TY - JOUR TI - The Amino-Terminal Region of Drosophila MSL1 Contains Basic, Glycine-Rich, and Leucine Zipper-Like Motifs That Promote X Chromosome Binding, Self-Association, and MSL2 Binding, Respectively AU - Li, Fang AU - Parry, David A. D. AU - Scott, Maxwell J. T2 - Molecular and Cellular Biology AB - In Drosophila melanogaster, X chromosome dosage compensation is achieved by doubling the transcription of most X-linked genes. The male-specific lethal (MSL) complex is required for this process and binds to hundreds of sites on the male X chromosome. The MSL1 protein is essential for X chromosome binding and serves as a central scaffold for MSL complex assembly. We find that the amino-terminal region of MSL1 binds to hundreds of sites on the X chromosome in normal males but only to approximately 30 high-affinity sites in the absence of endogenous MSL1. Binding to the high-affinity sites requires a basic motif at the amino terminus that is conserved among Drosophila species. X chromosome binding also requires a conserved leucine zipper-like motif that binds to MSL2. A glycine-rich motif between the basic and leucine-zipper-like motifs mediates MSL1 self-association in vitro and binding of the amino-terminal region of MSL1 to the MSL complex assembled on the male X chromosome. We propose that the basic region may mediate DNA binding and that the glycine-rich region may promote the association of MSL complexes to closely adjacent sites on the X chromosome. DA - 2005/10/1/ PY - 2005/10/1/ DO - 10.1128/MCB.25.20.8913-8924.2005 VL - 25 IS - 20 SP - 8913-8924 J2 - Molecular and Cellular Biology LA - en OP - SN - 1098-5549 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.25.20.8913-8924.2005 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Organisation and Expression of a Cluster of Female-specific Genes in the Australian Sheep Blowfly, Lucilia cuprina AU - Scott, MJ AU - Sarkar, A AU - Belikoff, EJ T2 - Area-Wide Control of Insect Pests DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Molecular phylogenetics of the nematocerous Diptera: The earliest diversification of true flies AU - Bertone, Matt C2 - 2005/// C3 - The 2005 ESA Annual Meeting and Exhibition DA - 2005/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular cloning and genetic analysis of a symbiosis-expressed gene cluster for lolitrem biosynthesis from a mutualistic endophyte of perennial ryegrass AU - Young, C. A. AU - Bryant, M. K. AU - Christensen, M. J. AU - Tapper, B. A. AU - Bryan, G. T. AU - Scott, B. T2 - Mol Genet Genomics DA - 2005/7/1/ PY - 2005/7/1/ DO - 10.1007/s00438-005-1130-0 VL - 274 IS - 1 SP - 13-29 KW - Neotyphodium lolii KW - Epichloe festucae KW - lolitrem B KW - endophyte KW - retrotransposons ER - TY - JOUR TI - Structural analysis of a peptide synthetase gene required for ergopeptine production in the endophytic fungus Neotyphodium lolii AU - Damrongkool, Prapassorn AU - Damrongkool, Prapassorn AU - Sedlock, Andrea B. AU - Damrongkool, Prapassorn AU - Sedlock, Andrea B. AU - Young, Carolyn A. AU - Johnson, Richard D. AU - Damrongkool, Prapassorn AU - Sedlock, Andrea B. AU - Young, Carolyn A. AU - Johnson, Richard D. AU - Goetz, Kerry E. AU - Scott, Barry AU - Schardl, Christopher L. AU - Panaccione, Daniel G. T2 - DNA Sequence AB - Lysergyl peptide synthetase 1 catalyzes the assembly of toxic ergopeptines from activated D-lysergic acid and three amino acids. The gene encoding this enzyme in the endophytic fungus Neotyphodium lolii was analyzed and compared to a homologous gene from the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea. Each gene contained two introns, which were found in the same relative position within two modules of the gene. The 5′ ends of the two genes were unusually divergent. Signature sequences determining substrate specificity were similar in adenylation domains that recognized identical amino acids but differed within the adenylation domain for the amino acid that varies between the major ergopeptines of the two fungi. Homologues were detected in several related endophytic fungi; the tall fescue endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum contained a divergent, second copy of the gene. Our results provide new information on the structure and distribution of this important peptide synthetase involved in ergot alkaloid biosynthesis. DA - 2005/1// PY - 2005/1// DO - 10.1080/10425170500273005 VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - 379-385 KW - peptide synthetase KW - ergopeptine KW - adenylation domain KW - intron position KW - endophyte KW - ergovaline ER - TY - JOUR TI - Behavior: Ant nestmate and non-nestmate discrimination by a chemosensory sensillum AU - Ozaki, M. AU - Wada-Katsumata, A. AU - Fujikawa, K. AU - Iwasaki, M. AU - Yokohari, F. AU - Satoji, Y. AU - Nisimura, T. AU - Yamaoka, R. T2 - Science AB - In animal societies, chemical communication plays an important role in conflict and cooperation. For ants, cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) blends produced by non-nestmates elicit overt aggression. We describe a sensory sensillum on the antennae of the carpenter ant Camponotus japonicus that functions in nestmate discrimination. This sensillum is multiporous and responds only to non-nestmate CHC blends. This suggests a role for a peripheral recognition mechanism in detecting colony-specific chemical signals. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1126/science.1105244 VL - 309 IS - 5732 SP - 311-314 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-22044438575&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Pheromone Production AU - Blomquist, G.J. AU - Jurenka, R. AU - Schal, C. AU - Tittiger, C. T2 - Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1016/b0-44-451924-6/00046-6 VL - 3 SP - 705–751 PB - Elsevier SN - 9780444519245 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-44-451924-6/00046-6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characteristics of the Structure of Minor Variants of External Transcribed Spacers of Ribosomal DNA of the Cockroach Blattella germanica AU - Mukha, D. V. AU - Mysina, V. A. AU - Schal, C. T2 - Doklady Biological Sciences DA - 2005/9// PY - 2005/9// DO - 10.1007/s10630-005-0132-8 VL - 404 IS - 1-6 SP - 348-351 J2 - Dokl Biol Sci LA - en OP - SN - 0012-4966 1608-3105 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10630-005-0132-8 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Discovery of retrotransposons of the cockroach Blattella germanica AU - Chumachenko, A. G. AU - Schal, C. AU - Mukha, D. V. T2 - Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics DA - 2005/3// PY - 2005/3// DO - 10.1007/s10628-005-0044-4 VL - 401 IS - 1-6 SP - 104-107 J2 - Dokl Biochem Biophys LA - en OP - SN - 1607-6729 1608-3091 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10628-005-0044-4 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thrips and tospoviruses come of age: Mapping determinants of insect transmission AU - Ullman, D. E. AU - Whitfield, A. E. AU - German, T. L. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - With advancements in stem cell technology, in vitro models using iPSC (induced pluripotent stem cells)-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CM) and engineered heart tissues (EHT) can serve as powerful tools for disease modeling and drug screening. ...Fluorescent reporters of cardiac electrophysiology provide valuable information on heart cell and tissue function. However, motion artifacts caused by cardiac muscle contraction interfere with accurate measurement of fluorescence signals. Although drugs ... DA - 2005/3/28/ PY - 2005/3/28/ DO - 10.1073/PNAS.0501341102 VL - 102 IS - 14 SP - 4931-4932 J2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences LA - en OP - SN - 0027-8424 1091-6490 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.0501341102 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tomato spotted wilt virus glycoprotein GC is cleaved at acidic pH AU - Whitfield, Anna E. AU - Ullman, Diane E. AU - German, Thomas L. T2 - Virus Research AB - Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is a plant-infecting member of the family Bunyaviridae. TSWV encodes two envelope glycoproteins, G(N) and G(C), which are required for virus infection of the arthropod vector. Other members of the Bunyaviridae enter host cells by pH-dependent endocytosis. During this process, the glycoproteins are exposed to conditions of acidic pH within endocytic vesicles causing the G(C) protein to change conformation. This conformational change renders G(C) more sensitive to protease cleavage. We subjected TSWV virions to varying pH conditions and determined that TSWV G(C), but not G(N), was cleaved under acidic pH conditions, and that this phenomenon did not occur at neutral or alkaline pH. This data provides evidence that G(C) changes conformation at low pH which results in altered protease sensitivity. Furthermore, sequence analysis of G(C) predicts the presence of internal hydrophobic domains, regions that are characteristic of fusion proteins. Like studies with other members of the Bunyaviridae, this study is the first step towards characterizing the nature of cell entry by TSWV. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.01.007 VL - 110 IS - 1-2 SP - 183-186 J2 - Virus Research LA - en OP - SN - 0168-1702 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2005.01.007 DB - Crossref KW - envelope glycoprotein KW - Frankliniella occidentalis KW - Tospovirus ER - TY - CHAP TI - Biology and Detection of Fungal Pathogens of Humans and Plants AU - Payne, Gary A. AU - Cubeta, Marc A. T2 - Microbial Forensics AB - This chapter reviews fungi, their taxonomy, growth, reproduction, pathogenicity, epidemiology, detection, and identification. Fungi have greatly shaped the history of humankind. However, not all fungi are beneficial; some fungi are harmful pathogens and can cause diseases. They represent an important group of pathogens that significantly impact human and plant health and are responsible for the majority of plant diseases and important agents of infectious diseases of immuno compromised humans. Kingdom Fungi include four phyla: Ascomycota (sac fungi), Basidiomycota (club and mushroom fungi; rusts; and smuts), Chytridiomycota (chytrids), and Zygomycota (bread molds), and are often referred to as the “true fungi” or Eumycota. Disease is the result of an interaction between a pathogen and a susceptible host within a favorable environment. Repeated dispersal and cycles of infection on the same plant are common attributes of many plant pathogens. In contrast, fungal diseases of humans are usually not communicable. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) sequence based methods allow a closer examination of the ecology and epidemiology of human and plant pathogens. Although databases are useful in identifying a wide range of fungi, in certain instances, these available databases may not be sufficient to place a DNA sequence within a previously sampled genus or species. A powerful tool for the identification of fungi is the detection of DNA sequence that varies from multiple regions of the fungal genome coupled with appropriate statistical analysis of the data. As newer techniques —such as; PCR, micro fluidic methods, mitochondrial, and nuclear DNA sequence data are available, rapid identification of genetically distinct individuals will be possible, facilitating fungal forensics. PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1016/b978-012088483-4/50009-3 SP - 109-130 OP - PB - Elsevier SN - 9780120884834 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012088483-4/50009-3 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nematode gene sequences: Update for December 2005 AU - McCarter, J.P. AU - Bird, D.McK. AU - Mitreva, M. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 417-421 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33744980477&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - A white paper on nematode comparative genomics AU - Bird, D.McK. AU - Blaxter, M.L. AU - McCarter, J.P. AU - Mitreva, M. AU - Sternberg, P.W. AU - Thomas, W.K. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 408-416 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33744994353&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Linkage Maps of the Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum, Based on Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes and Expressed Sequence Tags AU - Lorenzen, Marcé D. AU - Doyungan, Zaldy AU - Savard, Joel AU - Snow, Kathy AU - Crumly, Lindsey R. AU - Shippy, Teresa D. AU - Stuart, Jeffrey J. AU - Brown, Susan J. AU - Beeman, Richard W. T2 - Genetics AB - Abstract A genetic linkage map was constructed in a backcross family of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, based largely on sequences from bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) ends and untranslated regions from random cDNA's. In most cases, dimorphisms were detected using heteroduplex or single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis after specific PCR amplification. The map incorporates a total of 424 markers, including 190 BACs and 165 cDNA's, as well as 69 genes, transposon insertion sites, sequence-tagged sites, microsatellites, and amplified fragment-length polymorphisms. Mapped loci are distributed along 571 cM, spanning all 10 linkage groups at an average marker separation of 1.3 cM. This genetic map provides a framework for positional cloning and a scaffold for integration of the emerging physical map and genome sequence assembly. The map and corresponding sequences can be accessed through BeetleBase (http://www.bioinformatics.ksu.edu/BeetleBase/). DA - 2005/4/16/ PY - 2005/4/16/ DO - 10.1534/genetics.104.032227 VL - 170 IS - 2 SP - 741-747 J2 - Genetics LA - en OP - SN - 0016-6731 1943-2631 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.104.032227 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Tribolium chitin synthase genes TcCHS1 and TcCHS2 are specialized for synthesis of epidermal cuticle and midgut peritrophic matrix AU - Arakane, Y. AU - Muthukrishnan, S. AU - Kramer, K. J. AU - Specht, C. A. AU - Tomoyasu, Y. AU - Lorenzen, M. D. AU - Kanost, M. AU - Beeman, R. W. T2 - Insect Molecular Biology AB - Functional analysis of the two chitin synthase genes, TcCHS1 and TcCHS2, in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, revealed unique and complementary roles for each gene. TcCHS1-specific RNA interference (RNAi) disrupted all three types of moult (larval-larval, larval-pupal and pupal-adult) and greatly reduced whole-body chitin content. Exon-specific RNAi showed that splice variant 8a of TcCHS1 was required for both the larval-pupal and pupal-adult moults, whereas splice variant 8b was required only for the latter. TcCHS2-specific RNAi had no effect on metamorphosis or on total body chitin content. However, RNAi-mediated down-regulation of TcCHS2, but not TcCHS1, led to cessation of feeding, a dramatic shrinkage in larval size and reduced chitin content in the midgut. DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2005.00576.x VL - 14 IS - 5 SP - 453-463 J2 - Insect Mol Biol LA - en OP - SN - 0962-1075 1365-2583 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2583.2005.00576.x DB - Crossref KW - Tribolium castaneum KW - chitin synthase KW - RNAi KW - peritrophic matrix KW - cuticle ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dynamic relationships between soil properties and foliar disease as affected by annual additions of organic amendment to a sandy-soil vegetable production system AU - Rotenberg, Dorith AU - Cooperband, Leslie AU - Stone, Alexandra T2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry AB - Additions of organic amendments to agricultural soils can lead to improved soil quality and reduced severity of crop diseases. However, the relationship between disease severity and soil properties as affected by repeated additions of these amendments is poorly understood. The primary objectives of this study were to (i) resolve multivariate relationships between soil properties and foliar disease severity and (ii) identify soil properties that contribute to disease severity in an intensive irrigated vegetable production system receiving annual additions of fresh and composted paper mill residuals (PMR). Foliar diseases caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae on snap bean (bacterial brown spot) and P. s. pv. lachrymans on cucumber (angular leaf spot) are the focus of this report. The experiment consisted of a 3-year crop rotation of potato (1998 and 2001), snap bean (1999 and 2002), and cucumber (2000). Treatments included a non-amended fertilizer control and two rates of fresh PMR, PMR composted alone (PMRC), and PMR composted with bark (PMRB). Soil measures included total soil carbon (TC) and nitrogen (TN), particulate organic matter carbon (POMC) and nitrogen (POMN), volumetric soil moisture (VM) and in situ NO3-N. Multiple regression (MR) and principal component analyses (PCA) were conducted to identify key soil properties that influenced the amount of disease. On average, the amount of TC in plots amended with PMR composts increased 77–178% from 1999 to 2002 compared to the non-amended soils. In 1999, a year in which compost additions reduced the amount of bacterial brown spot of bean, TC explained 42% of the total variation in disease severity in the best MR model. Midseason TN alone was inversely related to angular leaf spot incidence in 2000, while POMN explained 51% of the variation in the best MR model for that year. In 2002, a year in which PMRC-amended soils exacerbated brown spot symptoms, midseason quantities of TN explained 80% of the variation in disease severity. Unique to 2002, NO3-N alone positively correlated with disease severity. Overall, the influence of soil carbon on disease severity was displaced by the increasing importance of TN and NO3-N, indicating a transition from a C-dependent to an N-dependent system. DA - 2005/7// PY - 2005/7// DO - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.12.006 VL - 37 IS - 7 SP - 1343-1357 J2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry LA - en OP - SN - 0038-0717 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.12.006 DB - Crossref KW - paper mill residuals KW - compost KW - disease control KW - soil organic matter KW - aerial bacteria KW - plant available nitrogen ER - TY - JOUR TI - PAPER MILL RESIDUALS AND COMPOST EFFECTS ON PARTICULATE ORGANIC MATTER AND RELATED SOIL FUNCTIONS IN A SANDY SOIL AU - Newman, C. M. AU - Rotenberg, D. AU - Cooperband, L. R. T2 - Soil Science AB - Amending sandy soils with paper mill residuals (PMR) and/or PMR composts should build soil organic matter pools, thereby increasing carbon and nutrient availability for biologically mediated soil functions. We investigated the effects of PMR and PMR composts on total and particulate organic matter (POM) and their relationships with plant available water (PAW) and mineral nitrogen. From 1998 to 2001, we applied PMR, PMR composted alone (PMR-C), and PMR composted with bark (PMR-B) annually at two agronomic rates to sandy soils in a 3-year vegetable rotation of potato, snap bean, and cucumber. After 4 years, all PMR amendments increased total soil C and N (TC, TN), POM-C, and POM-N 2- to 4-fold, relative to a nonamended control. After 3 years of annual amendment additions, the soil achieved an elevated steady state of POM-C, indicating a net balance between C-input and C-decay. Either TC or POM-C explained greater than 50% of the variation in PAW in years 2 through 4, indicating the functional similarities between the two carbon pools. The first sign of a significant but weak relationship between mineral N and POM-N (R2 = 15%) or TN (R2 = 34%) occurred during the final year of study. Annual additions of PMR and PMR composts produced sustained increases in labile soil C and N pools; however, increases in these OM pools did not translate into short-term nutrient availability in these sandy soils. DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1097/01.ss.0000190506.33675.e6 VL - 170 IS - 10 SP - 788-801 J2 - Soil Science LA - en OP - SN - 0038-075X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ss.0000190506.33675.e6 DB - Crossref KW - paper mill residuals KW - compost KW - sandy soil KW - particulate organic matter KW - plant available water ER - TY - JOUR TI - Population structure of the tobacco blue mold pathogen Peronospora tabacina in the USA, the Caribbean and Central America AU - Blanco-Meneses, M AU - Ristaino, J T2 - Phytopathology DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 95 IS - 6 ER - TY - CONF TI - Molecular evolution in the mitochondrial genome of the Irish Potato famine pathogen, Phytophthora infestans AU - Ristaino, J AU - Avila-Adame, C AU - Buell, R T2 - AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA C2 - 2005/// C3 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY DA - 2005/// VL - 95 SP - S89-S89 M1 - 6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A 3-year field measurement of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice paddies in China: Effects of water regime, crop residue, and fertilizer application AU - Zou, Jianwen AU - Huang, Yao AU - Jiang, Jingyan AU - Zheng, Xunhua AU - Sass, Ronald L T2 - Global biogeochemical cycles DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 19 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gene genealogies inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences suggest a South American origin of Phytophthora infestans. Genealoǵıas de los genes deducidas de las secuencias de ADN nuclear y mitocondrial sugiere un origen suramericano de Phytophthora infestans. AU - Ristaino, J AU - Gomez-Alpizar, L AU - Thorne, J AU - Carbone, I T2 - Phytopathology. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 95 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Functional and species diversity of soil microbial communities in soils from organic, sustainable, and conventional farms in North Carolina AU - Bo, L AU - Ristaino, J AU - Glenn, D AU - Tu, C AU - Hu, S AU - Buckley, K AU - Gumpertz, M T2 - Phytopathology DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 95 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sequencing the Phytophthora infestans genome: preliminary studies AU - Zody, MC AU - O’Neill, K AU - Handsaker, B AU - Karlsson, E AU - Govers, F AU - Vondervoort, P AU - Weide, R AU - Whisson, S AU - Birch, P AU - LiJun, Ma AU - others DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temporal Progress of Septoria Leaf Spot on Rabbiteye Blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) AU - Ojiambo, P. S. AU - Scherm, H. T2 - Plant Disease AB - Septoria leaf spot, caused by Septoria albopunctata, is an important disease on blueberry in the southeastern United States, yet its epidemiology is largely unknown. Disease severity and dissemination of pycnidiospores were monitored from 2002 to 2004 in a planting of susceptible Premier rabbiteye blueberry to characterize the temporal progress of the disease and determine the effect of inoculum dynamics and selected leaf attributes on disease development. Disease onset was observed between late April and mid-June, followed by a rapid increase in disease severity until mid- to late September; thereafter, disease severity decreased until the end of the season due to abscission of severely infected leaves. A logistic model was fitted to disease severity data using nonlinear regression, and parameter estimates were used to compare the effects of leaf position on the shoot and shoot location in the canopy on disease progress. Based on this model, the highest absolute rate of disease increase and the highest upper asymptote of disease severity were predicted for leaves in intermediate positions on the shoot and for shoots in the lower canopy. Data collected with funnel spore samplers showed that splash-dispersed pycnidiospores of S. albopunctata were available throughout most of the period from April through late October. Final disease severity on individual leaves was more strongly correlated with cumulative spore numbers throughout the entire season (from leaf emergence to the end of the assessment period in November) than with cumulative spore numbers during shorter periods around the time of leaf emergence; this suggests that infection is not limited to young, expanding leaves, but rather that leaves at all developmental stages can become infected by S. albopunctata seasonlong. Disease incidence on leaves of potted trap plants exposed to natural inoculum in the field during rain events in 2003 and 2004 was >70.0% irrespective of leaf developmental stage at the time of exposure. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that inoculum of S. albopunctata is present throughout most of the growing season and that infection can occur season-long on leaves of any age, giving rise to a polycyclic epidemic. DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1094/pd-89-1090 VL - 89 IS - 10 SP - 1090-1096 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/30791277 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survival Analysis of Time to Abscission of Blueberry Leaves Affected by Septoria Leaf Spot AU - Ojiambo, P. S. AU - Scherm, H. T2 - Phytopathology AB - In the southeastern United States, Septoria leaf spot, caused by Septoria albopunctata, can result in premature defoliation of blueberry plants during summer and fall, thereby reducing yield potential for the following year. The effects of disease severity and leaf attributes (leaf age and leaf location in the canopy) on the dynamics (timing and extent) of defoliation were quantified in field plots of Premier rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) in 2002 and 2003. In each year, 50 shoots were selected for assessment in early spring, and all leaves on these shoots (n = 410 and 542 in 2002 and 2003, respectively) were monitored individually for disease progress and time of abscission at 3- to 10-day intervals throughout the season. In both years, disease progress was characterized by an exponential increase in disease severity up to late September, followed by a decline toward the end of the assessment period in late November. Defoliation was sporadic up to late August, followed by more rapid and sustained levels of leaf loss. Abscission of severely infected leaves could explain the decline in disease severity toward the end of the season. Final disease severity (i.e., disease severity on the last assessment date before leaf drop) was highest for leaves that abscised early and lowest for leaves that had not abscised by the end of the assessment period. Survival analysis revealed that older leaves (located on the lower halves of shoots) and leaves with high levels of disease (≥5 spots/leaf at the time of fruit harvest in mid-June) abscised significantly (P < 0.0001) earlier than younger leaves and leaves with lower disease severity. Relative to their respective reference groups, mean times to abscission were ≈2 weeks shorter for the older leaf group and ≈3 weeks shorter in the leaf group afflicted by high disease severity. When an accelerated failure time model was fitted to the data, the resulting parameter estimates indicated that each additional leaf spot present at harvest accelerated time to leaf abscission (expressed using late August as a starting point) by 1.9 and 4.5% in 2002 and 2003, respectively. Leaf location in upper or lower portions of the canopy had no significant effect on time to abscission (P > 0.05). DA - 2005/1// PY - 2005/1// DO - 10.1094/phyto-95-0108 VL - 95 IS - 1 SP - 108-113 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/AGR/IND43679599 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sexual segregation in bison: a test of multiple hypotheses AU - Mooring, M.S. AU - Reisig, D.D. AU - Osborne, E.R. AU - Kanallakan, A.L. AU - Hall, B.M. AU - Schaad, E.W. AU - Wiseman, D.S. AU - Huber, R.R. T2 - Behaviour AB - Abstract Sexual segregation, in which males and females form separate groups for most of the year, is common in sexually dimorphic ungulates. We tested multiple hypotheses to explain sexual segregation in bison (Bison bison) at National Bison Range, Montana and Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge, Nebraska during June-August of 2002-2003. Fieldwork involved use of GPS to record space use by segregated groups, vegetation transects to measure forage availability, fecal analyses to document diet composition and quality, and behavioural observations to characterize activity budgets. During sexual segregation, males in bull groups used areas with greater per capita abundance of forage, higher proportion of weeds, and less nutritious grasses (as indicated by lower % fecal nitrogen) compared with females in cow or mixed groups. However, there was no difference between the sexes in activity budgets, predation risk factors, or distance to water. Single-sex bull groups were no more synchronized in activity than mixed groups. These results support the 'sexual dimorphism-body size hypothesis', which proposes that males segregate from females because their larger body size requires more abundant forage, while longer ruminal retention permits efficient use of lower-quality forage. The gastrocentric model, based on the digestive physiology and foraging requirements of dimorphic ungulates, supplies the most likely proximate mechanism for bison sexual segregation. Our results would also partly support the 'reproductive strategy-predation risk hypothesis' if females form large groups to reduce predation risk. The predictions of the 'activity budget hypothesis' were not supported for bison. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1163/1568539055010110 VL - 142 IS - 7 SP - 897–927 KW - bison KW - sexual segregation KW - sexual dimorphism-body size hypothesis KW - gastrocentric model KW - reproductive strategy-predation risk hypothesis KW - activity budget hypothesis ER - TY - CONF TI - Seedling resistance to Phytophthora cinammomi in the Genus Abies AU - Frampton, J. AU - Benson, D. M. AU - Li, J. AU - Brahan, A. M. AU - Hudson, E. E. AU - Potter, K. M. C2 - 2005/// C3 - Proceedings of the 28th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 2005/// SP - 146-147 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Southeastern U.S. fusarium head blight epidemic of 2003 AU - Cowger, Christina AU - Sutton, A. L. T2 - Plant Health Progress AB - Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused unprecedented losses to southeastern U.S. wheat producers and millers in 2003. The epidemic was documented afterward through interviews with 120 researchers, extension agents, millers, and growers. Sixty-two counties in five states were assigned an FHB impact score of 1 to 4, and 2003 yield and weather data were obtained for those counties. The relationships of yield and pre- and post-flowering weather variables to impact score were evaluated using regression and correlation analyses. Yield as a percentage of the 10-year average was negatively correlated with FHB impact (r = -0.588, P < 0.0001). FHB impact was positively correlated with hours of post-flowering rainfall (r = 0.465, 0.590, and 0.619 for 10, 20, and 30 days post-flowering, respectively; P = 0.0001), but not correlated with hours of pre-flowering rainfall (P = 0.99). While this was not a controlled study, the results suggest that pre-flowering weather may have played a less significant role than post-flowering weather, and was unlikely to have been a good predictor of FHB severity in the southeast in 2003. Using 10-year average production data, premilling economic losses were estimated for 40 counties in Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina at over $13.6 million. Wheat production in those counties comprised just 71.7%, 45.8%, and 48.0% of the statewide totals, respectively; thus, actual 2003 FHB-related losses to growers in those states were probably much higher. Additionally, mills in the region suffered losses of several million dollars in 2003 due to increased shipping, testing, and handling costs brought on by FHB. Accepted for publication 26 September 2005. Published 26 October 2005. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1094/php-2005-1026-01-rs SP - 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differentiation of isolates of Glomerella cingulata and Colletotrichum spp. associated with Glomerella leaf spot and bitter rot of apples using growth rate, response to temperature, and benomyl sensitivity AU - Gonzalez, E. AU - Sutton, T. B. T2 - Plant Health Progress AB - Cultural characteristics were investigated as a way to distinguish isolates of Glomerella cingulata and Colletotrichum spp. associated with Glomerella leaf spot and bitter rot of apples from those that cause only bitter rot. The growth rate, response to temperature, and benomyl sensitivity of 27 isolates of Glomerella cingulata, 12 isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and 7 isolates of C. acutatum, collected from apple orchards located in the U.S. and Brazil and previously characterized based on morphology, vegetative compatibility, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes, were determined. These isolates represent the genetic and molecular diversity within isolates of C. gloeosporioides, C. acutatum, and G. cingulata from apples found in a previous study. Slower growth, lower optimum growth temperature, and less sensitivity to benomyl distinguished isolates of C. acutatum from isolates of G. cingulata and C. gloeosporioides. However, growth rate and benomyl sensitivity were not useful for distinguishing between G. cingulata and C. gloeosporioides or differentiating isolates of G. cingulata that cause leaf spot and bitter rot from those that only cause bitter rot. Accepted for publication 17 May 2005. Published 19 July 2005. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1094/php-2005-0719-01-rs SP - 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conidial viability and pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin for mole cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) control in turfgrass AU - Thompson, S. R. AU - Brandenburg, R. L. AU - Arends, J. J. T2 - International Turfgrass Society Research Journal DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 10 SP - 784 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Performance of Kentucky bluegrass-tall fescue mixtures in the Southeastern United States AU - Reynolds, W. C. AU - Butler, E. L. AU - Wetzel, H. C. AU - Bruneau, A. H. AU - Tredway, L. P. T2 - International Turfgrass Society Research Journal DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 10 SP - 525 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of methods for evaluation of spring dead spot incidence in hybrid bermudagrass AU - Butler, E. L. AU - Tredway, L. P. T2 - International Turfgrass Society Research Journal DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 10 SP - 273 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The impact of transgenic cottons expressing one or two proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis on survival and damage potential of first and second instars of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) AU - Jackson, R. E. AU - Mahaffey, J. S. AU - Bradley, J. R., Jr. AU - Van Duyn, J. W. AU - Sorenson, C. E. T2 - Journal of Cotton Science (Online) DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 199 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of the female sex pheromone of the German cockroach, Blattela germanica AU - Nojima, S. T2 - Aroma Research DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 237 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic variation among Rhizoctonia solani isolates from warm-season turfgrasses AU - Li, J. F. AU - Martin, S. B. AU - Jeffers, S. N. AU - Dean, R. A. AU - Camberato, J. J. T2 - International Turfgrass Society Research Journal DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 10 SP - 230 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Flight activity of Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder and S. borellii Giglio-Tos (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) in Southeastern North Carolina T2 - International Turfgrass Society Research Journal DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 10 SP - 723 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Practices and perceptions of school integrated pest management by North Carolina pest-management professionals AU - Nalyanya, G. W. AU - Lilley, S. C. AU - Linker, H. M. AU - Waldvogel, M. G. T2 - Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 22 IS - 3-4 SP - 203-215 ER - TY - PAT TI - Endoglucanase gene promoter upregulated by nematodes AU - Davis, E. L. AU - Goellner, M. C2 - 2005/// DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Visualization of helium dielectric barrier discharge treatment of green peach aphids on tobacco leaves AU - Bures, BL AU - Donohue, KV AU - Roe, RM AU - Bourham, MA T2 - IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE AB - Nonthermal nonchemical dielectric barrier discharge treatment of green peach aphids has shown to be an effective method of insect control when the insects are on a synthetic mesh substrate. The efficacy of the treatment, represented as percent mortality, is reduced when the aphids reside on tobacco leaves. The reduction in treatment appears to be the result of streamer formation on the leaves. Although the streamer formation has reduced the treatment for aphids on tobacco leaves under our experimental conditions, control of insects such as lice and fleas that reside on alternative substrates can benefit from dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) treatment. Alternative conditions for the generation of DBD may be possible for insect control on plants. DA - 2005/4// PY - 2005/4// DO - 10.1109/TPS.2005.845035 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 290-291 SN - 0093-3813 KW - dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) KW - insect control ER - TY - JOUR TI - Viral genetic determinants for thrips transmission of Tomato spotted wilt virus AU - Sin, SH AU - McNulty, BC AU - Kennedy, GG AU - Moyer, JW T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is transmitted exclusively by thrips in nature. A reassortment-based viral genetic system was used to map transmissibility by thrips to the medium (M) RNA of TSWV. To locate determinants of thrips transmission in the M RNA, 30 single-lesion isolates (SLIs) were generated from a single TSWV isolate that was inefficiently transmitted by thrips. Three of the 30 SLIs were transmitted by thrips, and 27 were not. Sequence analysis of the M RNA, thrips transmissibility assays, G C protein analysis, and transmission electron microscopic studies revealed that a specific nonsynonymous mutation (C1375A) in the G N /G C ORF of the M RNA resulted in the loss of thrips transmissibility without inhibition of virion assembly. This was in contrast to other nontransmissible SLIs, which had frameshift and/or nonsense mutations in the G N /G C ORF but were defective in virion assembly. The G C glycoprotein was detectable in the C1375A mutants but not in the frameshift or nonsense mutants. We report a specific viral determinant associated with virus transmission by thrips. In addition, the loss of transmissibility was associated with the accumulation of defective haplotypes in the population, which are not transmissible by thrips, rather than with the presence of a dominant haplotype that is inefficiently transmitted by thrips. These results also indicate that the glycoproteins may not be required for TSWV infection of plant hosts but are required for transmissibility by thrips. DA - 2005/4/5/ PY - 2005/4/5/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.0407354102 VL - 102 IS - 14 SP - 5168-5173 SN - 0027-8424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Velocity of spread of wheat stripe rust epidemics AU - Cowger, Christina AU - Wallace, L. R. D. AU - Mundt, C. C. T2 - Phytopathology DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO.95-0972 VL - 95 IS - 9 SP - 972–982 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pheromone biosynthetic pathways in the moths Heliothis subflexa and Heliothis virescens AU - Choi, MY AU - Groot, A AU - Jurenka, RA T2 - ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY AB - Sex pheromones of many moth species have relatively simple structures consisting of a hydrocarbon chain with a functional group and one to several double bonds. These sex pheromones are derived from fatty acids through specific biosynthetic pathways. We investigated the incorporation of deuterium-labeled tetradecanoic, hexadecanoic, and octadecanoic acid precursors into pheromone components of Heliothis subflexa and Heliothis virescens. The two species utilize (Z)11-hexadecenal as the major pheromone component, which is produced by Delta11 desaturation of hexadecanoic acid. H. subflexa also produced (Z)11-hexadecanol and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate via Delta11 desaturation. In H. subflexa, octadecanoic acid was used to biosynthesize the minor pheromone components (Z)9-hexadecenal, (Z)9-hexadecenol, and (Z)9-hexadecenyl acetate. These minor components are produced by Delta11 desaturation of octadecanoic acid followed by one round of chain-shortening. In contrast, H. virescens used hexadecanoic acid as a substrate to form (Z)11-hexadecenal and (Z)11-hexadecenol and hexadecenal. H. virescens also produced (Z)9-tetradecenal by Delta11 desaturation of the hexadecanoic acid followed by one round of chain-shortening and reduction. Tetradecanoic acid was not utilized as a precursor to form Z9-14:Ald in H. virescens. This labeling pattern indicates that the Delta11 desaturase is the only active desaturase present in the pheromone gland cells of both species. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1002/arch.20051 VL - 59 IS - 2 SP - 53-58 SN - 1520-6327 KW - pheromone KW - biosynthesis KW - FBAN KW - desaturases KW - Lepidoptera KW - noctuidae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Novel G-protein-coupled receptor-like proteins in the plant pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe grisea AU - Kulkarni, R. D. AU - Thon, M. R. AU - Pan, H. Q. AU - Dean, R. A. T2 - Genome Biology DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 6 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monitoring the Oriental Fruit Moth with pheromone and bait traps in apple orchards under different management regimes AU - Kovanci, OB AU - Walgenbach, JF T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEST MANAGEMENT AB - Abstract A completely randomized experimental design was used to evaluate the performance of pheromone and terpinyl acetate bait traps in the monitoring of Oriental Fruit Moth in apple orchards under different management regimes. Pheromone traps detected three peaks in male moth catches corresponding to the first, second, and overlapping third plus fourth generation adults, respectively. However, two separate peaks of overlapping generations were evident in bait traps owing to their ability to catch both sexes, predominantly mated females. Trap catches and fruit damage were significantly reduced both in mating disruption blocks with an early insecticide application and insecticide treatments alone, compared with abandoned blocks. Cumulative moth catch in pheromone traps during late-season flight was a better predictor of fruit damage than catch in bait traps. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1080/09670870500270661 VL - 51 IS - 4 SP - 273-279 SN - 1366-5863 KW - Oriental Fruit Moth KW - monitoring KW - terpinyl acetate bait KW - pheromone trap KW - mating disruption KW - apple pest management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Managing the race structure of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae with cultivar rotation AU - Sullivan, MJ AU - Melton, TA AU - Shew, HD T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Deployment of tobacco cultivars with single-gene, complete resistance to race 0 of the tobacco black shank pathogen, Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, has resulted in a rapid increase in the occurrence of race 1 of the pathogen in North Carolina. Cultivar-rotation studies were conducted in three fields to assess how different levels and types of resistance affected the race structure and population dynamics of the pathogen when deployed in fields initially containing single or mixed races of the pathogen. In a field with both races present, a high level of partial resistance in cv. K 346 was most effective in reducing disease and decreasing the proportion of race 1 in the pathogen population. The deployment of complete resistance in cv. NC 71 resulted in intermediate levels of disease control and race 1 became the predominate race. The cv. K 326, with a low level of partial resistance, had the highest levels of disease, and race 0 was the dominant race recovered. In a field where no race 1 was detected initially, disease incidence was high with the use of partial resistance. Complete resistance was very effective in suppressing disease, but race 1 was recovered after only one growing season. By the end of the third growing season, race 1 was recovered from most treatments where single-gene resistance was deployed. A high level of partial resistance was most effective in suppressing disease in a field where race 1 initially was the predominant race. A rotation between cultivars with single-gene resistance and cultivars with a high level of partial resistance should provide the most effective approach to black shank management. This rotation will reduce disease incidence and minimize race shifts in the pathogen and, over time, should prolong the usefulness of the Ph gene for black shank control in commercial production of tobacco. DA - 2005/12// PY - 2005/12// DO - 10.1094/PD-89-1285 VL - 89 IS - 12 SP - 1285-1294 SN - 0191-2917 KW - Fla. 301 Nicotiana tabacum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Male and female antennal responses in Heliothis virescens and H subflexa to conspecific and heterospecific sex pheromone compounds AU - Groot, A AU - Gemeno, C AU - Brownie, C AU - Gould, F AU - Schal, C T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Journal Article Male and Female Antennal Responses in Heliothis virescens and H. subflexa to Conspecific and Heterospecific Sex Pheromone Compounds Get access Astrid Groot, Astrid Groot 1 1Corresponding author: Department of Entomology, Box 7614, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613 (e-mail: astrid_groot@ncsu.edu). Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar César Gemeno, César Gemeno 2Present address: University of Lleida, Department Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Rovira Roure, 177, 25198 Lleida, Spain. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cavell Brownie, Cavell Brownie 3Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Fred Gould, Fred Gould Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Coby Schal Coby Schal Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Environmental Entomology, Volume 34, Issue 2, 1 April 2005, Pages 256–263, https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-34.2.256 Published: 01 April 2005 Article history Received: 06 May 2004 Accepted: 03 December 2004 Published: 01 April 2005 DA - 2005/4// PY - 2005/4// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X-34.2.256 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 256-263 SN - 1938-2936 KW - Heliothis virescens KW - Heliothis subflexa KW - electroantennogram KW - species specificity KW - female autodetection ER - TY - JOUR TI - International pesticide use information system for exporting vegetables and fruit AU - Xia, YL AU - Stinner, RE AU - Tryon, E AU - Tutini, P T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEST MANAGEMENT AB - Abstract An online information system was developed to allow US growers to search pesticide application information for export of vegetables and fruits. By entering an export country, a crop name, pesticide type, and post harvest interval, a user can obtain a list of pesticides labeled for the crop, the pesticides suitable for use with export, and the associated pesticide application restriction (PAR) information for each pesticide in the recommended list. A relational database (Microsoft SQL Server 2000) was used to house the PAR data, pesticide labels, and pesticide maximum residue limit information (MRL). These data were obtained from governmental agencies and international organizations. The data were then entered into the system using an online data entry system developed using ColdFusion programming language. The database currently contains the registration information for over 1,100 pesticides, 20,000 MRL data entries, and 20,000 PAR entries. New data are updated frequently. The project web site is http://cipm.ncsu.edu/exportMRL. Keywords: PesticideresidueMRLdatabaseprogrammingapplication DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1080/09670870500396417 VL - 51 IS - 4 SP - 225-230 SN - 0967-0874 KW - pesticide KW - residue KW - MRL KW - database KW - programming KW - application ER - TY - JOUR TI - Geographical variation in pheromone response of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera : Crambidae), in North Carolina: A 20-Y perspective AU - Sorenson, CE AU - Kennedy, GG AU - Schal, C AU - Walgenbach, JF T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Abstract Pheromone traps were used to assess the distribution of two pheromone races of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), in North Carolina, ≈10 and 20 yr after previous, similar assessments. In the previous studies, moths responding to a 97Z: 3E isomeric blend (Z blend) of 11-tetradecenyl acetate predominated in the far western parts of the state, whereas moths responding to a 3Z: 97E blend (E blend) prevailed in the east, with a substantial zone of overlap occurring in the eastern Piedmont. There was evidence that the E responsive population had expanded westward between 1978 and 1988. In this study, the distribution of the two races seemed to remain essentially unchanged from that observed in the late 1980s, and no evidence of a continued westward expansion of E responsive moths was detected. DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X(2005)034[1057:GVIPRO]2.0.CO;2 VL - 34 IS - 5 SP - 1057-1062 SN - 0046-225X KW - pheromone race distribution KW - landscape effects KW - pheromone trapping KW - cone trap ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic analysis of the breeding system of an invasive subterranean termite, Reticulitermes santonensis, in urban and natural habitats AU - Dronnet, S. AU - Chapuisat, M. AU - Vargo, E. L. AU - Lohou, C. AU - Bagneres, A. G. T2 - Molecular Ecology AB - Reticulitermes santonensis is a subterranean termite that invades urban areas in France and elsewhere where it causes damage to human-built structures. We investigated the breeding system, colony and population genetic structure, and mode of dispersal of two French populations of R. santonensis. Termite workers were sampled from 43 and 31 collection points, respectively, from a natural population in west-central France (in and around the island of Oleron) and an urban population (Paris). Ten to 20 workers per collection point were genotyped at nine variable microsatellite loci to determine colony identity and to infer colony breeding structure. There was a total of 26 colonies, some of which were spatially expansive, extending up to 320 linear metres. Altogether, the analysis of genotype distribution, F-statistics and relatedness coefficients suggested that all colonies were extended families headed by numerous neotenics (nonwinged precocious reproductives) probably descended from pairs of primary (winged) reproductives. Isolation by distance among collection points within two large colonies from both populations suggested spatially separated reproductive centres with restricted movement of workers and neotenics. There was a moderate level of genetic differentiation (F(ST) = 0.10) between the Oleron and Paris populations, and the number of alleles was significantly higher in Oleron than in Paris, as expected if the Paris population went through bottlenecks when it was introduced from western France. We hypothesize that the diverse and flexible breeding systems found in subterranean termites pre-adapt them to invade new or marginal habitats. Considering that R. santonensis may be an introduced population of the North American species R. flavipes, a breeding system consisting primarily of extended family colonies containing many neotenic reproductives may facilitate human-mediated spread and establishment of R. santonensis in urban areas with harsh climates. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02508.x VL - 14 IS - 5 SP - 1311-1320 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fitness of races 0 and 1 of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae AU - Sullivan, MJ AU - Melton, TA AU - Shew, HD T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Deployment of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) varieties with complete resistance to race 0 of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae has led to a rapid increase in the field populations of race 1 in North Carolina. In a field study, population levels of race 1 decreased relative to race 0 when cultivars with partial resistance to both races were planted, suggesting that race 1 isolates were less fit than race 0 isolates. Experiments were conducted to quantify differences in aggressiveness and survivability of the two races. Tobacco varieties with low, moderate, or high levels of partial resistance were inoculated with 60 pathogen isolates, and symptom development was monitored for 3 weeks. Race 0 isolates were more aggressive than race 1 isolates on cultivars with moderate or high levels of partial resistance; incubation periods were shorter and root rot severity was greater with race 0 isolates. Isolates of race 1, however, caused greater stunting of plants with moderate and high levels of partial resistance than race 0 isolates. Field microplots were infested with either a single race or an equal mixture of each race. Soil samples were collected at the end of two growing seasons and again the following spring. Pathogen populations declined from 40 to 80% during winter months, but population declines for race 0 were lower than for race 1 in each treatment over each winter. Race shifts from race 1 to race 0 that were observed in the presence of cultivars with partial resistance appear to be primarily the result of differences in aggressiveness of the races, with a possible minor effect of enhanced overwintering survival of race 0 compared with race 1. DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005/11// DO - 10.1094/PD-89-1220 VL - 89 IS - 11 SP - 1220-1228 SN - 0191-2917 KW - black shank KW - oomycete ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of biological and biorational control tactics for suppression of nantucket pine tip moth damage in Virginia pine Christmas trees AU - Philip, M. M. AU - Orr, D. B. AU - Hain, F. P. T2 - Journal of Economic Entomology AB - A study was performed to evaluate the potential of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma exiguum Pinto and Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), the newly registered insect growth regulator (IGR) tebufenozide (Confirm), and a modified spray technique (top whorl only pesticide application) for suppression of Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), damage in Virginia pine, Pinus virginiana Mill., Christmas trees. Augmentative releases of T. exiguum failed to increase parasitism levels in release plots compared with controls, and significant reduction in tip moth damage did not occur. High predation levels on released T. exiguum may have contributed to the failure of parasitoid augmentations. Whole-tree and top whorl tebufenozide treatments provided significantly greater damage control than corresponding applications of acephate (Orthene), a commonly used pesticide in Christmas trees. Damage to trees receiving whole-tree chemical applications did not differ significantly from trees receiving top whorl treatments for most measurements of damage. Top whorl chemical treatments resulted in a 67% reduction in time required for application and a 70% reduction in pesticide used. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-98.2.409 VL - 98 IS - 2 SP - 409-414 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enzyme function of the globin dehaloperoxidase from Amphitrite ornata is activated by substrate binding AU - Belyea, J AU - Gilvey, LB AU - Davis, MF AU - Godek, M AU - Sit, TL AU - Lommel, SA AU - Franzen, S T2 - BIOCHEMISTRY AB - Amphitrite ornata dehaloperoxidase (DHP) is a heme enzyme with a globin structure, which is capable of oxidizing para-halogenated phenols to the corresponding quinones. Cloning, high-level expression, and purification of recombinant DHP are described. Recombinant DHP was assayed by stopped-flow experiments for its ability to oxidatively debrominate 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP). The enzymatic activity of the ferric form of recombinant DHP is intermediate between that of a typical peroxidase (horseradish peroxidase) and a typical globin (horse heart myoglobin). The present study shows that, unlike other known peroxidases, DHP activity requires the addition of substrate, TBP, prior to the cosubstrate, peroxide. The presence of a substrate-binding site in DHP is consistent with a two-electron oxidation mechanism and an obligatory order for activation of the enzyme by addition of the substrate prior to the cosubstrate. DA - 2005/12/6/ PY - 2005/12/6/ DO - 10.1021/bi051731k VL - 44 IS - 48 SP - 15637-15644 SN - 0006-2960 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-28544440508&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of interspecific competition between two urban ant species, Linepithema humile and Monomorium minimum, on toxic bait performance AU - Alder, P AU - Silverman, J T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - We evaluated the effects of interspecific competition on ant bait performance with two urban pest ants, the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr), and the little black ant, Monomorium minimum (Buckley). In a laboratory study, the impact of a solid sulfluramid bait on M. minimum was diminished when L. humile were present, whereas the presence of M. minimum reduced the performance of a liquid fipronil bait against L. humile. Argentine ants were not adversely affected by sulfluramid bait at any time, whereas M. minimum was unaffected by fipronil bait until 14 d of exposure. In field studies measuring diel foraging activity, M. minimum seemed to delay L. humile foraging to food stations by ≈30 min during summer 2001. However, L. humile subsequently recruited to food stations in very high numbers, thereby displacing M. minimum. L. humile visited food stations over an entire 24-h period, whereas M. minimum was only observed visiting food stations during daylight hours. Adjusting the timing of bait placement in the field may minimize any negative effects of interspecific competition between these two species on toxic bait performance. DA - 2005/4// PY - 2005/4// DO - 10.1093/jee/98.2.493 VL - 98 IS - 2 SP - 493-501 SN - 1938-291X KW - Linepithema humile KW - Monomorium minimum KW - competition KW - bait KW - foraging ER - TY - JOUR TI - A review of the neotropical genus Difundella Dyar (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae) AU - Neunzig, H. H. AU - Solis, M. A. T2 - Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 107 IS - 2 SP - 303-314 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transposable element insertion location bias and the dynamics of gene drive in mosquito populations AU - Rasgon, JL AU - Gould, F T2 - INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB - Some vector-borne disease control strategies using transgenic mosquitoes require transgene spread to high frequency in populations. Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA sequences that replicate and transpose within the genomes of other organisms and may therefore be represented in the next generation in higher frequencies than predicted by Mendelian segregation. This over-representation has allowed some TEs to spread through natural populations. Transgenes incorporated within a TE sequence are expected to be driven into populations as long as there is a positive balance between fitness costs and over-representation. Models have been used to examine parameters that affect this balance but did not take into account biased insertion of TEs to linked sites in the genome. A simulation model was created to examine the impact of insertion bias on TE spread in mosquito populations. TEs that induce no fitness costs are predicted to increase in frequency over a wide range of parameter values but spread is slower for lower levels of transposition and non-local movement. If TEs are costly, high proportions of local movement can slow or halt spread. To function as a robust transgene drive mechanism a TE should replicate and transpose > 10%/insert/generation, induce < 1% fitness cost/insert, and move preferentially to unlinked sites in the genome. DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2005.00580.x VL - 14 IS - 5 SP - 493-500 SN - 0962-1075 KW - transposon KW - gene drive KW - mathematical model KW - mosquito KW - vector-borne disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of ants on the entomophagous butterfly caterpillar Feniseca tarquinius, and the putative role of chemical camouflage in the Feniseca-Ant interaction AU - Youngsteadt, E AU - Devries, PJ T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY DA - 2005/9// PY - 2005/9// DO - 10.1007/s10886-005-6079-2 VL - 31 IS - 9 SP - 2091-2109 SN - 1573-1561 KW - Lycaenidae KW - Miletinae KW - Feniseca tarquinius KW - chemical camouflage KW - cuticular hydrocarbons KW - lycaenid-ant interactions KW - carnivorous caterpillars KW - Camponotus pennsylvanicus KW - Eriosomatidae KW - Prociphilus tesselatus ER - TY - JOUR TI - SNAP: workbench management tool for evolutionary population genetic analysis AU - Price, EW AU - Carbone, I T2 - BIOINFORMATICS AB - Abstract Summary: The reconstruction of population processes from DNA sequence variation requires the coordinated implementation of several coalescent-based methods, each bound by specific assumptions and limitations. In practice, the application of these coalescent-based methods for parameter estimation is difficult because they make strict assumptions that must be verified a priori and their parameter-rich nature makes the estimation of all model parameters very complex and computationally intensive. A further complication is their distribution as console applications that require the user to navigate through console menus or specify complex command-line arguments. To facilitate the implementation of these coalescent-based tools we developed SNAP Workbench, a Java program that manages and coordinates a series of programs. The workbench enhances population parameter estimation by ensuring that the assumptions and program limitations of each method are met and by providing a step-by-step methodology for examining population processes that integrates both summary-statistic methods and coalescent-based population genetic models. Availability: SNAP Workbench is freely available at http://snap.cifr.ncsu.edu. The workbench and tools can be downloaded for Mac, Windows and Unix operating systems. Each package includes installation instructions, program documentation and a sample dataset. Contact: ignazio_carbone@ncsu.edu Supplementary information: A description of system requirements and installation instructions can be found at http://snap.cifr.ncsu.edu DA - 2005/2/1/ PY - 2005/2/1/ DO - 10.1093/bioinformatics/bti003 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 402-404 SN - 1460-2059 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Resolving tylenchid evolutionary relationships through multiple gene analysis derived from EST data AU - Scholl, EH AU - Bird, DM T2 - MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION AB - Sequence-based phylogenetic analyses typically are based on a small number of character sets and report gene trees which may not reflect the true species tree. We employed an EST mining strategy to suppress such incongruencies, and recovered the most robust phylogeny for five species of plant-parasitic nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria, M. chitwoodi, M. hapla, M. incognita, and M. javanica), three closely related tylenchid taxa (Heterodera glycines, Globodera pallida, and G. rostochiensis) and a distant taxon, Caenorhabditis elegans. Our multiple-gene approach is based on sampling more than 80,000 publicly available tylenchid EST sequences to identify phylum-wide orthologues. Bayesian inference, minimum evolution, maximum likelihood and protein distance methods were employed for phylogenetic reconstruction and hypothesis tests were constructed to elucidate differential selective pressures across the phylogeny for each gene. Our results place M. incognita and M. javanica as sister taxa, with M. arenaria as the next closely related nematode. Significant differences in selective pressure were revealed for some genes under some hypotheses, though all but one gene are exclusively under purifying selection, indicating conservation across the orthologous groups. This EST-based multi-gene analysis is a first step towards accomplishing genome-wide coverage for tylenchid evolutionary analyses. DA - 2005/9// PY - 2005/9// DO - 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.016 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 536-545 SN - 1095-9513 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-21744452353&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Bayesian KW - Caenorhabditis elegans KW - COG KW - cyst nematode KW - orthologues KW - root-knot nematode ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogenetic analysis of Themira (Sepsidae : Diptera): sensitivity analysis, alignment, and indel treatment in a multigene study AU - Laamanen, TR AU - Meier, R AU - Miller, MA AU - Hille, A AU - Wiegmann, BM T2 - CLADISTICS AB - Abstract In this study we use sensitivity analysis sensu Wheeler (1995 ) for a matrix entirely composed of DNA sequences. We propose that not only congruence but also phylogenetic structure, as measured by character resampling, should be used to choose among competing weighting regimes. An extensive analysis of a five‐gene data set for Themira (Sepsidae: Diptera) reveals that even with different ways of partitioning the data, measures of topological congruence, character incongruence, and phylogenetic structure favor similar weighting regimes involving the down‐weighting of transitions. We furthermore use sensitivity analysis for obtaining empirical evidence that allows us to select weights for third positions, deciding between treating indels as fifth character states or missing values, and choosing between manual and computational alignments. For our data, sensitivity analysis favors manual alignment over a Clustal‐generated numerical alignment, the treatment of indels as fifth character states over considering them missing values, and equal weights for all positions in protein‐encoding genes over the down‐weighting of third positions. Among the topological congruence measures compared, symmetric tree distance performed best. Partitioned Bremer Support analysis reveals that COI contributes the largest amount of support for our phylogenetic tree for Themira . © The Willi Hennig Society 2005. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00066.x VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 258-271 SN - 1096-0031 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular systematics of nuclear gene period in genus Anastrepha (Tephritidae) AU - Barr, NB AU - Cui, LW AU - McPheron, BA T2 - ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA AB - The nuclear gene period is used to reconstruct the phylogeny of Anastrepha, a genus of tephritid fruit flies. Specifically, a region of period termed C3C5 that is located in the dCLK:CYC inhibition domain (CCID) is analyzed. This is the first study using this C-terminal region of the period gene for phylogenetics. Variation in the gene is informative for this genus, and period trees are compared with phylogenies based on mitochondrial and morphological data sets. In general, branches that are supported in the other data sets are recovered in the period tree; moreover, trees built using the period gene support branching patterns previously unresolved with 16S rRNA gene data. Important relationships recovered in the period gene tree include a paraphyletic placement of Anastrepha with respect to Toxotrypana, support for the separation of Anastrepha species groups into two evolutionary sections (with the exception of the pseudoparallela species group), and evidence that several species groups are not monophyletic. DA - 2005/3// PY - 2005/3// DO - 10.1603/0013-8746(2005)098[0173:MSONGP]2.0.CO;2 VL - 98 IS - 2 SP - 173-180 SN - 1938-2901 KW - Anastrepha KW - Tephritidae KW - period KW - C3C5 region KW - CCID ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cuticular hydrocarbon synthesis and its maternal provisioning to embryos in the viviparous cockroach Diploptera punctata AU - Youngsteadt, E AU - Fan, YL AU - Stay, B AU - Schal, C T2 - JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Embryos of the viviparous cockroach Diploptera punctata accumulate large amounts of hydrocarbon (HC) of either maternal or embryonic origin. HC synthesis and its accumulation in maternal and embryonic tissues were measured over the course of gestation. Female abdominal integument was the only tissue that synthesized appreciable amounts of HC in vitro, and did so at an increasing rate from the time of mating to mid-pregnancy, when rates of synthesis declined. The embryos synthesized HC at rates <1% those of the female, showing that the majority of HC detected in and on embryos was of maternal origin. The brood sac that houses the developing embryos did not synthesize HC in vitro, indicating that HC must be transported from the female abdominal integument to the embryos. The mass of female epicuticular HC was constant at ∼183 μg, while her internal HC increased fourfold from mating to mid-pregnancy, then declined until parturition. The decline in internal HC reflected both declining HC synthesis in the female and greater export to the embryos, as embryonic internal HC increased 250-fold prior to parturition. An external HC coating over the oothecal covering and chorion of the embryos increased to mid-pregnancy, then declined. Unlike oviparous cockroaches, D. punctata females fed throughout the reproductive cycle, reflecting the nutritional demands of continuously provisioning the developing embryos. DA - 2005/7// PY - 2005/7// DO - 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2005.03.008 VL - 51 IS - 7 SP - 803-809 SN - 1879-1611 KW - Diploptera punctata KW - hydrocarbons KW - viviparity KW - maternal investment KW - feeding ER - TY - CHAP TI - Trust-based secure workflow path construction AU - Altunay, M. AU - Brown, D. AU - Byrd, Gregory AU - Dean, Ralph T2 - Service-oriented computing, ICSOC 2005: Third International Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, December 12-15, 2005; proceedings (Lecture notes in computer science; 3826) A2 - Benatallah, F. Casati B. A2 - Traverso, P. AB - Security and trust relationships between services significantly govern their willingness to collaborate and participate in a workflow. Existing workflow tools do not consider such relationships as an integral part of their planning logic: rather, they approach security as a run-time issue. We present a workflow management framework that fully integrates trust and security into the workflow planning logic. It considers not only trust relationships between the workflow requestor and individual services, but also trust relationships among the services themselves. It allows each service owner to define an upper layer of collaboration policies (rules that specify the terms under which participation in a workflow is allowed) and integrates them into the planning logic. Services that are unfit for collaboration due to security violations are replaced at the planning stage. This approach increases the services owners’ control over the workflow path, their willingness for collaboration, and avoids run-time security failures. CN - [Electronic Resource] PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1007/11596141_29 VL - 3826 SP - 382–395 PB - Berlin: Springer SN - 3540308172 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The breeding system and population structure of the termite Reticulitermes grassei in Southwestern France AU - DeHeer, CJ AU - Kutnik, M AU - Vargo, EL AU - Bagneres, AG T2 - HEREDITY AB - We assessed colony and population structure in three French populations of the termite Reticulitermes grassei using eight polymorphic microsatellite loci. Although most colonies contained the offspring of multiple, highly related replacement reproductives (complex families), some contained the offspring of a single pair of reproductives (simple families), and the proportion of such colonies varied across populations. Populations also showed variability in the numbers of reproductives within complex families; the F-statistics of these families in one population were consistent with having upwards of 100 replacement reproductives, while in another population these colonies contained fewer than 10 pairs of reproductives. Colony boundaries in all populations were well defined, in spite of reports of a widespread breakdown in nestmate recognition and unicolonial populations of R. grassei from these regions in France. A second unexpected finding was a lack of significant isolation by distance among colonies within populations, indicating that colony reproduction by budding was rare or absent. The lack of this form of colony reproduction even within populations where it is expected to be common suggested that the propensity for colony budding may not be as common as suggested by the literature. DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005/11// DO - 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800744 VL - 95 IS - 5 SP - 408-415 SN - 0018-067X KW - isoptera KW - breeding system KW - genetic structure KW - microsatellites KW - inbreeding ER - TY - JOUR TI - Summer weeds as hosts for Frankliniella occidentalis and Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and as reservoirs for tomato spotted wilt tospovirus in North Carolina AU - Kahn, N. D. AU - Walgenbach, T. F. AU - Kennedy, George T2 - Journal of Economic Entomology AB - In North Carolina, Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Tospovirus, TSWV) is vectored primarily by the tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), and the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). TSWV overwinters in winter annual weeds from which it is spread to susceptible crops in spring. Because most susceptible crops are destroyed after harvest before winter weeds emerge in the fall, infected summer weeds are thought to be the principal source for spread of TSWV to winter annual weeds in fall. A survey of summer weeds associated with TSWV-susceptible crops in the coastal plain of North Carolina conducted between May and October revealed that relatively few species were commonly infected with TSWV and supported populations of F. fusca or F. occidentalis. F. occidentalis made up > 75% of vector species collected from 15 summer weed species during 2002. The number of F. occidentalis and F. fusca immatures collected from plant samples varied significantly among plant species. Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth, Mollugo verticillata L., Cassia obtusifolia L., and Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats supported the largest numbers of immature F. occidentalis. Richardia scabra L., M. verticillata, and Ipomoea hederacea (L.) supported the largest numbers of F. fusca immatures. TSWV was present at 16 of 17 locations, and naturally occurring infections were found in 14 of 29 weed species tested. Five of the TSWV-infected species have not previously been reported as hosts of TSWV (A. palmeri, Solidago altissima L., Ipomoea lacunosa L., I. purpurea, and Phytolacca americana L.). Estimated rates of infection were highest in I. purpurea (6.8%), M. verticillata (5.3%), and I. hederacea (1.9%). When both the incidence of infection by TSWV and the populations of F. occidentalis and F. fusca associated with each weed species are considered, the following summer weed species have the potential to act as significant sources for spread of TSWV to winter annual weeds in fall: I. purpurea, I. hederacea, M. verticillata, A. palmeri, C. obtusifolia, R. scabra, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Polygonum pensylvanicum L., and Chenopodium album L. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1093/jee/98.6.1810 VL - 98 IS - 6 SP - 1810–1815 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Structural analysis of divalent metals binding to the Bacillus subtilis response regulator Spo0F: the possibility for In vitro metalloregulation in the initiation of sporulation AU - Kojetin, DJ AU - Thompson, RJ AU - Benson, LM AU - Naylor, S AU - Waterman, J AU - Davies, KG AU - Opperman, CH AU - Stephenson, K AU - Hoch, JA AU - Cavanagh, J T2 - BIOMETALS DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1007/s10534-005-4303-8 VL - 18 IS - 5 SP - 449-466 SN - 1572-8773 KW - metal binding KW - NMR spectroscopy KW - response regulator KW - sporulation KW - two-component signal transduction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stridulation of Gryllotalpa africana (Orthoptera : Gryllotalpidae) on turf grass in South Africa AU - De Graaf, J AU - Schoeman, AS AU - Brandenburg, RL T2 - FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST AB - During spring to autumn, Gryllotalpa africana males stridulate and produce phonotactic calling songs from specially constructed acoustical burrows. Songs start just after dusk and continue for several hours. The characteristics of the trilling song and sound pressure levels produced were investigated by near field digital recordings made during autumn 2002 and spring 2002 with soil temperatures noted by measuring sound pressures beyond the near field with a sound level meter in spring 2002, respectively. The carrier frequency (2.161-2.477 kHz) and syllable duration (7.340-12.078 ms) of calls showed no significant relationship with soil temperature and no significant differences between autumn and spring with soil temperature constant. Syllable period (10.455-17.221 ms) and inter syllable interval (1.912-9.607 ms) were significantly negatively correlated with soil temperature, and with the latter constant, significantly longer in spring than in autumn. The syllable repetition rate (0.058-0.096 syllables/ms) and duty cycle (43.31-81.72%) showed a significant positive relationship with soil temperature and significant decrease in values with soil temperature constant in spring relative to autumn. Sound pressure levels (re. 20 μPa) at 200 mm from the burrow varied from 77.6 to 89.8 dB. DA - 2005/9// PY - 2005/9// DO - 10.1653/0015-4040(2005)088[0292:SOGAOG]2.0.CO;2 VL - 88 IS - 3 SP - 292-299 SN - 0015-4040 KW - male song characters KW - seasonal variance KW - soil temperature KW - sound pressure level KW - turf grass ER - TY - JOUR TI - Responses of soil microbial community structure and diversity to agricultural deintensification AU - Zhang, W. J. AU - Rui, W. Y. AU - Tu, C. AU - Diab, H. G. AU - Louws, F. J. AU - Mueller, J. P. AU - Creamer, N. AU - Bell, M. AU - Wagger, M. G. AU - Hu, S. T2 - Pedosphere DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - 440-447 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Movement of proteins across the digestive system of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens AU - Jeffers, LA AU - Thompson, DM AU - Ben-Yakir, D AU - Roe, RM T2 - ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA AB - Abstract Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and anti‐BSA polyclonal antibody were used as model polypeptides to examine the movement of foreign proteins across the insect digestive system and their accumulation in hemolymph of fourth stadium tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Hydrateable meal pads were developed in these studies as a method for easily introducing compounds into the insect digestive system. When insects were allowed to feed continuously on hydrated meal pads containing 0.8 mg of anti‐BSA per gram diet, the level of antibody found in hemolymph was 2.4 ± 0.1 and 3.4 ± 0.1 µg ml −1 (average 1 SEM) after 8 and 16 h, respectively, as determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). Continuous feeding on hydrated meal pads containing the same concentration of BSA produced hemolymph concentrations of 1.5 ± 0.1 and 1.6 ± 0.1 µg ml −1 hemolymph at 8 and 16 h, respectively. Western blot analyses demonstrated that BSA and anti‐BSA both retained their primary and multimeric structure and that anti‐BSA maintained its antigenic activity in the meal pads and after movement from meal pads into the hemolymph. When 1 µg of anti‐BSA or BSA was injected into the hemocoel of fourth instars, the concentrations decreased with time and 120 min after injection were 20% and 0.6% of the original concentration, respectively. When added at the same concentration to plasma in vitro, the decrease was 81.5% and 57.5%, respectively, at 2 h. The accumulation of native anti‐BSA and BSA protein in insect hemolymph is the result of their rate of movement across the gut and their rate of turnover in hemolymph. Movement of anti‐BSA and BSA across the digestive system was also noted in Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Acheta domesticus (L.) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), and Gromphadorhina portentosa (Schaum) (Blattaria: Blattellidae). Anti‐BSA and BSA were not detected in the hemolymph of Manduca sexta (L.) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) after feeding. DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005/11// DO - 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2005.00342.x VL - 117 IS - 2 SP - 135-146 SN - 1570-7458 KW - meal pad KW - protein delivery KW - peptide KW - BSA KW - anti-BSA KW - midgut KW - hemolymph KW - Lepidoptera KW - Noctuidae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Management of spotted wilt vectored by Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in Virginia market-type peanut AU - Hurt, CA AU - Brandenburg, RL AU - Jordan, DL AU - Kennedy, GG AU - Bailey, JE T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-98.5.1435 VL - 98 IS - 5 SP - 1435-1440 SN - 1938-291X KW - Frankliniella fusca KW - planting date KW - tobacco thrips KW - Tomato spotted wilt virus KW - TSWV ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interactions of late-season morningglory (Ipomoea spp.) management practices in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) AU - Lancaster, SH AU - Jordan, DL AU - York, AC AU - Wilcut, JW AU - Brandenburg, RL AU - Monks, DW T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Experiments were conducted in North Carolina during 2002 and 2003 to evaluate entireleaf morningglory control by 2,4-DB applied alone or with seven fungicides. In a separate group of experiments, tall morningglory control by 2,4-DB was evaluated when applied in four-way mixtures with the following: the fungicides azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, pyraclostrobin, or tebuconazole; the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin; and the foliar fertilizer disodium octaborate or the plant growth regulator (PGR) prohexadione calcium plus urea ammonium nitrate. Pyraclostrobin, but not azoxystrobin, boscalid, chlorothalonil, fluazinam, propiconazole plus trifloxystrobin, or tebuconazole, reduced entireleaf morningglory control by 2,4-DB. Mixtures of fungicides, insecticides, and foliar fertilizer/ PGR did not affect tall morningglory control by 2,4-DB. Placing artificial morningglory in the peanut canopy when fungicides were applied did not intercept enough fungicide to increase peanut defoliation by early leaf spot and web blotch or reduce pod yield compared with fungicide applied without artificial morningglory.Nomenclature: 2,4-DB; azoxystrobin; boscalid; chlorothalonil; fluazinam; lambda-cyhalothrin; prohexadione calcium; propiconazole; pyraclostrobin; tebuconazole; trifloxystrobin; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacaea var integriuscula Gray #3 IPOHG; tall morningglory, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth # PHBPU; early leaf spot, Cercospora arachidicola S. Hori; web blotch, Phoma arachidicola (Marsas et al.); peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. ‘NC-V 11’, ‘VA 98R’.Additional index words: Fungicide deposition, pesticide interactions, weed interference.Abbreviations: PGR, plant growth regulator; UAN, urea ammonium nitrate. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1614/WT-04-229R.1 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 803-808 SN - 1550-2740 KW - fungicide deposition KW - pesticide interactions KW - weed interference ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expression of the cercosporin transporter, CFP, in tobacco reduces frog-eye lesion size AU - Upchurch, RG AU - Rose, MS AU - Eweida, M AU - Zuo, WN T2 - BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1007/s10529-005-1780-3 VL - 27 IS - 20 SP - 1543-1550 SN - 1573-6776 KW - cercosporin KW - frog-eye leaf spot KW - major facilitator KW - plant genetic engineering KW - toxin efflux ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dual mechanism of queen influence over sex ratio in the ant Pheidole pallidula AU - Menten, L AU - Fournier, D AU - Brent, C AU - Passera, L AU - Vargo, EL AU - Aron, S T2 - BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY AND SOCIOBIOLOGY DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1007/s00265-005-0964-0 VL - 58 IS - 6 SP - 527-533 SN - 1432-0762 KW - conflicts KW - juvenile hormone KW - kin selection KW - microsatellites KW - primary sex ratio KW - social hymenoptera KW - split sex ratio ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development, oviposition, and mortality of Neoseiulus fallacis (Acari : Phytoseiidae) in response to reduced-risk insecticides AU - Villanueva, RT AU - Walgenbach, JF T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY DA - 2005/12// PY - 2005/12// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-98.6.2114 VL - 98 IS - 6 SP - 2114-2120 SN - 0022-0493 KW - Neoseiulus fallacis KW - acari KW - nicotinoid KW - reduced-risk insecticides ER - TY - JOUR TI - Colony social organization and population genetic structure of an introduced population of Formosan subterranean termite from New Orleans, Louisiana AU - Husseneder, C AU - Messenger, MT AU - Su, NY AU - Grace, JK AU - Vargo, EL T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Journal Article Colony Social Organization and Population Genetic Structure of an Introduced Population of Formosan Subterranean Termite from New Orleans, Louisiana Get access Claudia Husseneder, Claudia Husseneder 1 1Corresponding author: Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (e-mail:chusseneder@agcenter.lsu.edu). Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Matthew T. Messenger, Matthew T. Messenger 2 2Dow AgroSciences LLC, 6650 Fleur de Lis #9, New Orleans, LA 70124. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nan-Yao Su, Nan-Yao Su 3 3Department of Entomology and Nematology, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3205 College Ave., Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. Kenneth Grace, J. Kenneth Grace 4 4Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 3050 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Edward L. Vargo Edward L. Vargo 5 5Department of Entomology, Box 7613, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 98, Issue 5, 1 October 2005, Pages 1421–1434, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/98.5.1421 Published: 01 October 2005 Article history Received: 29 March 2005 Accepted: 27 May 2005 Published: 01 October 2005 DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-98.5.1421 VL - 98 IS - 5 SP - 1421-1434 SN - 1938-291X KW - microsatellite genotyping KW - breeding system KW - Isoptera KW - Rhinotermitidae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alkahest NuclearBLAST: a user-friendly BLAST management and analysis system AU - Diener, S. E. AU - Houfek, T. D. AU - Kalat, S. E. AU - Windham, D. E. AU - Burke, M. AU - Opperman, C. AU - Dean, R. A. T2 - BMC Bioinformatics DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) control and seed production after 2,4-DB applied alone and with fungicides or insecticides AU - Lancaster, SH AU - Jordan, DL AU - Spears, JE AU - York, AC AU - Wilcut, JW AU - Monks, DW AU - Batts, RB AU - Brandenburg, RL T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Experiments were conducted during 1999, 2002, and 2003 to evaluate sicklepod control by 2,4-DB applied alone or in mixture with selected fungicides and insecticides registered for use in peanut. The fungicides boscalid, chlorothalonil, fluazinam, propiconazole plus trifloxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, or tebuconazole and the insecticides acephate, carbaryl, esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, methomyl, or indoxacarb applied in mixtures with 2,4-DB did not reduce sicklepod control by 2,4-DB compared with 2,4-DB alone. The fungicide azoxystrobin reduced control in some but not all experiments. Sicklepod control was highest when 2,4-DB was applied before flowering regardless of fungicide treatment. Seed production and germination were reduced when 2,4-DB was applied 81 to 85 d after emergence when sicklepod was flowering. Applying 2,4-DB before flowering and at pod set and pod fill did not affect seed production. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1614/WT-04-227R VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 451-455 SN - 1550-2740 KW - pesticide interaction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal activity and species composition of dung beetles (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae and Geotrupidae) inhabiting cattle pastures in North Carolina AU - Bertone, M AU - Green, J AU - Washburn, S AU - Poore, M AU - Sorenson, C AU - Watson, DW T2 - ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA AB - Species composition and seasonal distribution of dung beetles were studied on dairy and beef cattle pastures in North Carolina. Study sites included a dairy located in the piedmont region (North Carolina Department of Agriculture Piedmont Research Station, Salisbury, NC) and a combined dairy/beef facility in the coastal plain (North Carolina Department of Agriculture Center for Environmental Farming Systems, Goldsboro, NC). Dung beetles were trapped in cattle pastures from March 2002 through September 2003 by using dung-baited pitfall traps. Trapping yielded 4,111 beetles representing 14 species from the piedmont dairy, including Aphodius prodromus Brahm, a new record for North Carolina. Totals of 57,026 beetles representing 28 species and 28,857 beetles representing 26 species were trapped from the dairy unit and beef unit in the coastal plain site, respectively. Onthophagus gazella (F.), a second new record for North Carolina, was collected from the coastal plain. Beetles common to all collection sites include Aphodius erraticus (L.), Aphodius fimetarius (L.), Aphodius granarius (L.), Aphodius pseudolividus Balthasar, Onthophagus taurus Schreber, Onthophagus hecate hecate Panzer, and Onthophagus pennsylvanicus Harold. The introduced beetle O. taurus dominated the dung beetle population, accounting for >50% of the total beetles caught at either site. Beetle activity was greatest from March until November, with activity declining during the winter. Nine exotic species in the genera Onthophagus and Aphodius represented nearly 95% of the beetles trapped. DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1603/0013-8746(2005)098[0309:SAASCO]2.0.CO;2 VL - 98 IS - 3 SP - 309-321 SN - 1938-2901 KW - Onthophagus KW - Aphodius KW - cattle KW - piedmont KW - coastal-plain ER - TY - JOUR TI - PACLIMS: A component LIM system for high-throughput functional genomic analysis AU - Donofrio, N. AU - Rajagopalon, R. AU - Brown, D. AU - Diener, S. AU - Windham, D. AU - Nolin, S. AU - Floyd, A. AU - Mitchell, T. AU - Galadima, N. AU - Tucker, S. AU - Orbach, M. J. AU - Patel, G. AU - Farman, M. AU - Pampanwar, V. AU - Soderlund, C. AU - Lee, Y. H. AU - Dean, R. A. T2 - BMC Bioinformatics DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nuclear rDNA variability in laboratory strains of the German cockroach Blattella germanica L. (Blattellidae) AU - Lazebnaya, , IV AU - Semenova, SK AU - Lazebnyi, OE AU - Schal, C AU - Mukha, DV T2 - RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1007/s11177-005-0112-y VL - 41 IS - 5 SP - 468-472 SN - 1022-7954 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Large-scale identification of expressed sequence tags involved in rice and rice blast fungus interaction AU - Jantasuriyarat, C AU - Gowda, M AU - Haller, K AU - Hatfield, J AU - Lu, GD AU - Stahlberg, E AU - Zhou, B AU - Li, HM AU - Kim, HR AU - Yu, YS AU - Dean, RA AU - Wing, RA AU - Soderlund, C AU - Wang, GL T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - To better understand the molecular basis of the defense response against the rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea), a large-scale expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing approach was used to identify genes involved in the early infection stages in rice (Oryza sativa). Six cDNA libraries were constructed using infected leaf tissues harvested from 6 conditions: resistant, partially resistant, and susceptible reactions at both 6 and 24 h after inoculation. Two additional libraries were constructed using uninoculated leaves and leaves from the lesion mimic mutant spl11. A total of 68,920 ESTs were generated from 8 libraries. Clustering and assembly analyses resulted in 13,570 unique sequences from 10,934 contigs and 2,636 singletons. Gene function classification showed that 42% of the ESTs were predicted to have putative gene function. Comparison of the pathogen-challenged libraries with the uninoculated control library revealed an increase in the percentage of genes in the functional categories of defense and signal transduction mechanisms and cell cycle control, cell division, and chromosome partitioning. In addition, hierarchical clustering analysis grouped the eight libraries based on their disease reactions. A total of 7,748 new and unique ESTs were identified from our collection compared with the KOME full-length cDNA collection. Interestingly, we found that rice ESTs are more closely related to sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) ESTs than to barley (Hordeum vulgare), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and maize (Zea mays) ESTs. The large cataloged collection of rice ESTs in this study provides a solid foundation for further characterization of the rice defense response and is a useful public genomic resource for rice functional genomics studies. DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1104/pp.104.055624 VL - 138 IS - 1 SP - 105-115 SN - 1532-2548 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interactions of clethodim and sethoxydim with selected agrichemicals applied to peanut AU - Lancaster, SH AU - Jordan, DL AU - York, AC AU - Wilcut, JW AU - Monks, DW AU - Brandenburg, RL T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Experiments were conducted in North Carolina during 2002 and 2003 to evaluate broadleaf signalgrass and large crabgrass control by clethodim and sethoxydim applied in two-, three-, or four-way mixtures with fungicides, insecticides, and foliar fertilizer–plant growth regulator treatments. Broadleaf signalgrass and large crabgrass control by clethodim and sethoxydim was not reduced by the insecticides esfenvalerate, indoxacarb, or lambda-cyhalothrin. The fungicides azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, pyraclostrobin, and tebuconazole reduced large crabgrass control by clethodim or sethoxydim in one or more of three experiments for each herbicide. Disodium octaborate and the plant growth regulator prohexadione calcium plus urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) mixed with clethodim and fungicides improved large crabgrass control in some experiments. In contrast, prohexadione calcium plus UAN and disodium octaborate did not affect broadleaf signalgrass or large crabgrass control by sethoxydim. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1614/WT-04-232R VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 456-461 SN - 1550-2740 KW - pesticide compatibility KW - pesticide interaction ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vivo role of 20-hydroxyecdysone in the regulation of the vitellogenin mRNA and egg development in the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) AU - Thompson, DM AU - Khalil, SMS AU - Jeffers, LA AU - Ananthapadmanaban, U AU - Sonenshine, DE AU - Mitchell, RD AU - Osgood, CJ AU - Apperson, CS AU - Roe, RM T2 - JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Injection of the hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E) into partially fed (virgin) female adults of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, while they are attached and feeding on the rabbit host, initiated the expression of the vitellogenin (Vg) gene, and Vg protein secretion and uptake by the ovary. The induction of egg production by 20-E in this bioassay was dose dependent in the range of 1–50 times the concentration normally found in a replete, vitellogenic female. Ticks examined 4 d after the 50× treatment were still attached to the host, had numerous enlarged vitellin-filled (brown) oocytes in their ovaries, but had not engorged to repletion. The ovaries reached weights similar to those found in untreated, replete (mated) females (pre-oviposition) while solvent-injected controls demonstrated no increase in oocyte size or increase in ovary weight. An increase in the levels of a putative Vg protein was observed in hemolymph samples collected 1, 2 and 3 d post-20-E injection but was not observed in the corresponding solvent controls as determined by native PAGE. Analysis of the ecdysteroid-induced protein by tryptic digestion-mass fingerprinting and BLASTP found that the putative Vg had the strongest match to GP80 (U49934), the partial sequence for the vitellogenin protein from Boophilus microplus. A partial Vg cDNA was cloned and sequenced from replete females of D. variabilis with a high similarity to GP80. Using this message as a probe, Northern blots conducted with RNA collected from partially fed, virgin females 1, 2 and 3 d post-20-E injection showed upregulation of the Vg mRNA on all 3 days. Controls injected with solvent only showed no Vg mRNA. Injections with juvenile hormone III did not stimulate Vg expression, oocyte growth or full engorgement. These studies indicate that ecdysteroids and not JH can initiate expression of the Vg gene, Vg protein synthesis and release into hemolymph, and Vg uptake into developing oocytes under bioassay conditions mimicking normal feeding on the host. DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2005.05.011 VL - 51 IS - 10 SP - 1105-1116 SN - 1879-1611 KW - 20-hydroxyecdysone KW - juvenile hormone KW - vitellogenin KW - vitellin KW - tick ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expression, production and excretion of Bla g 1, a major human allergen, in relation to food intake in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica AU - Gore, JC AU - Schal, C T2 - MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY AB - Abstract. The German cockroach, Blattella germanica (Linnaeus) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae), produces several potent human allergens, one of which, Blattella germanica allergen 1 (Bla g 1), is produced in the midgut and excreted in faeces. We tested with descriptive and experimental approaches the hypothesis that Bla g 1 production is related to food intake in adult males and females of the German cockroach. Bla g 1 mRNA expression in the female midgut (assayed by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction), her Bla g 1 content (assayed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay), and the female's faeces production and its Bla g 1 content tracked a cyclic pattern in relation to the gonadotrophic cycle. All four measures rose as food intake increased, declined before oviposition in relation to diminishing food intake, and remained low while the female carried an egg case for 20 days. After her first clutch of embryos hatched, the female resumed feeding, and faeces and Bla g 1 production increased concomitantly. Both Bla g 1 mRNA expression and Bla g 1 protein levels remained low in experimentally starved females. However, when starved females were allowed to feed, Bla g 1 production elevated and the gonadotrophic cycle resumed. Bla g 1 mRNA expression also increased six‐fold in response to feeding compared to starved females. By contrast, there were no apparent cycles in the pattern of Bla g 1 production in males, reflecting their low and non‐cyclic food intake. Our results therefore demonstrate that Bla g 1 production in B. germanica is modulated in relation to food intake. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1111/j.0269-283X.2005.00550.x VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 127-134 SN - 1365-2915 KW - Bla g 1 KW - cockroach allergen KW - food intake KW - German cockroach ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of mass inoculation on induced oleoresin response in intensively managed loblolly pine AU - Klepzig, KD AU - Robison, DJ AU - Fowler, G AU - Minchin, PR AU - Hain, FP AU - Allen, HL T2 - TREE PHYSIOLOGY AB - Oleoresin flow is an important factor in the resistance of pines to attack by southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm., and its associated fungi. Abiotic factors, such as nutrient supply and water relations, have the potential to modify this plant–insect–fungus interaction; however, little is known of the effects of inoculation with beetle-associated fungi on oleoresin flow. We observed that constitutive and induced resin yield in loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., were affected by either fungal inoculation (with the southern pine beetle-associated fungus Ophiostoma minus (Hedgcock) H. & P. Sydow) or silvicultural treatment. The effects of mass wounding (400 wounds m−2) and mass wounding and inoculation with O. minus were assessed by comparison with untreated (control) trees. The treatments were applied to trees in a 2 × 2 factorial combination of fertilizer and irrigation treatments. Fertilization did not significantly affect constitutive resin yield. Even as long as 105 days post-treatment, however, mass-inoculated trees produced higher induced resin yields than control or wounded-only trees, indicating a localized induced response to fungal inoculation. We noted no systemic induction of host defenses against fungal colonization. Although beetles attacking previously attacked trees face a greater resinous response from their host than beetles attacking trees that had not been previously attacked, the effect of an earlier attack may not last more than one flight season. Despite mass inoculations, O. minus did not kill the host trees, suggesting that this fungus is not a virulent plant pathogen. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1093/treephys/25.6.681 VL - 25 IS - 6 SP - 681-688 SN - 1758-4469 KW - cofactor KW - Dendroctonus frontalis KW - fertilization KW - irrigation KW - Ophiostoma minus KW - pathogenicity KW - Pinus taeda KW - resistance KW - southern pine beetle ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diurnal and spatial patterns of phytoseiidae in the citrus canopy AU - Villanueva, R. T. AU - Childers, C. C. T2 - Experimental & Applied Acarology DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 269-280 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of sublethal effects of methoxyfenozide on oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) AU - Borchert, DM AU - Walgenbach, JF AU - Kennedy, GG T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Sublethal effects of the insect growth regulator methoxyfenozide were examined in oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), in laboratory and field studies. In laboratory studies, oriental fruit moth larvae reared on diet amended with 0.1 ppm methoxyfenozide developed at the same rate as larvae reared on untreated diet, and paired moths reared as larvae from the same treated or untreated diets exhibited similar fecundity and fertility. Population growth differences over multiple generations were used to examine sublethal effects of methoxyfenozide on population dynamics in the field. Multiple single-tree cages were placed over apple (Malus spp.) trees treated with two applications of methoxyfenozide (70 g [AI] /ha) and nontreated trees. Cages were infested at a single time point with virgin male and female oriental fruit moth adults, and population growth was evaluated by egg counts, shoot infestation, fruit damage, and larval counts over a 12-wk period. Significantly fewer eggs, larvae, and damaged fruit were found on methoxyfenozide-treated compared with nontreated trees in 2001. Observed population differences may have been a result of direct mortality to eggs and larvae of the first generation rather than sublethal effects. In 2002, no differences were observed between treatments, but a heavy rain event shortly after the early infestation impacted the experiment. A late moth release treatment was tested in 2002 to examine the effects of residual methoxyfenozide 55 d after initial application. Significantly fewer eggs were found in the methoxyfenozide treatment compared with the control, but no differences existed among treatments in shoot infestation, percentage of damaged fruit, or larval populations. It was concluded direct mortality of eggs and larvae exposed to methoxyfenozide rather than sublethal effects were most important in reduction of subsequent generations. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-98.3.765 VL - 98 IS - 3 SP - 765-771 SN - 1938-291X KW - methoxyfenozide KW - oriental fruit moth KW - sublethal effects ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sex pheromone of the dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula AU - Zhang, AJ AU - Leskey, TC AU - Bergh, JC AU - Walgenbach, JF T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1007/s10886-005-7113-0 VL - 31 IS - 10 SP - 2463-2479 SN - 1573-1561 KW - dogwood borer KW - Synanthedon scitula KW - sex pheromone KW - (Z,Z)-3,13-octadecadienyl acetate KW - (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadienyl acetate KW - ( Z,E)-3,13-octadecadienyl acetate KW - ( E,Z)-3,13-octadecadienyl acetate KW - pheromone antagonist ER - TY - JOUR TI - Principles of plant health management for ornamental plants AU - Daughtrey, ML AU - Benson, DM T2 - ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - Economic, environmental, and technological influences complicate the task of achieving disease-free products in the ornamentals industry. Integrated pest management (IPM) is a cornerstone of floriculture and nursery crop production: strategies include sanitation, clean stock, host resistance, and control through biological, cultural, environmental, chemical, and regulatory means. Sanitation measures and cultural controls must keep pace with new production technologies. Clean stock programs are used for many crops that are propagated vegetatively. Breeding, selection, and biotechnology provide crops resistant to pathogens. Offshore production for economic competitiveness can introduce pathogens that make regulatory programs necessary. New biocontrol and chemical products continue to improve control while meeting the requirement for minimal environmental impact. Continual introduction of new crops and new production technologies creates new opportunities for pathogens to exploit, such that new disease management tactics must be discovered and old ones rediscovered to achieve optimum health management for ornamentals. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.140007 VL - 43 SP - 141-169 SN - 1545-2107 KW - floriculture crops disease control KW - nursery crops disease control KW - integrated pest management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nematodes. Sophisticated parasites of legumes AU - Davis, EL AU - Mitchum, MG T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - From an agronomic perspective, the interactions of phytoparasitic nematodes with leguminous crops can be devastating ([Barker, 1998][1]). On a cellular and molecular level, the complexities of the interactions of these microscopic worms with legumes are comparable to those of well-known symbionts ([ DA - 2005/4// PY - 2005/4// DO - 10.1104/pp.104.054973 VL - 137 IS - 4 SP - 1182-1188 SN - 1532-2548 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Model systems in agriculture: Lessons from worms AU - Bird, D.M. T2 - Annals of Applied Biology AB - Genomic tools are expanding the utility of organisms originally developed as models for biomedical research as a means to address complex agricultural problems. Conversely, agricultural pests are serving as models to help unravel questions of basic biology. Examples from C. elegans and root-knot nematode of this two-way exchange are discussed. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2005.040066.x VL - 146 IS - 2 SP - 147-154 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-16444385698&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of the Sex Pheromone of the German Cockroach, Blattella germanica AU - Nojima, S. AU - Schal, C. AU - Webster, F.X. AU - Santangelo, R.G. AU - Roelofs, W.L. T2 - Science AB - The sex pheromone of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica , has been characterized as gentisyl quinone isovalerate. This cockroach is a major cause of allergic disease and serves as a mechanical vector of pathogens, making it one of the most important residential and food-associated pests worldwide. The sex pheromone–producing gland in adult females was identified in 1993, but thermal instability of the pheromone made characterization difficult. Now, using a new preparative gas chromatography approach coupled with electroantennographic detection, we have isolated and characterized the pheromone, which we term blattellaquinone, and confirmed the identification by chemical synthesis. The synthetic pheromone was active in behavioral assays and highly effective in field trapping tests, which suggest that it may provide a new tool in cockroach population detection, monitoring, and control. DA - 2005/2/18/ PY - 2005/2/18/ DO - 10.1126/science.1107163 VL - 307 IS - 5712 SP - 1104-1106 SN - 0036-8075 1095-9203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1107163 ER - TY - JOUR TI - First report of Sclerotinia minor on Sida spinosa in North Carolina AU - Hollowell, JE AU - Shew, BB T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - The soilborne fungus Sclerotinia minor Jagger is a major pathogen of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in North Carolina, Virginia, Oklahoma, and Texas. The pathogen attacks several winter annual weed species (1). Economic crops that are hosts to S. minor are seldom grown in rotation with peanut; therefore, its pathogenicity on weed species is of importance in understanding how inoculum densities are maintained between peanut crops. During September 2004, signs of fluffy, white mycelium, small, black sclerotia, and symptoms of bleached leaves and stems were observed on prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.) in a peanut field in Bertie County, NC. Plants of prickly sida with similar signs and symptoms were observed previously in a Chowan County, NC peanut field. Prickly sida is one of several weed species commonly found in peanut fields and rotational crops in agricultural areas of northeastern North Carolina. Cultivation and herbicides usually keep prickly sida under control in the early part of the growing season, but as the summer progresses into early fall, it can become prevalent, as was true in the two fields reported here. Symptomatic tissues were excised into 1- to 2-cm sections, rinsed in tap water, blotted dry, and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The pure cultures with small, black irregular-shaped sclerotia (<2 mm) scattered abundantly over the culture surface were distinctive of S. minor. Pathogenicity was determined by inoculating stems of two symptom-free prickly sida plants with 2-day-old fungal mycelium. Mycelial agar plugs, 4 mm in diameter, were held in place with self-sticking bandaging gauze. Plants were misted, enclosed in plastic bags, and incubated at ambient temperature (24°C) on the laboratory countertop. Fluffy mycelium developed on the stems in 2 days and water-soaked leaves and bleached lesions formed within 6 days after inoculation. Following the incubation period, S. minor was reisolated from the inoculated plants. Two plants treated similarly with plugs of pure PDA remained healthy over the incubation period. The performance of Koch's postulates confirmed that prickly sida is a host of S. minor. To our knowledge, this report of S. minor on prickly sida is also the first report of a plant in the family Malvaceae as a host of S. minor (2). Reference: (1) J. E. Hollowell et al. Plant Dis. 87:197, 2003. (2) M. S. Melzer et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 19:272, 1997. DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1094/pd-89-1128a VL - 89 IS - 10 SP - 1128-1128 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Developmental expression and molecular analysis of two Meloidogyne incognita pectate lyase genes AU - Huang, GZ AU - Dong, RH AU - Allen, R AU - Davis, EL AU - Baum, TJ AU - Hussey, RS T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY AB - Proteinaceous secretions from the oesophageal glands of plant-parasitic nematodes have crucial roles in nematode parasitism of plants. Two cDNAs (designated Mi-pel-1 and Mi-pel-2) encoding pectate lyases were isolated from the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, oesophageal gland-cell subtractive cDNA libraries, and the corresponding genomic DNAs were subsequently cloned. Southern blot analyses revealed that homologues to these pectate lyase genes were broadly distributed in Meloidogyne species, and present as members of a small multigene family. Mi-pel-1 and Mi-pel-2 encoded, respectively, predicted proteins of 271 and 280 amino acids, each of which was preceded by a signal peptide for secretion. Interestingly, these pectate lyases showed diversity at the amino acid level, with only 31% identity and 49% similarity. These pectate lyases were classified into the same family of pectate lyases with those of other phytoparasitic nematodes that contain four conserved regions characteristic of the class III pectate lyases of microbes. In situ mRNA hybridisation analyses showed the transcripts of Mi-pel-1 and Mi-pel-2 accumulated exclusively within the subventral oesophageal gland cells of M. incognita. RT-PCR analysis confirmed that their transcriptions were strong at the pre-parasitic and early parasitic second-stage juveniles, and not detectable at the late parasitic stages of the nematodes. These results indicated that these pectate lyases, like cellulases, could be secreted into plant tissues to facilitate the penetration and intercellular migration of M. incognita during the early stages of plant parasitism. DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.01.006 VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - 685-692 SN - 0020-7519 KW - root-knot nematode KW - pectate lyase KW - oesophageal gland cells KW - plant parasitic nematode ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cell wall localization of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus movement protein is required for cell-to-cell movement AU - Tremblay, D AU - Vaewhongs, AA AU - Turner, KA AU - Sit, TL AU - Lommel, SA T2 - VIROLOGY AB - The Red clover necrotic mosaic virus movement protein (MP) is essential for cell-to-cell movement. Eight previously characterized alanine-scanning mutants of the MP were fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and expressed from viral infectious transcripts. Inoculated plants were assayed for movement and intracellular accumulation of MP by confocal laser-scanning microscopy. A strict correlation was observed between the targeting to the cell wall (presumably the plasmodesmata) and cell-to-cell movement. Complementation of dysfunctional MP mutants with either wild-type MP or other null mutants in some cases rescued intracellular targeting and movement. The data suggest the presence of distinct domains in the MP for virus movement (near residues 27–31), complementarity (near residues 122 and 128), and intracellular localization (near residue 161). These data support a model of MP interacting cooperatively with itself to bind viral RNA, localize to and modify plasmodesmata and effect virus movement. DA - 2005/3/1/ PY - 2005/3/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.virol.2004.12.019 VL - 333 IS - 1 SP - 10-21 SN - 0042-6822 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-13644249879&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - RCNMV movement protein KW - plasmodesmata KW - GFP KW - intracellular localization KW - viral movement KW - confocal microscopy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic basis of resistance to Cry1Ac and Cry2Aa in Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) AU - Gahan, LJ AU - Ma, YT AU - Coble, MLM AU - Gould, F AU - Moar, WJ AU - Heckel, DG T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - The development of pest resistance to transgenic crop plants producing insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) poses a major threat to their sustainable use in agriculture. "Pyramiding" two toxins with different modes of actions in the same plant is now being used to delay the evolution of resistance in the insects, but this strategy could fail if a single gene in a pest confers resistance to both toxins. The CP73 strain of the cotton pest Heliothis virescens (F.) is resistant to both Cry1Ac and Cry2Aa toxins from Bt. We explored the genetic basis of resistance in this strain with a backcross, split-family design. The gene with the largest effect on Cry1Ac resistance in CP73 (BtR-5) maps to linkage group 10 of H. virescens and thus differs from the previously described linkage group 9 BtR-4 resistance found in the YHD2 strain, involving mutation of the gene encoding a 12-domain cadherin-like binding target of the Cry1A toxins. Neither BtR-4 nor BtR-5 seems to confer significant resistance to Cry2Aa. A majority of the linkage groups studied in one backcross family made a small positive contribution to resistance for both toxins. Thus, the Cry2Aa resistance in CP73 is not caused by either of the two major Cry1Ac resistance-conferring genes but instead probably has a quantitative genetic basis. DA - 2005/8// PY - 2005/8// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-98.4.1357 VL - 98 IS - 4 SP - 1357-1368 SN - 1938-291X KW - tobacco budworm KW - linkage KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of PBAN on pheromone production by mated Heliothis virescens and Heliothis subflexa females AU - Groot, AT AU - Fan, YL AU - Brownie, C AU - Jurenka, RA AU - Gould, F AU - Schal, C T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY DA - 2005/1// PY - 2005/1// DO - 10.1007/s10886-005-0970-8 VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - 14-28 SN - 1573-1561 KW - Heliothis virescens KW - Heliothis subflexa KW - sex pheromone KW - PBAN KW - temporal variation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of conventional and integrated pest management programs in public schools AU - Williams, GM AU - Linker, HM AU - Waldvogel, MG AU - Leidy, RB AU - Schal, C T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - This study compared an integrated pest management (IPM) program with conventional, calendar-based pest control in nine North Carolina elementary schools. Both programs primarily targeted the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). The IPM program relied heavily on monitoring and baiting, whereas the conventional approach used baseboard and crack-and-crevice sprays of insecticides. Within the constraints of an existing pest management contract, we quantified service duration, materials used, cost, levels of cockroach infestation, and the pesticide residues generated by the two service types. IPM services were significantly more time-consuming than conventional services, resulting in a significantly higher cost associated with labor. Nevertheless, the two types of treatments incurred similar total costs, and the efficacy of both treatments was also similar. Most importantly, pest monitoring, a central element of the IPM program, revealed few cockroaches and indicated that most of the conventional treatments were unnecessary. Environmental residues of the organophosphate pesticides acephate, chlorpyrifos, and propetamphos were significantly higher in swab samples taken in the conventionally treated schools. This study demonstrates that an IPM program is an appropriate and preferable alternative to conventional methods of pest control in the school environment. DA - 2005/8// PY - 2005/8// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-98.4.1275 VL - 98 IS - 4 SP - 1275-1283 SN - 0022-0493 KW - school IPM KW - IPM KW - German cockroach KW - Blattella germanica ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of Mating Disruption with Pesticides for Management of Oriental Fruit Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in North Carolina Apple Orchards AU - Kovanci, Orkun B. AU - Schal, Coby AU - Walgenbach, James F. AU - Kennedy, George G. T2 - Journal of Economic Entomology AB - The efficacy of mating disruption by using Isomate-M 100 pheromone dispensers and two formulations of microencapsulated sprayable pheromone for management of oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), was compared with conventional insecticides in large plot studies in Henderson County, North Carolina, in 2000 and 2001. In addition, experiments were conducted in small and large plots to test the response of oriental fruit moth males to different application rates of sprayable pheromone. Pheromone trap catches were significantly reduced in mating disruption blocks compared with conventional and abandoned orchards. Pheromone traps placed in the upper canopy captured significantly more moths than traps placed in the lower canopy across all treatments, and lures loaded with 100 μg of pheromone caught more moths than traps with 300 μg, but the difference between doses was statistically significant at only one location in 2001. Isomate-M 100 provided excellent trap shutdown and was significantly more effective than sprayable pheromone formulations. Fruit damage by oriental fruit moth larvae was very low (≤1%) in mating disruption blocks and was generally lower than in conventional and nonmanaged blocks. Based on male moth response to pheromone traps in small plots, there was little difference among doses of sprayable pheromone, ranging from 12.4 to 49.1 g (AI)/ha, but efficacy declined at 2.4 g (AI)/ha. With the exception of one orchard, there was no significant difference between 12.4 and 37.1 g (AI)/ha under low and high oriental fruit moth population pressure in large plot studies. Mating disruption proved to be an alternative to organophosphate insecticides for managing oriental fruit moth populations in North Carolina apple orchards. DA - 2005/8/1/ PY - 2005/8/1/ DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-98.4.1248 VL - 98 IS - 4 SP - 1248-1258 J2 - ec LA - en OP - SN - 0022-0493 0022-0493 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-98.4.1248 DB - Crossref KW - mating disruption KW - pheromones KW - apple ER - TY - JOUR TI - A new genus and two new species of Cicadellinae from China (Hemiptera : Cicadellidae), with a key to the Chinese genera of Cicadellinae AU - Yang, MF AU - Deitz, LL AU - Li, ZZ T2 - JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY AB - Processina n. gen., belonging to the Cicadellinae (Cicadellidae), is described to contain two new species P. dashahensis n. sp. and P. taiwanana n. sp., collected from Guizhou Province and Taiwan respectively. The male genitalia are illustrated for each species, and a key to the 24 Chinese genera of the Cicadellinae is provided. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1664/0028-7199(2005)113[0077:ANGATN]2.0.CO;2 VL - 113 IS - 1-2 SP - 77-83 SN - 0028-7199 KW - Hemiptera KW - Cicadellidae KW - Cicadellinae KW - new genus KW - new species KW - China ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA sequences corroborate taxonomic designations based on cuticular hydrocarbons in subterranean termites AU - Copren, KA AU - Nelson, LJ AU - Vargo, EL AU - Haverty, MI T2 - MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION AB - Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are valuable characters for the analysis of cryptic insect species with few discernible morphological characters. Yet, their use in insect systematics, specifically in subterranean termites in the genus Reticulitermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), remains controversial. In this paper, we show that taxonomic designations in Reticulitermes from California (USA) suggested in light of differences among CHC phenotypes are corroborated by phylogenetic analyses using mtDNA sequences. Analyses based on CHC phenotypes and supported, in part, by behavioral and ecological differences have suggested the presence of more species than the two currently recognized: R. hesperus Banks and R. tibialis Banks. We analyze a 680 base pair fragment of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase (COII) gene from 45 new (21 collection localities) and two previously recorded samples of Reticulitermes from California using parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. Both methods result in trees with highly similar topologies. Bootstrapping indicates support for six clades of Reticulitermes, and corroborates groupings based on cuticular hydrocarbons. One of the clades, R. hesperus, is already recognized in California, while four clades appear to be previously undescribed taxa. Although identification of the final clade is inconclusive, it includes a sample putatively identified as R. tibialis. Therefore, using phylogenetic analyses we corroborate chemical characters used to identify taxa, associate a chemical phenotype with a previously described species, and provide additional support for undescribed taxa of Reticulitermes. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.002 VL - 35 IS - 3 SP - 689-700 SN - 1095-9513 KW - western subterranean termite KW - cryptic species KW - cuticular hydrocarbons KW - COII KW - phylogenetics KW - Reticulitermes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Organic synthesis and bioassay of novel inhibitors of JH III epoxide hydrolase activity from fifth stadium cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni AU - Roe, RM AU - Kallapur, V AU - Linderman, RJ AU - Viviani, F T2 - PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY AB - Abstract A series of novel methyl esters with a quaternary ammonium salt, sulfoxide, amine N -oxide, difluorocyclopropane, fluorohydrin, episulfide or epoxide were prepared from undecylenic acid as potential inhibitors of JH III epoxide hydrolase activity from last stadium, wandering cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni . Among the non-epoxides examined, the fluorohydrin and sulfoxide (at 100 μM of inhibitor) demonstrated the highest percent inhibition of the insoluble epoxide hydrolase activity while the quaternary ammonium salt, the difluorocyclopropane, and the sulfoxide demonstrated the highest inhibitory activity against the solubilized JH epoxide hydrolase activity. These differences in inhibition between insoluble and solubilized enzyme were in some cases pronounced. For example, the quaternary amine demonstrated no inhibitory activity toward the insoluble enzyme but inhibited 33% of the solubilized JH epoxide hydrolase activity. The incorporation of a cationic character in the amine N -oxide and ammonium salt produced lower inhibitory activity as compared to the sulfoxide, episulfide, difluorocyclopropane, and fluorohydrin for the insoluble epoxide hydrolase, and activity was similar for the solubilized enzyme. Comparing the most potent non-epoxide to the epoxide inhibitors, the fluorohydrin produced 24% inhibition as compared to 85% for the corresponding epoxide and 42% for the epoxide with a shorter backbone chain length for the insoluble epoxide hydrolase activity. For the solubilized epoxide hydrolase activity, difluorocyclopropane demonstrated 34% inhibition as compared to 21% inhibition for the corresponding epoxide. The difluorocyclopropane appeared to be acting as a competitive inhibitor of JH III epoxide hydrolase activity. The I 50 s were greater than 100 μM for all compounds synthesized for both the soluble and solubilized enzymes; the only exceptions were the C11 and C12 epoxides against the insoluble epoxide hydrolase activity (I 50 s = 0.1 and 0.8 μM, respectively). The importance of JH mimicry in epoxide hydrolase inhibition is discussed. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1016/j.pestbp.2005.04.006 VL - 83 IS - 2-3 SP - 140-154 SN - 0048-3575 KW - Trichoplusia ni KW - cabbage looper KW - juvenile hormone KW - epoxide hydrolase ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monitoring cucumber beetles in sweetpotato and cucurbits with kairomone-baited traps AU - Jackson, D. M. AU - Sorensen, K. A. AU - Sorenson, C. E. AU - Stow, R. N. T2 - Journal of Economic Entomology DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1093/jee/98.1.159 VL - 98 IS - 1 SP - 159-170 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lesser mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) emergence after mechanical incorporation of poultry litter into field soils AU - Calibeo-Hayes, D. AU - Denning, S. S. AU - Stringham, S. M. AU - Watson, D. W. T2 - Journal of Economic Entomology AB - Lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), emergence from North Carolina field soils was evaluated in a controlled experiment simulating land application of turkey litter and again in field studies. Adult lesser mealworms were buried in central North Carolina Cecil red clay at depths of 0, 8, 15, 23, and 30 cm and the beetles emerging from the soil counted 1, 3, 7, 10, 13, 17, 21, 24, and 28 d after burial. Beetles emerged from all depths and differences among depths were not significant. Beetles survived at least 28 d buried in the soil at depths < or =30 cm. In seasonal field studies, lesser mealworm emergence from clay soil with poultry litter incorporated by disk, mulch and plow was compared with emergence from plots with no incorporation. Incorporation significantly reduced beetle emergence when poultry litter containing large numbers of beetles was applied to clay field soils during the summer (F = 3.45; df = 3, 143; P = 0.018). Although mechanical incorporation of poultry litter reduced beetle emergence relative to the control, greatest reductions were seen in plowed treatments. Beetle activity was reduced after land application of litter during colder months. Generally, lesser mealworm emergence decreased with time and few beetles emerged from the soil 28 d after litter was applied. Similarly, mechanical incorporation of poultry litter into sandy soils reduced beetle emergence (F = 4.06; df = 3, 143; P < 0.008). In sandy soils typical of eastern North Carolina, disk and plow treatments significantly reduced beetle emergence compared with control. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1093/jee/98.1.229 VL - 98 IS - 1 SP - 229-235 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Larval Cryptothelea gloverii (Lepidoptera: Psycidae), an arthropod predator and herbivore on Florida citrus AU - Villanueva, R. T. AU - Rodrigues, J. C. V. AU - Childers, C. C. T2 - Experimental & Applied Acarology DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 83-92 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of application rate and interval on the efficacy of sprayable pheromone for mating disruption of the oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta AU - Kovanci, OB AU - Walgenbach, JF AU - Kennedy, GG AU - Schal, C T2 - PHYTOPARASITICA DA - 2005/8// PY - 2005/8// DO - 10.1007/BF02981299 VL - 33 IS - 4 SP - 334-342 SN - 1876-7184 KW - Grapholita molesta (Busck) KW - oriental fruit moth KW - mating disruption KW - sprayable pheromone KW - integrated pest management KW - apples ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of barberry eradication on changes in populations of Puccinia graminis in Minnesota AU - Peterson, PD AU - Leonard, KJ AU - Roelfs, AP AU - Sutton, TB T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Proportions of formae speciales of Puccinia graminis in collections of aeciospores from barberry were determined from cereal rust survey records from 1912 to 2002 in Minnesota. The frequency of P. graminis f. sp. avenae in aeciospore collections fluctuated between 0 and 10% from 1920 to 2002, even though oat was the dominant small grain crop in Minnesota until 1970. In early years, P. graminis f. sp. tritici was common, but the frequency of P. graminis f. sp. tritici in aeciospore collections declined to a low of 4% in the 1980s, whereas P. graminis f. sp. secalis increased to 96%. After 1990, the frequency of P. graminis f. sp. tritici increased and P. graminis f. sp. secalis declined in aecial collections, possibly indicating a changing proportion of P. graminis f. sp. secalis and tritici on wild grasses near barberry bushes. Diversity of races among uredinial collections of P. graminis f. sp. tritici from wheat in Minnesota declined sharply from 1912 to 1930 and remained low to 2002. Although the races of P. graminis f. sp. tritici most common in uredinial collections also were most common in the aecial collections in five of nine decades from 1912 to 1999 as well in the years 2000 to 2002, the diversity of races was greater among aecial than uredinial collections. Diversity in aecial collections remained nearly constant for 90 years, indicating a continuing contribution of the sexual stage to diversity of P. graminis f. sp. tritici. DA - 2005/9// PY - 2005/9// DO - 10.1094/PD-89-0935 VL - 89 IS - 9 SP - 935-940 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparative toxicity and efficacy of selected insecticides in field and greenhouse assays against tawny and southern mole crickets (Orthoptera : Gryllotalpidae) AU - Brandenburg, RL AU - Xia, Y AU - Watson, B T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - The toxicity of thiamethoxam against nymphs and adults of the tawny mole cricket, Scaptericus vicinus Scudder, and the southern mole cricket, S. borellii Giglio-Tos, was evaluated in the field and greenhouse. Thiamethoxam demonstrated varying levels of mole cricket control in the field studies. The performance of the insecticide appeared to be related to the application timing and formulation. Applications made in late June 1998 provided the best mole cricket control compared to the other two field studies. The LC50 and LC90 values of thiamethoxam against adult southern mole crickets were 1,816 and 9,978 ppm, respectively, using a greenhouse bioassay technique. Another greenhouse study indicated that thiamethoxam at application rates ranging from 154 to 616 g (ai)/ha did not provide acceptable control against medium sized nymphs (third to six instars) of tawny and southern mole crickets. An additional study with fipronil, bifenthrin, and deltamethrin compared mortality of the two species of mole crickets in greenhouse bioassays. In these assays, all insecticides resulted in different levels of mole cricket mortality between the two species. The use of bifenthrin resulted in significantly higher mortality of tawny than southern mole crickets. DA - 2005/4// PY - 2005/4// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-40.2.115 VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - 115-125 SN - 0749-8004 KW - mole cricket KW - insecticides KW - Gryllotapidae KW - control ER - TY - JOUR TI - Arbuscular mycorrhizae enhance metal lead uptake and growth of host plants under a sand culture experiment AU - Chen, X AU - Wu, CH AU - Tang, JJ AU - Hu, SJ T2 - CHEMOSPHERE AB - A sand culture experiment was conducted to investigate whether mycorrhizal colonization and mycorrhizal fungal vesicular numbers were influenced by metal lead, and whether mycorrhizae enhance host plants tolerance to metal lead. Metal lead was applied as Pb(NO3)2 in solution at three levels (0, 300 and 600 mg kg(-1) sand). Five mycorrhizal host plant species, Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindl, Ixeris denticulate L., Lolium perenne L., Trifolium repens L. and Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis were used to examine Pb-mycorrhizal interactions. The arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum consisted of mixed spores of mycorrhizal fungal species directly isolated from orchard soil. Compared to the untreated control, both Pb concentrations reduced mycorrhizal colonization by 3.8-70.4%. Numbers of AM fungal vesicles increased by 13.2-51.5% in 300 mg Pb kg(-1) sand but decreased by 9.4-50.9% in 600 mg Pb kg(-1) sand. Mycorrhizae significantly enhanced Pb accumulation both in shoot by 10.2-85.5% and in root by 9.3-118.4%. Mycorrhizae also enhanced shoot biomass and shoot P concentration under both Pb concentrations. Root/shoot ratios of Pb concentration were higher in highly mycorrhizal plant species (K.striata, I. denticulate, and E. crusgalli var. mitis) than that in poorly mycorrhizal ones (L. perenne and T. repens,). Mycorrhizal inoculation increased the root/shoot ratio of Pb concentration of highly mycorrhizal plant species by 7.6-57.2% but did not affect the poorly mycorrhizal ones. In the treatments with 300 Pb mg kg(-1) sand, plant species with higher vesicular numbers tended to show higher root/shoot ratios of the Pb concentration. We suggest that under an elevated Pb condition, mycorrhizae could promote plant growth by increasing P uptake and mitigate Pb toxicity by sequestrating more Pb in roots. DA - 2005/7// PY - 2005/7// DO - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.01.029 VL - 60 IS - 5 SP - 665-671 SN - 1879-1298 KW - mycorrhizal colonization KW - mycorrhizal vesicular KW - Pb concentration of shoot and root KW - root/shoot ratio of Pb concentration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tunneling responses of mole crickets (Orthoptera : Gryllotalpidae) to the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana AU - Thompson, , SR AU - Brandenburg, RL T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Greenhouse studies of mole cricket tunneling architecture were conducted with adult southern, Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos and tawny, Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder, mole crickets exposed to Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin. Three different strains of B. bassiana as well as the commercially available insecticide Talstar (bifenthrin) were evaluated for avoidance behaviors by examining tunneling characteristics. Each treated container was inspected 24 h after treatment for specific tunneling behaviors in association with the presence of a control agent and the cricket’s response to the conidia or chemical. One of the B. bassiana strains tested, DB-2, caused changes in mole cricket behavior, including significantly less new surface tunneling, fewer vertical tunnels descending into the soil, less tunneling along the perimeter of the containers, and significantly more occurrences of the crickets remaining in an area that reduced exposure to the conidia. Two of the other treatments, strain 10-22 and Talstar, produced some of these same altered behaviors in mole crickets. Mole crickets exposed to a third strain of B. bassiana, BotaniGard, as well as two carrier formulations did not exhibit these same levels of avoidance. These observations indicate that the presence of environmentally “friendly” control agents, such as entomogenous fungi, may affect pest behavior, and strain selection may be critical to eliminate detection and avoidance by the target insect. DA - 2005/2// PY - 2005/2// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X-34.1.140 VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 140-147 SN - 1938-2936 KW - Scapteriscus borellii KW - Scapteriscus vicinus KW - Beauveria bassiana KW - turfgrass KW - avoidance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tomato spotted wilt virus on potato in eastern North Carolina AU - Abad, JA AU - Moyer, JW AU - Kennedy, GG AU - Holmes, GA AU - Cubeta, MA T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1007/BF02853592 VL - 82 IS - 3 SP - 255-261 SN - 1874-9380 KW - plant virus detection KW - Tospoviruses KW - INSV KW - Solanum ER - TY - JOUR TI - The genome sequence of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea AU - Dean, RA AU - Talbot, NJ AU - Ebbole, DJ AU - Farman, ML AU - Mitchell, TK AU - Orbach, MJ AU - Thon, M AU - Kulkarni, R AU - Xu, , JR AU - Pan, HQ AU - Read, ND AU - Lee, YH AU - Carbone, I AU - Brown, D AU - Oh, YY AU - Donofrio, N AU - Jeong, JS AU - Soanes, DM AU - Djonovic, S AU - Kolomiets, E AU - Rehmeyer, C AU - Li, WX AU - Harding, M AU - Kim, S AU - Lebrun, MH AU - Bohnert, H AU - Coughlan, S AU - Butler, J AU - Calvo, S AU - Ma, LJ AU - Nicol, R AU - Purcell, S AU - Nusbaum, C AU - Galagan, JE AU - Birren, BW T2 - NATURE AB - Magnaporthe grisea is the most destructive pathogen of rice worldwide and the principal model organism for elucidating the molecular basis of fungal disease of plants. Here, we report the draft sequence of the M. grisea genome. Analysis of the gene set provides an insight into the adaptations required by a fungus to cause disease. The genome encodes a large and diverse set of secreted proteins, including those defined by unusual carbohydrate-binding domains. This fungus also possesses an expanded family of G-protein-coupled receptors, several new virulence-associated genes and large suites of enzymes involved in secondary metabolism. Consistent with a role in fungal pathogenesis, the expression of several of these genes is upregulated during the early stages of infection-related development. The M. grisea genome has been subject to invasion and proliferation of active transposable elements, reflecting the clonal nature of this fungus imposed by widespread rice cultivation. DA - 2005/4/21/ PY - 2005/4/21/ DO - 10.1038/nature03449 VL - 434 IS - 7036 SP - 980-986 SN - 1476-4687 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil microbial responses to experimental warming and clipping in a tallgrass prairie AU - Zhang, W AU - Parker, KM AU - Luo, Y AU - Wan, S AU - Wallace, LL AU - Hu, S T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Global surface temperature is predicted to increase by 1.4–5.8°C by the end of this century. However, the impacts of this projected warming on soil C balance and the C budget of terrestrial ecosystems are not clear. One major source of uncertainty stems from warming effects on soil microbes, which exert a dominant influence on the net C balance of terrestrial ecosystems by controlling organic matter decomposition and plant nutrient availability. We, therefore, conducted an experiment in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem at the Great Plain Apiaries (near Norman, OK) to study soil microbial responses to temperature elevation of about 2°C through artificial heating in clipped and unclipped field plots. While warming did not induce significant changes in net N mineralization, soil microbial biomass and respiration rate, it tended to reduce extractable inorganic N during the second and third warming years, likely through increasing plant uptake. In addition, microbial substrate utilization patterns and the profiles of microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) showed that warming caused a shift in the soil microbial community structure in unclipped subplots, leading to the relative dominance of fungi as evidenced by the increased ratio of fungal to bacterial PLFAs. However, no warming effect on soil microbial community structure was found in clipped subplots where a similar scale of temperature increase occurred. Clipping also significantly reduced soil microbial biomass and respiration rate in both warmed and unwarmed plots. These results indicated that warming‐led enhancement of plant growth rather than the temperature increase itself may primarily regulate soil microbial response. Our observations show that warming may increase the relative contribution of fungi to the soil microbial community, suggesting that shifts in the microbial community structure may constitute a major mechanism underlying warming acclimatization of soil respiration. DA - 2005/2// PY - 2005/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00902.x VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 266-277 SN - 1365-2486 KW - bacteria KW - experimental warming KW - fungi KW - microbial activity KW - microbial biomass KW - microbial community KW - soil microbes KW - tallgrass prairie KW - temperature acclimatization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reduced genetic variation occurs among genes of the highly clonal plant pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, including the effector gene avrBs2 AU - Wichmann, G AU - Ritchie, D AU - Kousik, CS AU - Bergelson, J T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - The bacterial plant pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, also known as Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria group A, is the causal agent of bacterial spot in pepper and tomato. In order to test different models that may explain the coevolution of avrBs2 with its host plants, we sequenced avrBs2 and six chromosomal loci (total of 5.5 kb per strain) from a global sample of 55 X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria strains collected from diseased peppers. We found an extreme lack of genetic variation among all X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria genomic loci (average nucleotide diversity, pi = 9.1 x 10(-5)), including avrBs2. This lack of diversity is consistent with X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria having undergone a recent population bottleneck and/or selective sweep followed by population expansion. Coalescent analysis determined that approximately 1.4 x 10(4) to 7.16 x 10(4) bacterial generations have passed since the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of the current X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria population. Assuming a range of 50 to 500 bacterial generations per year, only 28 to 1,432 years have passed since the MRCA. This time frame coincides with human intervention with the pathogen's host plants, from domestication to modern agricultural practices. Examination of 19 mutated (loss-of-function) avrBs2 alleles detected nine classes of mutations. All mutations affected protein coding, while no synonymous changes were found. The nature of at least one of the avrBs2 mutations suggests that it may be possible to observe one stage of an evolutionary arms race as X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria responds to selection pressure to alter avrBs2 to escape host plant resistance. DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1128/AEM.71.5.2418-2432.2005 VL - 71 IS - 5 SP - 2418-2432 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plant and microbial N acquisition under elevated atmospheric CO2 in two mesocosm experiments with annual grasses AU - Hu, SJ AU - Wu, JS AU - Burkey, KO AU - Firestone, MK T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract The impact of elevated CO 2 on terrestrial ecosystem C balance, both in sign or magnitude, is not clear because the resulting alterations in C input, plant nutrient demand and water use efficiency often have contrasting impacts on microbial decomposition processes. One major source of uncertainty stems from the impact of elevated CO 2 on N availability to plants and microbes. We examined the effects of atmospheric CO 2 enrichment (ambient+370 μmol mol −1 ) on plant and microbial N acquisition in two different mesocosm experiments, using model plant species of annual grasses of Avena barbata and A. fatua , respectively. The A. barbata experiment was conducted in a N‐poor sandy loam and the A. fatua experiment was on a N‐rich clayey loam. Plant–microbial N partitioning was examined through determining the distribution of a 15 N tracer. In the A. barbata experiment, 15 N tracer was introduced to a field labeling experiment in the previous year so that 15 N predominantly existed in nonextractable soil pools. In the A. fatua experiment, 15 N was introduced in a mineral solution [( 15 NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 solution] during the growing season of A. fatua . Results of both N budget and 15 N tracer analyses indicated that elevated CO 2 increased plant N acquisition from the soil. In the A. barbata experiment, elevated CO 2 increased plant biomass N by ca. 10% but there was no corresponding decrease in soil extractable N, suggesting that plants might have obtained N from the nonextractable organic N pool because of enhanced microbial activity. In the A. fatua experiment, however, the CO 2 ‐led increase in plant biomass N was statistically equal to the reduction in soil extractable N. Although atmospheric CO 2 enrichment enhanced microbial biomass C under A. barbata or microbial activity (respiration) under A. fatua , it had no significant effect on microbial biomass N in either experiment. Elevated CO 2 increased the colonization of A. fatua roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which coincided with the enhancement of plant competitiveness for soluble soil N. Together, these results suggest that elevated CO 2 may tighten N cycling through facilitating plant N acquisition. However, it is unknown to what degree results from these short‐term microcosm experiments can be extrapolated to field conditions. Long‐term studies in less‐disturbed soils are needed to determine whether CO 2 ‐enhancement of plant N acquisition can significantly relieve N limitation over plant growth in an elevated CO 2 environment. DA - 2005/2// PY - 2005/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00905.x VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 213-223 SN - 1365-2486 KW - Avena barbata KW - Avena fatua KW - elevated CO2 KW - microbial biomass C and N KW - N-15 availability KW - N tracer KW - plant-microbial N partitioning ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic structure of Magnaporthe grisea populations associated with St. Augustinegrass and tall fescue in Georgia AU - Tredway, LP AU - Stevenson, KL AU - Burpee, LL T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) were used to estimate phylogenetic relationships within Magnaporthe grisea and determine the genetic structure of M. grisea populations associated with tall fescue and St. Augustinegrass in Georgia. Sixteen clonal lineages were identified in a sample population of 948 isolates. Five lineages were isolated from tall fescue (E, G1, G2, G4, and H), with lineage G4 comprising 90% of the population. Isolates from tall fescue were closely related to those from perennial ryegrass, weeping lovegrass, and wheat. Two M. grisea lineages were isolated from St. Augustinegrass (C and K), with lineage C comprising 99.8% of the population. Populations from crabgrass were dominated (98%) by lineage K, but also contained a single lineage C isolate. Haplotype diversity indices ranged from 0.00 to 0.29 in tall fescue populations and from 0.00 to 0.04 in St. Augustinegrass populations. Selection due to host species was the primary factor determining population structure according to analysis of molecular variance; host cultivar and geographical region had no significant effect. The host range of M. grisea lineages from turfgrasses was determined in growth chamber experiments and supports the prominent role of host species in determining the genetic structure of M. grisea populations from turfgrasses in Georgia. DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO-95-0463 VL - 95 IS - 5 SP - 463-471 SN - 1943-7684 KW - gray leaf spot KW - Pyricularia grisea ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diet-related modification of cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, diminishes intercolony aggression AU - Buczkowski, G AU - Kumar, R AU - Suib, SL AU - Silverman, J T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY AB - Territorial boundaries between conspecific social insect colonies are maintained through a highly developed nestmate recognition system modulated by heritable and, in some instances, nonheritable cues. Argentine ants, Linepithema humile, use both genetic and environmentally derived cues to discriminate nestmates from nonnestmates. We explored the possibility that intraspecific aggression in the Argentine ant might diminish when colonies shared a common diet. After segregating recently field-collected colony pairs into high or moderate aggression categories, we examined the effect of one of three diets: two hydrocarbon-rich insect prey, Blattella germanica and Supella longipalpa, and an artificial (insect-free) diet, on the magnitude of aggression loss. Aggression diminished between colony pairs that were initially moderately aggressive. However, initially highly aggressive colony pairs maintained high levels of injurious aggression throughout the study, independent of diet type. Each diet altered the cuticular hydrocarbon profile by contributing unique, diet-specific cues. We suggest that acquisition of common exogenous nestmate recognition cues from shared food sources may diminish aggression and promote fusion in neighboring colonies of the Argentine ant. DA - 2005/4// PY - 2005/4// DO - 10.1007/s10886-005-3547-7 VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - 829-843 SN - 1573-1561 KW - Argentine ant KW - cuticular hydrocarbons KW - diet KW - invasive ants KW - nestmate recognition KW - unicoloniality ER - TY - JOUR TI - A parasitism gene from a plant-parasitic nematode with function similar to CLAVATA3/ESR (CLE) of Arabidopsis thaliana AU - Wang, XH AU - Mitchum, MG AU - Gao, BL AU - Li, CY AU - Diab, H AU - Baum, TJ AU - Hussey, RS AU - Davis, EL T2 - MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY AB - SUMMARY The Hg-SYV46 parasitism gene is expressed exclusively in the dorsal oesophageal gland cell of parasitic stages of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, and it encodes a secretory protein that contains a C-terminal motif of the CLAVATA3/ESR-related (CLE) family in Arabidopsis thaliana. In shoot and floral meristems of Arabidopsis, the stem cells secret CLV3, a founding member of the CLE protein family, that activates the CLV1/CLV2 receptor complex and negatively regulates WUSCHEL expression to restrict the size of the stem cell population. Mis-expression of Hg-SYV46 in Arabidopsis (ecotype Columbia-0) under control of the CaMV35S promoter resulted in a wus-like phenotype including premature termination of the shoot apical meristem and the development of flowers lacking the central gynoecium. The wus-like phenotype observed was similar to reports of over-expression of CLV3 and CLE40 in Arabidopsis, as was down-regulation of WUS expression in the shoot apices of 35S::Hg-SYV46/Col-0 plants. Expression of 35S::Hg-SYV46 in a clv3-1 mutant of Arabidopsis was able partially or fully to rescue the mutant phenotype, probably dependent upon localization and level of transgene expression. A short root phenotype, as reported for over-expression of CLV3, CLE40 and CLE19 in roots, was also produced in primary 35S::Hg-SYV46/Col-0 transgenic plants. The results suggest a functional similarity of HG-SYV46 to plant-secreted CLE ligands that may play a role in the differentiation or division of feeding cells induced in plant roots by parasitic nematodes. DA - 2005/3// PY - 2005/3// DO - 10.1111/J.1364-3703.2005.00270.X VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 187-191 SN - 1364-3703 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Virulence genes in Heterodera glycines: Allele frequencies and ror gene groups among field isolates and inbred lines AU - Dong, K AU - Barker, KR AU - Opperman, CH T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Genetic variation in field populations of Heterodera glycines is a key issue for both resistance gene deployment and basic understanding of virulence-gene flow in populations. In this study, we examined phenotypically defined genes for virulence under selection from host resistance. We separated the most common H. glycines genotypes in the United States into two virulence groups, based on their reproductive abilities on the resistant soybean plant introduction (PI) 88788. These groups correspond to previously identified virulence genes in the nematode, as follows: the dominant gene in H. glycines to PI88788, and the recessive genes to PI90763 and Pickett/Peking. Virulence allele frequencies and virulence genotype frequencies of selected field isolates were investigated by testing the host range of single-female-derived lines, which were developed through single-female inoculation on the standard susceptible soybean 'Lee 68'. By comparing virulence genotype frequencies between the original field isolates and their single-female-derived lines, we were able to determine allele frequencies in the field populations. The results suggest that tremendous variation in H. glycines virulence genes exists among field populations. Potential mechanisms of selection which could cause virulence genotype frequency increases are discussed as related to population genetics equilibrium theory. DA - 2005/2// PY - 2005/2// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO-95-0186 VL - 95 IS - 2 SP - 186-191 SN - 1943-7684 KW - cyst nematode KW - gene frequency ER - TY - JOUR TI - Toxicity of novel aromatic and aliphatic organic acid and ester analogs of trypsin modulating oostatic factor to larvae of the northern house mosquito, Culex pipiens complex, and the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta AU - Vanderherchen, MB AU - Isherwood, M AU - Thompson, DM AU - Linderman, RJ AU - Roe, RM T2 - PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY AB - Eight non-peptidic chemical analogs of trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF, NH2-YDPAP6), an insect hormone inhibiting trypsin biosynthesis in mosquitoes, were synthesized based on the structure of the native peptide. The median lethal concentration (LC50) for the chemical analogs, TMOF and FDPAP (a peptidic analog of TMOF) was estimated for larvae of the northern house mosquito, the Culex pipiens complex, using a static 5-day bioassay. Four of these compounds demonstrated the same larvicidal activity as TMOF, while three of these compounds were 1.2–2.5-fold more active than TMOF. The compounds introduced by injection were toxic to fourth instars of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, except for TMOF, FDPAP, and PPHEN. Injection of TMOF and FDPAP into fourth stadium and TMOF into second stadium M. sexta had no effect on trypsin activity, growth, or mortality. Apparently the mosquito hormone is inactive in the tobacco hornworm at the developmental stages examined. Three TMOF analogs (CHEA, PHEA, and PHA) demonstrating the highest activity by injection in M. sexta were also found to be toxic by injection in fourth instars of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens, and the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa zea, as well as adult male German cockroaches, Blattela germanica. A two-choice feeding bioassay with H. virescens indicated that at least one of the TMOF analogs, PHEA, has anti-feeding properties. DA - 2005/2// PY - 2005/2// DO - 10.1016/j.pestbp.2004.09.006 VL - 81 IS - 2 SP - 71-84 SN - 1095-9939 KW - trypsin modulating oostatic factor KW - TMOF KW - insecticide KW - mosquito KW - tobacco hornworm KW - tobacco budworm KW - cotton bollworm KW - German cockroach ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tissue localization and regulation by juvenile hormone of human allergen Bla g 4 from the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) AU - Fan, Y AU - Gore, JC AU - Redding, KO AU - Vailes, LD AU - Chapman, MD AU - Schal, C T2 - INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB - Abstract The German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), produces several potent protein aeroallergens, including Bla g 4, a ∼20 kDa lipocalin. RT‐PCR, Northern analyses and in situ hybridization showed that Bla g 4 is expressed only in the adult male reproductive system. Western blotting and ELISA with rBla g 4 antiserum detected immunoreactivity in the utricles and the conglobate gland, but not in other tissues of the male reproductive system. The Bla g 4 protein content of males increased from adult emergence to day 14, but during copulation Bla g 4 was depleted in the male and transferred to the female within the spermatophore. Topical application of juvenile hormone III stimulated Bla g 4 production by both conglobate gland and utricles. DA - 2005/1// PY - 2005/1// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2004.00530.x VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 45-53 SN - 1365-2583 KW - German cockroach KW - allergen KW - Bla g 4 KW - lipocalin KW - juvenile hormone ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence and distribution of common barberry, the alternate host of Puccinia graminis, in Minnesota AU - Peterson, PD AU - Leonard, KJ AU - Miller, JD AU - Laudon, RJ AU - Sutton, TB T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - A federal and state program operated from 1918 until the 1980s to eradicate common barberry (Berberis vulgaris), the alternate host of Puccinia graminis, from the major