TY - JOUR TI - An estrogen receptor pathway regulates the telogen-anagen hair follicle transition and influences epidermal cell proliferation. AU - Oh, H S AU - Smart, R C T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - The hair follicle is a cyclic, self renewing epidermal structure which is thought to be controlled by signals from the dermal papilla, a specialized cluster of mesenchymal cells within the dermis. Topical treatments with 17-beta-estradiol to the clipped dorsal skin of mice arrested hair follicles in telogen and produced a profound and prolonged inhibition of hair growth while treatment with the biologically inactive stereoisomer, 17-alpha-estradiol, did not inhibit hair growth. Topical treatments with ICI 182,780, a pure estrogen receptor antagonist, caused the hair follicles to exit telogen and enter anagen, thereby initiating hair growth. Immunohistochemical staining for the estrogen receptor in skin revealed intense and specific staining of the nuclei of the cells of the dermal papilla. The expression of the estrogen receptor in the dermal papilla was hair cycle-dependent with the highest levels of expression associated with the telogen follicle. 17-beta-Estradiol-treated epidermis demonstrated a similar number of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd) S-phase cells as the control epidermis above telogen follicles; however, the number of BrdUrd S-phase basal cells in the control epidermis varied according to the phase of the cycle of the underlying hair follicles and ranged from 2.6% above telogen follicles to 7.0% above early anagen follicles. These findings indicate an estrogen receptor pathway within the dermal papilla regulates the telogen-anagen follicle transition and suggest that diffusible factors associated with the anagen follicle influence cell proliferation in the epidermis. DA - 1996/10/29/ PY - 1996/10/29/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.93.22.12525 VL - 93 IS - 22 SP - 12525-12530 J2 - Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. LA - en OP - SN - 0027-8424 1091-6490 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.22.12525 DB - Crossref KW - epidermis KW - estrogen KW - keratinocyte KW - differentiation KW - mesenchymal epithelial interactions ER - TY - JOUR TI - Localization and Expression of Cornifin-α/SPRR1 in Mouse Epidermis, Anagen Follicles, and Skin Neoplasms AU - Owens, David M. AU - Jetten, Anton M. AU - Smart, Robert C. AU - Zainal, Theodor A. T2 - Journal of Investigative Dermatology AB - Recently, cornifin-alpha/SPPR1 has been identified as a putative precursor protein of the cornified cell envelope. In this study, the expression and localization of cornifin-alpha/SPPR1 was examined in untreated and tumor promoter-treated mouse skin, hair follicles, and skin neoplasms. Western analysis with antiserum (SQ37A) to a rabbit cornifin-alpha peptide or antiserum (SQ37C) to a human SPRR1 peptide demonstrated a 31-kDa immunoreactive protein in mouse epidermis and Northern analysis revealed the presence of a 1-kb mRNA. Immunohistochemical staining of mouse skin with SQ37A or SQ37C revealed intense and specific staining of the infundibulum, isthmus, and of Henle's layer of the inner root sheath of the lower anagen hair follicle and weak staining of the telogen follicle and the suprabasal layers of the epidermis. Treatment of mouse skin with 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) produced a large increase in cornifin-alpha/SPRR1 protein and mRNA. Immunohistochemical localization of cornifin-alpha/SPRR1 in TPA-treated skin indicated that cornifin-alpha/SPRR1 was increased in the suprabasal epidermis but not in the follicle. sn-1,2,-didecanoylglycerol, a model lipid second messenger, produced an increase in cornifin-alpha/SPRR1 protein similar to that of TPA, while mirex, a non-phorbol ester-type promoter had no effect. Topical doses of retinoic acid did not repress TPA-induced cornifin-alpha/SPRR1 expression. Papillomas demonstrated a 10- and 100-fold increase in cornifin-alpha/SPRR1 protein and mRNA, and expression was restricted to suprabasal cells. Squamous cell carcinomas exhibited an intermediate level of cornifin-alpha protein, and expression was restricted to keratinized areas. These data indicate: i) cornifin-alpha/SPRR1 is expressed in mouse skin; ii) cornifin-alpha/SPRR1 is localized to specific areas of the anagen hair follicle with weak staining in the telogen follicle and epidermis; iii) epidermal cornifin-alpha/SPRR1 expression is induced by phorbol ester and sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol but not mirex, and iv) papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas demonstrate a constitutive increase in cornifin-alpha/SPRR1 in differentiated areas of the neoplasms. DA - 1996/4// PY - 1996/4// DO - 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12345463 VL - 106 IS - 4 SP - 647-654 J2 - Journal of Investigative Dermatology LA - en OP - SN - 0022-202X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12345463 DB - Crossref KW - heratinocytes KW - cornified envelope KW - cornifin KW - SPRR ER - TY - JOUR TI - Epidermal Protein Kinase C-β2 Is Highly Sensitive to Downregulation and Is Exclusively Expressed in Langerhans Cells: Downregulation Is Associated with Attenuated Contact Hypersensitivity AU - Goodell, Audrey L. AU - Oh, Hye-Sun AU - Meyer, Sharon A. AU - Smart, Robert C. T2 - Journal of Investigative Dermatology AB - Treatment of mice with multiple topical applications of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or diacylglycerol resulted in a preferential decrease in epidermal protein kinase C-beta 2 (PKC-beta 2) compared with PKC-alpha as determined by western analysis. When PKC-alpha was decreased by 40%, PKC-beta 2 could no longer be detected, suggesting that PKC-beta 2 is more sensitive to downregulation, and/or specific epidermal cell types that contain PKC-beta 2 are more sensitive to TPA/diacylglycerol. To address this issue, we isolated Langerhans cells (LCs) from epidermal cell suspensions with immunomagnetic beads and an antibody to the class II major histocompatibility complex. Northern blot analysis revealed a PKC-beta 2 signal in isolated LCs that was 40-fold greater than that observed in unfractionated epidermal cells, and no PKC-beta 2 signal was detected in epidermal cells depleted of LCs, indicating that PKC-beta 2 is expressed exclusively in LCs within the epidermis. