - FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS AB - Trichoderma reesei is a filamentous fungus widely used as an efficient protein producer and known to secrete large quantities of biomass degrading enzymes. Much work has been done aimed at improving the secretion efficiency of this fungus. It is generally accepted that the major bottlenecks in secretion are protein folding and ornamentation steps in this pathway. In an attempt to identify genes involved in these steps, the 5' ends of 21888 cDNA clones were sequenced from which a unique set of over 5000 were also 3' sequenced. Using annotation tools Gene Ontology terms were assigned to 2732 of the sequences. Homologs to the majority of Aspergillus niger's Srg genes as well as a number of homologs to genes involved in protein folding and ornamentation pathways were identified. DA - 2004/1/30/ PY - 2004/1/30/ DO - 10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00916-9 VL - 230 IS - 2 SP - 275-282 SN - 1574-6968 KW - secretion KW - protein processing KW - Trichoderma reesei KW - expressed sequence tag ER - TY - JOUR TI - BAC end sequences and a physical map reveal transposable element content and clustering patterns in the genome of Magnaporthe grisea AU - Thon, MR AU - Martin, SL AU - Goff, S AU - Wing, RA AU - Dean, RA T2 - FUNGAL GENETICS AND BIOLOGY AB - Transposable elements (TEs) are viewed as major contributors to the evolution of fungal genomes. Genomic resources such as BAC libraries are an underutilized resource for studying genome-wide TE distribution. Using the BAC end sequences and physical map that are available for the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea, we describe a likelihood ratio test designed to identify clustering of TEs in the genome. A significant variation in the distribution of three TEs, MAGGY, MGL, and Pot2 was observed among the fingerprint contigs of the physical map. We utilized a draft sequence of M. grisea chromosome 7 to validate our results and found a similar pattern of clustering. By examining individual BAC end sequences, we found evidence for 11 unique integrations of MAGGY or MGL into Pot2 but no evidence for the reciprocal integration of Pot2 into another TE. This suggests that: (a) the presence of Pot2 in the genome predates that of the other TEs, (b) Pot2 was less transpositionally active than other TEs, or (c) that MAGGY and MGL have integration site preference for Pot2. High transition/transversion mutation ratios as well as bias in transition site context was observed in MAGGY and MGL elements, but not in Pot2 elements. These features are consistent with the effects of a Repeat-Induced Point (RIP) mutation-like process occurring in MAGGY and MGL elements. This study illustrates the general utility of a physical map and BAC end sequences for the study of genome-wide repetitive DNA content and organization. Index Descriptors: Transposon; Transposable element; Rice blast; Magnaporthe grisea; Pyricularia grisea; BAC library; Physical map DA - 2004/7// PY - 2004/7// DO - 10.1016/j.fgb.2004.02.003 VL - 41 IS - 7 SP - 657-666 SN - 1087-1845 KW - transposon KW - transposable element KW - rice blast KW - Magnaporthe grisea KW - Pyricularia grisea KW - BAC library KW - physical map ER - TY - JOUR TI - Orientation of multicolored Asian lady beetles to buildings AU - Nalepa, C. A. AU - Kennedy, G. G. AU - Brownie, C. T2 - American Entomologist (Lanham, Md.) DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - 174-175 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Three new mosquito records for North Carolina AU - Rayburn, W. H. AU - Parker, B. M. AU - Andrews, J. E. AU - Collins, R. F. AU - Harrison, B. A. T2 - Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - 451-453 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling intra-sexual competition in a sex pheromone system: how much can female movement affect female mating success? AU - Pearson, GA AU - Dillery, S AU - Meyer, , JR T2 - JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL BIOLOGY AB - Mating disruption theory predicts that high concentrations of female pheromone, and/or large numbers of release sites, should confuse males orienting to “calling” females, reduce the number of successful matings, and decrease the reproductive potential of the population. In this scenario, females are regarded as stationary point sources of pheromone. Past behavioral observations, however, have shown virgin female grape root borers, Vitacea polistiformis Harris, significantly alter their behavior in mating disruption treatments. Treated females call at different heights, move less before call initiation, and move more after call initiation than control females. Pheromone gland dragging and wing fanning also increase significantly during pheromone treatments. These behavioral differences are significant only if they alter the mating success of females. Because long-term field studies are impractical, we used known behavior of male and female GRB to build a Fortran language time step model, adding the effects of female movement to past models of male pheromone plume following. Females were distributed randomly, and then assigned a conditional movement strategy. If females were within the competitive portion of another female's plume, the downwind female moved. Except in the lowest population density tested, females moving upwind and crosswind when in a competing female's pheromone plume mated significantly more often than females remaining stationary. In all population simulations, mating success was significantly reduced when females moved downwind. These field and simulation studies provide strong