areas of cereal production in the United States. Over 500 million bushes were destroyed nationally during the program, approximately 1 million in Minnesota. Some sites in Minnesota where barberry bushes were destroyed remained in the "active" class when eradication was phased out in the 1980s. Active sites were defined as those on which there was still a possibility of emergence of barberry seedlings or sprouts arising from the parent bush. In the present study, from 1998 to 2002, 72 of the approximately 1,200 active sites in Minnesota were surveyed. Areas within 90 m of mapped locations of previously destroyed bushes were searched carefully at each site. Reemerged barberry plants were found on 32 sites. The reproductive status and GPS coordinates were recorded for each reemerged bush. More than 90% of the barberry bushes were found in counties with less than 400 ha of wheat per county, mostly in southeastern Minnesota, but one bush was found in a major wheat-producing county in northwestern Minnesota. Reemergence of barberry may serve as a source of new wheat stem rust races in future epidemics. DA - 2005/2// PY - 2005/2// DO - 10.1094/PD-89-0159 VL - 89 IS - 2 SP - 159-163 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification, mefenoxam sensitivity, and compatibility type of Phytophthora spp. attacking floriculture crops in North Carolina AU - Hwang, J AU - Benson, DM T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Phytophthora isolates were collected from floriculture crops grown in commercial greenhouses in North Carolina for species identification, compatibility type determination, and mefenoxam sensitivity tests. Isolation from 41 symptomatic plant species at 29 production locations resulted in 483 isolates from eight crops at seven locations. Phytophthora cryptogea (184 isolates) was recovered from dusty miller and gerbera daisy. All isolates of P. cryptogea were insensitive or intermediate in sensitivity to mefenoxam at 1 μg a.i./ml and were A1 compatibility type. P. nicotianae (273 isolates) was isolated from African violet, lavender, pansy, petunia, and vinca. Of these isolates, 21% were insensitive to mefenoxam at either 1 or 100 μg a.i./ml. Isolates of P. nicotianae from five locations were A2 compatibility type, whereas isolates on pansy at one location were A1 compatibility type. English ivy grown at two locations was infected with P. palmivora. All 26 isolates of P. palmivora were sensitive to mefenoxam and were A1 compatibility type. Mating type and mefenoxam sensitivity were uniform among isolates of P. nicotianae and P. palmivora from a given crop at a given location, suggesting that epidemics within a location may have originated from a single source of inoculum. DA - 2005/2// PY - 2005/2// DO - 10.1094/PD-89-0185 VL - 89 IS - 2 SP - 185-190 SN - 1943-7692 KW - EC50 KW - phenotypic diversity KW - survey ER - TY - JOUR TI - First report of summer patch of creeping bentgrass caused by Magnaporthe poae in North Carolina. AU - Tredway, LP T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - An unknown disease was observed in June 2002 and 2003 on creeping bentgrass (CRB [Agrostis stolonifera L.]) putting greens at The Country Club of Landfall in Wilmington, NC that were established in 2001 with a 1:1 blend of cvs. A-1 and A-4. Soil pH ranged from 7 to 8 at this location because of poor quality irrigation water. Symptoms appeared in circular patches of 0.3 to 1 m in diameter that exhibited signs of wilt followed by chlorosis and orange foliar dieback. The disease was initially diagnosed as take-all patch caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx & D. Olivier var. avenae (E.M. Turner) Dennis, based on the observation of necrotic roots and crowns that were colonized with dark, ectotrophic hyphae. However, the historical lack of take-all patch occurrence in this region led to the suspicion that G. graminis var. avenae was not involved. Sections of root and crown tissue were surface disinfested in 0.6% NaOCl for 5 min or 1% AgNO 3 for 1 min and 5% NaCl for 30 s. Tissue was plated on SMGGT3 (2) or on potato dextrose agar containing 50 mg L -1 of tetracycline, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol. A fungus resembling Magnaporthe poae Landschoot & Jackson was consistently obtained regardless of isolation method. Teleomorph production was conducted on Sachs agar (4) overlaid with autoclaved wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stem sections. Seven isolates were plated alone or paired with M. poae tester isolates 73-1 or 73-15 (3) and incubated at room temperature under continuous fluorescent illumination. Six isolates produced perithecia and ascospores typical of M. poae (3) when paired with 73-15 but not when plated alone or paired with 73-1; these isolates are, therefore, M. poae mating type ‘a’. Isolate TAP42 did not produce perithecia and remains unidentified. Cone-Tainers (3.8 × 20 cm) containing calcined clay were seeded with ‘A-4’ CRB (9.7 g cm -2 ) and inoculated 8 weeks later by placing four M. poae-infested rye (Secale cereale L.) grains below the soil surface. Inoculated Cone-Tainers were placed in growth chambers with 12-h day/night cycles at 30/25°C, 35/25°C, or 40/25°C. Field plots (1 m 2 ) of ‘A-4’ CRB in Jackson Springs, NC were inoculated on 19 June 2003 by removing a soil core (1.9 × 10.3 cm) from the center of each plot, adding 25 cm 3 of M. poae-infested rye grains, and then capping the hole with sand. Growth chamber and field inoculations were arranged in a randomized complete block with four replications. Eight weeks after inoculation in the growth chamber, isolates TAP35, TAP41, and SCR4 caused significant foliar chlorosis and dieback at 12-h day/night cycles of 30/25°C and 35/25°C, but only TAP41 induced symptoms at 40/25°C. Isolate TAP42 did not induce symptoms at any temperature regimen. Orange patches (10 to 15 cm in diameter) were observed in field plots inoculated with TAP41 on 27 August 2003. No other isolates induced aboveground symptoms. Roots and crowns of plants exhibiting foliar symptoms in the greenhouse and field were necrotic and colonized with ectotrophic hyphae, and M. poae was consistently isolated from this tissue. Although M. poae has been associated with CRB in Florida (1), to our knowledge, this is the first report of summer patch of CRB within the normal zone of adaptation for this turfgrass species. Observation of this disease highlights the need for accurate methods for diagnosis of diseases caused by ectotrophic root-infecting fungi. References: (1) M. L. Elliott. Plant Dis. 77:429, 1993. (2) M. E. Juhnke et al. Plant Dis. 68:233, 1984. (3) P. J. Landschoot and N. Jackson. Mycol. Res. 93:59, 1989. (4) E. S. Lutrell. Phytopathology 48:281, 1958. DA - 2005/2// PY - 2005/2// DO - 10.1094/PD-89-0204A VL - 89 IS - 2 SP - 204-204 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aflatoxin production in peanut lines selected to represent a range of linoleic acid concentrations AU - Xue, HQ AU - Isleib, TG AU - Payne, GA AU - Novitzky, WF AU - Obrian, G T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - To determine whether concentrations of linoleate in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed oil could be used to predict an ability to support aflatoxin production, seeds of genotypes representing a range of linoleate content were inoculated with Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fries and assayed for aflatoxin content. Seeds were blanched and quartered, inoculated with conidia of A. flavus, placed on moistened filter paper in petri dishes, and incubated for 8 days at 28 degrees C. Multiple regression analysis was used to account for the variation among lines with the use of fatty acid concentrations as independent variables. In test 1, linoleate accounted for 39 to 44% of the variation among lines for aflatoxin B1 and B2 and total aflatoxin (26 to 27% after log transformation). Oleate accounted for substantial additional variation (27 to 29%) among lines (20 to 23% after log transformation). Other fatty acids accounted for small fractions of among-line variation. In test 2, linoleate accounted for about 35 to 44% of the variation among entries across traits (29 to 37% for log-transformed data); arachidate accounted for 19 to 29% (27 to 33% after log transformation). Eicosenoate accounted for a small part of the total entry variation. In both experiments, residual variation among entries was significant. Low-linoleate lines consistently contained more aflatoxin, whereas normal- to high-linoleate lines contained variable amounts. Although fatty acid concentrations accounted for significant portions of genetic variation, it is not practical to use them as predictors for susceptibility to aflatoxin contamination, especially for lines in the normal range for oleate and linoleate. DA - 2005/1// PY - 2005/1// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-68.1.126 VL - 68 IS - 1 SP - 126-132 SN - 1944-9097 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A simple generic infection model for foliar fungal plant pathogens AU - Magarey, R. D. AU - Sutton, T. B. AU - Thayer, C. L. T2 - Phytopathology AB - ABSTRACT In this study, a simple generic infection model was developed for predicting infection periods by fungal foliar pathogens. The model is designed primarily for use in forecasting pathogens that do not have extensive epidemiological data. Most existing infection models require a background epidemiological data set, usually including laboratory estimates of infection at multiple temperature and wetness combinations. The model developed in this study can use inputs based on subjective estimates of the cardinal temperatures and the wetness duration requirement. These inputs are available for many pathogens or may be estimated from related pathogens. The model uses a temperature response function which is scaled to the minimum and optimum values of the surface wetness duration requirement. The minimum wetness duration requirement (W(min)) is the number of hours required to produce 20% disease incidence or 5% disease severity on inoculated plant parts at a given temperature. The model was validated with published data from 53 controlled laboratory studies, each with at least four combinations of temperature and wetness. Validation yielded an average correlation coefficient of 0.83 and a root mean square error of 4.9 h, but there was uncertainty about the value of the input parameters for some pathogens. The value of W(min) varied from 1 to 48 h and was relatively uniform for species in the genera Cercospora, Alternaria, and Puccinia but less so for species of Phytophthora, Venturia, and Colletotrichum. Operationally, infection models may use hourly or daily weather inputs. In the case of the former, information also is required to estimate the critical dry-period interruption value, defined as the duration of a dry period at relative humidities <95% that will result in a 50% reduction in disease compared with a continuous wetness period. Pathogens were classified into three groups based on their critical dry-period interruption value. The infection model is being used to create risk maps of exotic pests for the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal Plant Health and Inspection Service. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1094/phyto-95-0092 VL - 95 IS - 1 SP - 92-100 ER - TY - JOUR TI - cis-Acting sequences required for coat protein binding and in vitro assembly of Potato virus X AU - Kwon, SJ AU - Park, MR AU - Kim, KW AU - Plante, CA AU - Hemenway, CL AU - Kim, KH T2 - VIROLOGY AB - The 5′ region of Potato virus X (PVX) RNA containing an AC-rich single-stranded region and stem–loop 1 (SL1) has been shown to be important for PVX replication (Miller, E.D., Plante, C.A., Kim, K.-H., Brown, J.W., Hemenway, C., 1998. Stem–loop structure in the 5′ region of potato virus X genome required for plus-strand RNA accumulation. J. Mol. Biol. 284, 591–608.). Here, we describe the involvement of SL1 for binding to the PVX coat protein (CP) using an in vitro assembly system and various deletion mutants of the 5′ region of PVX RNA. Internal and 5′ terminal deletions of the 5′-nontranslated region of PVX RNA were assessed for their effects on formation of assembled virus-like particles (VLPs). Mutant RNAs that contain the top region of SL1 or sequences therein bound to CP to form VLPs. In contrast, transcripts of mutants that disrupt SL1 RNA structure were unable to form VLPs. SELEX was used to further confirm the specific RNA recognition of PVX CP using RNA transcripts containing randomized sequences of the upper portion of SL1. Wild-type (wt) sequences along with many other sequences that resemble SL1 structure were selected after fourth and fifth rounds of SELEX (27.0% and 44.4%, respectively). RNA transcripts from several SELEX winners that are predicted to form stable stem–loop structures very closely resembling wt PVX SL1 VLPs. RNA transcripts not predicted to form secondary structures similar to SL1 did not form VLPs in vitro. Taken together, our results suggest that RNA secondary structural elements within SL1 and/or sequences therein are crucial for formation of VLPs and are required for the specific recognition by the CP subunit. DA - 2005/3/30/ PY - 2005/3/30/ DO - 10.1016/j.virol.2005.01.018 VL - 334 IS - 1 SP - 83-97 SN - 1089-862X KW - PVX KW - assembly KW - OAS KW - SELEX KW - stem-loop structure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Resistance to fire blight among flowering pears and quince AU - Bell, A. C. AU - Ranney, T. G. AU - Eaker, T. A. AU - Sutton, T. B. T2 - HortScience DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - 413-415 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Context-dependent nestmate discrimination and the effect of action thresholds on exogenous cue recognition in the Argentine ant AU - Buczkowski, G AU - Silverman, J T2 - ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR AB - The optimal acceptance threshold model predicts that kin/nestmate discrimination is context dependent and that, in a fluctuating environment, the action component of nestmate discrimination is plastic, rather than static. We examined changes in intraspecific aggression among colonies of Argentine ants, Linepithema humile, in various discrimination contexts, and found that aggression occurred at higher rates when either nestmates or familiar territory indicated nest proximity, but not when social context was absent, thereby providing additional support for the optimal acceptance threshold model. Context-dependent aggression in the Argentine ant appears to result from a shift in acceptance threshold in response to fitness costs associated with accepting nonkin. The change in the action component of Argentine ant nestmate discrimination was explained to some degree by the hypothesis that the presence of nestmates indicates nest proximity and denotes a fitness payoff for active defence (nest indicator hypothesis) and by the hypothesis that nestmates share the cost of nest defence in groups, but not singly (cost minimizer hypothesis). Isolated nest referents (familiar territory, conspecific brood, or single familiar nestmates), however, had no effect on aggression thresholds. We provide mixed support for the hypothesis that workers from genetically less diverse colonies attack workers from more diverse colonies. We found that, in the context of nest defence, genetically more diverse colonies initiated attacks on colonies with lower genetic diversity. Therefore, the role of asymmetrical aggression in reducing genetic diversity within introduced populations of L. humile remains unknown and other extrinsic factors such as nest status and/or colony size may affect the outcome of aggressive interactions in the field. Finally, our finding that colonies reared under uniform conditions showed diminished intraspecific aggression only when assayed in a social and/or ecological context underscores the importance of using appropriate aggression assays for testing patterns of intercolony aggression in L. humile, and that the use of different rearing regimes, source colonies and collection times may produce contradictory results. DA - 2005/3// PY - 2005/3// DO - 10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.06.027 VL - 69 SP - 741-749 SN - 1095-8282 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Two chorismate mutase genes from the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita AU - Huang, GZ AU - Dong, RH AU - Allen, R AU - Davis, EL AU - Baum, TJ AU - Hussey, RS T2 - MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY AB - SUMMARY Parasitism genes encoding secretory proteins expressed in the oesophageal glands of phytoparasitic nematodes play critical roles in nematode invasion of host plants, establishment of feeding sites and suppression of host defences. Two chorismate mutase (CM) genes potentially having a role in one or more of these processes were identified from a Meloidogyne incognita oesophageal gland-cell subtractive cDNA library. These M. incognita enzymes (designated as MI-CM-1 and MI-CM-2) with amino-terminal signal peptides, were significantly similar to chorismate mutases in M. javanica and bacteria. The complementation of an Escherichia coli CM-deficient mutant by the expression of Mi-cm-1 or Mi-cm-2 confirmed their CM activity. In-situ mRNA hybridization showed that the transcripts of Mi-cm-1 and Mi-cm-2 accumulated specifically in the two subventral oesophageal gland cells of M. incognita. RT-PCR analysis confirmed that their transcript abundances were high in the early parasitic juvenile stages, and low (Mi-cm-1) or undetectable (Mi-cm-2) in later parasitic stages of the nematode. Southern blot analysis revealed that these CM genes were members of a small multigene family in Meloidogyne species. The widespread presence of CMs in the specialized sedentary endoparasitic nematode species suggests that this multifunctional enzyme may be a key factor in modulating plant parasitism. DA - 2005/1// PY - 2005/1// DO - 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2004.00257.x VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 23-30 SN - 1364-3703 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Root-knot nematodes and bacterial Nod factors elicit common signal transduction events in Lotus japonicus AU - Weerasinghe, RR AU - Bird, DM AU - Allen, NS T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - The symbiosis responsible for nitrogen fixation in legume root nodules is initiated by rhizobial signaling molecules [Nod factors (NF)]. Using transgenically tagged microtubules and actin, we dynamically profiled the spatiotemporal changes in the cytoskeleton of living Lotus japonicus root hairs, which precede root-hair deformation and reflect one of the earliest host responses to NF. Remarkably, plant-parasitic root-knot nematodes (RKN) invoke a cytoskeletal response identical to that seen in response to NF and induce root-hair waviness and branching in legume root hairs via a signal able to function at a distance. Azide-killed nematodes do not produce this signal. A similar response to RKN was seen in tomato. Aspects of the host responses to RKN were altered or abolished by mutations in the NF receptor genes nfr1 , nfr5 , and symRK , suggesting that RKN produce a molecule with functional equivalence to NF, which we name NemF. Because the ability of RKN to establish feeding sites and reproduce was markedly reduced in the mutant lines, we propose that RKN have adapted at least part of the symbiont-response pathway to enhance their parasitic ability. DA - 2005/2/22/ PY - 2005/2/22/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.0407926102 VL - 102 IS - 8 SP - 3147-3152 SN - 0027-8424 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-14544295731&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - cytoskeleton KW - NemF KW - rhizobia KW - actin KW - microtubule ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) isolates, host plants, and temperature on survival, size, and development time of Frankliniella fusca AU - Stumpf, CF AU - Kennedy, GG T2 - ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA AB - Abstract The effects of different isolates of the tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV), host plants, and temperatures on Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), the most important vector of TSWV in North Carolina, were measured in the laboratory. Thrips were reared at either 18.3, 23.9, or 29.4 °C until adult eclosion on excised leaves of Datura stramonium L. or Emilia sonchifolia (L.). Plants were either infected with the TSWV isolates CFL or RG2, or left uninfected (control). The results revealed a positive relationship between larval survival and temperature, regardless of host plant or TSWV isolate. Both survival to adult and percentage transmission of TSWV by F. fusca were significantly affected by the interaction between host plant and TSWV isolate. The consequence of this interaction was that the cohort‐based percentage transmission from infected E. sonchifolia plants for CFL was 1.3‐fold greater than that of RG2, whereas the percentage transmission from infected D. stramonium plants for RG2 was twice that of CFL. Both host plant and TSWV isolates showed significant effects on thrips development time to adult and head capsule width of adult thrips, as well as on the incidence of thrips infection with TSWV. The infection status of these thrips was determined by ELISA for the NSs viral protein. Infected thrips reared on infected host foliage took longer to develop to adult and were smaller than non‐infected thrips which had also been reared on infected host foliage, demonstrating a direct effect of the TSWV on thrips. However, non‐infected thrips reared on non‐infected leaves took longer to develop than non‐infected thrips reared on infected leaves, suggesting an effect of the plant tissue on thrips. In addition, adult thrips reared on TSWV‐infected D. stramonium at 29.4 °C developed smaller head capsules than thrips developing on infected foliage at lower temperatures and on non‐infected leaves of D. stramonium or E. sonchifolia . Both TSWV isolates and host plants differentially affected females more than males. In conclusion, both the infection of thrips by TSWV and TSWV‐mediated changes in host plant quality were found to have significant biological effects on F. fusca . DA - 2005/3// PY - 2005/3// DO - 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2005.00251.x VL - 114 IS - 3 SP - 215-225 SN - 1570-7458 KW - insect vector KW - plant disease KW - tobacco thrips KW - Thysanoptera KW - Thripidae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tumoriala, a new neotropical phycitine genus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) AU - Neunzig, H. H. AU - Solis, M. A. T2 - Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 107 IS - 1 SP - 84-89 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predation of Colorado potato beetle eggs by a polyphagous ladybeetle in the presence of alternate prey: potential impact on resistance evolution AU - Mallampalli, N AU - Gould, F AU - Barbosa, P T2 - ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA AB - Abstract The influence of prey choice on the predation of a target prey item by a polyphagous insect predator was investigated in field plot studies. The target prey consisted of eggs of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and the predator was the 12‐spotted ladybeetle, Coleomegilla maculata Lengi (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Eggs of the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and nymphs and adults of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer (Homoptera: Aphididae), comprised the alternative prey choices. The objectives of these studies were to: (1) examine predation in a multiprey scenario likely to occur in an agroecosystem, and (2) use the data to simulate the impact of predator‐induced mortality on the evolution of resistance to Bt‐transgenic plants in the target herbivore. Simulations of the rate of resistance evolution were carried out using a deterministic genetic model. Experiments were performed using potato field plots planted in a manner reflecting a 25% or 50% non‐transgenic refuge. CPB eggs were infested so as to mimic the densities of resistant and susceptible populations that might occur in commercial Bt‐transgenic plantings. Densities of predators and alternate prey species were chosen to represent those that might typically occur in potato crops in the eastern USA. Simulation results indicated that when ECB eggs were present, predation on CPB eggs either became inversely spatially density‐dependent, or increased significantly in a density‐dependent manner. When aphids were present, predation became positively density‐dependent. Model simulations predicted that ECB egg presence is beneficial, in that resistance was delayed by up to 40 pest generations (as compared to the scenario with CPB as the only prey), while aphid presence accelerated resistance evolution by 18 generations. Results suggest that resistance management strategies should take into account the composition of prey species available to generalist predators typically present, so as to best delay pest adaptation to Bt‐toxins. DA - 2005/1// PY - 2005/1// DO - 10.1111/j.0013-8703.2005.00232.x VL - 114 IS - 1 SP - 47-54 SN - 0013-8703 KW - Leptinotarsa decemlineata KW - Coleoptera KW - Chrysomelidae KW - Coccinellidae KW - Coleomegilla maculata KW - transgenic potato KW - predator-prey interactions KW - susceptible population KW - refuge ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vegetative propagation of mature eastern and Carolina hemlocks by rooted softwood cuttings AU - Jetton, R. M. AU - Frampton, J. AU - Hain, F. P. T2 - HortScience DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 40 IS - 5 SP - 1469-1473 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogenetic analysis of Pasteuria penetrans by use of multiple genetic loci AU - Charles, L AU - Carbone, I AU - Davies, KG AU - Bird, D AU - Burke, M AU - Kerry, BR AU - Opperman, CH T2 - JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Pasteuria penetrans is a gram-positive, endospore-forming eubacterium that apparently is a member of the Bacillus-Clostridium clade. It is an obligate parasite of root knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.) and preferentially grows on the developing ovaries, inhibiting reproduction. Root knot nematodes are devastating root pests of economically important crop plants and are difficult to control. Consequently, P. penetrans has long been recognized as a potential biocontrol agent for root knot nematodes, but the fastidious life cycle and the obligate nature of parasitism have inhibited progress on mass culture and deployment. We are currently sequencing the genome of the Pasteuria bacterium and have performed amino acid level analyses of 33 bacterial species (including P. penetrans ) using concatenation of 40 housekeeping genes, with and without insertions/deletions (indels) removed, and using each gene individually. By application of maximum-likelihood, maximum-parsimony, and Bayesian methods to the resulting data sets, P. penetrans was found to cluster tightly, with a high level of confidence, in the Bacillus class of the gram-positive, low-G+C-content eubacteria. Strikingly, our analyses identified P. penetrans as ancestral to Bacillus spp. Additionally, all analyses revealed that P. penetrans is surprisingly more closely related to the saprophytic extremophile Bacillus haladurans and Bacillus subtilis than to the pathogenic species Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus . Collectively, these findings strongly imply that P. penetrans is an ancient member of the Bacillus group. We suggest that P. penetrans may have evolved from an ancient symbiotic bacterial associate of nematodes, possibly as the root knot nematode evolved to be a highly specialized parasite of plants. DA - 2005/8// PY - 2005/8// DO - 10.1128/JB.187.16.5700-5708.2005 VL - 187 IS - 16 SP - 5700-5708 SN - 1098-5530 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-23644445501&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - First report of Sclerotinia minor on Allium vineale in North Carolina. AU - Hollowell, JE AU - Shew, BB T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Allium vineale L. (wild garlic) is a bulbous perennial that emerges in early spring in many agricultural fields. The soilborne fungus Sclerotinia minor Jagger is a major pathogen found in many peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production areas of northeastern North Carolina. During September 2002, symptoms of bleached, water-soaked foliage and wilting were observed on several wild garlic plants growing in a 0.8-ha (2-acre) peanut research plot in Perquimans County, NC. We had previously observed similar symptoms on wild garlic at another location. Two symptomatic wild garlic plants were collected from the field. In the laboratory, symptomatic tissues were excised into 1- to 2-cm sections, rinsed in tap water, towel dried, and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) for fungal isolation and identification. Pure cultures with small, black, irregular-shaped sclerotia (<2 mm) scattered abundantly over the culture surface were distinctive of S. minor. Pathogenicity of isolates was tested by inoculating leaf blades near the leaf axils of two symptom-free wild garlic plants (vegetative stage, 4 cm high) with fungal mycelium from 2-day-old cultures. Mycelial agar plugs (4 mm in diameter) were held in place with self-sticking bandaging gauze. Plants were misted, enclosed in plastic bags, and incubated at an ambient temperature (24°C) on the laboratory countertop. Fluffy mycelium developed on leaves within 2 days. Plants wilted and bleached water-soaked lesions formed within 6 days after inoculation. Sclerotia were produced on leaf blades after approximately 14 days. Following the incubation period, S. minor was reisolated from the inoculated plants. Two plants treated similarly with plugs of pure PDA remained healthy over the incubation period. The performance of Koch's postulates confirmed that wild garlic is a host of S. minor. Although few monocots have been reported as hosts of S. minor, the fungus has been reported on two other species of Allium (A. cepa and A. satium), Gladiolus spp., and Cyperus esculentus (1,2). Weed hosts may support populations of S. minor during rotations to nonhosts, serve as reservoirs of inoculum, or act as infection bridges in peanut fields. References: (1) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases. Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory. On-line publication. ARS, USDA, 2005. (2) M. S. Melzer et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 19:272, 1997. DA - 2005/8// PY - 2005/8// DO - 10.1094/PD-89-0908C VL - 89 IS - 8 SP - 908-908 SN - 0191-2917 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cotton tolerance to Hoplolaimus columbus and impact on population densities AU - Koenning, , SR AU - Bowman, DT T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Glyphosate-tolerant transgenic-cotton cultivars were evaluated for tolerance to Hoplolaimus columbus in field experiments conducted from 2001 to 2003. The studies were arranged in a split-plot design that included treatment with 1,3-dichloropropene at 42 liter/ha to establish fumigated versus nonfumigated subplots with cultivars as whole plots. Cotton cultivars were divided by relative maturity into two separate but adjacent experiments in order to facilitate cotton defoliation, with 10 early-maturity and 5 late-maturity cultivars. Fumigation was effective in suppressing H. columbus population densities and increased cotton lint yield. The cultivar-fumigation interaction was significant for early-season cotton cultivars but not for late-season cultivars. A tolerance index ([yield of nontreated/yield of treated] × 100) was used to compare cultivar differences. Both groups of cultivars expressed significant levels of tolerance to H. columbus, but late-season cultivars tended to yield more than early-season cultivars in infested fields. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1094/PD-89-0649 VL - 89 IS - 6 SP - 649-653 SN - 1943-7692 KW - Columbia lance nematode KW - fumigant nematicide ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparative genomics of nematodes AU - Mitreva, M AU - Blaxter, ML AU - Bird, DM AU - McCarter, JP T2 - TRENDS IN GENETICS AB - Recent transcriptome and genome projects have dramatically expanded the biological data available across the phylum Nematoda. Here we summarize analyses of these sequences, which have revealed multiple unexpected results. Despite a uniform body plan, nematodes are more diverse at the molecular level than was previously recognized, with many species- and group-specific novel genes. In the genus Caenorhabditis, changes in chromosome arrangement, particularly local inversions, are also rapid, with breakpoints occurring at 50-fold the rate in vertebrates. Tylenchid plant parasitic nematode genomes contain several genes closely related to genes in bacteria, implicating horizontal gene transfer events in the origins of plant parasitism. Functional genomics techniques are also moving from Caenorhabditis elegans to application throughout the phylum. Soon, eight more draft nematode genome sequences will be available. This unique resource will underpin both molecular understanding of these most abundant metazoan organisms and aid in the examination of the dynamics of genome evolution in animals. DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1016/j.tig.2005.08.003 VL - 21 IS - 10 SP - 573-581 SN - 1362-4555 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-24644458584&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil resource availability impacts microbial response to organic carbon and inorganic nitrogen inputs AU - Zhang, W. J. AU - Zhu, W. AU - Hu, S. T2 - Journal of Environmental Sciences (China) DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 17 IS - 5 SP - 705-710 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Social impacts of La Crosse encephalitis, in North Carolina AU - Utz, JT AU - Apperson, CS AU - Dietz, EJ T2 - HUMAN ORGANIZATION AB - La Crosse (LAC) encephalitis, caused by a mosquito-transmitted virus, is endemic in the mountains of North Carolina and increasingly recognized in other areas of southern Appalachia. To obtain information on the social and familial impacts of LAC encephalitis in North Carolina, adult case patients (n = 2) and the parents/guardians of juvenile case patients (n = 23) were interviewed. Non-monetary quantitative and qualitative methods were used to estimate the burden of disease over the cumulative life years that elapsed from the onset of illness to the date of interviews. The largest portion of the psychological and social impact of LAC encephalitis was borne by case patients with lifelong neurological sequelae (the aftereffect of a disease or injury) (n = 5). Case patients (n = 16) manifesting transitory sequelae were impacted to a lesser extent, but signi?cantly greater (P &lt; 0.05) than patients (n = 4) who recovered completely from the illness. Prior to a family member contracting the illness, 80% of study participants were unaware of LAC encephalitis; consequently, they were not concerned about the health impacts of the disease. Lack of public awareness appears to result in part because LAC encephalitis is presently is under-reported and under-recognized by the medical community. The disease burden imposed by LAC encephalitis could be reduced if the public health community would develop disease prevention education and engage in active case surveillance coupled with case reporting and follow-up assistance to families. The La Crosse encephalitis prevention program should be community-based, but include organization of a mosquito abatement agency staffed with professional mosquito biologists. The social impacts of LAC encephalitis are representative of effects expected from other neuroinvasive arboviral diseases, such as West Nile encephalitis, for which there are relatively fewer case patients in long-term recovery. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.17730/humo.64.2.xa6yqcmf13qnu2k9 VL - 64 IS - 2 SP - 135-146 SN - 1938-3525 KW - la Crosse encephalitis KW - LaCrosse virus KW - social impact ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of visual contrast in the alighting behavior of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) at overwintering sites AU - Nalepa, CA AU - Kennedy, GG AU - Brownie, C T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - The multicolored Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) is often a pest during autumn, when large numbers take flight and subsequently land on and enter buildings. Open field experiments were conducted during the autumn flight to examine the role of linear contrast in visually attracting beetles. White targets printed with 61 by 15-cm stripes that varied in orientation and degree of contrast were covered in insect adhesive, attached to a white background panel, and erected in sites known to be attractive to flying beetles. Flights occurred when temperatures rose above 21°C. Diurnally, peak flight occurred between 1400 and 1600 hours but shifted progressively earlier within that framework as the flight season advanced. Beetles significantly chose targets with high contrast, black stripes; the number of beetles landing on all other contrast levels did not differ significantly from controls. Vertically positioned stripes attracted more beetles than horizontal ones, but not significantly. The effects of high contrast were absolute rather than relative. The number of beetles landing on targets with 50% contrast stripes did not increase when these were the highest contrast targets available. Results suggest that visual intensity contrast is key to understanding the behavior of H. axyridis in autumn and call into question some commonly accepted ideas regarding choice of overwintering sites. First, during migratory flight, H. axyridis is not visually attracted to the color white per se, and second, it is unlikely that, during flight, pheromones are involved in beetle orientation. DA - 2005/4// PY - 2005/4// DO - 10.1603/0046-225x-34.2.425 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 425-431 SN - 1938-2936 KW - multicolored Asian lady beetle KW - migration KW - silhouette KW - orientation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regulation of JH epoxide hydrolase versus JH esterase activity in the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, by juvenile hormone and xenobiotics AU - Anspaugh, DD AU - Roe, RM T2 - JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY AB - JH III esterase and JH III epoxide hydrolase (EH) in vitro activity was compared in whole body Trichoplusia ni homogenates at each stage of development (egg, larva, pupa and adult). While activity of both enzymes was detected at all ages tested, JH esterase was significantly higher than EH activity except for day three of the fifth (last) stadium (L5D3). For both enzymes, activity was highest in eggs. Adult virgin females had 4.6- and 4.0-fold higher JH esterase and EH activities, respectively, than adult virgin males. JH III metabolic activity also was measured in whole body homogenates of fifth stadium T. ni that were fed a nutritive diet (control) or starved on a non-nutritive diet of alphacel, agar and water. With larvae that were starved for 6, 28 and 52 h, EH activity per insect equivalent was 48%, 5% and 1%, respectively, of the control insects. At the same time points, JH esterase activity levels in starved T. ni were 29%, 4% and 3% of that of insects fed the nutritive diet. Selected insect hormones and xenobiotics were administered topically or orally to fifth stadium larvae for up to 52 h, and the effects on whole body EH and JH esterase activity analyzed. JH III increased the JH III esterase activity as high as 2.2-fold, but not the JH III EH activity. The JH analog, methoprene, increased both JH esterase and EH activity as high as 2.5-fold. The JH esterase inhibitor, 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-one (OTFP), had no impact on EH activity. The epoxides trans- and cis-stilbene oxide (TSO and CSO) in separate experiments increased the EH activity approximately 2.0-fold. TSO did not alter JH esterase levels when topically applied, but oral administration reduced activity to 70% of the control at 28 h, and then increased the activity 1.8-fold at 52 h after the beginning of treatment. CSO had no effect on JH esterase activity. Phenobarbital increased EH activity by 1.9-fold, but did not change JH esterase levels. Clofibrate and cholesterol 5alpha,6alpha-epoxide had no effect on EH. JH esterase activity also was not affected by clofibrate, but cholesterol 5alpha,6alpha-epoxide reduced the JH esterase activity to 60-80% of the control. The biological significance of these results is discussed. DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2004.12.008 VL - 51 IS - 5 SP - 523-535 SN - 1879-1611 KW - juvenile hormone KW - epoxide hydrolase KW - JH esterase ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pest control by genetic manipulation of sex ratio AU - Schliekelman, P. AU - Ellner, S. AU - Gould, Fred T2 - Journal of Economic Entomology AB - We model the release of insects carrying an allele at multiple loci that shifts sex ratios in favor of males. We model two approaches to sex ratio alteration. In the first (denoted SD), meiotic segregation (or sperm fertility) is distorted in favor of gametes carrying the male-determining genetic element (e.g., Y-chromosome). It is assumed that any male carrying at least one copy of the SD allele produces only genotypically male offspring. In the second approach (denoted PM), the inserted allele alters sex ratio by causing genetically female individuals to become phenotypically male. It is assumed that any insect carrying at least one copy of the PM allele is phenotypically male. Both approaches reduce future population growth by reducing the number of phenotypic females. The models allow variation in the number of loci used in the release, the size of the release, and the negative fitness effect caused by insertion of each sex ratio altering allele. We show that such releases may be at least 2 orders of magnitude more effective than sterile male releases (SIT) in terms of numbers of surviving insects. For example, a single SD release with two released insects for every wild insect and a 5% fitness cost per inserted allele could reduce the target population to 1/1000th of the no-release population size, whereas a similar-sized SIT release would only reduce the population to one-fifth of its original size. We also compare these two sex ratio alteration approaches to a female-killing (FK) system and the sterile male technique when there are repeated releases over a number of generations. In these comparisons, the SD approach is the most efficient with equivalent pest suppression achieved by release of ≈1 SD, 1.5–20 PM, 2–70 FK, and 16–3,000 SIT insects, depending on conditions. We also calculate the optimal number of SD and PM allele insertions to be used under various conditions, assuming that there is an additional genetic load incurred for each allelic insertion. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1093/jee/98.1.18 VL - 98 IS - 1 SP - 18–34 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Endocrine changes in maturing primary queens of Zootermopsis angusticollis AU - Brent, CS AU - Schal, C AU - Vargo, EL T2 - JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Termite queens are highly specialized for reproduction, but little is known about the endocrine mechanisms regulating this ability. We studied changes in the endocrinology and ovarian maturation in primary reproductive females of the dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticollis following their release from inhibitory stimuli produced by mature queens. Winged alates were removed from their natal nest, manually dewinged, then paired in an isolated nest with a reproductive male. Development was tracked by monitoring ovarian development, in vitro rates of juvenile hormone (JH) production by corpora allata, and hemolymph titers of JH and ecdysteroids. The production rate and titer of JH were positively correlated with each other but negatively correlated with ecdysteroid titer. Four days after disinhibition, JH release and titer decreased while ecdysteroid titer increased. The new levels persisted until day 30, after which JH increased and ecdysteroids decreased. Fully mature queens had the highest rates of JH production, the lowest ecdysteroid titers, and the greatest number of functional ovarioles. The results support the hypothesis that JH plays a dual role in termite queens depending on their stage of development; an elevated JH titer in immature alates may maintain reproductive inhibition, but an elevated JH titer in mature queens may stimulate ovarian activity. The decline in JH production and the elevation in ecdysteroid titer correspond to a period of physiological reorganization and activation. The specific function of ecdysteroids is unknown but they may help to modulate the activity of the corpora allata. DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005/11// DO - 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2005.06.009 VL - 51 IS - 11 SP - 1200-1209 SN - 0022-1910 KW - reproduction KW - isoptera KW - queen KW - juvenile hormone KW - ecdysteroids ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of sowing date and fungicide application on yield of early and late maturing peanut cultivars grown under rainfed conditions in Ghana AU - Naab, JB AU - Tsigbey, FK AU - Prasad, PVV AU - Boote, KJ AU - Bailey, JE AU - Brandenburg, RL T2 - CROP PROTECTION AB - Late leaf spot is one of the important factors limiting peanut productivity in Ghana. It is essential to demonstrate the extent of yield losses caused by leaf spot and to develop suitable crop management practices. The objectives of this research were to study the effects of time of sowing, cultivar lifecycle, and fungicide sprays on disease incidence, biomass and pod yield of peanut crops grown under rainfed conditions in northern Ghana. Two peanut cultivars, Chinese (90 days duration) and F-mix (120 days duration) were grown for three seasons (1999–2001) at Nyankpala and for two seasons (2000, 2001) at Wa with three sowing dates (early, mid and late, relative to start of rainy season) with (+F) and without (−F) fungicide application. Disease rating, main-stem defoliation, total biomass, pod yield and seed yield were recorded at harvest maturity. Early sowings soon after onset of rains resulted in greater biomass and pod yields compared to late sowing for both cultivars. The long duration cultivar F-mix produced greater yields than short duration cultivar Chinese under both with and without fungicide treated environments. However, incidence and severity of disease, as measured by disease scores and main-stem defoliation at the end of season, were similar in both cultivars. This suggests that the greater yield obtained by the long duration cultivar was not due to disease tolerance or escape but due to its longer growing season. Application of foliar sprays of fungicide was effective in controlling leaf spot and improved peanut biomass and pod yields by 39% and 75%, respectively, when averaged across cultivars and years. Long duration cultivar F-mix, sown early and treated with fungicide under optimum and timely crop management practices, produced 4500–5000 kg ha−1 pod yield over five site years, i.e. more than three to four-fold increase over present average yields in Ghana. DA - 2005/4// PY - 2005/4// DO - 10.1016/j.cropro.2004.09.002 VL - 24 IS - 4 SP - 325-332 SN - 1873-6904 KW - leaf spot KW - sowing date KW - fungicide KW - disease incidence KW - main-stem defoliation KW - yield ER - TY - JOUR TI - Decomposition of soybean grown under elevated concentrations of CO2 and O-3 AU - Booker, F. L. AU - Prior, S. A. AU - Torbert, H. A. AU - Fiscus, E. L. AU - Pursley, W. A. AU - Hu, Shuijin T2 - Global Change Biology DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1111/j.1365.2486.2005.00939.x VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 685–698 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cryptocercus punctulatus (Dictyoptera: Cryptocercidae): dispersal events associated with rainfall AU - Nalepa, C. A. T2 - Entomologist's Monthly Magazine DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 141 IS - 1691 SP - 95-97 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and phosphorus acquisition of plants: effects of coexisting plant species AU - Chen, X AU - Tang, JJ AU - Zhi, GY AU - Hu, SJ T2 - APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY AB - Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi influence interactions among plant species through enhancing nutrient uptake and possibly facilitating nutrient transport among plants. However, the effects of one plant species on coexisting plant species with regard to mycorrhizal colonization are not well understood. We examined root mycorrhizal colonization and phosphorus (P) acquisition of plants in a highly P-limiting soil in Lanxi city, Zhejiang, China from the year 2000 to 2002. Three dominant native plant species with different mycorrhizal properties, Digitaria ciliaris (poorly mycorrhizal species), Ixeris denticulate (moderately mycorrhizal species) and Kummerowia striata (highly mycorrhizal species), were planted in experimental plots. In the monocultures, K. striata was found to have the highest infection and D. ciliaris the lowest mycorrhizal infection, but shoot P-concentration was higher in both I. denticulate and D. ciliaris than that in K. striata. In the mixtures, D. ciliaris and I. denticulate did not significantly affect the mycorrhizal colonization, spore production and shoot P-concentration of K. striata plants, but K. striata and I. denticulate significantly increased root mycorrhizal colonization and shoot P-concentration of D. ciliaris. K. striata enhanced but D. ciliaris reduced mycorrhizal infection and shoot P-concentration of I. denticulate. These results suggested that highly mycorrhizal plant species may positively impact coexisting species with respect to mycorrhizal colonization and P acquisition, but the effects on poorly mycorrhizal species are less predictable. DA - 2005/3// PY - 2005/3// DO - 10.1016/j.apsoil.2004.07.009 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 259-269 SN - 1873-0272 KW - plant monoculture KW - plant mixture KW - mycorrhizal infection rate KW - mycorrhizal spores KW - shoot P- and N-concentration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aflatoxin conducive and non-conducive growth conditions reveal new gene associations with aflatoxin production AU - Price, MS AU - Shannon, BCB AU - Sabrina, TB AU - Robert, AKB AU - Payne, GA T2 - FUNGAL GENETICS AND BIOLOGY AB - Research on aflatoxin (AF) production has traditionally focused on defining the AF biosynthetic pathway with the goal of identifying potential targets for intervention. To understand the effect of nitrogen source, carbon source, temperature, and pH on the regulation of AF biosynthesis, a targeted cDNA microarray consisting of genes associated with AF production over time was employed. Expression profiles for genes involved in AF biosynthesis grouped into five clades. A putative regulon was identified consisting of 20 genes that were induced in the conducive nitrogen and pH treatments and the non-conducive carbon and temperature treatments, as well as four other putative regulons corresponding to each of the four variables studied. Seventeen genes exhibited consistent induction/repression profiles across all the experiments. One of these genes was consistently downregulated with AF production. Overexpression of this gene resulted in repression of AF biosynthesis. The cellular function of this gene is currently unresolved. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1016/j.fgb.2005.03.009 VL - 42 IS - 6 SP - 506-518 SN - 1096-0937 KW - aflatoxin KW - gene expression KW - regulation KW - Aspergillus flavus KW - Aspergillus parasiticus ER - TY - JOUR TI - The molecular population genetics of the Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) genome AU - Tsompana, M AU - Abad, J AU - Purugganan, M AU - Moyer, JW T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - RNA viruses are characterized by high genetic variability resulting in rapid adaptation to new or resistant hosts. Research for plant RNA virus genetic structure and its variability has been relatively scarce compared to abundant research done for human and animal RNA viruses. Here, we utilized a molecular population genetic framework to characterize the evolution of a highly pathogenic plant RNA virus [Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Tospovirus, Bunyaviridae]. Data from genes encoding five viral proteins were used for phylogenetic analysis, and for estimation of population parameters, subpopulation differentiation, recombination, divergence between Tospovirus species, and selective constraints on the TSWV genome. Our analysis has defined the geographical structure of TSWV, attributed possibly to founder effects. Also, we identify positive selection favouring divergence between Tospovirus species. At the species level, purifying selection has acted to preserve protein function, although certain amino acids appear to be under positive selection. This analysis provides demonstration of population structuring and species-wide population expansions in a multisegmented plant RNA virus, using sequence-based molecular population genetic analyses. It also identifies specific amino acid sites subject to selection within Bunyaviridae and estimates the level of genetic heterogeneity of a highly pathogenic plant RNA virus. The study of the variability of TSWV populations lays the foundation in the development of strategies for the control of other viral diseases in floral crops. DA - 2005/1// PY - 2005/1// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02392.x VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 53-66 SN - 1365-294X KW - Bunyaviridae KW - founder effect KW - mutation rate KW - population expansion KW - selection KW - TSWV ER -