TY - JOUR TI - Incorporation of the Noncoding roX RNAs Alters the Chromatin-Binding Specificity of the Drosophila MSL1/MSL2 Complex AU - Li, F> AU - Schiemann, A.H. AU - Scott, M.J T2 - Molecular and Cellular Biology AB - This article refers to:Incorporation of the Noncoding roX RNAs Alters the Chromatin-Binding Specificity of the Drosophila MSL1/MSL2 Complex DA - 2008/4/1/ PY - 2008/4/1/ DO - 10.1128/MCB.00309-08 VL - 28 IS - 8 SP - 2850–2850 SN - 1098-5549 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.00309-08 ER - TY - JOUR TI - How do ncRNAs guide chromatin-modifying complexes to specific locations within the nucleus? AU - Scott, Maxwell J. AU - Li, Fang T2 - RNA Biology AB - Transcriptome analyses have led to the realisation that eukaryotic cells make a large number of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). It appears that some of these are involved in guiding chromatin-modifying complexes to specific locations within the nucleus. How such ncRNAs function is largely unknown but various models have been proposed. Here we briefly discuss the evidence supporting two such models; that ncRNAs function by annealing either with nascent transcripts or with homologous DNA sequences. We then review a third model that is based on our recent work on the role of the noncoding roX RNAs in the localisation of the MSL complex to sites on the X chromosome in Drosophila. Our results suggest that the MSL1 and MSL2 proteins bind to chromatin but it is the incorporation of the roX RNAs into the complex that somehow alters the binding specificity of the MSL1/MSL2 proteins to recognise sites on the X chromosome. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.4161/rna.5.1.5943 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 13-16 J2 - RNA Biology LA - en OP - SN - 1547-6286 1555-8584 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/rna.5.1.5943 DB - Crossref ER - TY - ER - TY - ER - TY - BOOK TI - Integration of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops within IPM Programs A3 - Romeis, Jörg A3 - Shelton, Anthony M. A3 - Kennedy, George G. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1007/978-1-4020-8373-0 OP - PB - Springer Netherlands SN - 9781402083723 9781402083730 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8373-0 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Overwintering Habitats of the Colorado potato beetle in Wisconsin's Central Sands Production Area AU - Huseth, A.S. AU - Groves, R.L. T2 - Wisconsin Potato and Vegetable Growers Association, Grower Education Conference C2 - 2008/// C3 - Proceedings of the Wisconsin Potato and Vegetable Growers Association, Grower Education Conference CY - Stevens Point, WI DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/2/5/ VL - 21 SP - 29-32 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Macroevolutionary Relationships among Families of Lower Diptera (Insecta): Molecular Systematics, Divergence Times and a Phylogeny of the Tipulidae sensu lato AU - Bertone, Matthew Alan AU - others DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - The genetic basis for indole-diterpene chemical diversity in filamentous fungi AU - Saikia, Sanjay AU - Nicholson, Matthew J. AU - Young, Carolyn AU - Parker, Emily J. AU - Scott, Barry T2 - Mycological Research AB - Indole-diterpenes are a structurally diverse group of secondary metabolites with a common cyclic diterpene backbone derived from geranylgeranyl diphosphate and an indole group derived from indole-3-glycerol phosphate. Different types and patterns of ring substitutions and ring stereochemistry generate this structural diversity. This group of compounds is best known for their neurotoxic effects in mammals, causing syndromes such as 'ryegrass staggers' in sheep and cattle. Because many of the fungi that synthesise these compounds form symbiotic relationships with plants, insects, and other fungi, the synthesis of these compounds may confer an ecological advantage to these associations. Considerable recent progress has been made on understanding indole-diterpene biosynthesis in filamentous fungi, principally through the cloning and characterisation of the genes and gene products for paxilline biosynthesis in Penicillium paxilli. Important insights into how the indole-diterpene backbone is synthesised and decorated have been obtained using P. paxilli mutants in this pathway. This review provides an overview of these recent developments. DA - 2008/2// PY - 2008/2// DO - 10.1016/j.mycres.2007.06.015 VL - 112 IS - 2 SP - 184-199 KW - Ascomycota KW - endophytes KW - gene cloning KW - gene expression KW - gene regulation KW - metabolites ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effector Genomics Accelerates Discovery and Functional Profiling of Potato Disease Resistance and Phytophthora Infestans Avirulence Genes AU - Vleeshouwers, Vivianne G. A. A. AU - Rietman, Hendrik AU - Krenek, Pavel AU - Champouret, Nicolas AU - Young, Carolyn AU - Oh, Sang-Keun AU - Wang, Miqia AU - Bouwmeester, Klaas AU - Vosman, Ben AU - Visser, Richard G. F. AU - Jacobsen, Evert AU - Govers, Francine AU - Kamoun, Sophien AU - Vossen, Edwin A. G. Van T2 - PLoS ONE AB - Potato is the world's fourth largest food crop yet it continues to endure late blight, a devastating disease caused by the Irish famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Breeding broad-spectrum disease resistance (R) genes into potato (Solanum tuberosum) is the best strategy for genetically managing late blight but current approaches are slow and inefficient. We used a repertoire of effector genes predicted computationally from the P. infestans genome to accelerate the identification, functional characterization, and cloning of potentially broad-spectrum R genes. An initial set of 54 effectors containing a signal peptide and a RXLR motif was profiled for activation of innate immunity (avirulence or Avr activity) on wild Solanum species and tentative Avr candidates were identified. The RXLR effector family IpiO induced hypersensitive responses (HR) in S. stoloniferum, S. papita and the more distantly related S. bulbocastanum, the source of the R gene Rpi-blb1. Genetic studies with S. stoloniferum showed cosegregation of resistance to P. infestans and response to IpiO. Transient co-expression of IpiO with Rpi-blb1 in a heterologous Nicotiana benthamiana system identified IpiO as Avr-blb1. A candidate gene approach led to the rapid cloning of S. stoloniferum Rpi-sto1 and S. papita Rpi-pta1, which are functionally equivalent to Rpi-blb1. Our findings indicate that effector genomics enables discovery and functional profiling of late blight R genes and Avr genes at an unprecedented rate and promises to accelerate the engineering of late blight resistant potato varieties. DA - 2008/8/6/ PY - 2008/8/6/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0002875 VL - 3 IS - 8 SP - e2875 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Neotyphodium fungal endophytes confer physiological protection to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) subjected to a water deficit AU - Hahn, Heike AU - McManus, Michael T. AU - Warnstorff, Kristina AU - Monahan, Brendon J. AU - Young, Carolyn A. AU - Davies, Elizabeth AU - Tapper, Brian A. AU - Scott, Barry T2 - Environmental and Experimental Botany AB - While it is generally accepted that Neotyphodium lolii and related epichloë endophytes are mutualists that provide important benefits to their perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) host plants under conditions of biotic stress, relatively little is known about the effect of endophyte on the host under conditions of abiotic stress. Using genetically identical endophyte infected (E+) and uninfected (E−) clones of perennial ryegrass from a natural and a synthetic association grown under conditions of water stress in a controlled environment, we show that N. lolii had minor effects on morphological responses (leaf elongation rate and ground biomass production) but had more pronounced effects on physiological responses (water use efficiency, relative water content and osmotic potential) by the host. The effects were most marked in the natural association. While levels of proline increased in response to water stress, the presence of endophyte had no effect on those levels. The effect of water stress on endophyte bioprotective metabolites was also examined. Ergovaline levels in pseudostem tissue increased in response to increasing water stress for both N. lolii/L. perenne associations but lolitrem B levels only increased in the natural association. No differences in steady state levels of transcripts from genes known to be required for the synthesis of these alkaloids were observed in response to water stress. This study demonstrated that N. lolii can confer protection to perennial ryegrass from water stress and that levels of the bioprotective metabolites, lolitrem B and ergovaline were altered in response to this abiotic stress in a manner that was specific for each symbiotic association. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2007.10.021 VL - 63 IS - 1-3 SP - 183-199 KW - Neotyphodium lolii KW - water stress KW - perennial ryegrass KW - endophyte KW - lolitrems KW - ergovatine KW - proline ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gustatory synergism in ants mediates a species-specific symbiosis with lycaenid butterflies AU - Hojo, M.K. AU - Wada-Katsumata, A. AU - Ozaki, M. AU - Yamaguchi, S. AU - Yamaoka, R. T2 - Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1007/s00359-008-0375-6 VL - 194 IS - 12 SP - 1043-1052 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-56649085103&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Lycaenidae KW - Ants KW - Synergism KW - Obligate symbiosis KW - Nectar ER - TY - JOUR TI - Insect proteins transporting hydrophobic substances: Chemosensory stimulant carrier proteins in insect olfactory and gustatory receptors AU - Ozaki, M. AU - Wada-Katsumata, A. T2 - Tanpakushitsu kakusan koso. Protein, nucleic acid, enzyme DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - 111-118 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-41449095225&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ants semiochemical microcosmos investigated by the antennae AU - Wada, A.K. AU - Akino, T. AU - Yamaoka, R. T2 - Seikagaku DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 80 IS - 5 SP - 385-398 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-49049092667&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evidence for Positive Selection in Putative Virulence Factors within the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Species Complex AU - Matute, Daniel R. AU - Quesada-Ocampo, Lina M. AU - Rauscher, Jason T. AU - McEwen, Juan G. T2 - PLoS Negl Trop Dis AB - Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a dimorphic fungus that is the causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, the most important prevalent systemic mycosis in Latin America. Recently, the existence of three genetically isolated groups in P. brasiliensis was demonstrated, enabling comparative studies of molecular evolution among P. brasiliensis lineages. Thirty-two gene sequences coding for putative virulence factors were analyzed to determine whether they were under positive selection. Our maximum likelihood-based approach yielded evidence for selection in 12 genes that are involved in different cellular processes. An in-depth analysis of four of these genes showed them to be either antigenic or involved in pathogenesis. Here, we present evidence indicating that several replacement mutations in gp43 are under positive balancing selection. The other three genes (fks, cdc42 and p27) show very little variation among the P. brasiliensis lineages and appear to be under positive directional selection. Our results are consistent with the more general observations that selective constraints are variable across the genome, and that even in the genes under positive selection, only a few sites are altered. We present our results within an evolutionary framework that may be applicable for studying adaptation and pathogenesis in P. brasiliensis and other pathogenic fungi. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000296 VL - 2 IS - 9 SP - e296 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tombusviruses AU - Lommel, S.A. AU - Sit, T.L. T2 - Encyclopedia of Virology DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1016/b978-012374410-4.00382-4 SP - 145-151 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85069936114&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Detection of Double-Stranded RNA Elements in the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Rhizoctonia solani AU - Charlton, Nikki D. AU - Tavantzis, Stellos M. AU - Cubeta, Marc A. T2 - Plant Pathology AB - Many species of fungi have been shown to harbor double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) elements. A single fungal isolate of Rhizoctonia solani may have as many as five different dsRNA elements within them. The presence of specific dsRNA elements influence pathogenicity in host plants. PY - 2008/11/27/ DO - 10.1007/978-1-59745-062-1_14 SP - 171-182 OP - PB - Humana Press SN - 9781588297990 9781597450621 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-062-1_14 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - SILIP: A novel stable isotope labeling method for in planta quantitative proteomic analysis AU - Schaff, J.E. AU - Mbeunkui, F. AU - Blackburn, K. AU - Bird, D.McK. AU - Goshe, M.B. T2 - Plant Journal AB - Due to ease of manipulation, metabolic isotope coding of samples for proteomic analysis is typically performed in cell culture, thus preventing an accurate in vivo quantitative analysis, which is only achievable in intact organisms. To address this issue in plant biology, we developed SILIP (stable isotope labeling in planta) using tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Rutgers) as a method that allows soil-grown plants to be efficiently labeled using a 14N/15N isotope coding strategy. After 2 months of growth on 14N- and 15N-enriched nitrogen sources, proteins were extracted from four distinct tomato tissues (roots, stems, leaves and flowers), digested, and analyzed by LC/MS/MS (data-dependent acquisition, DDA) and alternating low- and elevated-energy MS scans (data-independent acquisition, MS(E)). Using a derived relationship to generate a theoretical standard curve, the measured ratio of the M (monoisotopic) and M-1 isotopologues of 70 identified 15N-labeled peptides from 16 different proteins indicated that 15N incorporation was almost 99%, which is in excellent agreement with the 99.3% 15N-enriched nitrate used in the soil-based medium. Values for the various tissues ranged from 98.2 +/- 0.3% 15N incorporation in leaves to 98.8 2 +/- 0.2% in stems, demonstrating uniform labeling throughout the plant. In addition, SILIP is compatible with root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) development, and thus provides a new quantitative proteomics tool to study both plant and plant-microorganism systems. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03639.x VL - 56 IS - 5 SP - 840-854 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-57649093858&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - plant proteomics KW - quantitative analysis KW - mass spectrometry KW - liquid chromatography KW - isotope-coded KW - isotope ratio ER - TY - JOUR TI - GT-Miner: a graph-theoretic data miner, viewer, and model processor AU - Brown, Douglas E. AU - Powell, Amy J. AU - Carbone, Ignazio AU - Dean, Ralph A. T2 - Bioinformation AB - Inexpensive computational power combined with high-throughput experimental platforms has created a wealth of biological information requiring analytical tools and techniques for interpretation. Graph-theoretic concepts and tools have provided an important foundation for information visualization, integration, and analysis of datasets, but they have often been relegated to background analysis tasks. GT-Miner is designed for visual data analysis and mining operations, interacts with other software, including databases, and works with diverse data types. It facilitates a discovery-oriented approach to data mining wherein exploration of alterations of the data and variations of the visualization is encouraged. The user is presented with a basic iterative process, consisting of loading, visualizing, transforming, and then storing the resultant information. Complex analyses are built-up through repeated iterations and user interactions. The iterative process is optimized by automatic layout following transformations and by maintaining a current selection set of interest for elements modified by the transformations. Multiple visualizations are supported including hierarchical, spring, and force-directed self-organizing layouts. Graphs can be transformed with an extensible set of algorithms or manually with an integral visual editor. GT-Miner is intended to allow easier access to visual data mining for the non-expert.The GT-Miner program and supplemental materials, including example uses and a user guide, are freely available from http://www.cifr.ncsu.edu/bioinformatics/downloads/ DA - 2008/12/31/ PY - 2008/12/31/ DO - 10.6026/97320630003235 VL - 3 IS - 5 SP - 235-237 J2 - Bioinformation OP - SN - 0973-8894 0973-2063 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.6026/97320630003235 DB - Crossref KW - graph theory KW - data mining KW - visualization KW - information visualization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of transcriptome data in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum AU - Park, Yoonseong AU - Aikins, Jamie AU - Wang, L.J. AU - Beeman, Richard W. AU - Oppert, Brenda AU - Lord, Jeffrey C. AU - Brown, Susan J. AU - Lorenzen, Marcé D. AU - Richards, Stephen AU - Weinstock, George M. AU - Gibbs, Richard A. T2 - Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology AB - The whole genome sequence of Tribolium castaneum, a worldwide coleopteran pest of stored products, has recently been determined. In order to facilitate accurate annotation and detailed functional analysis of this genome, we have compiled and analyzed all available expressed sequence tag (EST) data. The raw data consist of 61,228 ESTs, including 10,704 obtained from NCBI and an additional 50,524 derived from 32,544 clones generated in our laboratories. These sequences were amassed from cDNA libraries representing six different tissues or stages, namely: whole embryos, whole larvae, larval hindguts and Malpighian tubules, larval fat bodies and carcasses, adult ovaries, and adult heads. Assembly of the 61,228 sequences collapsed into 12,269 clusters (groups of overlapping ESTs representing single genes), of which 10,134 mapped onto 6,463 (39%) of the 16,422 GLEAN gene models (i.e. official Tribolium gene list). Approximately 1,600 clusters (13% of the total) lack corresponding GLEAN models, despite high matches to the genome, suggesting that a considerable number of transcribed sequences were missed by the gene prediction programs or were removed by GLEAN. We conservatively estimate that the current EST set represents more than 7,500 transcription units. DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.09.008 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 380-386 J2 - Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology LA - en OP - SN - 0965-1748 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.09.008 DB - Crossref KW - Coleoptera KW - EST KW - GLEAN KW - gene model ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of repetitive DNA distribution patterns in the Tribolium castaneum genome AU - Wang, Suzhi AU - Lorenzen, Marce D AU - Beeman, Richard W AU - Brown, Susan J T2 - Genome Biology AB - Insect genomes vary widely in size, a large fraction of which is often devoted to repetitive DNA. Re-association kinetics indicate that up to 42% of the genome of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, is repetitive. Analysis of the abundance and distribution of repetitive DNA in the recently sequenced genome of T. castaneum is important for understanding the structure and function of its genome.Using TRF, TEpipe and RepeatScout we found that approximately 30% of the T. castaneum assembled genome is composed of repetitive DNA. Of this, 17% is found in tandem arrays and the remaining 83% is dispersed, including transposable elements, which in themselves constitute 5-6% of the genome. RepeatScout identified 31 highly repetitive DNA elements with repeat units longer than 100 bp, which constitute 7% of the genome; 65% of these highly repetitive elements and 74% of transposable elements accumulate in regions representing 40% of the assembled genome that is anchored to chromosomes. These regions tend to occur near one end of each chromosome, similar to previously described blocks of pericentric heterochromatin. They contain fewer genes with longer introns, and often correspond with regions of low recombination in the genetic map.Our study found that transposable elements and other repetitive DNA accumulate in certain regions in the assembled T. castaneum genome. Several lines of evidence suggest these regions are derived from the large blocks of pericentric heterochromatin in T. castaneum chromosomes. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1186/gb-2008-9-3-r61 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - R61 J2 - Genome Biol LA - en OP - SN - 1465-6906 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-2008-9-3-r61 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The genome of the model beetle and pest Tribolium castaneum AU - Richards, Stephen AU - Gibbs, Richard A. AU - Weinstock, George M. AU - Brown, Susan J. AU - Denell, Robin AU - Beeman, Richard W. AU - Bucher, Gregor AU - Friedrich, Markus AU - Grimmelikhuijzen, Cornelis J. P. AU - Klingler, Martin AU - Lorenzen, Marce AU - Roth, Siegfried AU - Schröder, Reinhard AU - Tautz, Diethard AU - Zdobnov, Evgeny M. AU - Muzny, Donna AU - Attaway, Tony AU - Bell, Stephanie AU - Buhay, Christian J. AU - Chandrabose, Mimi N. AU - Chavez, Dean AU - Clerk-Blankenburg, Kerstin P. AU - Cree, Andrew AU - Dao, Marvin AU - Davis, Clay AU - Chacko, Joseph AU - Dinh, Huyen AU - Dugan-Rocha, Shannon AU - Fowler, Gerald AU - Garner, Toni T. AU - Garnes, Jeffrey AU - Gnirke, Andreas AU - Hawes, Alica AU - Hernandez, Judith AU - Hines, Sandra AU - Holder, Michael AU - Hume, Jennifer AU - Jhangiani, Shalini N. AU - Joshi, Vandita AU - Khan, Ziad Mohid AU - Jackson, LaRonda AU - Kovar, Christie AU - Kowis, Andrea AU - Lee, Sandra AU - Lewis, Lora R. AU - Margolis, Jon AU - Morgan, Margaret AU - Nazareth, Lynne V. AU - Nguyen, Ngoc AU - Okwuonu, Geoffrey AU - Parker, David AU - Ruiz, San-Juana AU - Santibanez, Jireh AU - Savard, Joël AU - Scherer, Steven E. AU - Schneider, Brian AU - Sodergren, Erica AU - Vattahil, Selina AU - Villasana, Donna AU - White, Courtney S. AU - Wright, Rita AU - Park, Yoonseong AU - Lord, Jeff AU - Oppert, Brenda AU - Wang, Liangjiang AU - Liu, Yue AU - Worley, Kim AU - Elsik, Christine G. AU - Reese, Justin T. AU - Elhaik, Eran AU - Landan, Giddy AU - Graur, Dan AU - Arensburger, Peter AU - Atkinson, Peter AU - Beidler, Jim AU - Demuth, Jeffery P. AU - Drury, Douglas W. AU - Du, Yu-Zhou AU - Fujiwara, Haruhiko AU - Maselli, Vincenza AU - Osanai, Mizuko AU - Robertson, Hugh M. AU - Tu, Zhijian AU - Wang, Jian-jun AU - Wang, Suzhi AU - Song, Henry AU - Zhang, Lan AU - Werner, Doreen AU - Stanke, Mario AU - Morgenstern, Burkhard AU - Solovyev, Victor AU - Kosarev, Peter AU - Brown, Garth AU - Chen, Hsiu-Chuan AU - Ermolaeva, Olga AU - Hlavina, Wratko AU - Kapustin, Yuri AU - Kiryutin, Boris AU - Kitts, Paul AU - Maglott, Donna AU - Pruitt, Kim AU - Sapojnikov, Victor AU - Souvorov, Alexandre AU - Mackey, Aaron J. AU - Waterhouse, Robert M. AU - Wyder, Stefan AU - Kriventseva, Evgenia V. AU - Kadowaki, Tatsuhiko AU - Bork, Peer AU - Aranda, Manuel AU - Bao, Riyue AU - Beermann, Anke AU - Berns, Nicola AU - Bolognesi, Renata AU - Bonneton, François AU - Bopp, Daniel AU - Butts, Thomas AU - Chaumot, Arnaud AU - Ferrier, David E. K. AU - Gordon, Cassondra M. AU - Jindra, Marek AU - Lan, Que AU - Lattorff, H. Michael G. AU - Laudet, Vincent AU - von Levetsow, Cornelia AU - Liu, Zhenyi AU - Lutz, Rebekka AU - Lynch, Jeremy A. AU - da Fonseca, Rodrigo Nunes AU - Posnien, Nico AU - Reuter, Rolf AU - Schinko, Johannes B. AU - Schmitt, Christian AU - Schoppmeier, Michael AU - Shippy, Teresa D. AU - Simonnet, Franck AU - Marques-Souza, Henrique AU - Tomoyasu, Yoshinori AU - Trauner, Jochen AU - Van der Zee, Maurijn AU - Vervoort, Michel AU - Wittkopp, Nadine AU - Wimmer, Ernst A. AU - Yang, Xiaoyun AU - Jones, Andrew K. AU - Sattelle, David B. AU - Ebert, Paul R. AU - Nelson, David AU - Scott, Jeffrey G. AU - Muthukrishnan, Subbaratnam AU - Kramer, Karl J. AU - Arakane, Yasuyuki AU - Zhu, Qingsong AU - Hogenkamp, David AU - Dixit, Radhika AU - Jiang, Haobo AU - Zou, Zhen AU - Marshall, Jeremy AU - Elpidina, Elena AU - Vinokurov, Konstantin AU - Oppert, Cris AU - Evans, Jay AU - Lu, Zhiqiang AU - Zhao, Picheng AU - Sumathipala, Niranji AU - Altincicek, Boran AU - Vilcinskas, Andreas AU - Williams, Michael AU - Hultmark, Dan AU - Hetru, Charles AU - Hauser, Frank AU - Cazzamali, Giuseppe AU - Williamson, Michael AU - Li, Bin AU - Tanaka, Yoshiaki AU - Predel, Reinhard AU - Neupert, Susanne AU - Schachtner, Joachim AU - Verleyen, Peter AU - Raible, Florian AU - Walden, Kimberly K. O. AU - Angeli, Sergio AU - Forêt, Sylvain AU - Schuetz, Stefan AU - Maleszka, Ryszard AU - Miller, Sherry C. AU - Grossmann, Daniela T2 - Nature AB - Tribolium castaneum is a member of the most species-rich eukaryotic order, a powerful model organism for the study of generalized insect development, and an important pest of stored agricultural products. We describe its genome sequence here. This omnivorous beetle has evolved the ability to interact with a diverse chemical environment, as shown by large expansions in odorant and gustatory receptors, as well as P450 and other detoxification enzymes. Development in Tribolium is more representative of other insects than is Drosophila, a fact reflected in gene content and function. For example, Tribolium has retained more ancestral genes involved in cell-cell communication than Drosophila, some being expressed in the growth zone crucial for axial elongation in short-germ development. Systemic RNA interference in T. castaneum functions differently from that in Caenorhabditis elegans, but nevertheless offers similar power for the elucidation of gene function and identification of targets for selective insect control. DA - 2008/3/23/ PY - 2008/3/23/ DO - 10.1038/nature06784 VL - 452 IS - 7190 SP - 949–955 SN - 0028-0836 1476-4687 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06784 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The maternal-effect, selfish genetic element Medea is associated with a composite Tc1 transposon AU - Lorenzen, M. D. AU - Gnirke, A. AU - Margolis, J. AU - Garnes, J. AU - Campbell, M. AU - Stuart, J. J. AU - Aggarwal, R. AU - Richards, S. AU - Park, Y. AU - Beeman, R. W. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - Maternal-Effect Dominant Embryonic Arrest ("Medea") factors are selfish nuclear elements that combine maternal-lethal and zygotic-rescue activities to gain a postzygotic survival advantage. We show that Medea(1) activity in Tribolium castaneum is associated with a composite Tc1 transposon inserted just downstream of the neurotransmitter reuptake symporter bloated tubules (blot), whose Drosophila ortholog has both maternal and zygotic functions. The 21.5-kb insertion contains defective copies of elongation initiation factor-3, ATP synthase subunit C, and an RNaseD-related gene, as well as a potentially intact copy of a prokaryotic DUF1703 gene. Sequence comparisons suggest that the current distribution of Medea(1) reflects global emanation after a single transpositional event in recent evolutionary time. The Medea system in Tribolium represents an unusual type of intragenomic conflict and could provide a useful vehicle for driving desirable genes into populations. DA - 2008/7/11/ PY - 2008/7/11/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.0800444105 VL - 105 IS - 29 SP - 10085-10089 J2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences LA - en OP - SN - 0027-8424 1091-6490 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0800444105 DB - Crossref KW - postzygotic KW - selfish gene KW - Tribolium KW - gene driver ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tubulin superfamily genes in Tribolium castaneum and the use of a Tubulin promoter to drive transgene expression AU - Siebert, Kendra S. AU - Lorenzen, Marcé D. AU - Brown, Susan J. AU - Park, Yoonseong AU - Beeman, Richard W. T2 - Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology AB - The use of native promoters to drive transgene expression has facilitated overexpression studies in Drosophila and other insects. We identified 12 Tubulin family members from the genome sequence of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, and used the promoter from one of these to drive constitutive expression of a transgene. The activity of the T. castaneum α-Tubulin1 (TcαTub1) putative promoter was pre-tested in conjunction with an eye-color gene, T. castaneum vermilion (Tcv), by transient expression in Tcv-deficient embryos. Such embryos showed complete rescue of larval eyespot pigmentation. We also examined the TcαTub1 expression pattern in germline transformants using the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter. Beetles transformed with this piggyBac-based reporter ubiquitously expressed EGFP at all stages. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1016/j.ibmb.2008.04.007 VL - 38 IS - 8 SP - 749-755 J2 - Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology LA - en OP - SN - 0965-1748 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2008.04.007 DB - Crossref KW - Tribolium KW - Tubulin KW - promoter KW - PiggyBac KW - EGFP KW - vermilion KW - transgene ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Soluble Form of the Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) Glycoprotein GN (GN-S) Inhibits Transmission of TSWV by Frankliniella occidentalis AU - Whitfield, A. E. AU - Kumar, N. K. K. AU - Rotenberg, D. AU - Ullman, D. E. AU - Wyman, E. A. AU - Zietlow, C. AU - Willis, D. K. AU - German, T. L. T2 - Phytopathology AB - Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is an economically important virus that is transmitted in a persistent propagative manner by its thrips vector, Frankliniella occidentalis. Previously, we found that a soluble form of the envelope glycoprotein G N (G N -S) specifically bound thrips midguts and reduced the amount of detectable virus inside midgut tissues. The aim of this research was to (i) determine if G N -S alters TSWV transmission by thrips and, if so, (ii) determine the duration of this effect. In one study, insects were given an acquisition access period (AAP) with G N -S mixed with purified virus and individual insects were assayed for transmission. We found that G N -S reduced the percent of transmitting adults by eightfold. In a second study, thrips were given an AAP on G N -S protein and then placed on TSWV-infected plant material. Individual insects were assayed for transmission over three time intervals of 2 to 3, 4 to 5, and 6 to 7 days post-adult eclosion. We observed a significant reduction in virus transmission that persisted to the same degree throughout the time course. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis of virus titer in individual insects revealed that the proportion of thrips infected with virus was reduced threefold when insects were preexposed to the G N -S protein as compared to no exposure to protein, and nontransmitters were not infected with virus. These results demonstrate that thrips transmission of a tospovirus can be reduced by exogenous viral glycoprotein. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1094/phyto-98-1-0045 VL - 98 IS - 1 SP - 45–50 SN - 0031-949X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-98-1-0045 KW - bunyaviridae KW - plant virology KW - Thysanoptera KW - virus entry KW - virus-vector interactions KW - western flower thrips ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interspecific Competition Between Larval Culex restuans Theobald and Culex pipiens L.