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of PKC-beta 2 in LCs. PKC-beta 2 was highly sensitive to downregulation, because a single application of TPA resulted in a 90% loss of PKC-beta 2 within 6 h without a decrease in the number of LCs. To determine whether the decreased level of PKC-beta 2 within LCs was associated with an alteration in contact hypersensitivity, we treated mice with only a single application of TPA, and 6 hours later mice were sensitized with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene on the same dorsal area. Subsequent challenge revealed a 60% decrease in contact hypersensitivity in TPA-treated mice. These data indicate that (i) within the epidermis, PKC-beta 2 is highly sensitive to downregulation and is exclusively expressed in LCs, and (ii) the downregulation of PKC-beta 2 is associated with impaired LC function with respect to contact hypersensitivity. DA - 1996/9// PY - 1996/9// DO - 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12363325 VL - 107 IS - 3 SP - 354-359 J2 - Journal of Investigative Dermatology LA - en OP - SN - 0022-202X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12363325 DB - Crossref KW - skin KW - epidermis KW - protein kinase C KW - keratinocyte ER - TY - CONF TI - Blocked iterative sparse linear system solvers for finite fields AU - Kaltofen, E. A2 - Roucairol, C. C2 - 1996/// C3 - Proceedings of the Symposium of Parallel Computing Solving Large Scale Irregular Applications (Stratagem '96) DA - 1996/// SP - 91–95 PB - INRIA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic analysis of a morphological shape difference in the male genitalia of Drosophila simulans and D. mauritiana AU - Liu, J. AU - Mercer, J.M. AU - Stam, L.F. AU - Gibson, G.C. AU - Zeng, Z.-B. AU - Laurie, C.C. T2 - Genetics AB - Abstract Two closely related species of Drosophila, D. simulans and D. mauritiana, differ markedly in morphology of the posterior lobe of the male genital arch. Both size and shape aspects of lobe variation can be quantified by a morphometric descriptor based on elliptical Fourier and principal components analyses. The genetic architecture of this quantitative trait (PC1) was investigated by hybridizing inbred lines to produce two backcross populations of ~200 individuals each, which were analyzed jointly by a composite interval mapping procedure with the aid of 18 marker loci. The parental lines show a large difference in PC1 (30.4 environmental standard deviations), and the markers account for &gt;80% of the phenotypic variation in backcross populations. Eight of 15 intervals analyzed show convincing evidence of quantitative trait loci (QTL), and the range of estimated QTL effects is 5.7–15.9% of the parental difference (1.7–4.8 environmental standard deviations). These estimates may represent the joint effects of multiple QTL within a single interval (which averaged 23 cM in length). Although there is some evidence of partial dominance of mauritiana alleles and for epistasis, the pattern of inheritance is largely additive. DA - 1996/4// PY - 1996/4// DO - 10.1093/genetics/142.4.1129 VL - 142 IS - 4 SP - 1129–1145 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Design III with marker loci AU - Cockerham, C.C. AU - Zeng, Z.-B. T2 - Genetics AB - Abstract Design III is an experimental design originally proposed by R. E. Comstock and H. F. Robinson for estimating genetic variances and the average degree of dominance for quantitative trait loci (QTL) and has recently been extended for mapping QTL. In this paper, we first extend Comstock and Robinson's analysis of variance to include linkage, two-locus epistasis and the use of F 3 parents. Then we develop the theory and statistical analysis of orthogonal contrasts and contrast × environment interaction for a single marker locus to characterize the effects of QTL. The methods are applied to the maize data of C. W. Stuber. The analyses strongly suggest that there are multiple linked QTL in many chromosomes for several traits examined. QTL effects are largely environment-independent for grain yield, ear height, plant height and ear leaf area and largely environment dependent for days to tassel, grain moisture and ear number. There is significant QTL epistasis. The results are generally in favor of the hypothesis of dominance of favorable genes to explain the observed heterosis in grain yield and other traits, although epistasis could also play an important role and overdominance at individual QTL level can not be ruled out. DA - 1996/7/1/ PY - 1996/7/1/ DO - 10.1093/genetics/143.3.1437 VL - 143 IS - 3 SP - 1437–1456 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Statistical methods for mapping quantitative trait loci AU - Zeng, Z.-B. AU - Weir, B.S. T2 - Acta Agronomica Sinica DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 22 SP - 535–549 ER - TY - JOUR TI - PET imaging of pheochromocytoma (PHEO) in dogs using PARA [F-18]fluorobenzylguanidine (PFBG) AU - Garg, P.K. AU - Berry, C.R. AU - DeGrado, R.T. AU - Nutter, F AU - Breitschwerdt, E AU - Zalutsky, MR AU - Coleman, RE T2 - Journal of Nuclear Medicine DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 37 IS - 5 SP - 915 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii subsp. nov., Isolated from Dogs; Bartonella vinsonii subsp. vinsonii; and Emended Description of Bartonella vinsonii AU - Kordick, D. L. AU - Swaminathan, B. AU - Greene, C. E. AU - Wilson, K. H. AU - Whitney, A. M. AU - O'Connor, S. AU - Hollis, D. G. AU - Matar, G. M. AU - Steigerwalt, A. G. AU - Malcolm, G. B. AU - Hayes, P. S. AU - Hadfield, T. L. AU - Breitschwerdt, E. B. AU - Brenner, D. J. T2 - International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology AB - Two bacterial strains, one isolated from the blood of a dog with valvular endocarditis and one isolated from the blood of a healthy dog, were similar to Bartonella species, as determined by a number of phenotypic criteria, including growth characteristics, biochemical reactions, and cell wall fatty acid composition. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies confirmed that these strains are closely related and belong in the genus Bartonella and that Bartonella vinsonii is their closest relative (the 16S rRNA of isolate 93-C01T [T = type strain] was 99.37% identical to the 16S rRNA of the type strain of B. vinsonii, the 16S rRNA of isolate G7464 was 99.61% identical to the 16S rRNA of the type strain, and the 16S rRNAs of the dog isolates were 99.77% identical to each other). The 16S rRNAs of both strains contained a 12-base insertion that was not present in the 16S rRNA of the type strain of any Bartonella species. DNA relatedness tests revealed that these strains were related at the species level to the type strain of B. vinsonii. They were, however, significantly more closely related to each other than to B. vinsonii. On the basis of their unique 16S rRNA sequence insertion, their preferentially high level of relatedness, and their similar origins (dogs), we believe that strains 93-C01T and G7464 should be placed in a separate subspecies of B. vinsonii, for which we propose the name B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii subsp. nov. The type strain of