evidence for female movement as a previously overlooked potential mechanism for resistance to mating disruption treatments, as well as a shaping behavior in the evolution of pheromone communication systems. DA - 2004/12/21/ PY - 2004/12/21/ DO - 10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.07.010 VL - 231 IS - 4 SP - 549-555 SN - 0022-5193 KW - female behavior KW - pheromone KW - mating disruption KW - Lepidoptera KW - natural selection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Population genetics of autocidal control and strain replacement AU - Gould, F AU - Schliekelman, P T2 - ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY AB - The concept that an insect species' genome could be altered in a manner that would result in the control of that species (i.e., autocidal control) or in the replacement of a pestiferous strain of the species with a more benign genotype was first proposed in the mid-twentieth century. A major research effort in population genetics and ecology followed and led to the development of a set of classical genetic control approaches that included use of sterile males, conditional lethal genes, translocations, compound chromosomes, and microbe-mediated infertility. Although there have been a number of major successes in application of classical genetic control, research in this area has declined in the past 20 years for technical and societal reasons. Recent advances in molecular biology and transgenesis research have renewed interest in genetically based control methods because these advances may remove some major technical problems that have constrained effective genetic manipulation of pest species. Population genetic analyses suggest that transgenic manipulations may enable development of strains that would be 10 to over 100 times more efficient than strains developed by classical methods. Some of the proposed molecular approaches to genetic control involve modifications of classical approaches such as conditional lethality, whereas others are novel. Experience from the classical era of genetic control research indicates that the population structure and population dynamics of the target population will determine which, if any, genetic control approaches would be appropriate for addressing a specific problem. As such, there continues to be a need for ongoing communication between scientists who are developing strains and those who study the native pest populations. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123344 VL - 49 SP - 193-217 SN - 1545-4487 KW - transposons KW - transformation KW - eradication KW - dynamics KW - sex ratio KW - sterile males ER - TY - JOUR TI - Getting to the roots of parasitism by nematodes AU - Davis, EL AU - Hussey, RS AU - Baum, TJ T2 - TRENDS IN PARASITOLOGY AB - Most phytoparasitic nematodes infect plant roots and some species have evolved sophisticated interactive relationships with host cells to sustain a sedentary parasitic habit. The recent isolation of multiple 'parasitism genes' expressed specifically within the esophageal gland cells of sedentary phytonematodes suggests that an arsenal of different secreted parasitism proteins from the nematode might have direct effects on recipient host cells. These include cell wall modifications and potential interactions with signal transduction receptors in the extracellular space, as well as direct introduction of proteins into host cells that might influence cellular metabolism, the cell cycle, selective protein degradation, a localized defense response and regulatory activity within the host cell nucleus. DA - 2004/3// PY - 2004/3// DO - 10.1016/j.pt.2004.01.005 VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 134-141 SN - 1471-5007 ER - TY - JOUR TI - First report of stem and leaf blight caused by Sclerotinia minor on Geranium carolinianum in North Carolina. AU - Hollowell, JE AU - Shew, BB T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - The soilborne fungus Sclerotinia minor Jagger is a major pathogen of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in North Carolina and overwinters in soil, on crop debris, or on winter annual weed species (1). Bleached stems and small, black sclerotia are typically seen on peanut plants infected by S. minor. Carolina geranium (Geranium carolinianum L.) is one of several winter annual weed species found during winter fallow in peanut production areas of northeastern North Carolina. During a March 2002 survey of previously harvested peanut fields, plants of Carolina geranium were observed with typical signs and symptoms of infection caused by S. minor. Symptomatic plants with bleached stems and signs of small, black sclerotia were collected in the field and returned to the laboratory. Pathogen isolation and fungal identification were performed from the symptomatic tissues by placing 1- to 2-cm sections of stems on potato dextrose agar after rinsing with tap water and towel drying. Pure cultures of S. minor were obtained and observed to have white, fluffy mycelium and small, black irregular-shaped sclerotia (<2 mm) produced abundantly and scattered over the culture surface. Pathogenicity was tested by inoculating stems of three symptom-free Carolina geranium plants with 2-day-old fungal mycelium from pure isolation. Mycelial agar plugs, 4 mm in diameter, were held in place with self-sticking bandaging gauze. Plants were misted, enclosed in plastic bags, and incubated at ambient temperature (24°C) on the laboratory counter top. Bleached water-soaked lesions developed on the stems, and leaves became chlorotic after 8 days. Following 8 days of incubation, S. minor was reisolated from all