(Diptera: Culicidae) in Michigan AU - Reiskind, Michael H. AU - Wilson, Mark L. T2 - Journal of Medical Entomology AB - Many invasive species succeed in becoming established in new locations because of their competitive superiority to native species. This has been shown in several examples involving mosquitoes. In this study, we examined the interspecific competition between mosquito larvae of a well-established, non-native species, Culex pipiens, and those of its ecologically similar, native congener Culex restuans. Small but significant differences in survival, growth, and development rates were found in Cx. restuans as a response to varying proportions of Cx. pipiens, suggesting that Cx. restuans is a slightly superior competitor. However, the overall differences between the species were small, and they may be nearly ecological equivalents as larvae. Nevertheless, the observed seasonal pattern of feeding and oviposition activity suggests some phenological avoidance of competition, thus demanding further study of the interaction of these two species. DA - 2008/1/1/ PY - 2008/1/1/ DO - 10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[20:icblcr]2.0.co;2 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 20-27 J2 - me LA - en OP - SN - 0022-2585 0022-2585 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[20:icblcr]2.0.co;2 DB - Crossref KW - phenology KW - invasion biology KW - West Nile virus KW - ecological equivalence KW - larval competition ER - TY - JOUR TI - Susceptibility of Florida Mosquitoes to Infection with Chikungunya Virus AU - Reiskind, Michael H. AU - Westbrook, Catherine J. AU - Pesko, Kendra AU - Mores, Christopher N. T2 - The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene AB - Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has caused recent, large epidemics on islands in the Indian Ocean, raising the possibility of more widespread CHIKV epidemics. Historically, CHIKV has been vectored by Aedes aegypti, but these outbreaks likely also involved Ae. albopictus. To examine the potential for an outbreak of CHIKV in Florida, we determined the susceptibility to CHIKV of F1 Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus from Florida. In addition, we also evaluated two well-characterized laboratory strains (Rockefeller and Lake Charles) of these species. We determined infection and dissemination rates as well as total body titer of mosquitoes 7 days post-exposure (pe) (Ae. albopictus) and 3, 7, and 10 days pe (Ae. aegypti). All mosquito strains were susceptible to both infection and dissemination, with some variation between strains. Our results suggest Florida would be vulnerable to transmission of CHIKV in urban and rural areas where the two vector species occur. DA - 2008/3/1/ PY - 2008/3/1/ DO - 10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.422 VL - 78 IS - 3 SP - 422-425 LA - en OP - SN - 0002-9637 1476-1645 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.422 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Size Alters Susceptibility of Vectors to Dengue Virus Infection and Dissemination AU - Alto, Barry W. AU - Lounibos, L. Philip AU - Reiskind, Michael H. T2 - The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene AB - The size of arthropod vectors may affect their ability to transmit pathogens. Here we test the hypothesis that body size alters the susceptibility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes to dengue virus (DENV) infection and subsequent dissemination throughout the body of the mosquito. After feeding on blood containing known quantities of virus, smaller-sized females were significantly more likely to become infected and to disseminate virus than larger individuals. The effects of size were stronger for Ae. aegypti and independent of rearing conditions. Ae. albopictus was more susceptible to DENV infection and had higher virus titer in the body than Ae. aegypti, yet infected Ae. aegypti disseminated DENV more readily than infected Ae. albopictus. These results are consistent with the concept that Ae. aegypti is a more competent vector of DENV and emphasize the importance of body size in determining adult infection parameters. DA - 2008/11/1/ PY - 2008/11/1/ DO - 10.4269/ajtmh.2008.79.688 VL - 79 IS - 5 SP - 688-695 LA - en OP - SN - 0002-9637 1476-1645 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2008.79.688 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seed odor mediates an obligate ant-plant mutualism in Amazonian rainforests AU - YOUNGSTEADT, E AU - NOJIMA, S AU - HABERLEIN, C AU - SCHULZ, S AU - SCHAL, C T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 105 IS - 12 SP - 4571-4575 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CALCIUM ALGINATE FORMULATIONS OF BACTERIA FROM PLANT INFUSIONS PRODUCE OVIPOSITION ATTRACTANTS AND STIMULANTS FOR GRAVID AEDES AEGYPTI AND AEDES ALBOPICTUS AU - PONNUSAMY, L AU - ABU AYYASH, L AU - NOJIMA, T AU - KIRSCH, P AU - WESSON, DM AU - SCHAL, C AU - APPERSON, CS T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 79 IS - 6 SP - 321 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pioneering women in plant pathology AU - Ristaino, Jean Beagle DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Suppression of Fungal Pathogen Phytophthora capsici by Mycophagous Soil Fauna. AU - Qi, Rende AU - Tu, Cong AU - Shew, H David AU - Louws, Frank AU - Zhang, Yong AU - Ristaino, Jean AU - Hu, Shuijin C2 - 2008/// C3 - The 2008 Joint Annual Meeting DA - 2008/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phytophthora infestans identified in archival potato tubers from trials at Rothamsted, 1876-1879 AU - Ristaino, JB AU - Hu, CH AU - Fitt, Bruce DL T2 - Journal of Plant Pathology: an international journal of the Italian Phytopathological Society DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Major contributions of early women plant pathologists to our science: Strategies, struggles, and success AU - Ristaino, J T2 - AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA C2 - 2008/// C3 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY DA - 2008/// VL - 98 SP - S6-S6 M1 - 6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Grace Marion Waterhouse AU - Brady, BL AU - Stamps, DJ AU - Ristaino, Jean Beagle T2 - Pioneering Women in Plant Pathology DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// SP - 143 ER - TY - CONF TI - Genetic structure of populations of the tobacco blue mold pathogen, Peronospora tabacina in North America, Central America and the Caribbean and Europe AU - Blanco-Meneses, M AU - Carbone, I AU - Ivors, K AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA C2 - 2008/// C3 - Phytopathology DA - 2008/// VL - 98 SP - S23-S23 M1 - 6 ER - TY - CONF TI - Gene flow of Phytophthora infestans between organic and conventional potato field in Southern Flevoland, The Netherlands AU - Hu, C AU - Govers, F AU - Ristaino, J C2 - 2008/// C3 - APS Centennial Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, 26-30 July 2008 DA - 2008/// VL - 98 SP - S69-S69 ER - TY - CONF TI - DNA sequence analysis of the late-blight pathogen gives clues to the world-wide migration AU - Ristaino, Jean Beagle C2 - 2008/// C3 - III International Late Blight Conference 834 DA - 2008/// SP - 27-40 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Distribution and toxigenicity of Aspergillus species isolated from maize kernels from three agro-ecological zones in Nigeria AU - Atehnkeng, J. AU - Ojiambo, P.S. AU - Donner, M. AU - Ikotun, T. AU - Sikora, R.A. AU - Cotty, P.J. AU - Bandyopadhyay, R. T2 - International Journal of Food Microbiology DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 122 IS - 1-2 SP - 74-84 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-39149087032&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Preserving accuracy in GenBank T2 - Science DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 319 IS - 5870 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84881085358&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of quantitative trait loci for resistance to southern leaf blight and days to anthesis in two maize recombinant inbred line populations AU - Balint-Kurti, P.J. AU - Zwonitzer, J.C. AU - Pè, M.E. AU - Pea, G. AU - Lee, M. AU - Cardinal, A.J. T2 - Phytopathology AB - The genetic architecture underlying resistance in maize to southern leaf blight (SLB) caused by Cochliobolus heterostrophus race O is not well understood. The objective of this study was to identify loci contributing to SLB resistance in two recombinant inbred line populations and to compare these to SLB resistance loci in other populations. The two populations used were derived from crosses between maize inbred lines H99 and B73 (HB population–142 lines) and between B73 and B52 (BB population–186 lines). They were evaluated for SLB resistance and for days from planting to anthesis (DTA) in 2005 and 2006. Two replications arranged as randomized complete blocks were assessed in each year for each population. Entry mean heritabilities for disease resistance were high for both populations (0.876 and 0.761, respectively). Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for SLB resistance were identified in bins 3.04 (two QTL), 6.01, and 8.05 in the HB population and in bin 2.07 in the BB population. No overlap of DTA and SLB resistance QTL was observed, nor was there any phenotypic correlation between the traits. A comparison of the results of all published SLB resistance QTL studies suggested that bins 3.04 and 6.01 are ‘hotspots’ for SLB resistance QTL. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO-98-3-0315 VL - 98 IS - 3 SP - 315-320 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-40849084152&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - IDENTIFYING MAIZE GERMPLASM WITH RESISTANCE TO AFLATOXIN ACCUMULATION AU - Williams, W. AU - Krakowsky, Matthew D. AU - Windham, Gary L. AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter AU - Hawkins, Leigh K. AU - Henry, W. T2 - Toxin Reviews AB - Contamination of maize grain, Zea mays L., with aflatoxin, a toxin produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus, reduces its value and marketability. Growing hybrids with resistance is generally considered a highly desirable way to reduce A. flavus infection and aflatoxin accumulation. Identifying maize germplasm with resistance is critical to the development and production of such hybrids. USDA-ARS scientists at Mississippi State, Mississippi; Tifton, Georgia; and Raleigh, North Carolina; have engaged in a multilocation approach to germplasm screening. A major component of this has been the evaluation of accessions obtained from the Germplasm Enhancement of Maize (GEM) project at both Mississippi State and Tifton. Selections from GEM accessions 250_01_XL370A_S11_F2S4_9214_Blk21/00-# and 2250_02_XL370A_S11_F2S4_3363_Blk03/00-# exhibited the highest levels of resistance both as lines per se and in testcrosses. Lines developed at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) and North Carolina ... DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1080/15569540802399838 VL - 27 IS - 3-4 SP - 319-345 KW - aflatoxin KW - Aspergillus flavus KW - maize KW - plant resistance KW - Zea mays ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mining and Harnessing Natural Variation: A Little MAGIC AU - Johal, Gurmukh S. AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter AU - Weil, Clifford F. T2 - Crop Science AB - The success of a breeding program depends on having adequate diversity in the germplasm. However, as advanced breeding stocks and materials are generated, one casualty is the diversity itself. As a result, breeding programs in many crop species have reached a point of diminishing returns and it is feared that unless new diversity is infused into the breeding germplasm, we face catastrophic reductions in crop productivity if the climate turns adverse. Although some scientists favor transgenic approaches, a “back to nature” approach to genetic diversity may prove faster and more effective. Wild and exotic relatives of crop plants hold a wealth of alleles that, if we can find them, can help break yield barriers and enhance tolerance to stresses. Many approaches, based largely on quantitative trait loci genetics, have been proposed and used for this purpose, but most are either highly laborious or discover relevant variation inefficiently. Here, we propose a gene‐centered approach, dubbed MAGIC ( m utant‐ a ssisted g ene i dentification and c haracterization), that uses Mendelian mutants or other genetic variants in a trait of interest as reporters to identify novel genes and variants for that trait. MAGIC is similar to enhancer–suppressor screens, but rather than relying on variation created in the laboratory, it reveals variation created and refined by nature over millions of years of evolution. This approach could be an effective tool for exploring novel variation and a valuable means to harness natural diversity and define genetic networks. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2008.03.0150 VL - 48 IS - 6 SP - 2066 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-57149091739&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Similarity and functional analyses of expressed parasitism genes in Heterodera schachtii and Heterodera glycines AU - Patel, N. AU - Hamamouch, N. AU - Li, C. Y. AU - Hussey, R. AU - Mitchum, M. AU - Baum, T. AU - Wang, X. H. AU - Davis, E. L. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 40 IS - 4 SP - 299-310 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rotation with corn and soybean for management of Meloidogyne incognita in cotton AU - Koenning, S. R. AU - Edmisten, K. L. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 40 IS - 4 SP - 258-265 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Grain yield and fusarium ear rot of maize hybrids developed from lines with varying levels of resistance AU - Eller, M. S. AU - Robertson-Hoyt, L. A. AU - Payne, G. A. AU - Holland, J. B. T2 - Maydica DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 53 IS - 3-4 SP - 231-237 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hormonal regulation of metamorphosis and reproduction in ticks AU - Roe, R. M. AU - Donohue, K. V. AU - Khalil, S. M. S. AU - Sonenshine, D. E. T2 - Frontiers in Bioscience DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 13 SP - 7250-7268 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Altricial Development in Subsocial Wood-Feeding Cockroaches AU - Nalepa, Christine A. AU - Maekawa, Kiyoto AU - Shimada, Keisuke AU - Saito, Yukari AU - Arellano, Consuelo AU - Matsumoto, Tadao T2 - ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - Species in the wood-feeding genus Salganea within the cockroach subfamily Panesthiinae (Blaberidae) typically live in biparental families; their first instars suffer high mortality when removed from adults, and in at least one species, adults are known to feed neonates on oral liquids. In the closely related gregarious wood-feeding genus Panesthia , no parental interaction with offspring is known. We compared the external morphology of first instars of these two genera and found that eye development and cuticular pigmentation at hatching are correlated with social structure. First instars of Panesthia have a dark cuticle and well-developed eyes. First instars of Salganea have a pale, transparent cuticle, and eyes significantly smaller than those of Panesthia relative to adult eye size. The body size of the first-instar of Salganea esakii is significantly smaller than that of Panesthia angustipennis spadica , relative to adult body size (24.0 and 27.4% of adult head-capsule width, respectively), but a more general survey suggests that, overall, neonate size may be similar in the two genera. We compared the first instars of these two taxa of Panesthiinae to those in the biparental, wood-feeding cockroach Cryptocercus (Cryptocercidae) and discuss how decreased investment in both integumentary and ocular development in subsocial cockroaches parallels that seen in altricial vertebrates. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.2108/zsj.25.1190 VL - 25 IS - 12 SP - 1190-1198 SN - 0289-0003 KW - ontogenetic color change KW - precocial KW - parental care KW - Dictyoptera KW - trophallaxis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of Temperature on Pathogenicity of Pythium volutum Toward Creeping Bentgrass AU - Kerns, J. P. AU - Tredway, L. P. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Symptoms of Pythium root dysfunction (PRD) in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) are most common in the summer during periods of heat and drought stress. However, recent observations in North Carolina indicate that Pythium volutum, a causal agent of PRD, is most active during the fall and spring. Soil temperature thresholds for this pathogen are needed so that preventive fungicide applications can be timed accurately. A mycelial growth assay was performed by incubating 11 P. volutum isolates at 10 temperatures ranging from 10 to 31°C. To determine the optimal temperature range for infection by P. volutum, five isolates of P. volutum were used to inoculate 5-week-old ‘Penn A-1’ creeping bentgrass plants. Inoculated plants were transferred to growth chambers at constant 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, or 32°C (12-h day/night cycles) for 4 weeks to permit root infection, then the temperature in all chambers was increased to 32/26°C day/night to induce foliar symptoms. P. volutum grew most rapidly in vitro when temperatures were between 18 and 26°C. Typical PRD foliar symptoms developed in the 12, 16, 20, and 24°C treatments 2 weeks after the temperature was elevated to 32/26°C day/night. Disease severity was greatest when plants were incubated at 16°C after inoculation. Reductions in root depth and/or root mass were observed prior to raising the temperature to 32/26°C in the 12, 16, and 20°C temperature treatments. Once exposed to 4 weeks of heat treatment, extensive root dieback occurred in the 12, 16, 20, and 24°C treatments. These results demonstrate that P. volutum is most active at temperatures prevalent during the fall and spring in North Carolina, supporting the hypothesis that the majority of root infection occurs during this time and that fungicides should be applied when soil temperatures are between 12 and 24°C to achieve preventative control of PRD symptoms in the summer. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-92-12-1669 VL - 92 IS - 12 SP - 1669-1673 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - GLOBAL PLANT HARDINESS ZONES FOR PHYTOSANITARY RISK ANALYSIS AU - Magarey, Roger D. AU - Borchert, Daniel M. AU - Schlegel, Jay W. T2 - SCIENTIA AGRICOLA AB - Plant hardiness zones are widely used for selection of perennial plants and for phytosanitary risk analysis. The most widely used definition of plant hardiness zones (United States Department of Agriculture National Arboretum) is based on average annual extreme minimum temperature. There is a need for a global plant hardiness map to standardize the comparison of zones for phytosanitary risk analysis. Two data sets were used to create global hardiness zones: i) Climate Research Unit (CRU) 1973-2002 monthly data set; and ii) the Daily Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN). The CRU monthly data set was downscaled to five-minute resolution and a cubic spline was used to convert the monthly values into daily values. The GHCN data were subjected to a number of quality control measures prior to analysis. Least squares regression relationships were developed using GHCN and derived lowest average daily minimum temperature data and average annual extreme minimum temperatures. Error estimate statistics were calculated from the numerical difference between the estimated value for the grid and the station. The mean absolute error for annual extreme minimum temperature was 1.9ºC (3.5ºF) and 2/3 of the stations were classified into the correct zone. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1590/S0103-90162008000700009 VL - 65 SP - 54-59 SN - 1678-992X KW - climate KW - plant diseases KW - minimum temperature ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bursaphelenchus rufipennis n. sp (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchinae) and redescription of Ektaphelenchus obtusus (Nematoda: Ektaphelenchinae), associates from nematangia on the hind wings of Dendroctonus rufipennis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) AU - Kanzaki, Natsumi AU - Giblin-Davis, Robin M. AU - Cardoza, Yasmin J. AU - Ye, Weimin AU - Raffa, Kenneth F. AU - Center, Barbara J. T2 - NEMATOLOGY AB - Abstract Two species of aphelench, Bursaphelenchus rufipennis n. sp. and Ektaphelenchus obtusus, were isolated from the 'nematangia', cocoon-like structures found at the base of the hind wings of Dendroctonus rufipennis. The nematangia contained adult females of E. obtusus and the dauer juveniles of B. rufipennis n. sp. Only B. rufipennis n. sp. could be cultured on Monilinia fructicola on LGPDA (lactic acid-treated, glycerol-supplemented, potato dextrose agar). The new species of Bursaphelenchus is described and figured and some additional morphological characters are ascribed to E. obtusus, E. josephi, E. sandiaensis, E. smaelus (= E. prolobos) and E. terebranus after examination of type and/or voucher specimens. Bursaphelenchus rufipennis n. sp. has an adult body length of ca 500-1000 μm, medium a ratios (ca 25-38 for females and ca 30-40 for males), b ratios of ca 8-13 (female) and 7-11 (male), c ratios of ca 15-22 (female and male), c′ ratios of ca 3-4 (female) and ca 2-3 (male), and is characterised by three incisures in the lateral field, mitten-shaped spicules and a conical female tail that curves ventrally and possesses a variable tail tip. The new species is morphologically closest to B. corneolus, B. curvicaudatus, B. gerberae, B. paracorneolus and B. talonus. Morphological examination of type and/or voucher specimens of five Ektaphelenchus species revealed coarse transverse body annulation and three pairs of male caudal papillae (except for the two species where males are not described). Clear typological differences were observed among these five Ektaphelenchus species in the structure of the lip region, presence/absence of stylet knobs and male spicule morphology. Although these characters have not been consistently documented in the past, they may be diagnostic for species in the genus. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on SSU and D2/D3 LSU sequences revealed that B. rufipennis n. sp. was closest to B. paracorneolus and that E. obtusus was closest to species of Ektaphelenchoides and a Cryptaphelenchus sp. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1163/156854108786161517 VL - 10 SP - 925-955 SN - 1388-5545 KW - description KW - molecular KW - morphology KW - morphometrics KW - new species KW - phylogeny KW - taxonomy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cellulose Binding Protein from the Parasitic Nematode Heterodera schachtii Interacts with Arabidopsis Pectin Methylesterase: Cooperative Cell Wall Modification during Parasitism AU - Hewezi, Tarek AU - Howe, Peter AU - Maier, Tom R. AU - Hussey, Richard S. AU - Mitchum, Melissa Goellner AU - Davis, Eric L. AU - Baum, Thomas J. T2 - PLANT CELL AB - Abstract Plant–parasitic cyst nematodes secrete a complex of cell wall–digesting enzymes, which aid in root penetration and migration. The soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines also produces a cellulose binding protein (Hg CBP) secretory protein. To determine the function of CBP, an orthologous cDNA clone (Hs CBP) was isolated from the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii, which is able to infect Arabidopsis thaliana. CBP is expressed only in the early phases of feeding cell formation and not during the migratory phase. Transgenic Arabidopsis expressing Hs CBP developed longer roots and exhibited enhanced susceptibility to H. schachtii. A yeast two-hybrid screen identified Arabidopsis pectin methylesterase protein 3 (PME3) as strongly and specifically interacting with Hs CBP. Transgenic plants overexpressing PME3 also produced longer roots and exhibited increased susceptibility to H. schachtii, while a pme3 knockout mutant showed opposite phenotypes. Moreover, CBP overexpression increases PME3 activity in planta. Localization studies support the mode of action of PME3 as a cell wall–modifying enzyme. Expression of CBP in the pme3 knockout mutant revealed that PME3 is required but not the sole mechanism for CBP overexpression phenotype. These data indicate that CBP directly interacts with PME3 thereby activating and potentially targeting this enzyme to aid cyst nematode parasitism. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1105/tpc.108.063065 VL - 20 IS - 11 SP - 3080-3093 SN - 1532-298X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Paternity Allocation in a Mutant Heliothis virescens Colony AU - Blanco, Carlos A. AU - Perera, Omaththage P. AU - Groot, Astrid AU - Hernandez, Gerardo AU - Teran-Vargas, Antonio P. T2 - SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST AB - Tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), females can copulate multiple times creating the possibility for sperm competition. We used a colony lacking wild pigmentation on the wings (albino-type) for an experiment in which females double mated. Females copulated 2 days apart with two, 2-day-old males, one albino-type and one wild-type, or in the opposite sequence. A third of the females produced offspring from the first mate, and this group was significantly biased toward producing albino-type compared to wild-type progeny. A fourth of the females produced offspring from the second male exclusively and within this group was a significant bias toward wild-type compared to albino-type progeny. Almost half of the females produced offspring sired in equal proportions by both males simultaneously or in alternated paternities throughout all the reproductive life. These results suggest that regardless of the order in which moths mated, wild-type sperm had potential superior competitiveness. Therefore, sperm precedence is not the main driving force behind the paternity allocation mechanism in this strain of tobacco budworm. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.3958/0147-1724-33.4.253 VL - 33 IS - 4 SP - 253-263 SN - 2162-2647 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Infestation Rate of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) Among Three North American Hemlock (Tsuga) Species Following Artificial Inoculation AU - Jetton, Robert M. AU - Hain, Fred P. AU - Dvorak, William S. AU - Frampton, John T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-43.4.438 VL - 43 IS - 4 SP - 438-442 SN - 0749-8004 KW - Adelges tsugae KW - Tsuga caroliniana KW - Tsuga canadensis KW - Tsuga heterophylla KW - host susceptibility ER - TY - JOUR TI - New species and color forms of Empoasca (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae: Empoascini) from South America AU - Southern, P. S. T2 - Zootaxa DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// IS - 1949 SP - 51-62 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modulation of social interactions by immune stimulation in honey bee, Apis mellifera, workers AU - Richard, F. J. AU - Aubert, A. AU - Grozinger, C. M. T2 - BMC Biology DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - AMBLYSEIUS FILCAE DENMARK AND VILLANUEVA, N. SP (ACARI: PHYTOSEIIDAE) FOUND ON VIBURNUM IN FLORIDA: DESCRIPTION, LIFE CYCLE AND FEEDING STUDIES AU - Villanueva, Raul T. AU - Rodrigues, Jose C. V. AU - Welbourn, W. C. AU - Denmark, Harold A. AU - Childers, Carl C. T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACAROLOGY AB - Abstract Amblyseius filcae Denmark and Villanueva, n. sp. was found on Viburnum odoratissimum Ker Gawl. var. awabuki (K. Koch) Zabel (Caprifoliaceae) in Florida. The adult female can be identified by its rosy coloration, and, on permanent slides, by its tubular-fundibular spermathecal calyx 15 μm long and nodular atrium. Developmental times on pollen of crocea iceplant (Malephora crocea Jacquin) (Alzoaceae) were 60.6 ± 1.3, 32.2 ± 1.3, 41.3 ± 1.0, 29.6 ± 1.6, 54.7 ± 1.4, 218.7 ± 3.3 h for eggs, larvae, protonymphs, deutonymphs, preoviposition time and total female developmental time (up to first oviposition), respectively. Amblyseius filcae showed a weak or no predatory performance on Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) and adult female Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijkes) during predator-prey laboratory bioassays, but B. phoenicis egg predation was observed. Key Words: AcariPhytoseiidaelife cyclepredationpollenU.S.A. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1080/17088180809434781 VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 385-387 SN - 1945-3892 KW - Acari KW - Phytoseiidae KW - life cycle KW - predation KW - pollen KW - USA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mutations in a Delta(9)-Stearoyl-ACP-Desaturase Gene Are Associated with Enhanced Stearic Acid Levels in Soybean Seeds AU - Zhang, Ping AU - Burton, Joseph W. AU - Upchurch, Robert G. AU - Whittle, Edward AU - Shanklin, John AU - Dewey, Ralph E. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Stearic acid (18:0) is typically a minor component of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil, accounting for only 2 to 4% of the total fatty acid content. Increasing stearic acid levels of soybean oil would lead to enhanced oxidative stability, potentially reducing the need for hydrogenation, a process leading to the formation of undesirable trans fatty acids. Although mutagenesis strategies have been successful in developing soybean germplasm with elevated 18:0 levels in the seed oil, the specific gene mutations responsible for this phenotype were not known. We report a newly identified soybean gene, designated SACPD‐C , that encodes a unique isoform of Δ 9 –stearoyl‐ACP‐desaturase, the enzyme responsible for converting stearic acid to oleic acid (18:1). High levels of SACPD‐C transcript were only detected in developing seed tissue, suggesting that the encoded desaturase functions to enhance oleic acid biosynthetic capacity as the immature seed is actively engaged in triacylglycerol production and storage. The participation of SACPD‐C in storage triacylglycerol synthesis is further supported by the observation of mutations in this gene in two independent sources of elevated 18:0 soybean germplasm, A6 (30% 18:0) and FAM94‐41 (9% 18:0). A molecular marker diagnostic for the FAM94‐41 SACPD‐C gene mutation strictly associates with the elevated 18:0 phenotype in a segregating population, and could thus serve as a useful tool in the development of cultivars with oils possessing enhanced oxidative stability. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2008.02.0084 VL - 48 IS - 6 SP - 2305-2313 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mining and Harnessing Natural Variation: A Little MAGIC AU - Johal, G. S. AU - Balint-Kurti, P. AU - Well, C. F. T2 - Crop Science DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 48 IS - 6 SP - 2066-2073 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of Transgenic Cotton Expressing Cry1Ac and Cry1F Insecticidal Protein Against Heliothines (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) AU - Siebert, M. Willrich AU - Nolting, S. AU - Leonard, B. R. AU - Braxton, L. B. AU - All, J. N. AU - Van Duyn, J. W. AU - Bradley, J. R. AU - Bacheler, J. AU - Huckaba, R. M. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Cotton, Cossypium hirsutum L, plants expressing Cry1Ac and Cry1F (Phytogen 440W) insecticidal crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Berliner, were evaluated against natural populations of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), and bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), across 13 southern U.S. locations that sustained low, moderate, and high infestations. The intrinsic activity of Phytogen 440W was compared with nontreated non-Bt cotton (PSC355) and with management strategies in which supplemental insecticides targeting heliothines were applied to Phytogen 440W and to PSC355 cotton. Infestations were composed primarily of bollworm, which is the least sensitive of the heliothine complex to Cry toxins. Therefore, damage recorded in these studies was primarily due to bollworm. Greater than 75% of all test sites sustained heliothine infestations categorized as moderate to high (10.6-64.0% peak damaged bolls in nontreated PSC355). Phytogen 440W, alone or managed with supplemental insecticide applications, reduced heliothine-damaged plant terminals, squares (flower buds), flowers, and bolls equal to or better (1.0-79.0-fold) than managing a non-Bt cotton variety with foliar insecticides across all infestation environments. Rarely (frequency of < or = 11% averaged across structures), sprayed Phytogen 440W reduced damaged structures compared with nontreated Phytogen 440W. Protection against heliothine-induced plant damage was similar across the three levels of infestation for each viable management strategy, with exception to damaged squares for nontreated Phytogen 440W. In situations of moderate to high heliothine infestations, cotton plants expressing Cry1Ac and Cry1F may sustain higher levels of damage compared with that same variety in low infestations. No significant difference in yield was observed among heliothine management strategies within each infestation level, indicating cotton plants may compensate for those levels of plant damage. These findings indicate Phytogen 440W containing Cry1Ac and Cry1F provided consistent control of heliothines across a range of environments and infestation levels. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-101.6.1950 VL - 101 IS - 6 SP - 1950-1959 SN - 0022-0493 KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - cotton KW - integrated pest management KW - tobacco budworm KW - bollworm ER - TY - JOUR TI - The superorganism the beauty, elegance, and strangeness of insect societies AU - Hunt, J. H. T2 - Science DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 322 IS - 5906 SP - 1327-1327 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Red clover necrotic mosaic virus RNA-2 encoded movement protein is a second suppressor of RNA silencing AU - Powers, Jason G. AU - Sit, Tim L. AU - Heinsohn, Curtis AU - George, Carol G. AU - Kim, Kook-Hyung AU - Lommel, Steven A. T2 - VIROLOGY AB - The replication complex of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) has been shown to possess silencing suppression activity. Here a newly developed viral-based assay for the identification of silencing suppression activity was used to provide evidence for a second, mechanistically distinct method of silencing suppression provided for by the RCNMV movement protein (MP). This new assay relies on Turnip crinkle virus with its capsid protein replaced with green fluorescent protein to act as a reporter (TCV-sGFP). In the presence of a protein with silencing suppression activity TCV-sGFP readily moves from cell-to-cell, but in the absence of such a protein TCV-sGFP is confined to small foci of infection. This TCV-sGFP assay was used to identify MP as a suppressor of RNA silencing, to delimit essential amino acids for this activity and uncouple silencing and movement functions. DA - 2008/11/25/ PY - 2008/11/25/ DO - 10.1016/j.virol.2008.09.004 VL - 381 IS - 2 SP - 277-286 SN - 0042-6822 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-54549091972&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - TCV-sGFP KW - Red clover necrotic mosaic virus KW - RCNMV KW - Movement protein KW - MP KW - VSR KW - RNA silencing ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Muscoidea (Diptera: Calyptratae) are paraphyletic: Evidence from four mitochondrial and four nuclear genes AU - Kutty, Sujatha Narayanan AU - Pape, Thomas AU - Pont, Adrian AU - Wiegmann, Brian M. AU - Meier, Rudolf T2 - MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION AB - Approximately 5% of the known species-level diversity of Diptera belongs to the Muscoidea with its approximately 7000 described species. Despite including some of the most abundant and well known flies, the phylogenetic relationships within this superfamily are poorly understood. Previous attempts at reconstructing the relationships based on morphology and relatively small molecular data sets were only moderately successful. Here, we use molecular data for 127 exemplar species of the Muscoidea, two species from the Hippoboscoidea, ten species representing the Oestroidea and seven outgroup species from four acalyptrate superfamilies. Four mitochondrial genes 12S, 16S, COI, and Cytb, and four nuclear genes 18S, 28S, Ef1a, and CAD are used to reconstruct the relationships within the Muscoidea. The length-variable genes were aligned using a guide tree that was based on the protein-encoding genes and the indel-free sections of the ribosomal genes. We found that, based on topological considerations, this guide tree was a significant improvement over the default guide trees generated by ClustalX. The data matrix was analyzed using maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) and yielded very similar tree topologies. The Calyptratae are monophyletic and the Hippoboscoidea are the sister group to the remaining calyptrates (MP). The Muscoidea are paraphyletic with a monophyletic Oestroidea nested within the Muscoidea as sister group to Anthomyiidae + Scathophagidae. The monophyly of three of the four recognized families in the Muscoidea is confirmed: the Fanniidae, Muscidae, and Scathophagidae. However, the Anthomyiidae are possibly paraphyletic. Within the Oestroidea, the Sarcophagidae and Tachinidae are sister groups and the Calliphoridae are paraphyletic. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.08.012 VL - 49 IS - 2 SP - 639-652 SN - 1095-9513 KW - Muscoidea KW - Calyptratae KW - Molecular phylogeny KW - Guide tree ER - TY - JOUR TI - Crop Response to Rotation and Tillage in Peanut-Based Cropping Systems AU - Jordan, David L. AU - Barnes, J. Steven AU - Corbett, Tommy AU - Bogle, Clyde R. AU - Johnson, P. Dewayne AU - Shew, Barbara B. AU - Koenning, Stephen R. AU - Ye, Weimin AU - Brandenburg, Rick L. T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Production of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) in reduced tillage systems has increased in the United States during the past decade. However, interactions of tillage system and crop rotation have not been thoroughly investigated for large‐seeded, Virginia market type peanut. Research was conducted at two locations in North Carolina during 1999 to 2006 to compare yield of corn ( Zea mays L.), cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.), and peanut in different rotations planted in conventional and reduced tillage. Crop rotation affected peanut yield but did not affect corn or cotton yield. Increasing the number of times corn, cotton, or a combination of these crops were planted between peanut increased peanut yields. Tillage affected cotton and peanut yield but not in every year or at both locations. Yield was similar in conventional and reduced tillage in 8 of 10 comparisons (cotton) and 6 of 8 comparisons (peanut). Crop rotation and tillage did not interact for visual estimates of plant condition of peanut as a result of disease, soil parasitic nematode populations when peanut was planted during the final year of the experiment, crop yield, cumulative net return over the duration of the experiment, or bulk density in the pegging zone during the final year of the experiment. These data suggest that variation in response to rotation and tillage should be expected based on the crop and edaphic and environmental conditions. However, response to rotation and tillage most likely will be independent. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2008.0075 VL - 100 IS - 6 SP - 1580-1586 SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - BREEDING FOR IMPROVED RESISTANCE TO FUMONISIN CONTAMINATION IN MAIZE AU - Eller, Magen S. AU - Holland, James B. AU - Payne, Gary A. T2 - TOXIN REVIEWS AB - Maize grain infected by Fusarium verticillioides may contain the mycotoxin fumonisin, which is associated with livestock and human diseases. To reduce levels of fumonisin in grain, efforts are under way to identify sources of maize with increased resistance to fungal infection and fumonisin contamination. Field and laboratory techniques have been developed to measure both Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin contamination. Application of these techniques has led to the identification of resistant maize lines and facilitated genetic analysis of resistance to ear rot and fumonisin accumulation. Maize genetics and breeding studies are guiding strategies to improve resistance to fumonisin accumulation. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/15569540802450326 VL - 27 IS - 3-4 SP - 371-389 SN - 1556-9551 KW - Quantitative Trait Loci KW - fumonisin KW - Fusarium verticillioides ER - TY - JOUR TI - A sequence-anchored genetic linkage map for the moss, Physcomitrella patens AU - Schaff, J. E. AU - Mbeunkui, F. AU - Blackburn, K. AU - Bird, D. M. AU - Goshe, M. B. T2 - Plant Journal DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 56 IS - 5 SP - 840-854 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Killer-Rescue system for self-limiting gene drive of anti-pathogen constructs AU - Gould, Fred AU - Huang, Yunxin AU - Legros, Mathieu AU - Lloyd, Alun L. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - A number of genetic mechanisms have been suggested for driving anti-pathogen genes into natural populations. Each of these mechanisms requires complex genetic engineering, and most are theoretically expected to permanently spread throughout the target species' geographical range. In the near term, risk issues and technical limits of molecular methods could delay the development and use of these mechanisms. We propose a gene-drive mechanism that can be self-limiting over time and space, and is simpler to build. This mechanism involves one gene that codes for toxicity (killer) and a second that confers immunity to the toxic effects (rescue). We use population-genetic models to explore cases with one or two independent insertions of the killer gene and one insertion of the rescue gene. We vary the dominance and penetrance of gene action, as well as the magnitude of fitness costs. Even with the fitness costs of 10 per cent for each gene, the proportion of mosquitoes expected to transmit the pathogen decreases below 5 per cent for over 40 generations after one 2:1 release (engineered:wild) or after four 1:2 releases. Both the killer and rescue genes will be lost from the population over time, if the rescue construct has any associated fitness cost. Molecular approaches for constructing strains are discussed. DA - 2008/12/22/ PY - 2008/12/22/ DO - 10.1098/rspb.2008.0846 VL - 275 IS - 1653 SP - 2823-2829 SN - 0962-8452 KW - gene drive KW - selfish genes KW - Aedes KW - Anopheles KW - dengue KW - malaria ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sequence and genetic map of Meloidogyne hapla: A compact nematode genome for plant parasitism AU - Opperman, Charles H. AU - Bird, David M. AU - Williamson, Valerie M. AU - Rokhsar, Dan S. AU - Burke, Mark AU - Cohn, Jonathan AU - Cromer, John AU - Diener, Steve AU - Gajan, Jim AU - Graham, Steve AU - Houfek, T. D. AU - Liu, Qingli AU - Mitros, Therese AU - Schaff, Jennifer AU - Schaffer, Reenah AU - Scholl, Elizabeth AU - Sosinski, Bryon R. AU - Thomas, Varghese P. AU - Windham, Eric T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - We have established Meloidogyne hapla as a tractable model plant-parasitic nematode amenable to forward and reverse genetics, and we present a complete genome sequence. At 54 Mbp, M. hapla represents not only the smallest nematode genome yet completed, but also the smallest metazoan, and defines a platform to elucidate mechanisms of parasitism by what is the largest uncontrolled group of plant pathogens worldwide. The M. hapla genome encodes significantly fewer genes than does the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (most notably through a reduction of odorant receptors and other gene families), yet it has acquired horizontally from other kingdoms numerous genes suspected to be involved in adaptations to parasitism. In some cases, amplification and tandem duplication have occurred with genes suspected of being acquired horizontally and involved in parasitism of plants. Although M. hapla and C. elegans diverged >500 million years ago, many developmental and biochemical pathways, including those for dauer formation and RNAi, are conserved. Although overall genome organization is not conserved, there are areas of microsynteny that may suggest a primary biological function in nematodes for those genes in these areas. This sequence and map represent a wealth of biological information on both the nature of nematode parasitism of plants and its evolution. DA - 2008/9/30/ PY - 2008/9/30/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.0805946105 VL - 105 IS - 39 SP - 14802-14807 SN - 1091-6490 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-54149092490&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - compaction KW - dauer KW - development KW - horizontal gene transfer KW - gene ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogenetic relationships of Phytophthora andina, a new species from the highlands of Ecuador that is closely related to the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans AU - Gomez-Alpizar, Luis AU - Hu, Chia-Hui AU - Oliva, Ricardo AU - Forbes, Gregory AU - Ristaino, Jean Beagle T2 - MYCOLOGIA AB - Phylogenetic relationships of Phytophthora infestans sensu lato in the Andean highlands of South America were examined. Three clonal lineages (US-1, EC-1, EC-3) and one heterogeneous lineage (EC-2) were found in association with different host species in genus Solanum. The EC-2 lineage includes two mitochondrial (mtDNA) haplotypes, Ia and Ic. Isolates of P. infestans sensu lato EC-2 fit the morphological description of P. infestans but are different from any genotypes of P. infestans described to date. All isolates of P. infestans sensu lato from Ecuador were amplified by a P. infestans specific primer (PINF), and restriction fragment length patterns were identical in isolates amplified with ITS primers 4 and 5. The EC-1 clonal lineage of P. infestans sensu lato from S. andreanum, S. columbianum, S. paucijugum, S. phureja, S. regularifolium, S. tuberosum and S. tuquerense was confirmed to be P. infestans based on sequences of the cytochrome oxidase I (cox I) gene and intron 1 of ras gene. The EC-2 isolates with the Ic haplotype formed a distinct branch in the same clade with P. infestans and P. mirabilis, P. phaseoli and P. ipomoeae for both cox I and ras intron 1 phylogenies and were identified as the newly described species P. andina. Ras intron 1 sequence data suggests that P. andina might have arisen via hybridization between P. infestans and P. mirabilis. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.3852/07-074R1 VL - 100 IS - 4 SP - 590-602 SN - 1557-2536 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-54049104885&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Oomycetes KW - Phytophthora KW - potato KW - Stramenopiles ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogenetic relatedness of the M2 double-stranded RNA in Rhizoctonia fungi AU - Charlton, Nikki D. AU - Carbone, Ignazio AU - Tavantzis, Stellos M. AU - Cubeta, Marc A. T2 - MYCOLOGIA AB - Isolates from closely related fungi in the Rhizoctonia species complex were examined for the occurrence of the M2 double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) by amplifying a conserved 1000 nucleotide region of the dsRNA with reverse transcription PCR. The M2 dsRNA was detected in representative isolates belonging to three anastomosis groups (AG) of R. solani (AG-1-IA, AG-4 and AG-6; teleomorph = Thanatephorus) and four AGs of binucleate Rhizoctonia (AG-A, AG-F, AG-R and AG-U; teleomorph = Ceratobasidium). Amplified PCR products from the 3' region of the M2 dsRNA from a representative sample of 12 isolates from eight different AGs were sequenced and subjected to parsimony analysis and coalescent simulations to infer ancestral lineages and to reconstruct the ancestral history of haplotypes. Seven dsRNA haplotypes were inferred from the sample of 12 isolates. One haplotype was composed of only isolates of Ceratobasidium belonging to different AGs. The rooted gene genealogies from coalescent simulations suggested that the ancestral M2 dsRNA haplotype most likely evolved in Thanatephorus (anamorph = R. solani AG-1-IA) and has been acquired recently by isolates of Ceratobasidium. Reconstruction of the ancestral history of haplotypes with a parsimony-based approach that assumes both mutation and recombination suggested that four haplotypes recombined before coalescing to their most recent common ancestor, while three haplotypes coalesced without recombination in the recent past. There was no unique association of haplotype within a specific AG of either Ceratobasidium or Thanatephorus to support co-evolution of the M2 dsRNA within the fungal host. To our knowledge this is the first report of a dsRNA occurring in Ceratobasidium that also is present in Thanatephorus. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.3852/07-108R VL - 100 IS - 4 SP - 555-564 SN - 0027-5514 KW - anastomosis groups KW - binucleate Rhizoctonia KW - Ceratobasidium KW - mycoviruses KW - Thanatephorus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diversity of Bacterial Communities in Container Habitats of Mosquitoes AU - Ponnusamy, Loganathan AU - Xu, Ning AU - Stav, Gil AU - Wesson, Dawn M. AU - Schal, Coby AU - Apperson, Charles S. T2 - MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AB - We investigated the bacterial diversity of microbial communities in water-filled, human-made and natural container habitats of the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in suburban landscapes of New Orleans, Louisiana in 2003. We collected water samples from three classes of containers, including tires (n = 12), cemetery urns (n = 23), and miscellaneous containers that included two tree holes (n = 19). Total genomic DNA was extracted from water samples, and 16S ribosomal DNA fragments (operational taxonomic units, OTUs) were amplified by PCR and separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The bacterial communities in containers represented diverse DGGE-DNA banding patterns that were not related to the class of container or to the local spatial distribution of containers. Mean richness and evenness of OTUs were highest in water samples from tires. Bacterial phylotypes were identified by comparative sequence analysis of 90 16S rDNA DGGE band amplicons. The majority of sequences were placed in five major taxa: Alpha-, Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, and an unclassified group; Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the predominant heterotrophic bacteria in containers. The bacterial communities in human-made containers consisted mainly of undescribed species, and a phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA sequences suggested that species composition was independent of both container type and the spatial distribution of containers. Comparative PCR-based, cultivation-independent rRNA surveys of microbial communities associated with mosquito habitats can provide significant insight into community organization and dynamics of bacterial species. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1007/s00248-008-9379-6 VL - 56 IS - 4 SP - 593-603 SN - 1432-184X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-008-9379-6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dissecting the role of Kr-h1 brain gene expression in foraging behavior in honey bees (Apis mellifera) AU - Fussnecker, B. AU - Grozinger, C. T2 - INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB - Expression of Krüppel homolog-1 (Kr-h1) in the honey bee brain is strongly associated with foraging behavior. We performed a series of studies to determine if Kr-h1 expression correlates with specific aspects of foraging. We found that Kr-h1 expression is unaffected by flight experience in male bees. Expression was unaffected by behavioral reversion of workers from foraging to brood care, suggesting that expression is not associated with the active performance of foraging, but rather with stable physiological changes. Kr-h1 expression is increased by cGMP treatment in workers, and the Kr-h1 promoter contains a conserved potential cGMP response element. Since cGMP treatment causes precocious foraging, our results suggest that Kr-h1 expression is associated with cGMP-mediated changes in the brain that occur early in the transition to foraging behavior. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2008.00819.x VL - 17 IS - 5 SP - 515-522 SN - 1365-2583 KW - gene expression KW - honey bee KW - behavior KW - foraging KW - brain KW - Kruppel homolog-1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization and population analysis of the mating-type genes in Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus AU - Ramirez-Prado, Jorge H. AU - Moore, Geromy G. AU - Horn, Bruce W. AU - Carbone, Ignazio T2 - FUNGAL GENETICS AND BIOLOGY AB - We characterize the mating-type genes in Aspergillus flavus,Aspergillus parasiticus and Petromyces alliaceus. A single MAT1-1 or MAT1-2 gene was detected in the genomes of A. flavus and A. parasiticus, which is consistent with a potential heterothallic organization of MAT genes in these species. In contrast, the only known, functionally homothallic species in Aspergillus section Flavi, P. alliaceus, has tightly linked (<2kb) MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 genes, typical of other self-fertile homothallic euascomycetes. This is the first example of linked MAT genes within a homothallic species of Aspergillus. We tested the null hypothesis of no significant difference in the frequency of MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 in A. flavus and A. parasiticus sampled from a single peanut field in Georgia. For each species, mating-type frequencies were determined for the total population samples and for samples that were clone-corrected based on vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) and aflatoxin gene cluster haplotypes. There was no significant difference in the frequency of the two mating types for A. flavus and A. parasiticus in either VCG or haplotype clone-corrected samples. The existence of both mating-type genes in equal proportions in A. flavus and A. parasiticus populations, coupled with their expression at the mRNA level and the high amino acid sequence identity of MAT1-1 (77%) and MAT1-2 (83%) with corresponding homologs in P. alliaceus, indicates the potential functionality of these genes and the possible existence of a sexual state in these agriculturally important species. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1016/j.fgb.2008.06.007 VL - 45 IS - 9 SP - 1292-1299 SN - 1096-0937 KW - heterothallic KW - homothallic KW - vegetative compatibility KW - haplotype KW - fungi ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of an advanced intercross line population for precise mapping of quantitative trait loci for gray leaf spot resistance in maize AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter J. AU - Wisser, Randall AU - Zwonitzer, John C. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Gray leaf spot [GLS, causal agent Cercospora zeae‐maydis (Tehon and E. Y. Daniels)] is an important fungal disease of maize in the U.S. and worldwide. The IBM population, an advanced intercross recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between the maize lines Mo17 (resistant) and B73 (susceptible), was evaluated in three environments (Andrews, NC in 2005, 2006, and 2007) for resistance to GLS and for days from planting to anthesis (DTA). A conventional recombinant inbred line population derived from the same two parents (the “Stuber” population) was also assessed for GLS resistance in two environments (Andrews NC, 2004 and 2005). Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for GLS resistance were detected in each population. Five significant QTL were detected in the IBM population in bins 1.05, 2.04, 4.05, 9.03, and 9.05. In each case the QTL were localized to regions less than 3 centiMorgans (cM). Two QTL for GLS resistance were identified in the Stuber population in bins 2.04 and 7.05. The GLS QTL in bin 2.04 was previously identified as a QTL for southern leaf blight resistance in the IBM population. These results were compared with results from five previous GLS QTL studies and two potential GLS QTL “hotspots” were identified in bins 1.05–1.06 and 2.03–2.05. As expected, QTL were identified with much more precision in the IBM population compared to the Stuber population and to previous studies. There was no significant correlation between disease resistance and days to anthesis. Three DTA QTL were detected in bins 4.09, 8.05, and 9.02, which did not co‐localize with GLS QTL. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2007.12.0679 VL - 48 IS - 5 SP - 1696-1704 SN - 1435-0653 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-54949084231&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tick-Borne Diseases in North Carolina: Is "Rickettsia amblyommii" a Possible Cause of Rickettsiosis Reported as Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever? AU - Apperson, Charles S. AU - Engber, Barry AU - Nicholson, William L. AU - Mead, Daniel G. AU - Engel, Jeffrey AU - Yabsley, Michael J. AU - Dail, Kathy AU - Johnson, Joey AU - Watson, D. Wesley T2 - VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES AB - Cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) in North Carolina have escalated markedly since 2000. In 2005, we identified a county in the Piedmont region with high case numbers of RMSF. We collected ticks and examined them for bacterial pathogens using molecular methods to determine if a novel tick vector or spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR) might be emerging. Amblyomma americanum, the lone star tick, comprised 99.6% of 6,502 specimens collected in suburban landscapes. In contrast, Dermacentor variabilis, the American dog tick, a principal vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, comprised < 1% of the ticks collected. Eleven of 25 lone star tick pools tested were infected with "Rickettsia amblyommii," an informally named SFGR. Sera from patients from the same county who were presumptively diagnosed by local physicians with a tick-borne illness were tested by an indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) assay to confirm clinical diagnoses. Three of six patients classified as probable RMSF cases demonstrated a fourfold or greater rise in IgG class antibody titers between paired acute and convalescent sera to "R. amblyommii" antigens, but not to R. rickettsii antigens. White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, are preferred hosts of lone star ticks. Blood samples collected from hunter-killed deer from the same county were tested by IFA test for antibodies to Ehrlichia chaffeensis and "R. amblyommii." Twenty-eight (87%) of 32 deer were positive for antibodies to E. chaffeensis, but only 1 (3%) of the deer exhibited antibodies to "R. amblyommii," suggesting that deer are not the source of "R. amblyommii" infection for lone star ticks. We propose that some cases of rickettsiosis reported as RMSF may have been caused by "R. amblyommii" transmitted through the bite of A. americanum. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1089/vbz.2007.0271 VL - 8 IS - 5 SP - 597-606 SN - 1557-7759 KW - Rocky Mountain spotted fever KW - Amblyomma americanum KW - lone star tick KW - spotted fever group rickettsiae KW - "Rickettsia amblyommii" KW - Rickettsia rickettsii KW - Ehrlichia chaffeensis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tank Mixes: Consequences of Using Insecticide and Disinfectant Mixtures to Reduce Flies and Bacteria AU - Watson, D. W. AU - Boohene, C. K. AU - Denning, S. S. AU - Stringham, S. M. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - The use of disinfectants and insecticides to control pathogens and the insects that may harbor avian pathogens has become routine for on-farm biosecurity programs. It is commonplace for producers to wash, disinfect, and apply insecticides to poultry houses between flock cycles. Occasionally, the urgency to repopulate the houses limits the time producers have to adequately perform preflock sanitization of the premise. The use of tank mixes (i.e., combining insecticides and disinfectants in a single application) saves time and labor. This study examined the consequences of using insecticide and disinfectant used separately or as a mixture for the control of the bacterium Salmonella Typhimurium and the house fly (Musca domestica). Aldehyde + formalin- and aldehyde + glutaraldehyde/quaternary ammonium (DC&R and Synergize)-based disinfectants were effective against Salmonella Typhimurium at the label rate. Disinfectant classes quaternary ammonium (Tryad), iodine (Dyne-O-Might), and peroxymonosulfate (Virkon S) were ineffective at label rates or in mixtures with insecticides. House fly mortality was 100% for tetrachlorvinphos/vapona (Ravap), Spinosad (Elector), and cyfluthrin (Tempo) and above 92% for permethrin (Martin's Permethrin) and tetrachlorvinphos (Rabon) insecticides. Permethrin efficacy was compromised by the addition of disinfectants in all cases except the glutaraldehyde/quaternary ammonium blend. Elector efficacy was reduced when blended with iodine or peroxymonosulfate disinfectant classes. Tempo insecticidal activity was compromised when mixed with Tryad and Virkon S. Ravap and Rabon efficacy against house flies was unchanged in mixture. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.3382/japr.2007-00044 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 93-100 SN - 1056-6171 KW - fly management KW - house fly KW - pathogen management KW - Salmonella Typhimurium KW - biosecurity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reproductive biology and development of Lixadmontia franki (Diptera : Tachinidae), a parasitoid of bromeliad-eating weevils AU - Suazo, Alonso AU - Cave, Ronald D. AU - Frank, J. Howard T2 - FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST AB - The biology and development of Lixadmontia franki Wood and Cave (Diptera: Tachinidae), an endoparasitoid of bromeliad-eating weevils in the genus Metamasius, are described. Embryonic development is completed within 8 d post-mating while the egg is held inside the female reproductive system. Neonate larvae actively search for a host and initiate parasitism by penetrating the host’s cuticle. Larval developmental time and pupation at 20°C averaged 17 and 25 d, respectively, with no significant differences observed between genders. Adult males live on average 9 d compared to 17 d for females. Females are capable of parasitizing third to sixth instars of Metamasius quadrilineatus Chevrolat, but the highest levels of parasitism were observed when third and fourth instars were exposed to flies. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1653/0015-4040(2008)91[453:RBADOL]2.0.CO;2 VL - 91 IS - 3 SP - 453-459 SN - 0015-4040 KW - parasitism KW - biological control KW - weevil ER - TY - JOUR TI - RNA-RNA interactions between RNA elements at the 5 ' end and at the upstream of sgRNA of RNA genome are required for Potato virus X RNA replication AU - Park, Mi-Ri AU - Park, Sang-Ho AU - Cho, Sang-Yun AU - Hemenway, Cynthia L. AU - Choi, Hong-Soo AU - Sohn, Seong Han AU - Kim, Kook-Hyung T2 - PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL AB - RNA-RNA interactions and the dynamic RNA conformations are important regulators in virus replication in several RNA virus systems and may also involved in the regulation of many important virus life cycle phases, including translation, replication, assembly, and switches in these important stages. The 5' non-translated region of Potato virus X(PVX) contains multiple cis-acting elements that facilitate various viral processes. It has previously been proposed that RNA-RNA interactions between various RNA elements present in PVX RNA genome are required for PVX RNA accumulation(Hu et al., 2007; Kim and Hemenway, 1999). This model was based on the potential base-pairing between conserved sequence elements at the upstream of subgenomic RNAs(sgRNAs) and at the 5' and 3' end of RNA genome. We now provide more evidence that RNA-RNA base-pairing between elements present at the 5' end and upstream of each sgRNA is required for efficient replication of genomic and subgenomic plus-strand RNA accumulation. Site-directed mutations introduced at the 5' end of plus-strand RNA replication defective mutant(${\Delta}12$) increasing base-pairing possibility with conserved sequence elements located upstream of each sgRNAs restored genomic and subgenomic plus-strand RNA accumulation and caused symptom development in inoculated Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Serial passage of a deletion mutant(${\Delta}8$) caused more severe symptoms and restored wild type sequences and thus retained possible RNA-RNA base-pairing. Altogether, these results indicate that the RNA element located at the 5' end of PVX genome involved in RNA-RNA interactions and play a key role in high-level accumulation of plus-strand RNA in vivo. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.5423/PPJ.2008.24.3.289 VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - 289-295 SN - 2093-9280 KW - plus-strand RNA accumulation KW - PVX KW - replication KW - RNA-RNA base-pairing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogenetics and temporal diversification of the earliest true flies (Insecta: Diptera) based on multiple nuclear genes AU - Bertone, Matthew A. AU - Courtney, Gregory W. AU - Wiegmann, Brian M. T2 - SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Abstract Relationships among families of the lower Diptera (formerly suborder ‘Nematocera’) have been exceptionally difficult to resolve. Multiple hypotheses based on morphology have been proposed to identify the earliest lineages of flies and place the phylogenetic origin of the higher flies (Brachycera), but convincing support is limited. Here we resolve relationships among the major groups of lower Diptera using sequence data from four nuclear markers, including both ribosomal (28S rDNA) and protein‐coding (CAD, TPI and PGD) genes. Our results support both novel and traditional arrangements. Most unexpectedly, the small, highly‐specialized family Deuterophlebiidae appears to be sister to all remaining Diptera. Other results include the resolution of the traditional infra‐orders Culicomorpha (including a novel superfamily Simulioidea = Thaumaleidae + Simuliidae), Tipulomorpha (Tipulidae sensu lato + Trichoceridae) and Bibionomorpha sensu lato. We find support for a limited Psychodomorpha (Blephariceridae, Tanyderidae and Psychodidae) and Ptychopteromorpha (Ptychopteridae), whereas the placement of several enigmatic families (Nymphomyiidae, Axymyiidae and Perissommatidae) remains ambiguous. According to genetic data, the infra‐order Bibionomorpha is sister to the Brachycera. Much of the phylogenetic signal for major lineages was found in the 28S rDNA gene, whereas protein‐coding genes performed variably at different levels. In addition to elucidating relationships, we also estimate the age of major lower dipteran clades, based on molecular divergence time estimates using relaxed‐clock Bayesian methods and fossil calibration points. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00437.x VL - 33 IS - 4 SP - 668-687 SN - 1365-3113 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Novel arthropod repellent, BioUD, is an efficacious alternative to deet AU - Witting-Bissinger, B. E. AU - Stumpf, C. F. AU - Donohue, K. V. AU - Apperson, C. S. AU - Roe, R. M. T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - For >50 yr, N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) has been the standard for arthropod repellents and has been an important tool to protect people from disease agents carried by ticks, mosquitoes, and other arthropods. However, some people avoid using deet because of concerns about adverse health effects. In 2007, a new repellent, BioUD, with the active ingredient 7.75% 2-undecanone, originally derived from wild tomato (Lycopersicon hirsutum Dunal f. glabratum C. H. Müll) plants, was registered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In the current study, repellent efficacy of BioUD was compared using arm-in-cage studies with 7 and 15% deet against the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus Skuse. No differences were found in mean repellency over 6 h after application between BioUD versus 7 and 15% deet for Ae albopictus. For Ae. aegypti, no differences were found over the same time period for 7% deet. Compared with 15% deet, BioUD mean repellency was lower over the 6-h test period. Human subject field trials were conducted in North Carolina, United States, and Ontario, Canada, comparing the repellency of BioUD to products containing 25 and 30% deet. BioUD provided the same repellency or was more efficacious than 25 and 30% deet, respectively, in these studies. Laboratory trials were conducted to determine the repellent activity of BioUD against the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), on human skin and cloth. BioUD repelled ticks at least 2.5 h after application to human skin. On cloth, no differences in mean repellency were found through 8 d after application between BioUD and 7% deet. In a two-choice test for BioUD versus 15% deet on filter paper, ticks spent significantly more time on the deet-treated surface than the BioUD-treated surface. Based on these studies in toto, BioUD is an efficacious alternative to deet in its repellent activity. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[891:NARBIA]2.0.CO;2 VL - 45 IS - 5 SP - 891-898 SN - 1938-2928 KW - BioUD KW - deet KW - insect repellent KW - mosquitoes KW - ticks ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification and characterization of 15 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the western drywood termite, Incisitermes minor (Hagen) AU - Booth, W. AU - Lewis, V. R. AU - Taylor, R. L. AU - Schal, C. AU - Vargo, E. L. T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES AB - Abstract Despite recognition of the western drywood termite, Incisitermes minor (Hagen), as one of the most economically important and destructive termite species in the USA, both its population and colony breeding structure genetically remain unclear. Here, we present primer sequences and initial characterization for 15 polymorphic microsatellite loci. In a sample of 30 individuals, representing six geographically distinct locations collected in California, USA, three to 15 alleles were detected segregating per locus. Within a single population observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.050 to 0.866. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02169.x VL - 8 IS - 5 SP - 1102-1104 SN - 1755-098X KW - dinucleotide microsatellite KW - drywood termite KW - Incisitermes KW - tetranucleotide microsatellite KW - trinucleotide microsatellite ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extreme diversity of tropical parasitoid wasps exposed by iterative integration of natural history, DNA barcoding, morphology, and collections AU - Smith, M. Alex AU - Rodriguez, Josephine J. AU - Whitfield, James B. AU - Deans, Andrew R. AU - Janzen, Daniel H. AU - Hallwachs, Winnie AU - Hebert, Paul D. N. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - We DNA barcoded 2,597 parasitoid wasps belonging to 6 microgastrine braconid genera reared from parapatric tropical dry forest, cloud forest, and rain forest in Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica and combined these data with records of caterpillar hosts and morphological analyses. We asked whether barcoding and morphology discover the same provisional species and whether the biological entities revealed by our analysis are congruent with wasp host specificity. Morphological analysis revealed 171 provisional species, but barcoding exposed an additional 142 provisional species; 95% of the total is likely to be undescribed. These 313 provisional species are extraordinarily host specific; more than 90% attack only 1 or 2 species of caterpillars out of more than 3,500 species sampled. The most extreme case of overlooked diversity is the morphospecies Apanteles leucostigmus. This minute black wasp with a distinctive white wing stigma was thought to parasitize 32 species of ACG hesperiid caterpillars, but barcoding revealed 36 provisional species, each attacking one or a very few closely related species of caterpillars. When host records and/or within-ACG distributions suggested that DNA barcoding had missed a species-pair, or when provisional species were separated only by slight differences in their barcodes, we examined nuclear sequences to test hypotheses of presumptive species boundaries and to further probe host specificity. Our iterative process of combining morphological analysis, ecology, and DNA barcoding and reiteratively using specimens maintained in permanent collections has resulted in a much more fine-scaled understanding of parasitoid diversity and host specificity than any one of these elements could have produced on its own. DA - 2008/8/26/ PY - 2008/8/26/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.0805319105 VL - 105 IS - 34 SP - 12359-12364 SN - 1091-6490 KW - Area de Conservacion Guanacaste KW - Costa Rica KW - caterpillar KW - Braconidae KW - host specificity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phenology of the Apple Maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Southern Appalachian Mountains AU - Meck, Michelle. C. AU - Walgenbach, James. F. AU - Kennedy, George G. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - The apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), is an important pest of apples in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. The seasonal phenology of adult flight activity was monitored with baited red sphere traps in eight abandoned apple orchards in the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina and South Carolina in 2004 and 2005, ranging in elevation from 300 to 853 m. Trap captures showed that at elevations of ≥630 m, the apple maggot was primarly univoltine, with adult activity most intense during a 2-mo period from late June to late August in 2004 and from mid-July to mid-September in 2005. At lower elevation sites in North Carolina and South Carolina (300–328 m elevation), adults were active for a 5- to 6-mo period from late May or early June into November. Trap captures suggested the apple maggot was bivoltine at lower elevation sites. There was also evidence from trap captures of distinct early and late emerging flies from overwintering pupae. A winter simulation study in which pupae from maggot-infested apples collected in July (early emergers) and September (late emergers) were exposed to cold treatments (4°C) ranging from 3 to 52 wk showed that the postdiapause rate was more rapid for early versus late emergers when exposed to a minimum 8-wk cold period. For pupae receiving cold treatments ranging from 8 to 19 wk, early emergers eclosed 257–321 DD before late emergers, but this difference was only 146 DD for pupae receiving a 35-wk cold treatment. Climatic conditions in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, including a relatively long growing season and mild winters, are conducive to a more protracted apple maggot emergence period compared with more northern locations. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X(2008)37[1154:POTAMD]2.0.CO;2 VL - 37 IS - 5 SP - 1154-1161 SN - 1938-2936 KW - apple KW - Bhagoletis pomonella KW - diapause ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of floral resources on fitness of the parasitoids Trichogramma exiguum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and Cotesia congregata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) AU - Witting-Bissinger, B. E. AU - Orr, D. B. AU - Linker, H. M. T2 - BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AB - This study was conducted to determine if floral resources enhanced longevity and fecundity of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner and longevity of the larval parasitoid Cotesia congregata (Say). Newly eclosed (⩽12 h) female wasps were provisioned with fennel (Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill.) or buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) flowers or one of two controls: honey or water. Wasps were monitored daily until all had died. Daily egg production by T. exiguum was monitored using Ephestia kuehniella Keller egg cards. Longevity of both T. exiguum (6.7 d) and C. congregata (5.1 d) provided buckwheat flowers was increased approximately 8.5-fold compared with wasps provided only water. Buckwheat-provisioned T. exiguum exhibited 2-fold greater longevity than those provided fennel. Longevity of C. congregata provisioned with fennel and honey was not statistically different. Water-provisioned T. exiguum and C. congregata exhibited the shortest longevity (0.8 and 0.6 d, respectively). Total fecundity was 6.3-fold greater in T. exiguum provisioned with buckwheat and 2.3-fold greater in T. exiguum provisioned with fennel than in water controls. Average female to male ratio of progeny over the lifetime of each female was significantly greatest in T. exiguum provisioned with water alone, likely because of sperm depletion in wasps exhibiting greater longevity. Total mean number of female offspring produced was significantly greatest in T. exiguum provided honey or buckwheat flowers although no difference in total female offspring were observed between adults provisioned with buckwheat or fennel flowers. Our results show that provisioning T. exiguum with honey and buckwheat flowers resulted in greater longevity, total fecundity, and lifetime production of female offspring than water alone. Buckwheat flowers also lead to greater longevity in C. congregata. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.07.013 VL - 47 IS - 2 SP - 180-186 SN - 1090-2112 KW - Cotesia congregata KW - Trichogramma exiguum KW - Beneficial insect habitat KW - Biological control ER - TY - JOUR TI - Worker size in the Formosan subterranean termite in relation to colony breeding structure as inferred from molecular markers AU - Husseneder, Claudia AU - Powell, Janine E. AU - Grace, J. Kenneth AU - Vargo, Edward L. AU - Matsuura, Kenji T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, is an invasive species that originated in China and has been introduced to Hawaii and the U.S. mainland. Colonies are headed either by a pair of reproductives (simple families) or by varying numbers of inbreeding reproductives (extended families), and therefore have variable degrees of inbreeding. Worker size also varies among colonies of Formosan termites. We tested whether variation in worker size can be explained by the breeding system. Workers were collected from colonies from three geographically separated populations (China, Hawaii, and Louisiana), and body weight and head size were measured. Microsatellite genotyping was used to establish whether colonies were simple or extended families and to determine the heterozygosity of workers and their degree of inbreeding relative to their colony (F (IC), sensitive to the number of reproductives). All Chinese colonies contained multiple inbreeding neotenics. In Hawaii, 37% of the colonies were simple families and 63% were extended families, both having considerable degrees of inbreeding. In Louisiana, 57% of the colonies were simple families, which were mostly headed by unrelated pairs, and 43% were extended families. In simple families, size and body weight of workers were not associated with F (IC) or heterozygosity. In extended families of two populations, both size parameters were negatively correlated with F (IC); however, heterozygosity was not associated with worker size in any of the populations. This suggests that the number of reproductives within colonies has a stronger influence on worker size than the individuals' genetic diversity in Formosan subterranean termite colonies. DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X(2008)37[400:WSITFS]2.0.CO;2 VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - 400-408 SN - 1938-2936 KW - microsatellite genotyping KW - morphometry KW - breeding system KW - Isoptera KW - Rhinotermitidae ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of temperature on Natural Antisense Transcript (NAT) expression in Aspergillus flavus AU - Smith, Carrie A. AU - Robertson, Dominique AU - Yates, Bethan AU - Nielsen, Dahlia M. AU - Brown, Doug AU - Dean, Ralph A. AU - Payne, Gary A. T2 - CURRENT GENETICS DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1007/s00294-008-0215-9 VL - 54 IS - 5 SP - 241-269 SN - 1432-0983 KW - Aspergillus flavus KW - Natural antisense transcripts (NATs) KW - Temperature KW - Gene expression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Operational considerations for augmentation of Trichogramma exiguum (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae) for suppression of Rhyacionia frustrana (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) in Pinus taeda plantations AU - Philip, Michael M. AU - Orr, David B. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Studies were performed to assess the operational feasibility of Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) augmentation for suppression of the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in commercial loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., plantations. Single inundative releases containing two cohorts of encapsulated T. exiguum at a potential rate of 224,200 +/- 27,600 females per ha per cohort were made into two 4-ha plots during the second R. frustrana generation in 2000. Augmentation failed to increase parasitism rates above those occurring naturally; yet, 10% fewer shoots were attacked by R. frustrana, but not below acceptable levels. Quality control data suggest that low emergence levels and intense predation by ants upon developing T. exiguum lowered actual release rates to 13,000 +/- 900 females per ha per cohort. The effect of capsule distribution and microclimate on the discovery of capsules by predators (indicated by some E. kuehniella egg removal), parasitoid predation (percentage of eggs removed or destroyed), and subsequent parasitoid emergence was investigated. Uniformly distributed capsules experienced significantly higher predation levels than clustered capsules, and capsules exposed to field conditions for 5 d experienced higher predation than those exposed for 3 d, independently of distribution. Discovery of capsules by predators was unaffected by distribution or exposure period. Microhabitat significantly impacted average maximum daily temperature, the number of consecutive hours per day at or above 35 degrees C, and parasitoid emergence percentages. Parasitoid emergence declined significantly in response to increasing number of consecutive hours per day above 35 degrees C. Microclimate did not impact capsule discovery by predators or predation levels. Augmentation of T. exiguum for suppression of R. frustrana damage may not be practical within P. taeda plantations. DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[421:OCFAOT]2.0.CO;2 VL - 101 IS - 2 SP - 421-429 SN - 1938-291X KW - Trichogramma exiguum KW - Rhyacionia frustrana KW - augmentation biological control KW - microclimate KW - predation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Olive fruit fly (Diptera : tephritidae) ovipositional preference and larval performance in several commercially important olive varieties in california AU - Burrack, Hannah Joy AU - Zalom, Frank G. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera: Tephritidae),is an invasive pest of olives (Olea spp.) in the United States. The objectives of this study were to determine whether B. oleae exhibits ovipositional preference under California field conditions similar to that demonstrated in European populations and whether the resulting larvae fare better in preferred varieties. Female B. oleae exhibited strong ovipositional preference for certain varieties of the domesticated olive, Olea europaea L, and the resulting larvae performed better by some measures in preferred varieties than in lesser preferred varieties. Ovipositional preference was observed in the field from 2003 to 2005, and laboratory assays were conducted to evaluate larval performance in 2005 and 2006. Among the olive varieties tested, Sevillano, Manzanillo, and Mission olives were the most heavily infested during three consecutive years. The larval performance measurements used were pupal yield, pupal weight, larval developmental time, and pupal emergence time. Ovipositional preference and pupal yield do not seem associated. There were significant differences in pupal emergence time, but these also measures did not reflect ovipositional preference. Two measures on performance did seem related to ovipositional preference; there were significant effects of variety on pupal weight and larval developmental time. Pupae developing in Manzanillo and Sevillano olives were heavier than those developing in less preferred varieties, and larval developmental time was significantly shorter in Sevillano olives relative to the other varieties. Oviposition preference and enhanced larval performance has implications for the pest status of this invasive insect in California. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[750:OFFDTO]2.0.CO;2 VL - 101 IS - 3 SP - 750-758 SN - 1938-291X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genomics of industrial Aspergilli and comparison with toxigenic relatives AU - Machida, Masayuki AU - Terabayashi, Yoshinobu AU - Sano, Motoaki AU - Yamane, Noriko AU - Tamano, Koichi AU - Payne, Gary A. AU - Yu, Jiujiang AU - Cleveland, Thomas E. AU - Nierman, William C. T2 - FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS PART A-CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS CONTROL EXPOSURE & RISK ASSESSMENT AB - Aspergillus oryzae has been used in Japanese fermentation industries for more than a thousand years. The species produces large amounts of various hydrolytic enzymes and has been successfully applied to modern biotechnology. The size of the A. oryzae genome (37.5 Mb) is very close to that of A. flavus and A. niger, and 20-30% larger than that of either A. nidulans or A. fumigatus. A. oryzae and A. flavus have exactly the same number of aspartic proteinase genes, of which each orthologous pair shares highly conserved amino acid sequences. Synteny analysis with A. fumigatus and A. nidulans showed that the A. oryzae genome has a mosaic structure consisting of syntenic and non-syntenic blocks. In the microorganisms to be compared, the density of the genes having homologs was obviously higher on the syntenic than on the non-syntenic blocks. Expression analysis by the DNA microarray supported the significantly lower expression of genes on the non-syntenic than on the syntenic blocks. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/02652030802273114 VL - 25 IS - 9 SP - 1147-1151 SN - 0265-203X KW - fermentation industry KW - secondary metabolism KW - non-syntenic blocks ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome sequence of the metazoan plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita AU - Abad, Pierre AU - Gouzy, Jerome AU - Aury, Jean-Marc AU - Castagnone-Sereno, Philippe AU - Danchin, Etienne G. J. AU - Deleury, Emeline AU - Perfus-Barbeoch, Laetitia AU - Anthouard, Veronique AU - Artiguenave, Francois AU - Blok, Vivian C. AU - Caillaud, Marie-Cecile AU - Coutinho, Pedro M. AU - Dasilva, Corinne AU - De Luca, Francesca AU - Deau, Florence AU - Esquibet, Magali AU - Flutre, Timothe AU - Goldstone, Jared V. AU - Hamamouch, Noureddine AU - Hewezi, Tarek AU - Jaillon, Olivier AU - Jubin, Claire AU - Leonetti, Paola AU - Magliano, Marc AU - Maier, Tom R. AU - Markov, Gabriel V. AU - McVeigh, Paul AU - Pesole, Graziano AU - Poulain, Julie AU - Robinson-Rechavi, Marc AU - Sallet, Erika AU - Segurens, Beatrice AU - Steinbach, Delphine AU - Tytgat, Tom AU - Ugarte, Edgardo AU - Ghelder, Cyril AU - Veronico, Pasqua AU - Baum, Thomas J. AU - Blaxter, Mark AU - Bleve-Zacheo, Teresa AU - Davis, Eric L. AU - Ewbank, Jonathan J. AU - Favery, Bruno AU - Grenier, Eric AU - Henrissat, Bernard AU - Jones, John T. AU - Laudet, Vincent AU - Maule, Aaron G. AU - Quesneville, Hadi AU - Rosso, Marie-Noelle AU - Schiex, Thomas AU - Smant, Geert AU - Weissenbach, Jean AU - Wincker, Patrick T2 - NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY AB - Plant-parasitic nematodes are major agricultural pests worldwide and novel approaches to control them are sorely needed. We report the draft genome sequence of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, a biotrophic parasite of many crops, including tomato, cotton and coffee. Most of the assembled sequence of this asexually reproducing nematode, totaling 86 Mb, exists in pairs of homologous but divergent segments. This suggests that ancient allelic regions in M. incognita are evolving toward effective haploidy, permitting new mechanisms of adaptation. The number and diversity of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes in M. incognita is unprecedented in any animal for which a genome sequence is available, and may derive from multiple horizontal gene transfers from bacterial sources. Our results provide insights into the adaptations required by metazoans to successfully parasitize immunocompetent plants, and open the way for discovering new antiparasitic strategies. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1038/nbt.1482 VL - 26 IS - 8 SP - 909-915 SN - 1546-1696 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fitness of isolates of Phytophthora capsici resistant to mefenoxam from squash and pepper fields in North Carolina AU - Cafe-Filho, Adalberto C. AU - Ristaino, Jean Beagle T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Despite the wide adoption of mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold EC) for vegetables in North Carolina, the incidence of Phytophthora blight on pepper (Capsicum annuum) and squash (Cucurbita pepo) is high. Seventy-five isolates of Phytophthora capsici were collected in five pepper and one squash field in order to assess mefenoxam sensitivity. The relative fitness of resistant and sensitive isolates was contrasted in vitro by their respective rates of colony growth and their ability to produce sporangia in unamended V8 juice agar medium. In in vivo experiments, the aggressiveness of isolates on pepper was evaluated. The frequency of resistant isolates in North Carolina populations was 63%, considerably higher than resistance levels in areas where mefenoxam is not widely adopted. Resistant isolates grew on amended media at rates >80 to 90% and >100% of the nonamended control at 100 μg ml -1 and 5 μg ml -1 , respectively. Sensitive isolates did not growth at 5 or 100 μg ml -1 . All isolates from three fields, including two pepper and a squash field, were resistant to mefenoxam. Populations from other fields were composed of either mixes of sensitive and resistant isolates or only sensitive isolates. Response to mefenoxam remained stable during the course of in vitro and in planta experiments. Occurrence of a mefenoxam-resistant population of P. capsici on squash is reported here for the first time in North Carolina. When measured by rate of colony growth, sporulation in vitro, or aggressiveness in planta, fitness of resistant isolates was not reduced. Mefenoxam-resistant isolates from squash were as aggressive on pepper as sensitive or resistant pepper isolates. These results suggest that mefenoxam-resistant populations of P. capsici are as virulent and fit as sensitive populations. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-92-10-1439 VL - 92 IS - 10 SP - 1439-1443 SN - 1943-7692 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-55549111617&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - fungicide resistance KW - metalaxyl KW - oomycetes KW - phenylamides KW - stramenopiles ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of atoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus flavus as potential biocontrol agents for aflatoxin in maize AU - Atehnkeng, J. AU - Ojiambo, P. S. AU - Ikotun, T. AU - Sikora, R. A. AU - Cotty, P. J. AU - Bandyopadhyay, R. T2 - FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS PART A-CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS CONTROL EXPOSURE & RISK ASSESSMENT AB - Aflatoxin contamination resulting from maize infection by Aspergillus flavus is both an economic and a public health concern. Therefore, strategies for controlling aflatoxin contamination in maize are being investigated. The abilities of eleven naturally occurring atoxigenic isolates in Nigeria to reduce aflatoxin contamination in maize were evaluated in grain competition experiments and in field studies during the 2005 and 2006 growing seasons. Treatments consisted of inoculation of either grains in vials or ears at mid-silking stage in field plots, with the toxigenic isolate (La3228) or atoxigenic isolate alone and co-inoculation of each atoxigenic isolate and La3328. Aflatoxin B1 + B2 concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the co-inoculation treatments compared with the treatment in which the aflatoxin-producing isolate La3228 was inoculated alone. Relative levels of aflatoxin B1 + B2 reduction ranged from 70.1% to 99.9%. Among the atoxigenics, two isolates from Lafia, La3279 and La3303, were most effective at reducing aflatoxin B1 + B2 concentrations in both laboratory and field trials. These two isolates have potential value as agents for the biocontrol of aflatoxin contamination in maize. Because these isolates are endemic to West Africa, they are both more likely than introduced isolates to be well adapted to West African environments and to meet regulatory concerns over their use throughout that region. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/02652030802112635 VL - 25 IS - 10 SP - 1264-1271 SN - 1944-0057 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/18608502 KW - aflatoxin KW - corn KW - mycotoxin KW - competitive exclusion KW - West Africa ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of temperature and molecular oxygen on the use of atmospheric pressure plasma as a novel method for insect control AU - Donohue, Kevin V. AU - Bures, Brian L. AU - Bourham, Mohamed A. AU - Roe, Michael T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Helium atmospheric pressure plasma discharge (APPD) was previously shown to have insecticidal activity with a possible site of action on the insect nervous, neuromuscular system, or both. In the current study, methods to increase the insecticidal activity of plasma by using increased APPD temperature and the introduction of molecular oxygen were investigated for the first time. An increase in the helium plasma temperature from 37 to 50°C increased the insecticidal activity of plasma for the control of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.); western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande); and citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso). This increase in activity could not be explained by the increase in air temperature alone, and it suggests that the enhanced insecticidal activity resulted from increased ionization of the APPD and ion bombardment of the insect. Emission spectroscopy showed that the introduction of 0.5% oxygen into helium plasma produced ionic molecular oxygen at 559.7 and 597.3 nm. The introduction of oxygen to the APPD greatly increased the insecticidal activity of plasma for the citrus mealybug but not the German cockroach or western flower thrips. For the mealybug as an example, the mortality of a 60-s exposure of 37°C helium plasma was 0% at 1 h after exposure and 100% under the same conditions after the introduction of oxygen. It seems that increases in temperature and the introduction of oxygen even at low levels can increase the insecticidal activity of plasma to varying degrees depending on the insect species. The symptomology of cockroach death for both hot plasma and plasma containing trace amounts of molecular oxygen continued to suggest that the site of action of APPD is the insect nervous system, neuromuscular system, or both. DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[302:EOTAMO]2.0.CO;2 VL - 101 IS - 2 SP - 302-308 SN - 1938-291X KW - atmospheric pressure plasma KW - insect control KW - quarantine KW - dielectric barrier discharge KW - oxygenated helium plasma ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aspergillus flavus genomics as a tool for studying the mechanism of aflatoxin formation AU - Yu, Jiujiang AU - Payne, Gary A. AU - Nierman, William C. AU - Machida, Masayuki AU - Bennett, Joan W. AU - Campbell, Bruce C. AU - Robens, Jane F. AU - Bhatnagar, Deepak AU - Dean, Ralph A. AU - Cleveland, Thomas E. T2 - FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS PART A-CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS CONTROL EXPOSURE & RISK ASSESSMENT AB - Aspergillus flavus is a weak pathogen that infects plants, animals and humans. When it infects agricultural crops, however, it produces one of the most potent carcinogens known (aflatoxins). To devise strategies to control aflatoxin contamination of pre-harvest agricultural crops and post-harvest grains during storage, we launched the A. flavus genomics program. The major objective of this program is the identification of genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis and regulation, as well as in pathogenicity, to gain a better understanding of the mechanism of aflatoxin formation. The sequencing of A. flavus whole genome has been completed. Initial annotation of the sequence revealed that there are about 13,071 genes in the A. flavus genome. Genes which potentially encode for enzymes involved in secondary metabolite production in the A. flavus genome have been identified. Preliminary comparative genome analysis of A. flavus with A. oryzae is summarized here. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/02652030802213375 VL - 25 IS - 9 SP - 1152-1157 SN - 1944-0057 KW - aflatoxins KW - mycotoxins KW - toxigenic fungi KW - Aspergillus KW - genomics KW - expressed Sequence tags KW - microarrays KW - gene profiling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Population density, species abundance, and breeding structure of subterranean termite colonies in and around infested houses in central North Carolina AU - Parman, Vincent AU - Vargo, Edward L. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Pressure from subterranean termites is known to vary geographically across the United States, but there are few quantitative studies concerning the threat of structural infestation for any geographic region. We assessed the number and locations of termite colonies present on 20 infested residential properties in central North Carolina, where subterranean termite pressure is considered to be heavy. This was achieved by using microsatellite markers to determine colony identity of termites collected over 6–14 mo from mud tubes in structures, below-ground monitors, and wood debris in the yard. In total, we identified 188 distinct colonies and determined their breeding structures. Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) was by far the most common species, accounting for nearly 90% of all colonies; the remaining colonies belonged to Reticulitermes hageni Banks and Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks). In four cases, there were two colonies infesting a structure simultaneously; in all other cases only a single colony was detected in the structure. Colony densities were high, averaging 62 colonies per ha (25 per acre) with a maximum of 185 colonies per ha (75 colonies per acre). Foraging ranges of R. flavipes and R. hageni colonies were generally small (<30 linear m), and most colonies were headed by a single pair of monogamous reproductives with nearly all the remaining colonies headed by relatively few inbreeding descendants of the original monogamous pair. These results provide the most detailed picture to date of the number, distribution, and colony characteristics of subterranean termite colonies located in and around residential structures. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[1349:PDSAAB]2.0.CO;2 VL - 101 IS - 4 SP - 1349-1359 SN - 0022-0493 KW - Reticulitermes flavipes KW - Reticulitermes virginicus KW - R. hageni KW - microsatellites KW - population genetics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of soil temperature, rainfall, and planting and harvest dates on Chaetocnema confinis (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) damage to sweetpotato roots AU - Jasrotia, Poonam AU - Abney, Mark R. AU - Neerdaels, Natalia B. AU - Kennedy, George G. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - A study was carried out in 10 counties of North Carolina from 2004 to 2006 to determine the effect of planting and harvest times on flea beetle, Chaetocnema confinis Crotch (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), damage to sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas (L.), storage roots. Planting and harvesting of sweetpotatoes later in the season resulted in less damage than early planting and harvesting. Regression analysis was done to study the relationship of weather parameters with the flea beetle damage. Weather parameters included air temperature (Celsius), soil temperature at 5- and 10-cm depth (Celsius), rainfall (millimeters), and soil moisture (volume:volume) at 0-10-, 10-40-, and 40-100-cm depth. The best regression model included mean soil temperature at 10-cm depth, total rainfall, and number of adults caught on yellow sticky traps as independent variables (all between 1 August and harvest date of each field). Soil temperature and adult catches on yellow sticky traps of C. confinis were positively related to damage, whereas rainfall was negatively correlated. The model explained 45% of the total variation in the flea beetle damage. Soil temperature alone accounted for 32% of the total variation in flea beetle damage followed by rainfall (9%) and adult catches (4%). When the time interval was limited to 30 d before harvest, soil temperature was still the best explanatory variable accounting for 23% of the total variation in flea beetle damage followed by rainfall (7%) and adult catches (4%). Understanding the effects of planting/harvesting and weather factors on flea beetle damage will be useful in predicting the time when the sweetpotato crop is at greater risk from high levels of damage by C. confinis. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[1238:IOSTRA]2.0.CO;2 VL - 101 IS - 4 SP - 1238-1243 SN - 1938-291X KW - sweetpotato KW - Chaetocnema confinis KW - planting date KW - harvest date KW - soil temperature ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Pseudomonas syringae strain ESC-11 for biocontrol of crown rot and anthracnose of banana AU - Williamson, S. M. AU - Guzman, M. AU - Marin, D. H. AU - Anas, O. AU - Jin, X. AU - Sutton, T. B. T2 - BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AB - Pseudomonas syringae strain ESC-11 and 250 μg/ml each of thiabendazole (TBZ) and imazalil reduced crown rot of banana caused by Fusarium aff. sacchari by 30–36% and 83–86%, respectively, in laboratory experiments. Four field trials performed in Costa Rica varied in treatment combinations. In field trials 1 and 2, 125 and 250 μg/ml each of TBZ and imazalil + 0.5% or 1% alum (aluminum ammonium sulfate) and ESC-11, and 250 μg/ml each of TBZ and imazalil + 1% alum reduced rot and mold. ESC-11 alone or with 0.5% alum significantly reduced rot and mold in field trial 2. In trial 3, 50 and 100 μg/ml of TBZ alone and with ESC-11 reduced mold. In trial 4, 125 μg/ml each of TBZ and imazalil and ESC-11, and 300 μg/ml each of TBZ and imazalil reduced rot, and 50 and 125 μg/ml each of TBZ and imazalil and ESC-11, and 300 μg/ml each of TBZ and imazalil reduced mold. In three field trials, there was no significant difference among treatments for latex staining. In field trial 2 only, combinations of TBZ, imazalil, and alum with or without ESC-11, reduced anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum musae. The complex of crown rot fungi, order of treatment application, effect of alum and fungicides on ESC-11, concentration of ESC-11, and level of disease may contribute to the variation in crown rot and anthracnose control by ESC-11. Though ESC-11 alone was not effective in reducing disease, further testing in combination with low rates of fungicide should be done. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.05.016 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - 279-286 SN - 1090-2112 KW - banana KW - biological control KW - crown rot KW - anthracnose KW - Pseudomonas syrningae strain KW - ESC-11 KW - Fusarium aff. sacchari KW - Fusarium pallidoroseum KW - F. proliferatum KW - F. oxysporum KW - Colletotrichum musae KW - thiabendazole KW - imazalil ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chloroplast DNA phylogeography in long-lived Huon pine, a Tasmanian rain forest conifer AU - Clark, Catherine M. AU - Carbone, Ignazio T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - Genealogy based methods were used to estimate phylogeographic history for a Tasmanian endemic conifer, Huon pine ( Lagarostrobos franklinii (Hook. f.) Quinn). DNA from trees in eight populations was sequenced using three chloroplast primers (trnS–trnT, trnD–trnT, and psbC–trnS). Mean nucleotide diversity was low (π = 0.000 93 ± 0.000 06) from 892 base pairs of sequence, but varied in stands from 0.0 to 0.001 15. Two of the five haplotypes were widely distributed, but the most frequently occurring haplotype was found only in the western portion of the range. Population structure was highly significant among populations overall (G ST = 0.261, where G ST is the coefficient of gene differentiation, and p ≤ 0.0001), and there were indications of significant isolation by distance (p ≤ 0.022). Populations exhibited the highest levels of differentiation between the southeastern and northwestern watersheds. Estimates of migration between populations obtained using both parametric and nonparametric methods indicated levels of gene flow consistent with an isolation by distance model. Nested clade analysis demonstrated a pattern of genetic diversity in Huon pine that is consistent with a history of range expansion. The exceptionally low level of nucleotide diversity, haplotype distribution, and paleoecological data are congruent with a history of long-term range reduction, population bottlenecks, and subsequent colonization events from refugial areas. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1139/X07-209 VL - 38 IS - 6 SP - 1576-1589 SN - 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An empirical test of the F(2) screen for detection of Bacillus thuringiensis-resistance alleles in tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) AU - Blanco, Carlos A. AU - Perera, O. P. AU - Gould, Fred AU - Sumerford, Douglas V. AU - Hernandez, Gerardo AU - Abel, Craig A. AU - Andow, David A. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Insects exposed to genetically modified crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins are under intense selection pressure that could result on widespread Bt resistance. Screening for early indications of Bt resistance developing in targeted Lepidoptera is conducted in many of the regions where genetically modified cotton and corn have been commercialized. Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has been selected in the laboratory to have a gene for resistance to Cry1Ac. We used this laboratory line to test the assumptions and theoretical predictions related to detection of recessive Bt-resistant alleles in field populations based on a second generation (F2) screen. By creating single-pair families from mating a heterozygous Cry1Ac-resistant moth with a Cry1Ac-susceptible moth, we simulated the most common genotype when Bt-resistance alleles are at low frequency in the field. The second generation (F2) neonates of single-pair families were screened daily with diagnostic concentration bioassays. Cry1Ac-resistant homozygous larvae were detected, but the proportion of resistant larvae was generally below the theoretical expectation of 6.25% and was influenced by the moth F1 sib-mating density and by the day of oviposition of F2 eggs. Logistical considerations such as F1 sib-mating density and F2 neonate screening are important for the successful implementation of a reliable method. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[1406:AETOTF]2.0.CO;2 VL - 101 IS - 4 SP - 1406-1414 SN - 0022-0493 KW - Heliothis virescens KW - insecticide resistance management KW - Cry1Ac KW - YHD2 KW - single-pair family ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transcription of the German cockroach densovirus BgDNV genome: Alternative processing of viral RNAs AU - Kapelinskaya, T. V. AU - Martynova, E. U. AU - Korolev, A. L. AU - Schal, C. AU - Mukha, D. V. T2 - DOKLADY BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1134/S1607672908040042 VL - 421 IS - 1 SP - 176-180 SN - 1607-6729 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Parasitism proteins in nematode-plant interactions AU - Davis, Eric L. AU - Hussey, Richard S. AU - Mitchum, Melissa G. AU - Baum, Thomas J. T2 - CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY AB - The current battery of candidate parasitism proteins secreted by nematodes to modify plant tissues for parasitism includes cell-wall-modifying enzymes of potential prokaryotic origin, multiple regulators of host cell cycle and metabolism, proteins that can localize to the plant cell nucleus, potential suppressors of host defense, mimics of plant molecules, and a relatively large cadre of predicted novel nematode parasitism proteins. Phenotypic effects of expressing nematode parasitism proteins in transformed plant tissues, protein-protein interaction assays, and RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) analyses are currently providing exciting evidence of the biological role of candidate nematode secreted parasitism proteins and identifying potential novel means of developing transgenic resistance to nematodes in crops. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.04.003 VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 360-366 SN - 1879-0356 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multipartite symbioses among fungi, mites, nematodes, and the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis AU - Cardoza, Yasmin J. AU - Moser, John C. AU - Klepzig, Kier D. AU - Raffa, Kenneth F. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - The spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis, is an eruptive forest pest of significant economic and ecological importance. D. rufipennis has symbiotic associations with a number of microorganisms, especially the ophiostomatoid fungus Leptographium abietinum. The nature of this interaction is only partially understood. Additionally, mite and nematode associates can mediate bark beetle-fungal interactions, but this has not yet been studied for spruce beetles. In this study, we found eight mite species associated with spruce beetles: Tarsonemus ips, T. endophloeus, Histiogaster arborsignis, Dendrolaelaps quadrisetus, Proctolaelaps hytricoides, Trichouropoda alascae, T. n. sp. nr dalarenaensis, and Urobovella n. sp 767. The most prevalent species was H. arborsignis. In addition, 75% of beetles examined carried nematodes, with six species represented. These included a new species of Parasitorhabditis, Ektaphelenchus obtusus, Bursaphelenchus n. sp. 727, Aphelenchoides n. sp., Panagrolaimus sp., and Mykoletzkya ruminis. H. arborsignis showed strong feeding and oviposition preferences for L. abietinum among four fungal species tested in laboratory assays. Information on our attempts to culture the various nematode species collected from D. rufipennis is also provided. Bursaphelenchus were cultured from D. rufipennis nematangia plated on agar containing L. abietinum but not sterile agar. Thus, L. abietinum plays an important role in these gallery communities, affecting the tree-killing bark beetle, its phoretic mites, and nematodes. These data add to our understanding of bark beetle-microorganism interactions. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X(2008)37[956:MSAFMN]2.0.CO;2 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 956-963 SN - 1938-2936 KW - symbiosis KW - bark beetles KW - Histiogaster KW - leptographium KW - hyphomycetes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of root-knot nematode resistance in Medicago truncatula AU - Dhandaydham, M. AU - Charles, L. AU - Zhu, H. AU - Starr, J. L. AU - Huguet, T. AU - Cook, D. R. AU - Prosperi, J. M. AU - Opperman, C. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 40 IS - 1 SP - 46-54 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Benefits and costs of secondary polygyny in the dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticollis AU - Brent, Colin S. AU - Traniello, James F. A. AU - Varco, Edward I. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Newly molted female neotenic reproductives of the dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticollis Hagen were allowed to mature in the presence of a neotenic male, a fixed number of larval helpers, and varying numbers of sibling neotenic queens to assess the impact of secondary polygyny to the individual and colony. Under monogyne conditions, neotenics developed more ovarioles per ovary and had higher individual fecundities after 60 d compared with females under polygyne conditions. Queens in groups of three females were able to gain more body mass than those in groups of five. Although the division of resources provided by helpers reduced individual female development and fecundity under polygyne conditions, it resulted in an overall increase in colony fecundity. In addition, neotenic females in polygynous colonies did not differ significantly in reproductive competence. There was no evidence that neotenics were attacked or injured by other reproductives or larval helpers, suggesting little if any reproductive competition among sibling queens. The physiological responses of neotenics to the increasing queen/worker ratio may have the benefit of enhancing the colony growth at the cost of the fecundity of individual queens. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X(2008)37[883:BACOSP]2.0.CO;2 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 883-888 SN - 1938-2936 KW - reproductive skew KW - neotenic reproductives KW - inclusive fitness KW - reproductive plasticity KW - inbreeding ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Cryptocercus punctulatus species complex (Dictyoptera : Cryptocercidae) in the eastern United States: Comparison of cuticular hydrocarbons, chromosome number, and DNA sequences AU - Everaerts, C. AU - Maekawa, K. AU - Farine, J. P. AU - Shimada, K. AU - Luykx, P. AU - Brossut, R. AU - Nalepa, C. A. T2 - MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION AB - The goal of the current study was to determine if cuticular hydrocarbons could be used to empirically delimit taxa within the Cryptocercus punctulatus species complex in the eastern United States. Cockroaches were collected from rotting logs in 22 locations across four states. Hydrocarbon phenotypes and two mitochondrial (16S and COII) genes and one nuclear (ITS2) gene were independently analyzed to determine their relationship with chromosome number. Five distinct hydrocarbon phenotypes were found, but these were only partly congruent with chromosome number and thus with purported species descriptions. Molecular and cuticular hydrocarbon data each indicate that Cryptocercus with a male karyotype of 2n = 43 belong to at least two distinct, distantly related lineages. One 2n = 43 lineage is sister group to the 2n = 37 and 2n = 39 clade, and has a unique hydrocarbon profile. The other 2n = 43 lineage is sister group to the 2n = 45 samples, and its cuticular hydrocarbons group with four samples of the 2n = 45 lineage. The cuticular hydrocarbons of two additional 2n = 45 samples diverge from this assemblage. Results indicate cuticular hydrocarbons and chromosome number have some degree of evolutionary independence; neither is completely reliable in delineating historical lineages. Our data provide support for the parallel model of chromosome evolution in the species complex. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.03.011 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - 950-959 SN - 1055-7903 KW - Cryptocercus punctulatus KW - blattaria KW - karyotype KW - molecular analysis KW - species complex KW - cryptic species KW - taxonomy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genomic analysis of post-mating changes in the honey bee queen (Apis mellifera) AU - Kocher, Sarah D. AU - Richard, Freddie-Jeanne AU - Tarpy, David R. AU - Grozinger, Christina M. T2 - BMC GENOMICS AB - The molecular mechanisms underlying the post-mating behavioral and physiological transitions undergone by females have not been explored in great detail. Honey bees represent an excellent model system in which to address these questions because they exhibit a range of "mating states," with two extremes (virgins and egg-laying, mated queens) that differ dramatically in their behavior, pheromone profiles, and physiology. We used an incompletely-mated mating-state to understand the molecular processes that underlie the transition from a virgin to a mated, egg-laying queen. We used same-aged virgins, queens that mated once but did not initiate egg-laying, and queens that mated once and initiated egg-laying.Differences in the behavior and physiology among groups correlated with the underlying variance observed in the top 50 predictive genes in the brains and the ovaries. These changes were correlated with either a behaviorally-associated pattern or a physiologically-associated pattern. Overall, these results suggest that the brains and the ovaries of queens are uncoupled or follow different timescales; the initiation of mating triggers immediate changes in the ovaries, while changes in the brain may require additional stimuli or take a longer time to complete. Comparison of our results to previous studies of post-mating changes in Drosophila melanogaster identified common biological processes affected by mating, including stress response and alternative-splicing pathways. Comparison with microarray data sets related to worker behavior revealed no obvious correlation between genes regulated by mating and genes regulated by behavior/physiology in workers.Studying the underlying molecular mechanisms of post-mating changes in honey bee queens will not only give us insight into how molecular mechanisms regulate physiological and behavioral changes, but they may also lead to important insights into the evolution of social behavior. Post-mating changes in gene regulation in the brains and ovaries of honey bee queens appear to be triggered by different stimuli and may occur on different timescales, potentially allowing changes in the brains and the ovaries to be uncoupled. DA - 2008/5/19/ PY - 2008/5/19/ DO - 10.1186/1471-2164-9-232 VL - 9 SP - SN - 1471-2164 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of tuber blight (Phytophthora infestans) on potato cultivars based on in vitro assays and field evaluations AU - Nyankanga, Richard O. AU - Olanya, Ocen Modesto AU - Wien, Hans C. AU - El-Bedewy, Ramzy AU - Karinga, John AU - OJiambo, Peter S. T2 - HORTSCIENCE AB - Tuber blight may result from infection of wounded or unwounded potato tubers exposed to sporangia from foliar blight, soil, or blighted tubers. However, there are limited data on the prediction of tuber blight in field or storage environment based on in vitro assays. To assess this relationship, potato cultivars with foliar blight resistance (R-genes) and general resistance were evaluated for tuber blight incited by Phytophthora infestans (US-1) based on wound-induced and unwounded tuber inoculations. Surface lesion diameter, lesion depth, and frequency distribution of blighted tubers were assessed in in vitro assays and tuber blight incidence determined in field experiments. Significant differences ( P < 0.05) in lesion diameter and depth were recorded among cultivars. Surface lesion diameter, depth, and index ranged from 5 to 40, 2 to 16.3, and 15 to 656 mm, respectively, in wound-inoculated tubers. In nonwounded tuber assays, the incidence of blighted tubers ranged from 0% to 8.7% in both years. Tuber blight infection of potato cultivars varied between years in field studies. Although tuber infection differed among cultivars, the frequency of blighted tubers had a normal statistical distribution irrespective of R-genes, implying that foliar resistance may have limited effect on tuber blight occurrence based on in vitro experiments. Prediction of tuber blight based on inoculation assays can be effectively used to estimate and manage blight development in storage environments. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.21273/hortsci.43.5.1501 VL - 43 IS - 5 SP - 1501-1508 SN - 2327-9834 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-54249124087&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Phytophthora infestans KW - US-1 genotype KW - Solanum tuberosum KW - R-genes KW - tuber blight KW - tuber blight prediction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin)) (Diptera : Tephritidae) captures in several commercial traps in California AU - Burrack, Hannah Joy AU - Connell, Joseph H. AU - Zalom, Frank G. T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEST MANAGEMENT AB - The trapping efficiency of three commercially available traps for monitoring the olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin)) was tested in California. ChamP yellow sticky traps and IMPT plastic McPhail-type traps were tested in three locations during 2 years. The McPhail traps captured significantly more flies than other trap types. In the second year, three variants of AM yellow sticky traps were included in testing. The AM yellow sticky panel was more efficient than the ChamP panel. The ChamP and AM traps were baited with an ammonium bicarbonate food lure and Spiroketal pheromone lure, and the McPhail traps were baited with a torula yeast food lure. Under the conditions of this study, it appears that the aqueous food lure used in the McPhail traps was more attractive to olive fruit flies than ammonia lures. Traps were also deployed in irrigated and unirrigated olive blocks at one location for 1 year, and more olive fruit flies were caught in the irrigated trees than in the unirrigated. The ChamP traps were initially used for olive fruit fly monitoring at the onset of their invasion into California, but the use of McPhail traps is now recommended. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/09670870801975174 VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - 227-234 SN - 1366-5863 KW - IPMT trap KW - McPhail trap KW - ChamP trap KW - AM trap KW - invasive species KW - trapping ER - TY - JOUR TI - Top-down identification and quantification of stable isotope labeled proteins from Aspergillus flavus using online nano-flow reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to a LTQ-FTICR mass spectrometer AU - Collier, Timothy S. AU - Hawkridge, Adam M. AU - Georgianna, D. Ryan AU - Payne, Gary A. AU - Muddiman, David C. T2 - ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AB - Online liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric (LC-MS) analysis of intact proteins (i.e., top-down proteomics) is a growing area of research in the mass spectrometry community. A major advantage of top-down MS characterization of proteins is that the information of the intact protein is retained over the vastly more common bottom-up approach that uses protease-generated peptides to search genomic databases for protein identification. Concurrent to the emergence of top-down MS characterization of proteins has been the development and implementation of the stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) method for relative quantification of proteins by LC-MS. Herein we describe the qualitative and quantitative top-down characterization of proteins derived from SILAC-labeled Aspergillus flavus using nanoflow reversed-phase liquid chromatography directly coupled to a linear ion trap Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (nLC-LTQ-FTICR-MS). A. flavus is a toxic filamentous fungus that significantly impacts the agricultural economy and human health. SILAC labeling improved the confidence of protein identification, and we observed 1318 unique protein masses corresponding to 659 SILAC pairs, of which 22 were confidently identified. However, we have observed some limiting issues with regard to protein quantification using top-down MS/MS analyses of SILAC-labeled proteins. The role of SILAC labeling in the presence of competing endogenously produced amino acid residues and its impact on quantification of intact species are discussed in detail. DA - 2008/7/1/ PY - 2008/7/1/ DO - 10.1021/ac800254z VL - 80 IS - 13 SP - 4994-5001 SN - 1520-6882 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temperature-dependent regulation of proteins in Aspergillus flavus: Whole organism stable isotope labeling by amino acids AU - Georgianna, D. Ryan AU - Hawkridge, Adam M. AU - Muddiman, David C. AU - Payne, Gary A. T2 - JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH AB - Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) has been used in many different organisms including yeast, mammalian cells, and Arabidopsis cell culture. We present an adaptation of this method to quickly quantify protein changes in response to environmental stimuli regulating biosynthesis of the carcinogen aflatoxin in the fungus Aspergillus flavus. Changes in relative protein concentrations in response to temperature were quantified and compared to changes in aflatoxin biosynthesis and the transcription of the aflatoxin biosynthetic genes. In a comparison between conducive (28 °C) and nonconducive (37 °C) temperatures for aflatoxin biosynthesis, 31 proteins were found to be more abundant at 37 °C and 18 more abundant at 28 °C. The change in expression of the aflatoxin pathway enzymes closely followed the strong repression of both aflatoxin biosynthesis and transcription of the aflatoxin pathway genes observed at 37 °C. Transcripts corresponding to the 379 proteins quantified by SILAC were analyzed using microarrays, but their expression did not always correlate well with transcript levels of encoding genes. This is the first reported labeling of a multicellular free-living prototroph using the SILAC procedure to compare 13C6-arginine-labeled samples to 12C6-arginine-labeled samples for quantitative proteomics. The data presented shows the utility of this procedure in quantifying changes in protein expression in response to environmental stimuli. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.1021/pr8001047 VL - 7 IS - 7 SP - 2973-2979 SN - 1535-3907 KW - SILAC KW - mass spectrometry KW - proteomics KW - Aspergillus flavus KW - aflatoxin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Strong mitochondrial DNA similarity but low relatedness at microsatellite loci among families within fused colonies of the termite Reticulitermes flavipes AU - DeHeer, C. J. AU - Vargo, E. L. T2 - INSECTES SOCIAUX DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1007/s00040-008-0999-0 VL - 55 IS - 2 SP - 190-199 SN - 1420-9098 KW - Isoptera KW - Rhinotermitidae KW - colony breeding structure KW - kinship KW - population genetics KW - nestmate discrimination ER - TY - JOUR TI - Social biology of the wood-feeding cockroach genus Salganea (Dictyoptera, Blaberidae, Panesthiinae): did ovoviviparity prevent the evolution of eusociality in the lineage? AU - Maekawa, K. AU - Matsumoto, T. AU - Nalepa, C. A. T2 - INSECTES SOCIAUX DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1007/s00040-008-0997-2 VL - 55 IS - 2 SP - 107-114 SN - 0020-1812 KW - Isoptera KW - xylophagy KW - eusociality KW - parental care KW - trophallaxis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pheromonal regulation of starvation resistance in honey bee workers (Apis mellifera) AU - Fischer, P. AU - Grozinger, C. M. T2 - Naturwissenschaften (Berlin, Germany) DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 95 IS - 8 SP - 723-729 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pathogenicity of Pythium species associated with Pythium root dysfunction of creeping bentgrass and their impact on root growth and survival AU - Kerns, J. P. AU - Tredway, L. P. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Symptoms resembling Pythium root dysfunction have been observed on golf course putting greens established with creeping bentgrass across the southeastern United States since 2002. Root isolations from 14 golf courses yielded 59 isolates of Pythium volutum and 16 isolates of Pythium torulosum. Pathogenicity of five isolates of P. volutum, two isolates of P. torulosum, and a combination of the two species was determined by inoculating mature 'A-1' creeping bentgrass plants. Inoculated plants were incubated for 4 weeks at 24/16°C (day/night) to permit root infection, then temperatures were increased to 32/26°C to induce foliar symptoms. No isolates impacted root depth, root mass, or foliar disease severity after 4 weeks at 24/16°C. After increasing the temperature to 32/26°C, isolates of P. volutum induced foliar disease severity ranging from 60 to 84%, whereas isolates of P. torulosum induced only 14 to 35% disease. Isolates of P. volutum consistently reduced root mass and root depth after 4 weeks at 32/26°C, but P. torulosum exhibited no effect. These results demonstrate that P. volutum is a pathogen of mature creeping bentgrass plants. Infections that occur during cool weather reduce the growth and survival of creeping bentgrass roots during hot weather and give rise to foliar symptoms. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-92-6-0862 VL - 92 IS - 6 SP - 862-869 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of source reduction on the spatial distribution of larvae and pupae of Aedes albopictus (Diptera : Culicidae) in suburban neighborhoods of a Piedmont community in North Carolina AU - Richards, Stephanie L. AU - Ghosh, Sujit K. AU - Zeichner, Brian C. AU - Apperson, Charles S. T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is a principal nuisance mosquito species and a potential arbovirus vector throughout its geographic range in the United States. This species lays eggs, and progeny complete development in water-filled containers that are discarded in suburban landscapes. Source reduction of containers, achieved through environmental sanitation, was used to experimentally manipulate mosquito production to gain insight into the spatial structure of the population of immature Ae. albopictus. Our studies were conducted in suburban landscapes in Raleigh, NC, during the 2002 and 2003 mosquito seasons. Spatial analyses, using estimates of the mean and total standing crop of pupae and counts of the numbers of mosquito-positive containers, showed that the distribution of mosquito production was not spatially dependent on a neighborhood-wide basis. However, in all neighborhoods, mosquito production was clustered in at least one and often more than one adjacent residence. Point pattern analyses that considered only the presence or absence of pupae showed that pupae-positive residences were dispersed throughout neighborhoods receiving monthly source reduction treatments and clustered throughout control neighborhoods, indicating that source reduction affected the spatial distribution of pupae. Conversely, spatial analyses based on the presence or absence of larvae and pupae showed that mosquito production was randomly distributed among residences in both control and source reduction neighborhoods, showing that Ae. albopictus recolonized containers within several weeks after source reduction was implemented. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of production sites would allow management efforts for Ae. albopictus to be targeted to residences supporting high levels of mosquito production. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[617:IOSROT]2.0.CO;2 VL - 45 IS - 4 SP - 617-628 SN - 1938-2928 KW - Aedes albopictus KW - spatial analysis KW - geographic information systems KW - mosquito production KW - source reduction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of soybean germplasm for resistance to soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) in Nigeria AU - Twizeyimana, M. AU - Ojiambo, P. S. AU - Ikotun, T. AU - Ladipo, J. L. AU - Hartman, G. L. AU - Bandyopadhyay, R. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is one of the most important constraints to soybean production worldwide. The absence of high levels of host resistance to the pathogen has necessitated the continued search and identification of sources of resistance. In one set of experiments, 178 soybean breeding lines from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture were rated for rust severity in the field in 2002 and 2003 at Ile-Ife, Yandev, and Ibadan, Nigeria. Thirty-six lines with disease severity ≤3 (based on a 0-to-5 scale) were selected for a second round of evaluation in 2004 at Ibadan. In the third round of evaluation under inoculated field conditions, 11 breeding lines with disease severity ≤2 were further evaluated for rust resistance at Ibadan in 2005 and 2006. The breeding lines TGx 1835-10E, TGx 1895-50F, and TGx 1903-3F consistently had the lowest level of disease severity across years and locations. In another set of experiments, 101 accessions from the United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service and National Agriculture Research Organization (Uganda) were evaluated in the first round in 2005 under inoculated conditions in the screenhouse; 12 accessions with disease severity ≤20% leaf area infected were selected for evaluation in the second round in 2005 and 2006 under inoculated field conditions at Ibadan. Highly significant differences (P < 0.0001) in disease severity were observed among the 101 accessions during this first round of rust evaluation. Significant (P < 0.0001) differences in rust severity and sporulation also were observed among the 12 selected accessions. Accessions PI 594538A, PI 417089A, and UG-5 had significantly (P < 0.05) lower disease severity than all other selected accessions in both years of evaluation, with rust severities ranging from 0.1 to 2.4%. These results indicate that some of the breeding lines (TGx 1835-10E, TGx 1895-50F, and TGx 1903-3F) and accessions (PI 594538A, PI 417089A, and UG-5) would be useful sources of soybean rust resistance genes for incorporation into high-yielding and adapted cultivars. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-92-6-0947 VL - 92 IS - 6 SP - 947-952 SN - 1943-7692 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-46849092427&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - disease resistance KW - stability analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Virulence structure of the Eastern US wheat powdery mildew population AU - Parks, Ryan AU - Carbone, Ignazio AU - Murphy, J. Paul AU - Marshall, David AU - Cowger, Christina T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Little is known about the population structure of wheat powdery mildew in the eastern United States, and the most recent report on virulence in this population involved isolates collected in 1993–94. In the present study, wheat leaves naturally infected with powdery mildew were collected from 10 locations in the southeastern United States in 2003 and 2005 and a collection of 207 isolates was derived from single ascospores. Frequencies of virulence to 16 mildew resistance (Pm) genes were determined by inoculating the isolates individually on replicated plates of detached leaves of differential wheat lines. These virulence frequencies were used to infer local effectiveness of Pm genes, estimate virulence complexity, detect significant associations between pairs of pathogen avirulence loci, and assess whether phenotypic differences between pathogen subpopulations increased with geographic distance. In both years, virulence to Pm3a, Pm3c, Pm5a, and Pm7 was present in more than 90% of sampled isolates and virulence to Pm1a, Pm16, Pm17, and Pm25 was present in fewer than 10% of isolates. In each year, 71 to 88% of all sampled isolates possessed one of a few multilocus virulence phenotypes, although there were significant differences among locations in frequencies of virulence to individual Pm genes. Several significant associations were detected between alleles for avirulence to pairs of Pm genes. Genetic (phenotypic) distance between isolate subpopulations increased significantly (R 2 = 0.40, P < 0.001) with increasing geographic separation; possible explanations include different commercial deployment of Pm genes and restricted gene flow in the pathogen population. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-92-7-1074 VL - 92 IS - 7 SP - 1074-1082 SN - 0191-2917 KW - Blumeria graminis f. sp tritici KW - Triticum aestivum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transcriptome analysis reveals new insight into appressorium formation and function in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae AU - Oh, Yeonyee AU - Donofrio, Nicole AU - Pan, Huaqin AU - Coughlan, Sean AU - Brown, Douglas E. AU - Meng, Shaowu AU - Mitchell, Thomas AU - Dean, Ralph A. T2 - GENOME BIOLOGY AB - Rice blast disease is caused by the filamentous Ascomycetous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and results in significant annual rice yield losses worldwide. Infection by this and many other fungal plant pathogens requires the development of a specialized infection cell called an appressorium. The molecular processes regulating appressorium formation are incompletely understood.We analyzed genome-wide gene expression changes during spore germination and appressorium formation on a hydrophobic surface compared to induction by cAMP. During spore germination, 2,154 (approximately 21%) genes showed differential expression, with the majority being up-regulated. During appressorium formation, 357 genes were differentially expressed in response to both stimuli. These genes, which we refer to as appressorium consensus genes, were functionally grouped into Gene Ontology categories. Overall, we found a significant decrease in expression of genes involved in protein synthesis. Conversely, expression of genes associated with protein and amino acid degradation, lipid metabolism, secondary metabolism and cellular transportation exhibited a dramatic increase. We functionally characterized several differentially regulated genes, including a subtilisin protease (SPM1) and a NAD specific glutamate dehydrogenase (Mgd1), by targeted gene disruption. These studies revealed hitherto unknown findings that protein degradation and amino acid metabolism are essential for appressorium formation and subsequent infection.We present the first comprehensive genome-wide transcript profile study and functional analysis of infection structure formation by a fungal plant pathogen. Our data provide novel insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms that will directly benefit efforts to identify fungal pathogenicity factors and aid the development of new disease management strategies. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1186/gb-2008-9-5-r85 VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - SN - 1474-760X ER - TY - JOUR TI - The impact of herbivore-induced plant volatiles on parasitoid foraging success: A general deterministic model AU - Puente, Molly E. AU - Kennedy, George G. AU - Gould, Fred T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.1007/s10886-008-9471-x VL - 34 IS - 7 SP - 945-958 SN - 1573-1561 KW - herbivore-induced plant volatiles KW - tritrophic interactions KW - parasitoid behavior KW - deterministic model KW - signal utility KW - Heliothis virescens KW - Pieris rapae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Social management of LPS-induced inflammation in Formica polyctena ants AU - Aubert, A. AU - Richard, F. -J. T2 - BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY AB - Invertebrates, and especially insects, constitute valuable and convenient models for the study of the evolutionary roots of immune-related behaviors. With stable conditions in the nest, high population densities, and frequent interactions, social insects such as ants provide an excellent system for examining the spread of pathogens. The evolutionary success of these species raises questions about the behavioral responses of social insects to an infected nestmate. In this experiment, we tested the behavioral changes of the red wood ant Formica polyctena toward an immune-stimulated nestmate. We used bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharides, LPS) to active the innate immune system of individual worker ants without biasing our observation with possible cues or host-manipulation from a living pathogen. We show that LPS-induced immune activation in ants triggers behavioral changes in nestmates. Contrary to what would be expected, we did not find removal strategies (e.g. agonistic behaviors) or avoidance of the pathogenic source, but rather a balance between a limitation of pathogen dissemination (i.e. decreased trophallaxis and locomotion of the LPS-treated ant), and what could constitute the behavioral basis for a “social vaccination” (i.e. increased grooming). This supports the importance of social interactions in resistance to disease in social insects, and perhaps social animals in general. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.01.010 VL - 22 IS - 6 SP - 833-837 SN - 1090-2139 KW - lipopolysaccharides KW - innate immunity KW - social behavior KW - insects KW - ants ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationships between oleic and linoleic acid content and seed colonization by Cercospora kikuchii and Diaporthe phaseolorum AU - Xue, H. Q. AU - Upchurch, R. G. AU - Kwanyuen, P. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Compared with standard cultivars, seed of mid-oleic soybean genotypes sometimes have shown increased colonization by Cercospora kikuchii in the field as judged by increased levels of purple-stained seed. To examine relationships between oleic and linoleic acid levels in soybean seed and postharvest seed colonization by two fungal seed pathogens, we inoculated seed with differing oleic:linoleic acid (O/L) ratios. Seed with defined O/L ratios were produced by allowing seed development of two isogenic soybean lines to occur in three different air temperature environments. Seed produced in these environments were harvested, individually analyzed for fatty acid composition, and inoculated with mycelium preparations of the fungal seed pathogens C. kikuchii or Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae. Fungal biomass of infected seed was quantified by measuring in vitro ergosterol content. For both soybean lines, colonization by C. kikuchii was positively correlated with the O/L ratio (r = 0.55, P < 0.03) and oleic acid content (r = 0.61, P < 0.02), and negatively correlated with linoleic (r = –0.60, P < 0.02) and linolenic (r = –0.58, P < 0.03) acid content. No association was found between the extent of seed colonization by D. phaseolorum and the seed O/L ratio. Our data suggest that the O/L ratio may be related to soybean seed colonization by C. kikuchii, but there is no evidence of a relationship with D. phaseolorum var. sojae colonization. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-92-7-1038 VL - 92 IS - 7 SP - 1038-1042 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular evolution of PISTILLATA-like genes in the dogwood genus Cornus (Cornaceae) AU - Zhang, Wenheng AU - Xiang, Qiu-Yun AU - Thomas, David T. AU - Wiegmann, Brian M. AU - Frohlich, Michael W. AU - Soltis, Douglas E. T2 - MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION AB - The MADS-box gene family encodes critical regulators determining floral organ development. Understanding evolutionary patterns and processes of MADS-box genes is an important step toward unraveling the molecular basis of floral morphological evolution. In this study, we investigated the evolution of PI-like genes of the MADS-box family in the dogwood genus Cornus (Cornaceae). Cornus is a eudicot lineage in the asterids clade, and is intriguing in evolving petaloid bract morphology in two major lineages within the genus. The gene genealogy reconstructed using genomic DNA and cDNA sequences suggests multiple PI-like gene duplication events in Cornus. An ancient duplication event resulted in two ancient paralogs, CorPI-A and CorPI-B, which have highly diverged intron regions. Duplication of CorPI-A further resulted in two paralogs in one subgroup of Cornus, the BW group that does not produce modified bracts. Most species analyzed were found to contain more than one copy of the PI-like gene with most copies derived recently within species. Estimation and comparison of dN/dS ratios revealed relaxed selection in the PI-like gene in Cornus in comparison with the gene in the closely related outgroups Alangium and Davidia, and in other flowering plants. Selection also differed among major gene copies, CorPI-A and CorPI-B, and among different morphological subgroups of Cornus. Variation in selection pressures may indicate functional changes in PI-like genes after gene duplication and among different lineages. Strong positive selection at three amino acid sites of CorPI was also detected from a region critical for dimerization activity. Total substitution rates of the CorPI gene also differ among lineages of Cornus, showing a trend similar to that found in dN/dS ratios. We also found that the CorPI-A copy contains informative phylogenetic information when compared across species of Cornus. DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.12.022 VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - 175-195 SN - 1095-9513 KW - adaptive evolution KW - Cornus KW - gene duplication KW - MADS-box genes KW - PISTILLATA-like genes KW - regulatory gene evolution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular characterization of the major hemelipoglycoprotein in ixodid ticks AU - Donohue, K. V. AU - Khalil, S. M. S. AU - Mitchell, R. D. AU - Sonenshine, D. E. AU - Roe, R. Michael T2 - INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB - The major hemelipoglyco-carrier protein (CP) found throughout the development of male and female adult American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) was sequenced. DvCP is a single transcript coding for two protein subunits that together contain three motifs: (1) a lipoprotein n-terminal domain that is a common attribute of proteins that bind lipids, carbohydrates and metals; (2) a domain of unknown function characteristic of proteins with several large open beta sheets; and (3) a von Willebrand factor type D domain near the carboxy-terminus apparently important for multimerization. These motifs, which are also found in tick vitellogenin, are not shared by heme-binding proteins studied thus far in other hematophagous insects. DvCP message was highest in fat body and salivary gland but was also found in midgut and ovary tissue. Expression was initiated by blood feeding in virgin females and not by mating, as is typical of tick vitellogenin; and the message was found in fed males at levels similar to part fed, virgin females. CP appears to be highly conserved among the Ixodida. The closest match by BlastP to DvCP is vitellogenin from Caenorhabditis elegans (AAC04423), suggesting that CP is a novel protein. The role of CP in heme sequestration, the evolution of hematophagy and host complementation are discussed. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2008.00794.x VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - 197-208 SN - 1365-2583 KW - heme KW - lipoprotein KW - hematophagy KW - blood feeding KW - Ixodidae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of herbivore-induced plant volatiles on parasitoid foraging success: A spatial simulation of the Cotesia rubecula, pieris rapae, and Brassica oleracea system AU - Puente, Molly AU - Magori, Krisztian AU - Kennedy, George G. AU - Gould, Fred T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.1007/s10886-008-9472-9 VL - 34 IS - 7 SP - 959-970 SN - 1573-1561 KW - tritrophic interactions KW - herbivore-induced plant volatiles KW - parasitoid behavior KW - signal utility KW - spatial simulation model ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of bacteria and bacteria-associated chemical cues that mediate oviposition site preferences by Aedes aegypti AU - Ponnusamy, L. AU - Xu, N. AU - Nojima, S. AU - Wesson, D. M. AU - Schal, C. AU - Apperson, C. S. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti , the global vector of dengue and yellow fever, is inexorably linked to water-filled human-made containers for egg laying and production of progeny. Oviposition is stimulated by cues from water containers, but the nature and origin of these cues have not been elucidated. We showed that mosquito females directed most of their eggs to bamboo and white-oak leaf infusions, and only a small fraction of the eggs were laid in plain water containers. In binary choice assays, we demonstrated that microorganisms in leaf infusions produced oviposition-stimulating kairomones, and using a combination of bacterial culturing approaches, bioassay-guided fractionation of bacterial extracts, and chemical analyses, we now demonstrate that specific bacteria-associated carboxylic acids and methyl esters serve as potent oviposition stimulants for gravid Ae. aegypti . Elucidation of these compounds will improve understanding of the chemical basis of egg laying behavior of Ae. aegypti , and the kairomones will likely enhance the efficacy of surveillance and control programs for this disease vector of substantial global public health importance. DA - 2008/7/7/ PY - 2008/7/7/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.0802505105 VL - 105 IS - 27 SP - 9262-9267 J2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences LA - en OP - SN - 0027-8424 1091-6490 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0802505105 DB - Crossref KW - kairomone KW - semiochemical KW - mosquito KW - egg-laying KW - dengue vector control ER - TY - JOUR TI - Frequency of sexual recombination by Mycosphaerella graminicold in mild and severe epidemics AU - Cowger, C. AU - Brunner, P. C. AU - Mundt, C. C. T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - The importance of sexual recombination in determining fungal population structure cannot be inferred solely from the relative abundance of sexual and asexual spores and reproductive structures. To complement a previously reported study of proportions of Mycosphaerella graminicola ascocarps and pycnidia, we investigated the share of sexual recombinants among isolates randomly derived from the same field at the same time. Early in three successive growing seasons (those ending in 1998, 1999, and 2000), field plots of the susceptible winter wheat cultivar Stephens were inoculated with suspensions of two M. graminicola isolates that each had rare alleles at restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci. Near harvest time, leaves were randomly sampled from the same plots, and a population of over 100 monopycnidial isolates was created for each year of the experiment. Natural populations were also sampled from noninoculated plots in the 1999 and 2000 seasons, in order to compare allele frequencies. Based on RFLP haplotypes and DNA fingerprints, isolates from the inoculated plots were categorized by both inspection and Bayesian methods as inoculant clones, recombinants, or immigrants. Inoculation in the 2000 season was delayed, and the recovery rate of inoculant types was just 1 to 2%. In 1998, a high-disease year, and 1999, a low-disease year, inoculants comprised 36 and 22 to 23% of end-of-season samples, respectively. In those 2 years, recombinants as a percentage of inoculant descendants (both sexual and asexual) were 35 and 32%, respectively. By comparison, the study of fruiting bodies had found 93 and 32% of M. graminicola fruiting bodies were ascocarps in 1998 and 1999, respectively. These findings support the hypothesis that sexual recombination makes a relatively consistent contribution to M. graminicola population structure, despite differences in epidemic severity and ascocarp proportions. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO-98-7-0752 VL - 98 IS - 7 SP - 752-759 SN - 0031-949X KW - mark-release-recapture KW - Septoria tritici KW - Septoria tritici blotch KW - Triticum aestivum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Altered patterns of gene duplication and differential gene gain and loss in fungal pathogens AU - Powell, Amy J. AU - Conant, Gavin C. AU - Brown, Douglas E. AU - Carbone, Ignazio AU - Dean, Ralph A. T2 - BMC GENOMICS AB - Duplication, followed by fixation or random loss of novel genes, contributes to genome evolution. Particular outcomes of duplication events are possibly associated with pathogenic life histories in fungi. To date, differential gene gain and loss have not been studied at genomic scales in fungal pathogens, despite this phenomenon's known importance in virulence in bacteria and viruses.To determine if patterns of gene duplication differed between pathogens and non-pathogens, we identified gene families across nine euascomycete and two basidiomycete species. Gene family size distributions were fit to power laws to compare gene duplication trends in pathogens versus non-pathogens. Fungal phytopathogens showed globally altered patterns of gene duplication, as indicated by differences in gene family size distribution. We also identified sixteen examples of gene family expansion and five instances of gene family contraction in pathogenic lineages. Expanded gene families included those predicted to be important in melanin biosynthesis, host cell wall degradation and transport functions. Contracted families included those encoding genes involved in toxin production, genes with oxidoreductase activity, as well as subunits of the vacuolar ATPase complex. Surveys of the functional distribution of gene duplicates indicated that pathogens show enrichment for gene duplicates associated with receptor and hydrolase activities, while euascomycete pathogens appeared to have not only these differences, but also significantly more duplicates associated with regulatory and carbohydrate binding functions.Differences in the overall levels of gene duplication in phytopathogenic species versus non-pathogenic relatives implicate gene inventory flux as an important virulence-associated process in fungi. We hypothesize that the observed patterns of gene duplicate enrichment, gene family expansion and contraction reflect adaptation within pathogenic life histories. These adaptations were likely shaped by ancient, as well as contemporary, intimate associations with monocot hosts. DA - 2008/3/28/ PY - 2008/3/28/ DO - 10.1186/1471-2164-9-147 VL - 9 SP - SN - 1471-2164 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alobevania, a new genus of neotropical ensign wasps (Hymenoptera : Evaniidae), with three new species: integrating taxonomy with the World Wide Web AU - Deans, A. R. AU - Kawada, R. T2 - Zootaxa DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// IS - 1787 SP - 28-44 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A versatile assay for the identification of RNA silencing suppressors based on complementation of viral movement AU - Powers, Jason G. AU - Sit, Tim L. AU - Qu, Feng AU - Morris, T. Jack AU - Kim, Kook-Hyung AU - Lommel, Steven A. T2 - MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS AB - The cell-to-cell movement of Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) in Nicotiana benthamiana requires the presence of its coat protein (CP), a known suppressor of RNA silencing. RNA transcripts of a TCV construct containing a reporter gene (green fluorescent protein) (TCV-sGFP) in place of the CP open reading frame generated foci of three to five cells. TCV CP delivered in trans by Agrobacterium tumefaciens infiltration potentiated movement of TCV-sGFP and increased foci diameter, on average, by a factor of four. Deletion of the TCV movement proteins in TCV-sGFP (construct TCVDelta92-sGFP) abolished the movement complementation ability of TCV CP. Other known suppressors of RNA silencing from a wide spectrum of viruses also complemented the movement of TCV-sGFP when delivered in trans by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. These include suppressors from nonplant viruses with no known plant movement function, demonstrating that this assay is based solely on RNA silencing suppression. While the TCV-sGFP construct is primarily used as an infectious RNA transcript, it was also subcloned for direct expression from Agrobacterium tumefaciens for simple quantification of suppressor activity based on fluorescence levels in whole leaves. Thus, this system provides the flexibility to assay for suppressor activity in either the cytoplasm or nucleus, depending on the construct employed. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.1094/MPMI-21-7-0879 VL - 21 IS - 7 SP - 879-890 SN - 1943-7706 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-47549110190&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - IVIS lumina KW - p8 KW - p9 KW - pPZP212 KW - VSR ER - TY - JOUR TI - Blattella asahinai (Dictyoptera : Blattellidae): A new predator of lepidopteran eggs in South Texas soybean AU - Pfannenstiel, Robert S. AU - Booth, Warren AU - Vargo, Edward L. AU - Schal, Coby T2 - ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.1603/0013-8746(2008)101[763:BADBAN]2.0.CO;2 VL - 101 IS - 4 SP - 763-768 SN - 0013-8746 KW - range extension KW - cuticular hydrocarbons KW - COII gene ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptation of an apple sooty blotch and flyspeck warning system for the Upper Midwest United States AU - Duttweiler, K. B. AU - Gleason, M. L. AU - Dixon, P. M. AU - Sutton, T. B. AU - McManus, P. S. AU - Monteiro, J. E. B. A. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - A warning system for sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) of apple, developed in the southeastern United States, uses cumulative hours of leaf wetness duration (LWD) to predict the timing of the first appearance of signs. In the Upper Midwest United States, however, this warning system has resulted in sporadic disease control failures. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the warning system's algorithm could be modified to provide more reliable assessment of SBFS risk. Hourly LWD, rainfall, relative humidity (RH), and temperature data were collected from orchards in Iowa, North Carolina, and Wisconsin in 2005 and 2006. Timing of the first appearance of SBFS signs was determined by weekly scouting. Preliminary analysis using scatterplots and boxplots suggested that cumulative hours of RH ≥ 97% could be a useful predictor of SBFS appearance. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to compare the predictive performance of cumulative LWD and cumulative hours of RH ≥ 97%. Cumulative hours of RH ≥ 97% was a more conservative and accurate predictor than cumulative LWD for 15 site years in the Upper Midwest, but not for four site years in North Carolina. Performance of the SBFS warning system in the Upper Midwest and climatically similar regions may be improved if cumulative hours of RH ≥ 97% were substituted for cumulative LWD to predict the first appearance of SBFS. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-92-8-1215 VL - 92 IS - 8 SP - 1215-1222 SN - 1943-7692 KW - disease forecasting KW - microclimate KW - ROC analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantification of urinary aflatoxin B-1 dialdehyde metabolites formed by aflatoxin aldehyde reductase using isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry AU - Johnson, Denise N. AU - Egner, Patricia A. AU - OBrian, Greg AU - Glassbrook, Norman AU - Roebuck, Bill D. AU - Sutter, Thomas R. AU - Payne, Gary A. AU - Kensler, Thomas W. AU - Groopman, John D. T2 - CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY AB - The aflatoxin B 1 aldehyde reductases (AFARs), inducible members of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily, convert aflatoxin B 1 dialdehyde derived from the exo- and endo-8,9-epoxides into a number of reduced alcohol products that might be less capable of forming covalent adducts with proteins. An isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of the metabolites, C-8 monoalcohol, dialcohol, and C-6a monoalcohol, was developed to ascertain their possible role as urinary biomarkers for application to chemoprevention investigations. This method uses a novel (13)C 17-aflatoxin B 1 dialcohol internal standard, synthesized from (13)C 17-aflatoxin B 1 biologically produced by Aspergillus flavus. Chromatographic standards of the alcohols were generated through sodium borohydride reduction of the aflatoxin B 1 dialdehyde. This method was then explored for sensitivity and specificity in urine samples of aflatoxin B 1-dosed rats that were pretreated with 3 H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione to induce the expression of AKR7A1, a rat isoform of AFAR. One of the two known monoalcohols and the dialcohol metabolite were detected in all urine samples. The concentrations were 203.5 +/- 39.0 ng of monoalcohol C-6a/mg of urinary creatinine and 10.0 +/- 1.0 ng of dialcohol/mg of creatinine (mean +/- standard error). These levels represented about 8.0 and 0.4% of the administered aflatoxin B 1 dose that was found in the urine at 24 h, respectively. Thus, this highly sensitive and specific isotope dilution method is applicable to in vivo quantification of urinary alcohol products produced by AFAR. Heretofore, the metabolic fate of the 8,9-epoxides that are critical for aflatoxin toxicities has been measured by biomarkers of lysine-albumin adducts, hepatic and urinary DNA adducts, and urinary mercapturic acids. This urinary detection of the alcohol products directly contributes to the goal of mass balancing the fate of the bioreactive 8,9-epoxides of AFB 1 in vivo. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1021/tx700397n VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 752-760 SN - 0893-228X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaniella californica (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera : Evaniidae): A range extension and the first record of an evaniid in Oregon AU - Smith, D. R. AU - Deans, A. R. T2 - Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 110 IS - 2 SP - 521-522 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of application timing and efficacy of the fungicides fluazinam. and boscalid for control of Sclerotinia blight of peanut AU - Smith, D. L. AU - Garrison, M. C. AU - Hollowell, J. E. AU - Isleib, T. G. AU - Shew, B. B. T2 - CROP PROTECTION AB - Sclerotinia blight of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is caused by the soilborne fungus Sclerotinia minor. Management of Sclerotinia blight of peanut requires an integrated approach that includes rotation with non-hosts, resistant cultivars, cultural practices, and fungicides. Greenhouse experiments compared fluazinam and boscalid and investigated pre- and post-inoculation applications of fungicide or no fungicide to control infections by S. minor. Significant reductions in successful infections in the greenhouse occurred when fungicide was applied prior to, or up to 2 d after, inoculation, but not when applied 4 d after inoculation. Field experiments were conducted from 2004 to 2006 to investigate the comparative efficacy of the fungicides fluazinam and boscalid using alternating sequences of those fungicides or no fungicide for each of three sprays per season. In the field, applications of fungicide that preceded the largest incremental increase in disease incidence provided the best control of disease or increased yield. In both the field and greenhouse studies boscalid performed marginally better than fluazinam. Disease advisories or intensive scouting should be used to determine when epidemics initiate so that a fungicide can be applied prior to infection. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1016/j.cropro.2007.11.010 VL - 27 IS - 3-5 SP - 823-833 SN - 0261-2194 KW - Sclerotinia minor KW - Sclerotinia blight KW - peanut KW - fungicide groundnut KW - logistic regression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diverse inhibitors of aflatoxin biosynthesis AU - Holmes, Robert A. AU - Boston, Rebecca S. AU - Payne, Gary A. T2 - APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1007/s00253-008-1362-0 VL - 78 IS - 4 SP - 559-572 SN - 1432-0614 KW - aspergillus KW - secondary metabolism KW - oxidative stress KW - host resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climatological potential for Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) establishment in the United States AU - Nietschke, Brett S. AU - Borchert, Daniel M. AU - Magarey, Roger D. AU - Ciomperlik, Matthew A. T2 - FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST AB - Scirtothrips dorsalis is a serious exotic pest that has recently become established in the continental United States. It is of major concern to regulatory agencies because it has a wide host range and high reproductive potential. A weather-based mapping tool, NAPPFAST, was used to predict potential establishment of S. dorsalis in North America. The analysis was based on a degree-day model and cold temperature survival of S. dorsalis. The results demonstrated that S. dorsalis could potentially produce up to 18 generations and was likely to survive in the southern and western coastal plains of the United States. It is concluded that S. dorsalis is likely to be a serious economic pest in the southern United States. Additional maps and information are available at the web site (http//www.nappfast.org). DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1653/0015-4040(2008)091[0079:CPFSDT]2.0.CO;2 VL - 91 IS - 1 SP - 79-86 SN - 1938-5102 KW - exotic species KW - insect development KW - temperature KW - risk mapping KW - Scirtothrips dorsalis ER - TY - JOUR TI - A foliar blight and tuber rot of potato caused by Phytophthora nicotianae: New occurrences and characterization of isolates AU - Taylor, Raymond J. AU - Pasche, Julie S. AU - Gallup, Courtney A. AU - Shew, H. David AU - Gudmestad, Neil C. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Phytophthora spp. are pathogenic to many plant species worldwide, and late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, and pink rot, caused by P. erythroseptica, are two important diseases of potato. Another Phytophthora sp., P. nicotianae, was recovered from pink-rot-symptomatic tubers collected from commercial fields in Nebraska, Florida, and Missouri in 2005, 2006, and 2007, respectively. P. nicotianae also was recovered from foliage obtained from commercial potato fields in Nebraska and Texas exhibiting symptoms very similar to those of late blight. Isolates of P. cactorum also were recovered from foliar infections in a commercial potato field in Minnesota in 2005. Natural infection of potato foliage by P. cactorum and infection of wounded potato tuber tissue via inoculation with zoospores of P. capsici are reported here for the first time. Isolates of P. nicotianae, regardless of origin, were primarily of the A1 mating type. All isolates of P. nicotianae and P. cactorum were sensitive to the fungicide mefenoxam. Optimum growth of P. nicotianae, P. erythroseptica, and P. cactorum in vitro occurred at 25°C; however, only P. nicotianae sustained growth at 35°C. Regardless of the tissue of origin, all isolates of P. nicotianae and P. cactorum were capable of infecting potato tubers and leaves. However, isolates of P. nicotianae were less aggressive than P. erythroseptica isolates only when tubers were not wounded prior to inoculation. Pink rot incidence varied significantly among potato cultivars following inoculation of nonwounded tubers with zoospores of P. nicotianae, ranging from 51% in Red Norland to 19% in Atlantic. Phytophthora spp. also differed significantly in their ability to infect potato leaves. Highest infection frequencies were obtained with P. infestans and levels of infection varied significantly among P. nicotianae isolates. The rate of foliar lesion expansion was similar among isolates of P. nicotianae and P. infestans. Whereas P. infestans infections yielded profuse sporulation, no sporulation was observed with foliar infections of P. nicotianae. DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1094/pdis-92-4-0492 VL - 92 IS - 4 SP - 492-503 SN - 0191-2917 KW - Solanum tuberosum KW - water rot ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unique transcription start sites and distinct promoter regions differentiate the pregnane X receptor (PXR) isoforms PXR 1 and PXR 2 AU - Tompkins, Leslie M. AU - Sit, Tim L. AU - Wallace, Andrew D. T2 - DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION AB - The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is known as the xenosensing receptor responsible for coordinated regulation of metabolic genes in response to diverse xenobiotic challenges. In particular, the ability of the PXR to regulate CYP3A4, the enzyme capable of metabolizing more than 60% of all pharmaceuticals, defines its metabolic importance. Currently the list of PXR ligands and target genes is extensive, yet investigations into the regulation and expression of PXRs are few. After an initial review of available sequence data, we discovered discrepancies in the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) and transcriptional start site (TSS) characterizations of the human PXR gene and subsequently endeavored to define TSSs and proximal promoters for isoforms PXR 1 and PXR 2. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and primer extension experiments performed on RNA from human liver identified two TSSs for each receptor isoform. These results extended the 5′UTR sequence of each isoform and defined new proximal promoters for both. Candidate response elements for liver-enriched transcription factors and other receptors were found in both proximal promoters. Quantitative PCR from human liver illustrated a highly variable expression profile for total PXRs; yet PXR 2 expression represented a consistent 2 to 5% of total PXR expression, despite the observed variability. Transfection experiments demonstrated that PXR 1 and PXR 2 had comparable abilities to transcriptionally activate the CYP3A4 promoter. Collectively, comparable function, consistent expression, and independent regulation suggest that PXR 2 is capable of contributing to the cumulative function of PXRs and should be included in the larger investigations of PXR expression and regulation. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1124/dmd.107.018317 VL - 36 IS - 5 SP - 923-929 SN - 1521-009X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-42449091555&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intraspecific aggression and colony fusion in the Argentine ant AU - Vasquez, Gissella M. AU - Silverman, Jules T2 - ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR AB - Unicolonial ants possess an unusual social system characterized by the absence of internest aggression resulting in expansive networks where individuals move freely among distant nests. The Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr), can form geographically vast and numerically large unicolonial populations, or supercolonies, a trait that has been linked to its ecological success in the introduced range, and is one of the few invasive ants in which native and introduced populations have been examined to elucidate the origins and maintenance of unicoloniality. Supercolony formation may result from mixing of genetically homogenous and nonaggressive colonies, or initially aggressive colonies harbouring the most common recognition alleles. In this study, we examined interactions between mutually aggressive L. humile colonies in the absence of barriers limiting intercolony encounters to determine whether aggressive interactions result in either colony elimination or fusion into new nonaggressive colonies. By pairing experimental laboratory and field colonies displaying varying levels of intraspecific aggression, we determined that pairs that did not fuse had higher numbers of workers fighting and killed than colony pairs that fused and that genetic and cuticular hydrocarbon similarity between colony pairs was correlated with both levels of intraspecific aggression and colony fusion. We suggest that selective fusion of initially aggressive colonies sharing certain recognition cues may be a proximate mechanism shaping L. humile social structure, leading ultimately to extreme unicoloniality in introduced populations when ecological conditions are favourable. DA - 2008/2// PY - 2008/2// DO - 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.06.019 VL - 75 SP - 583-593 SN - 1095-8282 KW - aggression KW - Argentine ant KW - colony fusion KW - cuticular hydrocarbons KW - genetic similarity KW - invasive species KW - Linepithema humile (Mayr) KW - nestmate recognition KW - unicoloniality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of corn hybrids expressing Cry1F (Herculex (R) I insect protection) against fall armyworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) in the southern United States AU - Siebert, Melissa Willrich AU - Tindal, Kelly V. AU - Leonard, B. Rogers AU - Van Duyn, John W. AU - Babcock, Jonathan M. T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - Efficacy of two insect-resistant corn hybrids expressing the Cry1 F insecticidal crystal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai Berliner (transformation event TC1507) was evaluated against fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), in three southern U.S. locations. Larval susceptibility was evaluated on CrylF and nonBt field corn, Zea mays L., plants (V3–V12 and R1–R2 stages) in field plots and laboratory studies. Leaf-feeding injury was significantly less and plant height was significantly greater for hybrids containing Cry1 F as compared with nonBt corn hybrids when exposed to natural or artificial fall armyworm infestations. In addition, larval mortality was significantly greater on CrylF corn hybrids compared with that on nonBt hybrids. These results demonstrate that corn hybrids containing CrylF represent an effective plant incorporated insecticidal protein management option for fall armyworm. In environments where fall armyworm may exceed damage thresholds and have to be carefully managed with foliar sprays, utilization of CrylF corn hybrids will allow growers flexibility in planting and an efficient means for managing infestations. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-43.1.41 VL - 43 IS - 1 SP - 41-51 SN - 0749-8004 KW - Cry1F KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - var. aizawai KW - transgenic corn KW - Spodoptera frugiperda KW - TC1507 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of vegetated field borders on arthropods in cotton fields in eastern North Carolina AU - Outward, R. AU - Sorenson, C. E. AU - Bradley, J. R. T2 - Journal of Insect Science (Ludhiana, India) AB - The influence, if any, of 5m wide, feral, herbaceous field borders on pest and beneficial arthropods in commercial cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.) (Malvales: Malvaceae), fields was measured through a variety of sampling techniques over three years. In each year, 5 fields with managed, feral vegetation borders and five fields without such borders were examined. Sampling was stratified from the field border or edge in each field in an attempt to elucidate any edge effects that might have occurred. Early season thrips populations appeared to be unaffected by the presence of a border. Pitfall sampling disclosed no differences in ground-dwelling predaceous arthropods but did detect increased populations of crickets around fields with borders. Cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations were too low during the study to adequately assess border effects. Heliothines, Heliothis virescens (F.) and Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), egg numbers and damage rates were largely unaffected by the presence or absence of a border, although in one instance egg numbers were significantly lower in fields with borders. Overall, foliage-dwelling predaceous arthropods were somewhat more abundant in fields with borders than in fields without borders. Tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Heteroptera: Miridae) were significantly more abundant in fields with borders, but stink bugs, Acrosternum hilare (Say), and Euschistus servus (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) numbers appeared to be largely unaffected by border treatment. Few taxa clearly exhibited distributional edge effects relative to the presence or absence of border vegetation. Field borders like those examined in this study likely will have little impact on insect pest management in cotton under current insect management regimens. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1673/031.008.0901 VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A technique to monitor insect behavior utilizing infrared emitters and detectors AU - Thompson, Sarah R. AU - Brandenburg, Rick L. AU - Roberson, Gary T. AU - Lineberger, Barry T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-43.1.143 VL - 43 IS - 1 SP - 143-152 SN - 0749-8004 KW - behavior KW - detector KW - emitter KW - infrared KW - LabVIEW (TM) software KW - mole cricket KW - photosensor ER - TY - JOUR TI - A simple, convenient, and efficient preparative GC system that uses a short megabore capillary column as a trap AU - Nojima, Satoshi AU - Apperson, Charles S. AU - Schal, Coby T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1007/s10886-008-9437-z VL - 34 IS - 3 SP - 418-428 SN - 0098-0331 KW - preparative GC KW - megabore capillary column KW - open tubular trap KW - semiochemicals KW - fractionation KW - isolation KW - purification KW - NMR KW - sample preparation ER - TY - BOOK TI - Pioneering women in plant pathology DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// PB - St. Paul, Minn.: APS Press SN - 0890543593 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Novel sources of resistance to Fusarium stalk rot of maize in tropical Africa AU - Afolabi, C. G. AU - Ojiambo, P. S. AU - Ekpo, E. J. A. AU - Menkir, A. AU - Bandyopadhyay, R. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Fusarium stalk rot is one of the most widespread and destructive diseases of maize, and deployment of resistant genotypes is one of the most effective strategies for controlling the disease. Fifty inbred lines and four checks from the breeding program of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture were evaluated in field trials at Ikenne and Ibadan, Nigeria in 2003 and 2004 to identify new sources of resistance to stalk rot caused by Fusarium verticillioides. Evaluations were conducted under artificial inoculation and natural infection at Ibadan and Ikenne, respectively. Disease severity was recorded using a severity scale (SS) and direct estimation of stalk discoloration (SD). The two methods of disease assessment were compared and combined to classify genotypes into resistance groups using results from rank-sum analysis. In 2003, disease severity ranged from SS = 1 to 5 and SD = 1.3 to 33.8% at both locations. Both SS and SD were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in 2003 than in 2004 at the two locations. In both years, inbred lines significantly differed in SS (P < 0.02) and SD (P < 0.04) at Ibadan. Similarly, inbred lines significantly differed in SS (P < 0.04) and SD (P < 0.04) when genotypes were evaluated at Ikenne. Disease assessments based on SS and SD were significantly correlated (0.68 < r < 0.95, P < 0.01) in both years. Based on the results from rank-sum analysis, inbred lines were separated into highly resistant, resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible, susceptible, and highly susceptible groups. At Ibadan, 6 (11.1%) and 8 (14.8%) were identified as highly resistant and resistant, respectively, whereas 11 (20.4%) were identified as resistant at Ikenne. Inbred lines 02C14609, 02C14643, 02C14654, and 02C14678 were consistently classified as either highly resistant or resistant to stalk rot across locations and years while the check genotypes were classified either as susceptible or moderately susceptible to stalk rot. These four inbred lines identified to have high levels of disease resistance may be used for breeding maize with resistance to Fusarium stalk rot. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-92-5-0772 VL - 92 IS - 5 SP - 772-780 SN - 1943-7692 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-44349103720&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of cuticular lipids eliciting interspecific courtship in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica AU - Eliyahu, Dorit AU - Nojima, Satoshi AU - Capracotta, Sonja S. AU - Comins, Daniel L. AU - Schal, Coby T2 - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1007/s00114-007-0339-7 VL - 95 IS - 5 SP - 403-412 SN - 1432-1904 KW - Blatta orientalis KW - contact pheromone KW - methyl ketone KW - 11-methylheptacosan-2-one KW - 27-oxo-11-methylheptacosan-2-one ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seed odor mediates an obligate ant-plant mutualism in Amazonian rainforests AU - Youngsteadt, E. AU - Nojima, S. AU - Haberlein, C. AU - Schulz, S. AU - Schal, C. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - Seed dispersal mutualisms are essential for the survival of diverse plant species and communities worldwide. Among invertebrates, only ants have a major role in seed dispersal, and thousands of plant species produce seeds specialized for ant dispersal in "diffuse" multispecies interactions. An outstanding but poorly understood ant-seed mutualism occurs in the Amazonian rainforest, where arboreal ants collect seeds of several epiphyte species and cultivate them in nutrient-rich nests, forming abundant and conspicuous hanging gardens known as ant-gardens (AGs). AG ants and plants are dominant members of lowland Amazonian ecosystems, and their interaction is both specific and obligate, but the means by which ants locate, recognize, and accept their mutualist seeds while rejecting other seeds is unknown. Here we address the chemical and behavioral basis of the AG interaction. We show that workers of the AG ant Camponotus femoratus are attracted to odorants emanating from seeds of the AG plant Peperomia macrostachya, and that chemical cues also elicit seed-carrying behavior. We identify five compounds from P. macrostachya seeds that, as a blend, attract C. femoratus workers. This report of attractive odorants from ant-dispersed seeds illustrates the intimacy and complexity of the AG mutualism and begins to illuminate the chemical basis of this important and enigmatic interaction. DA - 2008/1/22/ PY - 2008/1/22/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.0708643105 VL - 105 IS - 12 SP - 4571-4575 J2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences LA - en OP - SN - 0027-8424 1091-6490 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708643105 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Overwintering of Sclerotium rolfsii and S-rolfsii var. delphinii in different latitudes of the United States AU - Xu, Z. AU - Gleason, M. L. AU - Mueller, D. S. AU - Esker, P. D. AU - Bradley, C. A. AU - Buck, J. W. AU - Benson, D. M. AU - Dixon, P. M. AU - Monteiro, J. E. B. A. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Previously known only from the southern United States, hosta petiole rot recently appeared in the northern United States. Sclerotium rolfsii var. delphinii is believed to be the predominant petiole rot pathogen in the northern United States, whereas S. rolfsii is most prevalent in the southern United States. In order to test the hypothesis that different tolerance to climate extremes affects the geographic distribution of these fungi, the survival of S. rolfsii and S. rolfsii var. delphinii in the northern and southeastern United States was investigated. At each of four locations, nylon screen bags containing sclerotia were placed on the surface of bare soil and at 20-cm depth. Sclerotia were recovered six times from November 2005 to July 2006 in North Dakota and Iowa, and from December 2005 to August 2006 in North Carolina and Georgia. Survival was estimated by quantifying percentage of sclerotium survival on carrot agar. Sclerotia of S. rolfsii var. delphinii survived until at least late July in all four states. In contrast, no S. rolfsii sclerotia survived until June in North Dakota or Iowa, whereas 18.5% survived until August in North Carolina and 10.3% survived in Georgia. The results suggest that inability to tolerate low temperature extremes limits the northern range of S. rolfsii. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-92-5-0719 VL - 92 IS - 5 SP - 719-724 SN - 0191-2917 KW - Hosta spp. KW - ornamental crops ER - TY - JOUR TI - Homofarnesals: Female sex attractant pheromone components of the southern cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus chinensis AU - Shimomura, Kenji AU - Nojima, Satoshi AU - Yajima, Shunsuke AU - Ohsawa, Kanju T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1007/s10886-008-9451-1 VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 467-477 SN - 1573-1561 KW - Bruchidae KW - Callosobruchus chinensis KW - (2Z,6E)- and (2E,6E)-7-Ethyl-3 KW - 11-dimethyl-2 KW - 6,10-dodecatrienal KW - GC-EAD KW - homofarnesal KW - seed beetle KW - sex attractant pheromone KW - southern cowpea weevil ER - TY - JOUR TI - Factors affecting the infection of fruit of Vitis vinifera by the bitter rot pathogen Greeneria uvicola AU - Longland, J. M. AU - Sutton, T. B. T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - Bitter rot, caused by the fungus Greeneria uvicola, is one of the most important fruit rot diseases that threaten the burgeoning winegrape (Vitis vinifera) industry in the southeastern United States. Epidemiological studies were conducted to examine the period of fruit susceptibility of V. vinifera to G. uvicola, influence of temperature and duration of wetness on infection, and relative susceptibility of cultivars to bitter rot. In field studies, susceptibility of Merlot, Chardonnay, and Cabernet Franc fruit increased from bloom until véraison in 2003 and from bloom until 2 weeks before véraison in 2004. When detached V. vinifera fruit were inoculated and incubated at 14, 22, 26, and 30°C for 6, 12, 18 or 24 h of wetness, 22.4 to 24.6°C and 6 or 12 h of wetness were the optimal conditions for infection of fruit by G. uvicola. The relative susceptibility of 38 cultivars and selections, including 23 V. vinifera cultivars and five French-American hybrids, was determined in a detached fruit inoculation assay. A wide range in susceptibility was observed among the cultivars and selections. Fruit of cultivars of V. vinifera were significantly more susceptible than French-American hybrids. Isolates of G. uvicola differed in aggressiveness when tested on cv. Chardonnay. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO-98-5-0580 VL - 98 IS - 5 SP - 580-584 SN - 1943-7684 KW - grapes KW - Melanconium fuligineum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cuticular hydrocarbons as queen adoption cues in the invasive Argentine ant AU - Vasquez, Gissella M. AU - Schal, Coby AU - Silverman, Jules T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AB - In social insects, individuals typically recognize and behave aggressively towards alien conspecifics, thereby maintaining colony integrity. This is presumably achieved via a nestmate recognition system in which cuticular compounds, usually cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC), of genetic and/or environmental origin serve as recognition cues. Most invasive populations of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr), display minimal nestmate-non-nestmate discrimination, resulting in low levels of intraspecific aggression allowing free movement of workers and queens among nests. However, invasive L. humile in the southeastern United States show relatively high levels of intraspecific aggression, and selectively adopt non-nestmate queens. Using behavioral assays and gas chromatography, we found an association between non-nestmate queen adoption and similarity of the CHC profiles of adopted and host colony queens. Also, nestmate and non-nestmate queen CHC profiles became more similar after adoption by queenless colonies. Furthermore, queens treated with non-nestmate queen CHC had distinct CHC profiles and were generally attacked by nestmate workers. We suggest that in L. humile, CHC are used as queen recognition cues, and that queen recognition errors are more likely to occur when the CHC profiles of non-nestmate and host colony queens are similar. Our findings provide further evidence for the complex and dynamic nature of L. humile nestmate discrimination, which may in part underlie the success of introduced populations of this invasive ant. DA - 2008/4/15/ PY - 2008/4/15/ DO - 10.1242/jeb.017301 VL - 211 IS - 8 SP - 1249-1256 SN - 1477-9145 KW - Argentine ant KW - Linepithema humile KW - nestmate recognition KW - cuticular hydrocarbons KW - intraspecific aggression KW - non-nestmate queen adoption ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential of an alkaline-stabilized biosolid to manage nematodes: Case studies on soybean cyst and root-knot nematodes AU - Zasada, Inga A. AU - Avendano, Felicitas AU - Li, Yuncong C. AU - Logan, Terry AU - Melakeberhan, Haddish AU - Koenning, Stephen R. AU - Tylka, Greg L. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - HomePlant DiseaseVol. 92, No. 1Potential of an Alkaline-Stabilized Biosolid to Manage Nematodes: Case Studies on Soybean Cyst and Root-Knot Nematodes PreviousNext Potential of an Alkaline-Stabilized Biosolid to Manage Nematodes: Case Studies on Soybean Cyst and Root-Knot NematodesInga A. Zasada, Felicitas Avendano, Yuncong C. Li, Terry Logan, Haddish Melakeberhan, Stephen R. Koenning, and Greg L. TylkaInga A. ZasadaCorresponding author: Inga A. Zasada E-mail: E-mail Address: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author, Felicitas AvendanoSearch for more papers by this author, Yuncong C. LiSearch for more papers by this author, Terry LoganSearch for more papers by this author, Haddish MelakeberhanSearch for more papers by this author, Stephen R. KoenningSearch for more papers by this author, and Greg L. TylkaSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations Inga A. Zasada , USDA-ARS Nematology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD Felicitas Avendano , Iowa State University, Ames, IA Yuncong C. Li , University of Florida Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead, FL Terry Logan , Logan Environmental Inc., Beaufort, SC Haddish Melakeberhan , Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI Stephen R. Koenning , North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC Greg L. Tylka , Iowa State University, Ames, IA Published Online:11 Dec 2007https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-1-0004AboutSectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 92, No. 1 January 2008SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 11 Dec 2007Published: 11 Dec 2007 Pages: 4-13 InformationThe American Phytopathological Society, 2008PDF downloadCited byThe Short-Term Effects of Amendments on Nematode Communities and Diversity Patterns under the Cultivation of Miscanthus × giganteus on Marginal Land29 August 2022 | Agronomy, Vol. 12, No. 9Nematodes as Ghosts of Land Use Past: Elucidating the Roles of Soil Nematode Community Studies as Indicators of Soil Health and Land Management Practices17 January 2022 | Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 194, No. 5Effect of Soil Treatments and Amendments on the Nematode Community under Miscanthus Growing in a Lead Contaminated Military Site6 November 2020 | Agronomy, Vol. 10, No. 11Growth and Metal Uptake of Lettuce [ lactuca Sativa L] on Soil Amended with Biosolids and Gypsum5 August 2019 | Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, Vol. 50, No. 16Growth and metal uptake of edamame [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] on soil amended with biosolids and gypsum9 November 2018 | Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, Vol. 49, No. 22Effects of plant and animal waste-based compost amendments on the soil food web, soil properties, and yield and quality of fresh market and processing carrot cultivarsNematology, Vol. 20, No. 2Effects of agronomic practices on the timeline of Heterodera glycines establishment in a new locationNematology, Vol. 17, No. 6Effects of long-term organic amendments and soil sanitation on weed and nematode populations in pepper and watermelon crops in FloridaCrop Protection, Vol. 41Effects of organic amendment and tillage on soil microorganisms and microfaunaApplied Soil Ecology, Vol. 46, No. 1 DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-92-1-0004 VL - 92 IS - 1 SP - 4-13 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Peanut response to planting date and potential of canopy reflectance as an indicator of pod maturation AU - Carley, Danesha S. AU - Jordan, David L. AU - Dharmasri, L. Cecil AU - Sutton, Turner B. AU - Brandenburg, Rick L. AU - Burton, Michael G. T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Determining when to dig peanut ( Arachis hypogea L.) is complicated because of its indeterminate growth habit. Pod mesocarp color is often used an indicator of pod maturation. However, this process is time consuming and is usually based on a relatively small subsample of pods from peanut fields. Research was conducted during 2003–2005 to determine if reflectance of the peanut canopy, using multispectral imaging (350–2500 nm), could be used as an indicator of pod maturation. The cultivars VA 98R and NC‐V 11 were planted beginning in early May through early June during each year with reflectance and the percentage of pods at optimum maturity (percentage of pods with brown or black mesocarp color) determined in mid‐September. The highest yield observed for VA 98R across the 3 yr of the experiment was noted when peanut was planted in mid‐May rather than early or late May or when planted in early June when peanut was dug based on optimum pod maturity using pod mesocarp color. Pod yield for the cultivar NC‐V 11 did not differ when comparing planting dates. For cultivar VA 98R, Pearson's correlations were significant for all bandwidth categories except the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) when reflectance was compared with percentage of mature pods. Reflectance for NC‐V 11 was not significant for any of the correlations even though significant differences in the percentage of mature pods were noted in mid September when comparing planting dates. These data suggest that canopy reflectance could potentially aid in predicting pod maturation, but more research is needed to determine feasibility of this approach. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2006.0352 VL - 100 IS - 2 SP - 376-380 SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - First report of Curvularia blight of zoysiagrass caused by Curvularia lunata in the United States AU - Roberts, J. A. AU - Tredway, L. P. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Symptoms of an unknown foliar blight have been observed in zoysiagrass (Zoysia matrella, Z. japonica, and hybrids) landscapes in North Carolina since 2002. Disease activity is most common during spring and summer when temperatures are between 21 and 30°C. Affected leaves initially exhibit small, chocolate brown spots, followed by dieback of leaves from the tips, and eventually blighting of entire tillers. Symptoms appear in small, irregular patches as much as 15 cm in diameter, but numerous patches may coalesce to impact large sections of turf. Infected turf appears tan or brown from a distance, but often turns black during periods of wet or humid weather. Microscopic analysis revealed profuse sporulation of Curvularia spp. on the surface of symptomatic leaves. Leaf sections were surface disinfested in 10% Clorox for 1 to 2 min, blotted dry, then plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) containing 50 mg/l of tetracycline, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol. Twenty-eight fungal isolates were obtained from six locations. Examination of conidia produced in culture revealed 21 isolates of Curvularia, two isolates of Drechslera, one isolate of Nigrospora, and four unidentified sterile fungi. Curvularia isolates were identified to species on the basis of morphological characteristics (1) and ITS-rDNA sequences. Known isolates of C. eragrostidis, C. geniculata, C. inequalis, C. lunata, C. pallescens, and C. trifolii were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection for comparison. All unknown isolates produced conidia that were characteristic of C. lunata (lacking a protuberant hilum, smooth walled, tri-septate, predominantly curved, and mid- or dark brown, average dimensions 17 to 25 × 8 to 12 μm). Colonies on PDA lacked stroma or the zonate appearance indicative of C. lunata var. aeria. The pathogenicity of C. lunata isolates was tested on zoysiagrass cvs. El Toro (Z. japonica) and Emerald (Z. japonica × matrella). Cores (11.4 cm in diameter) of established zoysiagrass were potted in calcined clay (Turface Allsport; Profile Products LLC, Buffalo Grove, IL), and transferred to a greenhouse where the average temperature was 26°C. Five isolates were selected to represent the geographic range of Curvularia blight in North Carolina, and conidia were produced on PDA under continuous fluorescent illumination. Each isolate was inoculated to one pot of each zoysiagrass variety by spraying with 25 ml of a suspension containing 2 × 105 conidia/ml with an airbrush. Inoculated pots were placed in a sealed, nontransparent plastic container for 48 h at 28°C to encourage infection and then transferred back to the greenhouse bench. Pathogenicity tests were repeated four times over time. Isolates ZFB3 and ZFB28 were most virulent with initial symptoms of foliar dieback appearing within 1 week after inoculation. Continued disease progress resulted in necrosis of the entire plant. Other isolates induced symptoms within 2 to 3 weeks after inoculation; however, disease severity was lower as compared with ZFB3 and ZFB28 throughout each experiment. Cvs. Emerald and El Toro were equally susceptible to infection by C. lunata. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Curvularia blight of zoysiagrass in the United States. This disease was previously described in Japan where it is commonly referred to as 'dog footprint' (3) and Brazil (2). References: (1) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1971. (2) F. B. Rocha et al. Australas. Plant Pathol. 33:601, 2004. (3) T. Tani and J. B. Beard. Color Atlas of Turfgrass Diseases. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, MI, 1997. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-92-1-0173B VL - 92 IS - 1 SP - 173-173 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rise and fall of cotton aphid (Hemiptera : Aphididae) populations in southeastern cotton production systems AU - Abney, Mark R. AU - Ruberson, John R. AU - Herzog, Gary A. AU - Kring, Timothy J. AU - Steinkraus, Donald C. AU - Roberts, Phillip M. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Journal Article Rise and Fall of Cotton Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Populations in Southeastern Cotton Production Systems Get access Mark R. Abney, Mark R. Abney 1 1Corresponding author and current address: Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC (e-mail: mark_abney@ncsu.edu). Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar John R. Ruberson, John R. Ruberson 2Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31794. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Gary A. Herzog, Gary A. Herzog 2Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31794.3Deceased. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Timothy J. Kring, Timothy J. Kring 4Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Donald C. Steinkraus, Donald C. Steinkraus 4Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Phillip M. Roberts Phillip M. Roberts 2Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31794. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 101, Issue 1, 1 February 2008, Pages 23–35, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/101.1.23 Published: 01 February 2008 Article history Received: 29 January 2007 Accepted: 17 September 2007 Published: 01 February 2008 DA - 2008/2// PY - 2008/2// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[23:RAFOCA]2.0.CO;2 VL - 101 IS - 1 SP - 23-35 SN - 1938-291X KW - Aphis gossypii KW - Neozygites fresenii KW - biological control KW - epizootics ER - TY - JOUR TI - New contact sex pheromone components of the german cockroach, Blattella germanica, predicted from the proposed biosynthetic pathway AU - Eliyahu, Dorit AU - Nojima, Satoshi AU - Mori, Kenji AU - Schal, Coby T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY DA - 2008/2// PY - 2008/2// DO - 10.1007/s10886-007-9409-8 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 229-237 SN - 0098-0331 KW - 27-Oxo-3 KW - 11-dimethylheptacosan-2-one KW - 27-Hydroxy-3 KW - 11-dimethylheptacosan-2-one KW - sex pheromone KW - Blattella germanica KW - german cockroach KW - methyl ketone KW - alcohol KW - aldehyde ER - TY - JOUR TI - Limitations of stable carbon isotope analysis for determining natal host origins of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens AU - Abney, M. R. AU - Sorenson, C. E. AU - Gould, F. AU - Bradley, J. R., Jr. T2 - ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA AB - Abstract Differences in the stable carbon isotope ratios of plants utilizing the C3 vs. C4 photosynthetic pathway have been used to broadly identify the natal host origins of herbivorous insects. This study explored whether adequate variation exists between the carbon isotope ratios of different C3 plants in the host range of Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to enable accurate identification of natal host‐plant species. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) analysis of 13 C/ 12 C ratios of moths reared on four crop plant species [ Gossypium hirsutum (L.) , Nicotiana tabacum L. , Glycine max (L.) Merrill, and Arachis hypogaea L.] and two common weed species [ Geranium carolinianum L. and Linaria canadensis (L.) Chaz.] revealed a range of δ 13 C values within that expected for plants utilizing the C3 photosynthetic pathway. Analysis of vegetative and reproductive tissues from the plants utilized in the study resulted in statistically different δ 13 C values for some plant species; nevertheless, the range of δ 13 C values observed for many plant species overlapped. Significant differences in mean δ 13 C values were detected between groups of moths reared on different host‐plant species, but there was no significant correlation between the δ 13 C values of moths vs. the δ 13 C value of plant tissue on which they were reared. Feral tobacco budworm moths collected over 3 years were found to have carbon isotope ratios consistent with those having fed on C3 plants, confirming little utilization of C4 plant species by the insect. Results demonstrate that within the range of C3 host plants tested, carbon isotope signatures are not sufficiently unique to enable a reliable determination of natal origin of feral tobacco budworm with current IRMS technology. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2007.00633.x VL - 126 IS - 1 SP - 46-52 SN - 1570-7458 KW - Lepidoptera KW - Noctuidae KW - host plant utilization KW - isotope ratio mass spectrometry KW - biological markers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impacts of methamidophos on the biochemical, catabolic, and genetic characteristics of soil microbial communities AU - Wang, Meng-Cheng AU - Liu, Ye-Hao AU - Wang, Qiong AU - Gong, Ming AU - Hua, Xiao-Mei AU - Pang, Yan-Jun AU - Hu, Shuijin AU - Yang, Yong-Hua T2 - SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY AB - Methamidophos is an organophosphate pesticide with high toxicity and may significantly affect soil microbes. However, the magnitude of this effect is unclear. We examined the effect of low and high inputs of methamidophos on the structure of the soil microbial community, and the catabolic activity and the genetic diversity of the bacterial community using the polyphasic approaches of microbial biomass, phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), community-level catabolic profiles (CLCPs), and amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) patterns. Our results indicated that high methamidophos inputs significantly reduced total microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) and fungal biomass, but increased Gram-negative bacteria with no significant effects on the Gram-positive bacteria. Interestingly, CLCPs patterns showed that high methamidophos inputs also significantly improved the catabolic activity of Gram-negative bacteria. The ARDRA pattern showed that the genetic diversity of the bacterial community decreased under chemical stress. Furthermore, changes in the microbial parameters examined were less significant under low inputs than high inputs of methamidophos, suggesting a dosage effect of methamidophos on the microbial community. Our results provide the first evidence that methamidophos differentially affected components of the soil microbial community through inhibiting fungal growth but enhancing the biomass and catabolic activity of Gram-negative bacteria. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.10.012 VL - 40 IS - 3 SP - 778-788 SN - 0038-0717 KW - methamidophos KW - soil microbial community KW - diversity KW - PLFA KW - CLCPS KW - ARDRA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification and characterization of cuticular hydrocarbons from a rapid species radiation of hawaiian swordtailed crickets (Gryllidae : Trigonidiinae : Laupala) AU - Mullen, Sean P. AU - Millar, Jocelyn G. AU - Schal, Coby AU - Shaw, Kerry L. T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY DA - 2008/2// PY - 2008/2// DO - 10.1007/s10886-007-9419-6 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 198-204 SN - 1573-1561 KW - chemical communication KW - speciation KW - mate recognition KW - pheromones KW - Laupala ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of prior tillage and soil fertility amendments on dispersal of Phytophthora capsici and infection of pepper AU - Liu, Bo AU - Gumpertz, Marcia L. AU - Hu, Shuijin AU - Ristaino, Jean Beagle T2 - EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1007/s10658-007-9216-7 VL - 120 IS - 3 SP - 273-287 SN - 1573-8469 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-38649084121&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Phytophthora capsici KW - epidemiology KW - organic amendment KW - physical KW - chemical and biological parameters KW - disease spread ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Argentine ant: Challenges in managing an invasive unicolonial pest AU - Silverman, Jules AU - Brightwell, Robert John T2 - ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY AB - The Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, has invaded urban, agricultural, and natural habitats worldwide, causing economic damage and disrupting ecosystem processes. Introduced populations of L. humile and those of many other invasive ants tend to be unicolonial, forming expansive, multiqueened supercolonies that dominate native ant communities and challenge control practices in managed habitats. Argentine ant management typically entails the application of residual insecticide liquids, granules, or baits to only a portion of the colony, resulting in fairly rapid reinfestation. We suggest that prevailing control methodologies are incomplete and not compatible with the behavior, nesting habits, and population structure of this ant, and therefore, more aggressive management strategies are required. Successful eradication efforts against other invasive unicolonial ant species can provide useful insights for local-scale L. humile eradication. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093450 VL - 53 SP - 231-252 SN - 1545-4487 KW - Linepithema humile KW - eradication KW - invasive species KW - pest management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expression of a harpin-encoding gene in rice confers durable nonspecific resistance to Magnaporthe grisea AU - Shao, Min AU - Wang, Jinsheng AU - Dean, Ralph A. AU - Lin, Yongjun AU - Gao, Xuewen AU - Hu, Shuijin T2 - PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL AB - Engineering durable nonspecific resistance to phytopathogens is one of the ultimate goals of plant breeding. However, most attempts to reach this goal fail as a result of rapid changes in pathogen populations and the sheer diversity of pathogen infection mechanisms. In this study, we show that the expression of a harpin-encoding gene (hrf1), derived from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, confers nonspecific resistance in rice to the blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Transgenic plants and their T1-T7 progenies were highly resistant to all major M. grisea races in rice-growing areas along the Yangtze River, China. The expression of defence-related genes was activated in resistant transgenic plants, and the formation of melanized appressoria, which is essential for foliar infection, was inhibited on plant leaves. These results suggest that harpins may offer new opportunities for generating broad-spectrum disease resistance in other crops. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2007.00304.x VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 73-81 SN - 1467-7644 KW - appressorium KW - defence-related genes KW - durable nonspecific resistance KW - hrf1 gene KW - Magnaporthe grisea KW - rice ER - TY - JOUR TI - Wood-feeding cockroaches as models for termite evolution (Insecta : Dictyoptera): Cryptocercus vs. Parasphaeria boleiriana AU - Klass, Klaus-Dieter AU - Nalepa, Christine AU - Lo, Nathan T2 - MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION AB - Isoptera are highly specialized cockroaches and are one of the few eusocial insect lineages. Cryptocercus cockroaches have appeared to many as ideal models for inference on the early evolution of termites, due to their possible phylogenetic relationship and several shared key attributes in life history. Recently, Pellens, Grandcolas, and colleagues have proposed the blaberid cockroach Parasphaeria boleiriana to be an alternative model for the early evolution in termites. We compare the usefulness of Cryptocercus and P. boleiriana as models for termite evolution. Cryptocercus and lower Isoptera (1) can both feed on comparatively recalcitrant wood, (2) have an obligate, rich and unique hypermastigid and oxymonadid fauna in the hindgut, (3) transfer these flagellates to the next generation by anal trophallaxis, (4) have social systems that involve long-lasting biparental care, and, finally, (5) are strongly suggested to be sister groups, so that the key attributes (1)–(4) appear to be homologous between the two taxa. On the other hand, P. boleiriana (1) feeds on soft, ephemeral wood sources, (2) shows no trace of the oxymonadid and hypermastigid hindgut fauna unique to Cryptocercus and lower Isoptera, nor does it have any other demonstrated obligate relationship with hindgut flagellates, (3) is likely to lack anal trophallaxis, (4) has only a short period of uniparental brood care, and (5) is phylogenetically remote from the Cryptocercus + Isoptera clade. These facts would argue against any reasonable usage of P. boleiriana as a model for the early evolution of Isoptera or even of the clade Cryptocercus + Isoptera. Cryptocercus thus remains an appropriate model-taxon-by-homology for early termite evolution. As compared to P. boleiriana, some other Blaberidae (such as the Panesthiinae Salganea) appear more useful as model-taxa-by-homoplasy for the early evolution of the Cryptocercus + Isoptera clade, as their brooding behavior is more elaborate than in P. boleiriana. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.028 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - 809-817 SN - 1095-9513 KW - Cryptocercus KW - Isoptera KW - Protozoa KW - eusociality KW - biparental care KW - xylophagy KW - symbionts ER - TY - JOUR TI - Winter wheat blends (mixtures) produce a yield advantage in north Carolina AU - Cowger, Christina AU - Weisz, Randy T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Seed mixtures, or blends, of small grain cultivars are unknown in eastern U.S. wheat production, where numerous diseases and abiotic stresses often reduce yield and quality. In 2004–2005 and 2005–2006, a field experiment was conducted at Kinston, Plymouth, and Salisbury, NC, to compare performance of eight soft red winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars having a range of maturities with that of 13 blends, each consisting of equal proportions of two or three of the cultivars. The blends were composed to have complementary disease resistance traits. Disease pressure was at most moderate in any environment. Blends significantly outyielded the means of their respective components (midcomponents) in Plymouth in 2005 ( P = 0.042) and across all environments ( P = 0.039), with a mean overall blend advantage of 0.13 Mg ha −1 . Averaged across environments, two blends significantly outyielded their midcomponents ( P ≤ 0.011). Yield stability of blends exceeded that of pure cultivars by the stability variance model and principal component analysis. In general, blends did not differ significantly from midcomponents for test weight ( P = 0.37), protein content ( P = 0.10), hardness ( P = 0.68), or falling number (sprouting tolerance, P = 0.89), but seed diameter nonuniformity of blends exceeded that of midcomponents ( P = 0.0002). Wheat blends may offer a small yield advantage to North Carolina growers even in the absence of severe disease. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2007.0128 VL - 100 IS - 1 SP - 169-177 SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Treehopper diversity (Hemiptera : Membracidae) of Little Orleans, Allegany Co., Maryland AU - Bartlett, Charles R. AU - Deitz, Lewis L. AU - Rothschild, Mark J. AU - Wallace, Matthew S. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON AB - Fifty-six species (23 genera) of treehoppers (Membracidae) are recorded from the vicinity of Little Orleans, Maryland, with date and host-plant data. Eleven of the species represent new state records for Maryland, bringing the total number of species recorded for the state to 81. These data document annual collecting efforts since 1993 by the authors and others in connection with the informal treehopper conferences initiated by the late T. K. Wood. Photographs are given for 12 species representing 7 genera. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.4289/0013-8797-110.1.130 VL - 110 IS - 1 SP - 130-143 SN - 0013-8797 KW - checklist KW - treehoppers KW - Membracidae KW - Maryland KW - host plants KW - Auchenorrhyncha KW - Homoptera ER - TY - JOUR TI - The fine structure of colleterial glands in two cockroaches and three termites, including a detailed study of Cryptocercus punctulatus (Blattaria, Cryptocercidae) and Mastotermes darwiniensis (Isoptera, Mastotermitidae) AU - Courrent, Annie AU - Quennedey, Andre AU - Nalepa, Christine A. AU - Robert, Alain AU - Lenz, Michael AU - Bordereau, Christian T2 - ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT AB - The colleterial glands of insects are organs associated with the female genital apparatus. In cockroaches, these glands produce secretions that cover two parallel rows of eggs during oviposition, and in oviparous species, these secretions become the tanned, sculpted, rigid outer casing of the ootheca. The goal of this study was to compare the gross anatomy of the colleterial glands and the ultrastructure of their component tubules in the phylogenetically significant genera Cryptocercus (Blattaria) and Mastotermes (Isoptera). Recent studies indicate that cockroaches in the genus Cryptocercus are the sister group of termites, and Mastotermes is the only termite known to produce a cockroach-like ootheca. One additional oviparous cockroach, Therea, and two additional termites, Zootermopsis and Pseudacanthotermes, were also examined. As in other cockroaches, the colleterial glands of Cryptocercus and Therea are asymmetrical, with a well developed bipartite left gland and a smaller right gland. In the termites Mastotermes, Zootermopsis, and Pseudacanthotermes, the colleterial glands are composed of a well-developed, paired, anterior gland and a small posterior gland; histological staining and cytological evidence suggest that these are homologues of the left and the right colleterial glands of cockroaches, respectively. At the ultrastructural level, colleterial gland tubules are made of cells belonging to a modified class 1 type cell in the cockroaches, in Mastotermes, and in Zootermopsis; the latter lays its eggs singly, without a surrounding ootheca-like structure. In the advanced termite Pseudacanthotermes, the tubules are made of secretory units belonging to the class 3 cell type. This study demonstrates that the cytological characteristics of colleterial glands in basal termites are similar to those of cockroaches, whether the termite secretes an oothecal casing that covers two parallel rows of eggs, as in Mastotermes, or lays its eggs singly, as in Zootermopsis. The function of colleterial glands in non-mastotermitid termites is unknown. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1016/j.asd.2007.03.004 VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 55-66 SN - 1873-5495 KW - ultrastructure KW - colleterial glands KW - secretory cells KW - ootheca KW - cockroaches KW - termites ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regional assessment of Helicoverpa zea populations on cotton and non-cotton crop hosts AU - Jackson, R. E. AU - Bradley, J. R. AU - Van Duyn, J. AU - Leonard, B. R. AU - Allen, K. C. AU - Luttrell, R. AU - Ruberson, J. AU - Adamczyk, J. AU - Gore, J. AU - Hardee, D. D. AU - Voth, R. AU - Sivasupramaniam, S. AU - Mullins, J. W. AU - Head, G. T2 - ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA AB - Abstract Selection pressure on bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), by cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.) (Malvaceae), that produces one or more Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) proteins is reduced by plantings of non‐Bt refuge cotton that produce non‐selected individuals. However, the contributions of non‐Bt, non‐cotton crop hosts to the overall effective refuge for H. zea on Bt cotton have not been estimated. A 2‐year, season‐long study was conducted in five US cotton‐producing states to assess the spatial and temporal population dynamics and host use of H. zea . Helicoverpa zea larval estimates in commercial crop fields demonstrated that non‐cotton crop hosts, such as maize, Zea mays L. (Poaceae), grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (Poaceae), peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. (Fabaceae), and soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill (Fabaceae), collectively support much larger larval populations than cotton throughout the season. Larval populations were almost entirely restricted to maize in the middle part of the season (June and portions of July), and were observed in non‐cotton crop hosts more frequently and typically in larger numbers than in cotton during the period when production would be expected in cotton (July and August). Numbers of H. zea larvae produced in replicated strip trials containing various crop hosts paralleled production estimates from commercial fields. In contrast, the number of H. zea adults captured in pheromone traps at interfaces of fields of Bt cotton and various crop hosts rarely varied among interfaces, except in instances where maize was highly attractive. With the exception of this early season influence of maize, moth numbers were not related to local larval production. These data demonstrate that H. zea adults move extensively from their natal host origins. Therefore, non‐cotton crop hosts, and even relatively distant hosts, contribute significantly to effective refuge for H. zea on Bt cotton. The results presented here demonstrate that substantial natural refuge is present for Bt‐resistance management of H. zea throughout the mid‐South and Southeast portions of the US cotton belt. DA - 2008/2// PY - 2008/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2007.00653.x VL - 126 IS - 2 SP - 89-106 SN - 1570-7458 KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - bollworm KW - alternative hosts KW - resistance management KW - Lepidoptera KW - Noctuidae KW - refuge KW - Cry protein KW - maize KW - grain sorghum KW - peanut KW - soybean ER - TY - JOUR TI - Queen acceptance and the complexity of nestmate discrimination in the Argentine ant AU - Vasquez, Gissella M. AU - Silverman, Jules T2 - BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY AND SOCIOBIOLOGY DA - 2008/2// PY - 2008/2// DO - 10.1007/s00265-007-0478-z VL - 62 IS - 4 SP - 537-548 SN - 1432-0762 KW - Argentine ant KW - Linepithema humile KW - nestmate recognition KW - aggression KW - genetic similarity KW - non-nestmate adoption ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phytophthora blight and dieback in North Carolina nurseries during a 2003 survey AU - Warfield, C. Y. AU - Hwang, J. AU - Benson, D. M. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - A survey of 14 nurseries growing hybrid rhododendron, Pieris spp., or Viburnum spp. was conducted as part of the 2003 Sudden Oak Death Pilot National Survey to determine if Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of sudden oak death, had been introduced to nurseries in North Carolina. Over 220,000 hybrid rhododendrons, 1,700 plants of Pieris spp., and 2,800 plants of Viburnum spp. were surveyed. Across nurseries, blight and dieback incidence averaged 2.4% for Pieris spp. and 10% for rhododendron. P. ramorum was not recovered by isolation or detected by polymerase chain reaction in the 347 plant samples collected. Three species of Phytophthora were isolated from hybrid rhododendron and Pieris spp., but no Phytophthora isolates were recovered from Viburnum spp. P. citricola and P. cambivora were isolated most frequently (61 and 39 isolates, respectively), while 2 isolates of P. cactorum were recovered. Occasionally, two Phytophthora spp. were found in the same block of rhododendrons within a nursery, but only one species was recovered from an individual plant. Most cultivars of rhododendron surveyed, including 'English Roseum,' 'Nova Zembla,' and 'Roseum Elegans,' had less than 0.5% incidence of Phytophthora blight and dieback, whereas 'Lee's Dark Purple' had 3.8% disease incidence across all nurseries surveyed. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-92-3-0474 VL - 92 IS - 3 SP - 474-481 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of tobacco germplasm for seedling resistance to stem rot and target spot caused by Thanatephorus cucumeris AU - Elliott, P. E. AU - Lewis, R. S. AU - Shew, H. D. AU - Gutierrez, W. A. AU - Nicholson, J. S. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Stem rot and target spot of tobacco, caused by Rhizoctonia solani and its teleomorph Thanatephorus cucumeris, respectively, can cause serious problems in production of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) seedlings. Previous screens for genetic resistance in tobacco have been limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate 97 genotypes composing several classes of tobacco and related Nicotiana spp. for seedling resistance to stem rot and target spot. Significant differences in disease incidence initially were observed among the genotypes for both stem rot and target spot; however, resistance to target spot was not observed when disease pressure was high. Partial resistance to stem rot was observed in several genotypes in repeated tests. These accessions may be useful as a source of resistance to R. solani in future breeding efforts. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-92-3-0425 VL - 92 IS - 3 SP - 425-430 SN - 0191-2917 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diverse and conserved roles of CLE peptides AU - Mitchum, Melissa G. AU - Wang, Xiaohong AU - Davis, Eric L. T2 - CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY AB - The function of plant CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/ENDOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION (ESR) (CLE) peptides in shoot meristem differentiation has been expanded in recent years to implicate roles in root growth and vascular development among different CLE family members. Recent evidence suggests that nematode pathogens within plant roots secrete ligand mimics of plant CLE peptides to modify selected host cells into multinucleate feeding sites. This discovery demonstrated an unprecedented adaptation of an animal gene product to functionally mimic a plant peptide involved in cellular signaling for parasitic benefit. This review highlights the diverse and conserved role of CLE peptides in these different contexts. DA - 2008/2// PY - 2008/2// DO - 10.1016/j.pbi.2007.10.010 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 75-81 SN - 1879-0356 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Broadening the application of evolutionarily based genetic pest management AU - Gould, Fred T2 - EVOLUTION AB - Insect- and tick-vectored diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and Lyme disease cause human suffering, and current approaches for prevention are not adequate. Invasive plants and animals such as Scotch broom, zebra mussels, and gypsy moths continue to cause environmental damage and economic losses in agriculture and forestry. Rodents transmit diseases and cause major pre- and postharvest losses, especially in less affluent countries. Each of these problems might benefit from the developing field of Genetic Pest Management that is conceptually based on principles of evolutionary biology. This article briefly describes the history of this field, new molecular tools in this field, and potential applications of those tools. There will be a need for evolutionary biologists to interact with researchers and practitioners in a variety of other fields to determine the most appropriate targets for genetic pest management, the most appropriate methods for specific targets, and the potential of natural selection to diminish the effectiveness of genetic pest management. In addition to producing environmentally sustainable pest management solutions, research efforts in this area could lead to new insights about the evolution of selfish genetic elements in natural systems and will provide students with the opportunity to develop a more sophisticated understanding of the role of evolutionary biology in solving societal problems. DA - 2008/2// PY - 2008/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00298.x VL - 62 IS - 2 SP - 500-510 SN - 1558-5646 KW - applied evolutionary biology KW - gene drive KW - genetic pest management KW - selfish DNA ER - TY - JOUR TI - The movement of proteins across the insect and tick digestive system AU - Jeffers, Laura A. AU - Roe, R. Michael T2 - JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY AB - The movement of intact proteins across the digestive system was shown in a number of different blood-feeding and non-blood-feeding insects in the orders Blattaria, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Neuroptera and Siphonaptera, as well as in two tick families Ixodidae and Argasidae. Protein movement was observed for both normal dietary and xenobiotic proteins, which suggest that the mechanism for transfer is not substrate specific. The number of studies on the mechanism of movement is limited. The research so far suggests that movement can occur by either a transcellular or an intercellular pathway in the ventriculus with most of the research describing the former. Transfer is by continuous diffusion with no evidence of pinocytosis or vesicular transport common in mammalian systems. Proteins can move across the digestive system without modification of their primary or multimeric structure and with retention of their functional characteristics. Accumulation in the hemolymph is the result of the protein degradation rate in the gut and hemolymph and transfer rate across the digestive system and can be highly variable depending on species. Research on the development of delivery systems to enhance protein movement across the insect digestive system is in its infancy. The approaches so far considered with some success include the use of lipophilic-polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers, the development of fusion proteins with lectins, reduced gut protease activity and the development of amphiphilic peptidic analogs. Additional research on understanding the basic mechanisms of protein delivery across the insect digestive system, the importance of structure activity in this transfer and the development of technology to improve movement across the gut could be highly significant to the future of protein and nucleic acid-based insecticide development as well as traditional chemical insecticidal technologies. DA - 2008/2// PY - 2008/2// DO - 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.10.009 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - 319-332 SN - 1879-1611 KW - digestive system KW - protein movement KW - protein insecticide ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temperature and precipitation affect seasonal patterns of dispersing tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca, and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) caught on sticky traps AU - Morsello, Shannon C. AU - Groves, Russell L. AU - Nault, Brian A. AU - Kennedy, George G. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Effects of temperature and precipitation on the temporal patterns of dispersing tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca, and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, caught on yellow sticky traps were estimated in central and eastern North Carolina and eastern Virginia from 1997 through 2001. The impact that these environmental factors had on numbers of F. fusca and T. tabaci caught on sticky traps during April and May was determined using stepwise regression analysis of 43 and 38 site-years of aerial trapping data from 21 and 18 different field locations, respectively. The independent variables used in the regression models included degree-days, total precipitation, and the number of days in which precipitation occurred during January through May. Each variable was significant in explaining variation for both thrips species and, in all models, degree-days was the single best explanatory variable. Precipitation had a comparatively greater effect on T. tabaci than F. fusca. The numbers of F. fusca and T. tabaci captured in flight were positively related to degree-days and the number of days with precipitation but negatively related to total precipitation. Combined in a single model, degree-days, total precipitation, and the number of days with precipitation explained 70 and 55% of the total variation in the number of F. fusca captured from 1 April through 10 May and from 1 April through 31 May, respectively. Regarding T. tabaci flights, degree-days, total precipitation, and the number of days with precipitation collectively explained 57 and 63% of the total variation in the number captured from 1 April through 10 May and from 1 April through 31 May, respectively. DA - 2008/2// PY - 2008/2// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X(2008)37[79:TAPASP]2.0.CO;2 VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 79-86 SN - 1938-2936 KW - insect dispersal KW - tomato spotted wilt virus KW - epidemiology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Infusion of dye molecules into Red clover necrotic mosaic virus AU - Loo, LiNa AU - Guenther, Richard H. AU - Lommel, Steven A. AU - Franzen, Stefan T2 - CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS AB - The Red clover necrotic mosaic viruscapsid is utilized to package and release molecules through reversible depletion and re-addition of divalent cations. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1039/b714748a IS - 1 SP - 88-90 SN - 1359-7345 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expression of the bacteriophage T4 lysozyme gene in tall fescue confers resistance to gray leaf spot and brown patch diseases AU - Dong, Shujie AU - Shew, H. David AU - Tredway, Lane P. AU - Lu, Jianli AU - Sivamani, Elumalai AU - Miller, Eric S. AU - Qu, Rongda T2 - TRANSGENIC RESEARCH DA - 2008/2// PY - 2008/2// DO - 10.1007/s11248-007-9073-3 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 47-57 SN - 1573-9368 KW - fungal resistance KW - Magnaporthe grisea KW - Rhizoctonia solani KW - T4 lysozyme KW - tall fescue ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cuticular hydrocarbons as maternal provisions in embryos and nymphs of the cockroach Blattella germanica AU - Fan, Yongliang AU - Eliyahu, Dorit AU - Schal, Coby T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AB - Cuticular hydrocarbons of arthropods serve multiple functions, including as barriers to water loss and as pheromones and pheromone precursors. In the oviparous German cockroach, Blattella germanica, long-chain hydrocarbons are produced by oenocytes within the abdominal integument and are transported by a blood lipoprotein, lipophorin, both to the cuticular surface and into vitellogenic oocytes. Using radiotracer approaches, we tracked the location and metabolic fate of 14C- and 3H-labeled hydrocarbons through vitellogenic females and their embryos and nymphs. A considerable amount ( approximately 50%) of radiolabeled maternal hydrocarbons was transferred to oocytes and persisted through a 20-day embryogenesis and the first two nymphal stadia. The maternal hydrocarbons were not degraded or lost during this protracted period, except for significant losses of cuticular hydrocarbons starting with the first-to-second instar molt. Thus, although embryos and nymphs can produce their own hydrocarbons, maternal hydrocarbons provide a significant fraction of the cuticular and hemolymph hydrocarbons of both stages. These results show, for the first time in any insect, that a mother provides a significant complement of her offspring's cuticular hydrocarbons. Further research will be needed to determine whether provisioning hydrocarbons to eggs is a general strategy among insects and other arthropods or if this strategy is limited to taxa where eggs and early instars are susceptible to desiccation. DA - 2008/2/15/ PY - 2008/2/15/ DO - 10.1242/jeb.009233 VL - 211 IS - 4 SP - 548-554 SN - 0022-0949 KW - cuticular hydrocarbons KW - maternal investment KW - waterproofing KW - communication KW - cockroach KW - Blattella germanica ER -