B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii is strain 93-C01 (= ATCC 51672). The description of B. vinsonii is emended to accommodate the new subspecies, and B. vinsonii subsp. vinsonii is described. DA - 1996/7/1/ PY - 1996/7/1/ DO - 10.1099/00207713-46-3-704 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - 704–709 SN - 0020-7713 1465-2102 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00207713-46-3-704 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Agriculture, Methyl Bromide and the Ozone Hole: Filling the Gaps AU - Ristaino, J.B. T2 - 1996 Reports of the Environmental Science and Engineering Fellows Program PY - 1996/// SP - 65-73 PB - American Association for the Advancement of Science and United States Environmental Protection Agency ER - TY - CHAP TI - Geminivirus Replication AU - Hanley-Bowdoin, L. AU - Eagle, P.A. AU - Orozco, B.M. AU - Robertson, D. AU - Settlage, S.B. T2 - Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions A2 - Stacey, G. A2 - Mullin, B. A2 - Gresshoff, P.M. PY - 1996/// SP - 287–292 PB - International Society of Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparative seroreactivity to Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana among cats from Israel and North Carolina AU - Baneth, Gad AU - Kordick, Dorsey L. AU - Hegarty, Barbara C. AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. T2 - Veterinary Microbiology AB - Bartonella henselae, the predominant cause of cat scratch disease, and Bartonella quintana, the cause of trench fever, are closely related Bartonella species that induce cross-reactivity when cat or human sera are tested using an indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) test. Cats are the natural reservoir for B. henselae, whereas a mammalian reservoir host for B. quintana has not been identified. Serum samples from 114 cats from Israel and 114 cats from North Carolina were tested by IFA for seroreactivity to B. henselae and B. quintana antigens. Similar numbers of cats from Israel [45 (39.5%)] and from North Carolina [46 (40.4%)] were seroreactive to both antigens, however, as compared to cats from North Carolina [8 (7%)], a significantly (P = 0.001) larger number of cats from Israel were seroreactive to B. quintana antigen only [23 (20.2%)]. In addition, mean antibody titers were lower to B. henselae than to B. quintana (P = 0.0001) in the cats from Israel, whereas similar mean titers to both antigens were identified in cats from North Carolina. Absorption of serum using whole B. henselae organisms resulted in a significantly greater (P = 0.0001) decreacse in antibody titer to B. henselae between absorbed and non-absorbed sera, as compared to the decrease in antibody titer following absorption with whole B. quintana organisms. There was a similar decrease in antibody titer in sera from cats experimentally infected with B. henselae and in cats naturally exposed to Bartonella species from Israel and North Carolina. Our results indicate that absorption of serum will, in most instances, distinguish species-specific reactivity by IFA to B. henselae from cross-reactivity to B. quintana in cats experimentally infected with B. henselae. The data support the conclusion that B. henselae is the principal Bartonella species responsible for seroreactivity against B. henselae and B. quintana in naturally exposed cats from Israel or North Carolina. It also suggests that in Israel, cats are exposed to one or more antigenically different Bartonella species, sub-species or strains, that seroreact by IFA more intensely with B. quintana antigen. DA - 1996/5// PY - 1996/5// DO - 10.1016/0378-1135(96)00006-5 VL - 50 IS - 1-2 SP - 95-103 J2 - Veterinary Microbiology LA - en OP - SN - 0378-1135 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(96)00006-5 DB - Crossref KW - Bartonella henselae KW - Bartonella quintana KW - cat scratch disease ER - TY - CHAP TI - Prediction Based Task Scheduling in Distributed Computing AU - Samadani, Mehrdad AU - Kaltofen, Erich T2 - Languages, Compilers and Run-Time Systems for Scalable Computers PY - 1996/// DO - 10.1007/978-1-4615-2315-4_30 SP - 317-320 OP - PB - Springer US SN - 9781461359791 9781461523154 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2315-4_30 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Generic Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization by exact division AU - Erlingsson, Úlfar AU - Kaltofen, Erich AU - Musser, David T2 - the 1996 international symposium AB - Article Generic Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization by exact division Share on Authors: Úlfar Erlingsson Department of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York Department of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New YorkView Profile , Erich Kaltofen Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North CarolinaView Profile , David Musser Department of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York Department of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New YorkView Profile Authors Info & Claims ISSAC '96: Proceedings of the 1996 international symposium on Symbolic and algebraic computationOctober 1996 Pages 275–282https://doi.org/10.1145/236869.237085Online:01 October 1996Publication History 6citation506DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations6Total Downloads506Last 12 Months8Last 6 weeks2 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access C2 - 1996/// C3 - Proceedings of the 1996 international symposium on Symbolic and algebraic computation - ISSAC '96 DA - 1996/// DO - 10.1145/236869.237085 PB - ACM Press SN - 0897917960 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/236869.237085 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - On rank properties of Toeplitz matrices over finite fields AU - Kaltofen, E. AU - Lobo, A. T2 - the 1996 international symposium AB - Article Free Access Share on On rank properties of Toeplitz matrices over finite fields Authors: E. Kaltofen Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North CarolinaView Profile , A. Lobo Department of Computer and Information Sciences, The University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware Department of Computer and Information Sciences, The University of Delaware, Newark, DelawareView Profile Authors Info & Claims ISSAC '96: Proceedings of the 1996 international symposium on Symbolic and algebraic computationOctober 1996 Pages 241–249https://doi.org/10.1145/236869.237081Online:01 October 1996Publication History 17citation480DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations17Total Downloads480Last 12 Months18Last 6 weeks3 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF C2 - 1996/// C3 - Proceedings of the 1996 international symposium on Symbolic and algebraic computation - ISSAC '96 DA - 1996/// DO - 10.1145/236869.237081 PB - ACM Press SN - 0897917960 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/236869.237081 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - A DNA structure is required for geminivirus replication origin function. AU - Orozco, B M AU - Hanley-Bowdoin, L T2 - Journal of virology AB - The genome of the geminivirus tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) consists of two single-stranded circular DNAs, A and B, that replicate through a rolling-circle mechanism in nuclei of infected plant cells. The TGMV origin of replication is located in a conserved 5' intergenic region and includes at least two functional elements: the origin recognition site of the essential viral replication protein, AL1, and a sequence motif with the potential to form a hairpin or cruciform structure. To address the role of the hairpin motif during TGMV replication, we constructed a series of B-component mutants that resolved sequence changes from structural alterations of the motif. Only those mutant B DNAs that retained the capacity to form the hairpin structure replicated to wild-type levels in tobacco protoplasts when the viral replication proteins were provided in trans from a plant expression cassette. In contrast, the same B DNAs replicated to significantly lower levels in transient assays that included replicating, wild-type TGMV A DNA. These data established that the hairpin structure is essential for TGMV replication, whereas its sequence affects the efficiency of replication. We also showed that TGMV AL1 functions as a site-specific endonuclease in vitro and mapped the cleavage site to the loop of the hairpin. In vitro cleavage analysis of two TGMV B mutants with different replication phenotypes indicated that there is a correlation between the two assays for origin activity. These results suggest that the in vivo replication results may reflect structural and sequence requirements for DNA cleavage during initiation of rolling-circle replication. DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// DO - 10.1128/jvi.70.1.148-158.1996 VL - 70 IS - 1 SP - 148-158 LA - en OP - SN - 0022-538X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.70.1.148-158.1996 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interactions between geminivirus replication proteins. AU - Settlage, S B AU - Miller, A B AU - Hanley-Bowdoin, L T2 - Journal of virology AB - Geminiviruses are small DNA viruses that replicate in the nuclei of infected plant cells. The closely related geminiviruses tomato golden mosaic virus and bean golden mosaic virus each encode a protein, AL1, that catalyzes the initiation of rolling-circle replication. Both viruses also specify a second replication protein, AL3, that greatly enhances the level of viral DNA accumulation. Using recombinant proteins produced in a baculovirus expression system, we showed that AL1 copurifies with a protein fusion of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and AL1, independent of the GST domain. Similarly, authentic AL3 cofractionates with a GST-AL3 fusion protein. These results demonstrated that both AL1 and AL3 form oligomers. Immunoprecipitation of protein extracts from insect cells expressing both AL1 and AL3 showed that the two proteins also complex with each other. None of the protein interactions displayed virus specificity; the tomato and bean golden mosaic virus proteins complexed with each other. The addition of heterologous replication proteins had no effect on the efficiency of geminivirus replication in transient-replication assays, suggesting that heteroprotein complexes might be functional. The significance of these protein interactions is discussed with respect to geminivirus replication in plant cells. DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// DO - 10.1128/jvi.70.10.6790-6795.1996 VL - 70 IS - 10 SP - 6790-6795 LA - en OP - SN - 0022-538X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.70.10.6790-6795.1996 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Effect of inoculum source type and cultural practices on the spread of Phytophthora capsici in bell pepper AU - Ristaino, JB AU - Parra, G AU - Campbell, CL T2 - American Society for Horticultural Science C2 - 1996/// C3 - Proceedings of the national pepper conference DA - 1996/// M1 - RESEARCH ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating temperature of mulched and bare soil from meteorological data AU - Wu, Y. AU - Perry, K.B. AU - Ristaino, J.B. T2 - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology AB - In order to investigate the application potential for soil solarization in the southern US without conducting labor intensive field tests and expensive experiments, a numerical model has been developed to estimate the temperature profile of both mulched and bare soils. Atmospheric and soil conditions, as well as the transmissivity, reflectivity and emissivity of mulch are considered in the model. The required dynamic inputs are hourly measurements of global radiation, air temperature, dewpoint, wind speed and rainfall. The model was validated using hourly observations from 12 contiguous days of July 6–18, 1990 at the North Carolina State University Horticultural Crops Research Station near Clinton. Different weather occurred during the period. The model worked very well on both clear and rainy days except July 17 when large, rapid changes of the air temperature and solar radiation occurred. However, the percentages of the absolute differences less than 2.0°C between the hourly estimated and measured soil temperatures at 10, 20, and 30 cm were 89, 95 and 95 for mulched soil, and 94, 98 and 100 for bare soil, respectively. The correlation between estimated and measured temperatures yielded R-square values between 0.82 and 0.93. The model was very successful to satisfy the main objectives in this study. Model sensitivities to 23 parameters were analyzed. Relative sensitivity coefficients were higher for soil bulk density, quartz fraction, and mulch transmissivity to solar radiation, than for surface roughness length, soil clay fraction and mulch transmissivity to long wave radiation. DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// DO - 10.1016/0168-1923(95)02320-8 VL - 81 IS - 3-4 SP - 299-323 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030437209&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reovirus-induced acute myocarditis in mice correlates with viral RNA synthesis rather than generation of infectious virus in cardiac myocytes AU - Sherry, B. AU - Baty, C.J. AU - Blum, M.A. T2 - Journal of Virology C2 - 190713 DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 70 IS - 10 SP - 6709–6715 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Post-transcriptional regulation by light AU - Petracek, M.E. AU - Dickey, L.F. AU - Nguyen, T. AU - Allen, G.C. AU - Sowinski, D.A. AU - Hansen, E.R. AU - Thompson, W.F. T2 - Regulation of Plant Growth and Development by Light A2 - Briggs, W.R. A2 - Heath, R.L. A2 - Tobin, E.M. PY - 1996/// PB - American Society of Plant Physiologists ER - TY - CHAP TI - Matrix Attachment Regions and Transgene Expression AU - Thompson, William F. AU - Allen, George C. AU - Hall, Gerald AU - Spiker, Steven T2 - Genomes of Plants and Animals AB - Many of the questions we have about how biological systems work are ultimately questions about the regulation of gene expression. For this reason, the control of transcription is fundamental and has received well-deserved attention. From a simplistic point of view, transcription can be though of as being regulated at two levels. The first level (coarse control) involves access of RNA polymerase and transacting factors to the specific DNA sequences with which they interact. Access is a function of chromatin structure. In chromatin fibers of both condensed metaphase chromosomes and interphase chromatin, DNA is highly compacted and essentially inaccessible to RNA polymerase and trans-acting factors. In order to make the DNA accessible, chromatin fibers must in some way take on a more open, less compact structure. Once an open (transcriptionally poised) chromatin structure is obtained, further regulation of transcription involving availability and interactions of transacting factors (fine control), come into play. For reviews see Paranjape et al. (1994) and Reeves (1984). PY - 1996/// DO - 10.1007/978-1-4899-0280-1_16 SP - 243-269 OP - PB - Springer US SN - 9781489902825 9781489902801 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0280-1_16 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nuclear Matrix Attachment Regions and Transgene Expression in Plants AU - Spiker, S. AU - Thompson, W. F. T2 - Plant Physiology AB - DNA sequences called matrix attachment regions (MARs) or scaffold attachment regions (SARs) have recently attracted much attention because of their perceived capacity to increase levels of transgene expression and reduce transformant-to-transformant variation of transgene expression in both plants and animals. Work with these sequences is in its early stages and data that seem to be contradictory have been presented. We do not intend to resolve these controversies here (this will be accomplished by further research). Rather, we will discuss the hypothesized role of MARs in chromatin structure, how MARs are isolated and characterized, what effects MARs have had on the expression of transgenes and the models that have been evoked to explain those effects. DA - 1996/1/1/ PY - 1996/1/1/ DO - 10.1104/pp.110.1.15 VL - 110 IS - 1 SP - 15-21 J2 - Plant Physiol. LA - en OP - SN - 0032-0889 1532-2548 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.110.1.15 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - High-Level Transgene Expression in Plant Cells: Effects of a Strong Scaffold Attachment Region from Tobacco AU - Allen, George C. AU - Hall, Gerald AU - Michalowski, Susan AU - Newman, Winnell AU - Spiker, Steven AU - Weissinger, Arthur K. AU - Thompson, William F. T2 - The Plant Cell DA - 1996/5// PY - 1996/5// DO - 10.2307/3870291 VL - 8 IS - 5 SP - 899 J2 - The Plant Cell OP - SN - 1040-4651 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3870291 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The tree improvement process AU - Frampton, J. T2 - Limbs & Needles DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 23 IS - 4 SP - 10-14 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survival and growth of eastern white pine shoot apical meristems in vitro AU - Goldfarb, B AU - Howe, GM AU - Hackett, WP AU - Monteuuis, O T2 - PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE DA - 1996/9// PY - 1996/9// DO - 10.1007/BF02307092 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - 171-178 SN - 0167-6857 KW - juvenility KW - maturation KW - Pinus strobus KW - propagation KW - tissue culture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Maturation-related loss in rooting competence by loblolly pine stem cuttings: The role of auxin transport, metabolism and tissue sensitivity AU - DiazSala, C AU - Hutchison, KW AU - Goldfarb, B AU - Greenwood, MS T2 - PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM AB - A comparison of rooting ability of stem cuttings made from hypocotyls and epicotyls from 50‐day‐old seedlings of loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L. ) reveals a dramatic decline by epicotyl cuttings, which do not root at all in 20–30 days in the presence or absence of auxin. In contrast, almost all the hypocotyls root during this time, but only in the presence of exogenously applied auxin. The failure of epicotyls to root does not appear to be due to differences in [ 14 C]‐labeled auxin uptake, transport, metabolism, or tissue distribution in the two types of cuttings. At the cellular level, initial responses to auxin, such as differentiation of the cambium into parenchyma, occur in both types of cuttings, but localized rapid cell division and root meristem organization are not observed in epicotyls. Autoradiography revealed that radioactivity from a ‐naphthalene acetic acid is bound in the cortex but not concentrated at sites of root meristem organization prior to the organization of the meristem in hypocotys. During the development of the epicotyl. cellular competence to form roots appears to be lost. Although this loss in competence is not associated with a concurrent loss in ability to transport auxin polarly, the latter process appears to play a key role in rooting other than to move auxin to the site of root formation. The phytotropin N‐(1‐naphthyl)phthalamic acid inhibits rooting if applied during the first 3 days after the cutting is made, but does not affect auxin concentration or metabolism at the rooting site. DA - 1996/7// PY - 1996/7// DO - 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1996.tb00507.x VL - 97 IS - 3 SP - 481-490 SN - 1399-3054 KW - adventitious rooting KW - auxin metabolism KW - auxin transport KW - loblolly pine KW - indole-3-acetic acid KW - maturation KW - phase change KW - Pinus taeda KW - alpha-naphthalene acetic acid KW - N-(1-naphthyl)phthalamic acid ER - TY - RPRT TI - Selection indexes for forest trees AU - McKeand, S. E. A3 - N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// PB - N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program ER - TY - RPRT TI - Selection and gain AU - McKeand, S. E. A3 - N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// PB - N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program ER - TY - RPRT TI - Seed handling and growing containerized seedlings AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Jett, J. B. DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// ER - TY - RPRT TI - Progeny testing procedures AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Jett, J. B. A3 - N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// PB - N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program ER - TY - CONF TI - Molecular markers, forest genetics, and tree breeding AU - O'Malley, D. M. AU - Grattapaglia, D. AU - Chaparro, J. X. AU - Wilcox, P. L. AU - Amerson, H. V. AU - Liu, B-H AU - Whetten, R. AU - McKeand, Steven AU - Kuhlman, E. G. AU - McCord, S. AU - Crane, B. AU - Sederoff, R. A2 - Gustafson, J. P. A2 - Flavell, R. B. AB - Several years ago, Strauss et al. (1992) thoughtfully evaluated the application of molecular markers in forest tree breeding for marker aided selection. The purpose of their paper was to emphasize the limitations and shortcomings of marker-aided selection particularly in conifers. They argued that studies of quantitative trait loci identified in agronomic crops, which have significant utility (e.g. Stuber, 1992; Stuber et al., 1992), are of little relevance to assessing the potential for marker aided selection in populations of forest trees, and that the near term usefulness of molecular markers for forest tree breeding will be limited. The major barriers to application included cost, the lack of association of markers with traits across breeding populations due to linkage equilibrium, variation in expression of loci affecting quantitative traits due to differences in genetic background, genotype environment interactions, and stability of marker-trait associations over multiple generations. In addition, Strauss et al. (1992) noted that marker-aided selection would be most useful for within family selection, where the economic values of the traits are high, the trait heritabilities are low, and where markers are able to explain much of the genetic variance. However, they argued that important traits in forest trees such as wood volume, are likely to be controlled by large numbers of genes with small effects, and therefore, are unlikely to have useful marker trait associations. C2 - 1996/// C3 - Genomes of Plants and Animals: 21 Stadler Genetics Symposium DA - 1996/// DO - 10.1007/978-1-4899-0280-1_7 SP - 87–102 PB - Plenum Press, NY ER - TY - RPRT TI - Geographic variation in loblolly pine AU - McKeand, S. E. A3 - N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// PB - N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program ER - TY - CONF TI - Genetic parameter estimates and selection efficiency for the loblolly pine breeding the south-eastern U.S AU - Li, B. AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Weir, R. J. A2 - M. J. Dieters, A. C. Matheson A2 - D. G. Nikles, C. E. Harwood A2 - Walker, S. M. C2 - 1996/// C3 - Tree Improvement for Sustainable Tropical Forestry: Proceedings of the QFRI-IUFRO Conference DA - 1996/// SP - 164-168 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Genetic basis for tree improvement AU - McKeand, S. E. A3 - Department of Forestry, N.C. State University DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// PB - Department of Forestry, N.C. State University ER - TY - RPRT TI - Establishment and management of pine clonal seed orchards AU - Jett, J. B. AU - McKeand, S. E. A3 - N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// PB - N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program ER - TY - RPRT TI - Breeding value predictions and genetic gains from second generation loblolly pine open-pollinated progeny tests AU - Li, B. AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Hatcher, A. V. AU - Sprauge, J. R. AU - Weir, R. J. A3 - N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// SP - 78p. PB - N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program ER - TY - RPRT TI - Breeding strategies AU - McKeand, S. E. A3 - N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// PB - N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program ER - TY - RPRT TI - Progeny test measurement, analysis, and selection AU - Hatcher, A. V. AU - McKeand, S. E. A3 - N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// PB - N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program ER - TY - CONF TI - Genetic and environmental effects on biomass production and wood density in loblolly pine AU - Belonger, P. J. AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Jett, J. B. A2 - M. J. Dieters, A. C. Matheson A2 - D. G. Nikles, C. E. Harwood A2 - Walker, S. M. C2 - 1996/// C3 - Tree Improvement for Sustainable Tropical Forestry: Proceedings of the QFRI-IUFRO Conference DA - 1996/// SP - 307-310 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular and genetic determinants of diversity in tomato spotted wilt virus AU - Moyer, AU - J. W., Qiu WenPing T2 - Acta Horticulturae DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// DO - 10.17660/actahortic.1996.431.19 IS - 431 SP - 219 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil solarization and Gliocladium virens reduce the incidence of southern blight (Sclerotium rolfsii) in bell pepper in the field AU - Ristaino, JB AU - Perry, KB AU - Lumsden, RD T2 - BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AB - The timing of solarization with clear plastic mulch in relation to the planting of pepper and the timing of soil amendment with a bran prill formulation of Gliocladium virens were evaluated for the control of southern blight and the survival of sclerotia of the pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii in bell pepper in the field. Solarization during crop growth increased the incidence of southern blight, and G. virens was not effective under the mulch. In addition, pepper yields were low when the soil was solarized during crop growth. In contrast, the solarization of fallow soil in raised beds for 6 weeks prior to crop growth significantly reduced disease incidence in the pepper crop. In addition, in 2 years, G. virens alone reduced southern blight in non-solarized soils and reduced the survival of sclerotia of S. rolfsii to depths of 30 cm at all locations in soil in both years. These data demonstrate two effective biological control strategies for the management of southern blight in the southeastern US. Keywords: BiocontrolBiological ControlCapsicum AnnuumSolar HeatingIntegrated Pest ManagementAlternative AgricultureBiointensive Integrated Pest ManagementAntagonismGliocladium VirensTrichoderma Virens DA - 1996/12// PY - 1996/12// DO - 10.1080/09583159631226 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - 583-593 SN - 0958-3157 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030301392&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - biocontrol KW - biological control KW - Capsicum annuum KW - solar heating KW - integrated pest management KW - alternative