inoculated plants. Three noninoculated plants remained healthy over the incubation period. The performance of Koch's postulates confirmed that Carolina geranium is a host of S. minor. To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. minor on G. carolinianum. These results indicate that G. carolinianum is a potential overwintering host for S. minor in peanut fields. Infected weed hosts allow reproduction of the fungus in the winter, potentially resulting in more disease on peanut planted in the spring. Reference: (1) J. E. Hollowell et al. Plant Dis. 87:197, 2003. DA - 2004/3// PY - 2004/3// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.3.312B VL - 88 IS - 3 SP - 312-312 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expression in sugar beet of the introduced cercosporin toxin export (CFP) gene from Cercospora kikuchii, the causative organism of purple seed stain in soybean AU - Kuykendall, LD AU - Upchurch, RG T2 - BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS DA - 2004/5// PY - 2004/5// DO - 10.1023/B:BILE.0000024096.22105.c3 VL - 26 IS - 9 SP - 723-727 SN - 0141-5492 KW - Beta vulgaris KW - Cercospora beticola KW - leafspot disease KW - major facilitator KW - transgenic plant ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exguiana, a new genus of neotropical phycitines (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) AU - Neunzig, H. H. AU - Solis, M. A. T2 - Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 106 IS - 3 SP - 554-563 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A chitinase from Tex6 maize kernels inhibits growth of Aspergillus flavus AU - Moore, KG AU - Price, MS AU - Boston, RS AU - Weissinger, AK AU - Payne, GA T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - The maize inbred Tex6 has resistance to colonization and aflatoxin accumulation by Aspergillus flavus. A protein inhibitory to growth of A. flavus has been identified from aqueous extracts of mature Tex6 seeds. This study reports the purification of a chitinase associated with this inhibitory activity to electrophoretic homogeneity and the further characterization of its properties. The inhibitory protein, which has an M r of 29,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is an endochitinase that is also capable of exochitinase activity. The enzyme has an optimal pH of 5.5 and a temperature optimum of 45°C. Chitinase activity in maize kernels peaked approximately 36 days after pollination. The Tex6 chitinase purified in this study is capable of inhibiting the growth of A. flavus by 50% at a concentration of 20 μg/ml. Our data indicate that chitinase activity in Tex6 kernels makes a major contribution to the antifungal activity in this maize genotype. Partial peptide sequence of the chitinase showed it to differ from previously reported chitinases. DA - 2004/1// PY - 2004/1// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO.2004.94.1.82 VL - 94 IS - 1 SP - 82-87 SN - 1943-7684 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Landowner attitudes regarding wildlife management on private land in North Carolina AU - Daley, SS AU - Cobb, DT AU - Bromley, PT AU - Sorenson, CE T2 - WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN AB - Early-successional habitats across the southeast United States have declined considerably in recent years amid rising human population growth and associated development. Recognizing the declining wildlife populations associated with early-successional habitats and the need for influence over habitat on private land, the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission established the Cooperative Upland Habitat Restoration and Enhancement (CURE) Program in August 2000. The program targets private landowners in 3 select regions of the state (Upper Coastal Plain I, Upper Coastal Plain II, and Western Piedmont). Survey research was conducted in the 3 CURE Program areas to 1) evaluate demographic and landownership attributes of private landowners and associated land-use characteristics, 2) assess regional differences in landowner attitudes and behavior toward wildlife management on private land, 3) identify landowner attributes related to regional differences in attitude or behavior, and 4) evaluate how regional differences will impact future CURE Program guidelines. Landowner attitudes toward wildlife in North Carolina are closely linked to property use and reliance on land for direct economic income (i.e., agricultural production). Landowners who depended on their property for earned annual income were less likely to consider the aesthetic or intrinsic value of wildlife on their land than those who did not rely on their land for income. For some landowners, financial incentives alone appeared sufficient to encourage participation in the CURE Program. Other landowners were less interested in financial rewards. For these landowners, alternative forms of encouragement, such as partnerships with agencies and organizations, might be more effective. Understanding variability in landowner attitudes and behavior toward wildlife habitat is critical to the success of private-land wildlife habitat management programs. In North Carolina the success of the CURE Program will depend on tailoring the program to fit regional differences in landowner values, attitudes, and behavior. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.2193/0091-7648(2004)32[209:LARWMO]2.0.CO;2 VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - 209-219 SN - 1938-5463 KW - attitudes KW - behavior KW - human dimensions KW - landowner KW - North Carolina KW - private land KW - telephone KW - survey KW - wildlife management ER -