agriculture KW - biointensive integrated pest management KW - antagonism KW - Gliocladium virens KW - Trichoderma virens ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interdependence of N nucleotide addition and recombination site choice in V(D)J rearrangement AU - Kepler, T. B. AU - Borrero, M. AU - Rugerio, B. AU - McCray, S. K. AU - Clarke, S. H. T2 - Journal of Immunology DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 157 IS - 10 SP - 4451 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The nature of quantitative genetic variation revisited: Lessons from Drosophila bristles AU - Mackay, TFC T2 - BIOESSAYS AB - Most characters that distinguish one individual from another, like height or weight, vary continuously in populations. Continuous variation of these 'quantitative' traits is due to the simultaneous segregation of multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs) as well as environmental influences. A major challenge in human medicine, animal and plant breeding and evolutionary genetics is to identify QTLs and determine their genetic properties. Studies of the classic quantitative traits, abdominal and sternopleural bristle numbers of Drosophila, have shown that: (1) many loci have small effects on bristle number, but a few have large effects and cause most of the genetic variation; (2) 'candidate' loci involved in bristle development often have large quantitative effects on bristle number; and (3) alleles at QTLs affecting bristle number have variable degrees of dominance, interact with each other, and affect other quantitative traits, including fitness. Lessons learned from this model system will be applicable to studies of the genetic basis of quantitative variation in other species. DA - 1996/2// PY - 1996/2// DO - 10.1002/bies.950180207 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 113-121 SN - 0265-9247 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plant hormones: Brassinosteroids in the spotlight AU - Clouse, SD T2 - CURRENT BIOLOGY AB - Recent studies on dwarf mutants of the model plant Arabidopsis thallana have provided convincing evidence that brassinosteroids-natural plant products similar to animal steroid hormones-are essential for normal plant growth and development. DA - 1996/6/1/ PY - 1996/6/1/ DO - 10.1016/S0960-9822(09)00442-4 VL - 6 IS - 6 SP - 658-661 SN - 1879-0445 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Myocarditis in mice and guinea pigs experimentally infected with a canine-origin Borrelia isolate from Florida AU - Breitschwerdt, E. B. AU - Geoly, F. J. AU - Meuten, D. J. AU - Levine, J. F. AU - Howard, P. AU - Hegarty, B. C. AU - Stafford, L. C. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// VL - 57 IS - 4 SP - 505-511 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular chaperones and protein folding in plants AU - Boston, RS AU - Viitanen, PV AU - Vierling, E T2 - PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY DA - 1996/10// PY - 1996/10// DO - 10.1007/BF00039383 VL - 32 IS - 1-2 SP - 191-222 SN - 1573-5028 KW - heat shock proteins KW - foldases KW - BIP KW - protein transport KW - protein disulfide isomerase KW - calnexin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Manipulation of host gene expression by root-knot nematodes AU - Bird, DM T2 - JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AB - Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) establish elaborate feeding sites in their host. Unique patterns of gene expression are induced in root cells, resulting in formation of a novel cell type called a giant cell. Based on analysis of approximately 220 giant cell expressed genes, key elements of giant cell function and regulation have been identified; examples are discussed in the context of giant cell biology and ontogeny. The potential to effect nematode control by manipulating these genes in transgenic host plants is considered, and models for giant cell induction are presented. DA - 1996/12// PY - 1996/12// DO - 10.2307/3284193 VL - 82 IS - 6 SP - 881-888 SN - 1937-2345 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030474165&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - PAT TI - DNA encoding a ribosome inactivating protein AU - Boston, R. S. AU - Bass, H. W. AU - OBrian, G. R. C2 - 1996/// DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// ER - TY - PAT TI - Method of detecting toxin-insensitive urf13-T protein AU - Levings, C. S. AU - Dewey, R. E. AU - Braun, C. J. C2 - 1996/// DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immunolocalization of mannitol dehydrogenase in celery plants and cells AU - Zamski, E AU - Yamamoto, YT AU - Williamson, JD AU - Conkling, MA AU - Pharr, DM T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Immunolocalization of mannitol dehydrogenase (MTD) in celery (Apium graveolens L.) suspension cells and plants showed that MTD is a cytoplasmic enzyme. MTD was found in the meristems of celery root apices, in young expanding leaves, in the vascular cambium, and in the phloem, including sieve-element/companion cell complexes, parenchyma, and in the exuding phloem sap of cut petioles. Suspension cells that were grown in medium with mannitol as the sole carbon source showed a high anti-MTD cross-reaction in the cytoplasm, whereas cells that were grown in sucrose-containing medium showed little or no cross-reaction. Gel-blot analysis of proteins from vascular and nonvascular tissues of mature celery petioles showed a strong anti-MTD sera cross-reactive band, corresponding to the 40-kD molecular mass of MTD in vascular extracts, but no cross-reactive bands in nonvascular extracts. The distribution pattern of MTD within celery plants and in cell cultures that were grown on different carbon sources is consistent with the hypothesis that the Mtd gene may be regulated by sugar repression. Additionally, a developmental component may regulate the distribution of MTD within celery plants. DA - 1996/11// PY - 1996/11// DO - 10.1104/pp.112.3.931 VL - 112 IS - 3 SP - 931-938 SN - 0032-0889 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soluble synthetic multiporphyrin arrays .2. Photodynamics of energy-transfer processes AU - Hsiao, JS AU - Krueger, BP AU - Wagner, RW AU - Johnson, TE AU - Delaney, JK AU - Mauzerall, DC AU - Fleming, GR AU - Lindsey, JS AU - Bocian, DF AU - Donohoe, RJ T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY AB - Soluble ethyne-linked tetraarylporphyrin arrays that mimic natural light-harvesting complexes by absorbing light and directing excited-state energy have been investigated by static and time-resolved absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. Of particular interest is the role of the diarylethyne linkers in mediating energy transfer. The major conclusions from this study, which is limited to the examination of arrays containing Zn and free-base (Fb) porphyrins, include the following: (1) Singlet excited-state energy transfer from the Zn porphyrin to the Fb porphyrin is extremely efficient (95−99%). Competitive electron-transfer reactions are not observed. (2) The rate of energy transfer is slowed up to 4-fold by the addition of groups to the linker that limit the ability of the linker and porphyrin to adopt geometries tending toward coplanarity. Thus, the mechanism of energy transfer predominantly involves through-bond communication via the linker. Consistent with this notion, the measured lifetimes of the Zn porphyrin in the dimers at room temperature yield energy-transfer rates ((88 ps)-1 < ktrans < (24 ps)-1) that are significantly faster than those predicted by the Förster (through-space) mechanism ((720 ps)-1). Nevertheless, the electronic communication is weak and the individual porphyrins appear to retain their intrinsic radiative and non-radiative rates upon incorporation into the arrays. (3) Transient absorption data indicate that the energy-transfer rate between two isoenergetic Zn porphyrins in a linear trimeric array terminated by a Fb porphyrin is (52 ± 19 ps)-1 in toluene at room temperature, while the time-resolved fluorescence data suggest that it may be significantly faster. Accordingly, incorporation of multiple isoenergetic pigments in extended linear or two-dimensional arrays will permit efficient overall energy transfer. (4) Medium effects, including variations in solvent polarity, temperature, viscosity, and axial solvent ligation, only very weakly alter (≤2.5-fold) the energy-transfer rates. However, the Fb porphyrin fluorescence in the Zn−Fb dimers is quenched in the polar solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (but not in toluene, castor oil, or acetone), which is attributed to charge-transfer with the neighboring Zn porphyrin following energy transfer. Collectively, the studies demonstrate that extended multiporphyrin arrays can be designed in a rational manner with predictable photophysical features and efficient light-harvesting properties through use of the diarylethyne-linked porphyrin motif. DA - 1996/11/13/ PY - 1996/11/13/ DO - 10.1021/ja961612f VL - 118 IS - 45 SP - 11181-11193 SN - 0002-7863 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soluble synthetic multiporphyrin arrays .1. Modular design and synthesis AU - Wagner, RW AU - Johnson, TE AU - Lindsey, JS T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY AB - A set of porphyrin building blocks has been developed for the construction of light-harvesting model compounds and related molecular photonic devices. The porphyrins are facially encumbered to enhance solubility in organic solvents, are employed in a defined metalation state (free base (Fb) or zinc chelate), and bear peripheral functional groups such as iodo or ethyne for joining the porphyrins via covalent bonds. The coupling of an iodophenylporphyrin and an ethynylphenylporphyrin via mild Pd-mediated reactions (2−4 mM of each porphyrin in toluene/triethylamine (5:1) with Pd2(dba)3 and AsPh3 at 35 °C for 2 h) yields the corresponding diphenylethyne-linked multiporphyrin array in 70−80% yield. The arrays are easily purified by a sequence of flash silica chromatography, preparative size exclusion chromatography, and gravity elution silica chromatography. The diphenylethyne linkers give a center-to-center separation of the porphyrins of ∼20 Å. Model light-harvesting compounds are easily prepared using Zn and Fb porphyrin building blocks. In order to investigate the role of the linker in through-bond electronic communication, and the effect of through-bond electronic communication on the rates and yields of photoinduced energy transfer in the arrays, four ZnFb dimers have been prepared that have a systematic increase in steric hindrance in the diphenylethyne unit. The presence of steric hindrance inhibits rotation of the phenyl group toward coplanarity with the porphyrin, thereby modulating the electronic communication. A linear ZnFbZn trimer and a right-angle ZnFbZn trimer have been prepared to probe the effects of geometry on electronic communication pathways. A linear ZnZnFb trimer has been synthesized to investigate the photodynamics of energy migration among isoenergetic zinc porphyrins. These multiporphyrin arrays have sufficient solubility (∼5 mM) for routine handling in organic solvents such as toluene, CH2Cl2, or CHCl3, and can be examined spectroscopically (1−10 μM) in diverse solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide, and castor oil. This building block approach should make diverse multiporphyrin arrays readily available. DA - 1996/11/13/ PY - 1996/11/13/ DO - 10.1021/ja961611n VL - 118 IS - 45 SP - 11166-11180 SN - 0002-7863 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A brassinosteroid-insensitive mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana exhibits multiple defects in growth and development AU - Clouse, S. D. AU - Langford, M. AU - McMorris, T. C. T2 - Plant Physiology AB - Brassinosteroids are widely distributed plant compounds that modulate cell elongation and division, but little is known about the mechanism of action of these plant growth regulators. To investigate brassinosteroids as signals influencing plant growth and development, we identified a brassinosteroid-insensitive mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Henyh. ecotype Columbia. The mutant, termed bri1, did not respond to brassinosteroids in hypocotyl elongation and primary root inhibition assays, but it did retain sensitivity to auxins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, and gibberellins. The bri1 mutant showed multiple deficiencies in developmental pathways that could not be rescued by brassinosteroid treatment including a severely dwarfed stature; dark green, thickened leaves; males sterility; reduced apical dominance; and de-etiolation of dark-grown seedlings. Genetic analysis suggests that the Bri1 phenotype is caused by a recessive mutation in a single gene with pleiotropic effects that maps 1.6 centimorgans from the cleaved, amplified, polymorphic sequence marker DHS1 on the bottom of chromosome IV. The multiple and dramatic effects of mutation of the BRI1 locus on development suggests that the BRI1 gene may play a critical role in brassinosteroid perception or signal transduction. DA - 1996/// PY - 1996/// DO - 10.1104/pp.111.3.671 VL - 111 IS - 3 SP - 671-678 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Boron-dipyrromethene dyes for incorporation in synthetic multi-pigment light-harvesting arrays AU - Wagner, RW AU - Lindsey, JS T2 - PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY AB - Abstract DA - 1996/7// PY - 1996/7// DO - 10.1351/pac199668071373 VL - 68 IS - 7 SP - 1373-1380 SN - 0033-4545 ER -