TY - CHAP TI - Colorado potato beetle AU - Kennedy, G.G. T2 - Encyclopedia of Insects A2 - Resh, V. A2 - Carde, R.T. PY - 2003/// ET - 1st SP - 242–244 PB - Academic Press SN - 9780080546056 ER - TY - CONF TI - Teaching product liability as an ethical issue in engineering and computer science AU - Herkert, J.R. AU - O'ConneII, B.M. AB - This paper discusses the ethical implications of product liability and strategies for teaching product liability as an ethical issue to engineering and computer science students. The product liability climate can have substantial impact on the working environment of engineers charged with product safety. Many product liability controversies turn on the notion of "standard of care", which has both legal and ethical dimensions. The importance of product liability as an ethical issue can be demonstrated for students by considering the well-known Therac-25 and McDonald's coffee cases as well as less-publicized but more common cases involving appliances and hand tools. Such cases not only illuminate ethical issues and dilemmas posed by product liability claims and policy, but also help to clarify the relationship between law and ethics. C2 - 2003/// C3 - 33rd Annual Frontiers in Education, 2003. FIE 2003. DA - 2003/// DO - 10.1109/fie.2003.1265934 PB - IEEE UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fie.2003.1265934 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Spatial and temporal patterns in the spread of Austrian pine in four Lake Michigan sand dune habitats: Final report, including brochures, pamphlets, and public information booklets AU - Grieger, K. AU - Murphy, P. A3 - State of Michigan, Department of Natural Resources DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M3 - Final report, including brochures, PB - State of Michigan, Department of Natural Resources ER - TY - THES TI - Spatial and temporal patterns of Pinus nigra (Austrian pine) spread in four Lake Michigan sand dune habitats AU - Grieger, K. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M3 - Master's thesis PB - Michigan State University ER - TY - CONF TI - Writer training: Complementary models of document review in the classroom and at work AU - Swarts, J. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings/STC, Society for Technical Communication Annual Conference DA - 2003/// SP - 214-219 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038602708&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Instruction And Assessment Of Multidisciplinary Teaming Skills In Senior Design AU - Peretti, Stephen AU - Berardinelli, Paula AU - Kleid, Naomi AU - Dannels, Deanna AU - Anson, Chris AU - Bullard, Lisa AU - Kmiec, Dave DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// UR - http://peer.asee.org/11418 N1 - ASEE Conferences ; Comment: 8 pages RN - ASEE Conferences ; Comment: 8 pages ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integrating Teaming, Writing, And Speaking In Che Unit Operations Lab AU - Peretti, Steven AU - Spivey, James AU - Berardinelli, Paula AU - Kleid, Naomi AU - Dannels, Deanna AU - Anson, Chris AU - Bullard, Lisa AU - Kmiec, Dave DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// UR - http://peer.asee.org/11461 N1 - ASEE Conferences ; Comment: 6 pages RN - ASEE Conferences ; Comment: 6 pages ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mutual Support: CAC Programs and Institutional Improvement in Undergraduate Education DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - RPRT TI - Second-Year Evaluation Report AU - Berry, R.M. AU - Leahy, P. A3 - Community Health Center – Summit County Enhancement Services for Women in Public Housing Cluster Apartment Program DA - 2003/3// PY - 2003/3// M3 - Research Monograph PB - Community Health Center – Summit County Enhancement Services for Women in Public Housing Cluster Apartment Program ER - TY - RPRT TI - Project THRIVE (Truancy Habits Reduced, Interventions via Education) Second Mid-year Evaluation Report – 2003 AU - Berry, R.M. A3 - Community Health Center – Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention DA - 2003/1// PY - 2003/1// M3 - Research Monograph PB - Community Health Center – Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention ER - TY - CONF TI - Teaching Research Methods in Public and Nonprofit Programs AU - Robbins, D. AU - Brower, R.S. AU - Berry, R.M. T2 - Academy of Management C2 - 2003/// C3 - Democracy in a Knowledge, Academy of Management Proceedings CY - Seattle, WA DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/8/1/ SP - 154 ER - TY - RPRT TI - First Year Evaluation of the Gate House Program (for Minorities Living with HIV/AIDS) – October 2002 - September 2003 AU - Berry, R.M. A3 - Community Health Center – SAMHSA/Center for Substance Abuse Treatment DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// M3 - Research Monograph PB - Community Health Center – SAMHSA/Center for Substance Abuse Treatment ER - TY - RPRT TI - Joy Dance Evaluation – 2002 to 2003 AU - Berry, R.M. A3 - Community Health Center – Summit County Department of Job and Family Services DA - 2003/8// PY - 2003/8// M3 - Research Monograph PB - Community Health Center – Summit County Department of Job and Family Services ER - TY - RPRT TI - Project THRIVE (Truancy Habits Reduced, Interventions via Education) Final Evaluation Report – 2003 AU - Berry, R.M. AU - Deason-Howell, L. A3 - Community Health Center – Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention DA - 2003/7// PY - 2003/7// M3 - Research Monograph PB - Community Health Center – Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention ER - TY - CONF TI - Dissident Science in Agricultural Biotechnology: The Discovery, Controversy and Significance of Transgenes AU - Delborne, J. T2 - Annual Meetings of the Society for Social Studies of Science C2 - 2003/10/17/ CY - Atlanta, GA DA - 2003/10/17/ PY - 2003/10/17/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Behavioral variation among cloned pigs AU - Archer, G. AU - Friend, T. AU - Piedrahita, J.A. AU - Nevill, C. AU - Walker, S.C. T2 - Applied Animal Behaviour Science AB - The variability of behavior among cloned animals has yet to be studied. Through a series of behavior tests, we quantified the variation in food preference, temperament, and time budgets of two genetically identical Duroc litters (n=5, 4) and their naturally bred controls (n=4, 4). All litters of pigs were tested for their food preference using apples, bananas, crackers, and carrots. Variation in temperament was determined by timing latency to remove a towel (Towel test) and by counting vocalizations and escape attempts during Back and Pick-up tests. Seventy-two hours of time lapse video were used to determine time budgets of the pigs consisting of the following behaviors: lying in bedding, lying on concrete, standing, feeding, and play/fighting. An F-test was used to determine differences in variation between litter variations. The clones were similarly or more variable (P<0.05) than the naturally bred controls: in their preference for the foods in 13 of the 16 comparisons; in 5 of the 8 comparisons during the Towel test; in all four comparisons in the Back and Pick-up tests; and in 9 of the 10 comparisons in the time budget analysis. These results reinforce the importance of environmental effects on animal behavior and question the use of cloning by nuclear transfer to replicate animals with specific behavioral characteristics. DA - 2003/6/24/ PY - 2003/6/24/ DO - 10.1016/S0168-1591(03)00065-0 VL - 82 IS - 2 SP - 151-161 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Extremophiles AU - Sehgal, A.C. AU - Kelly, R.M. T2 - Encyclopedia of Catalysis A2 - Horváth, I.T. AB - Abstract Extremophiles are microorganisms with the ability to survive under extreme environmental conditions, including geothermal and arctic waters, glacial ices, deserts, saline lakes, and acidic, sulfurous hot springs. Adaptation of extremophiles to harsh conditions and unique stability of the enzymes (extremozymes) from these organisms have recently attracted a great deal of attention. Extremozymes have been replacing enzymes, which do not cope with harsh conditions, in many industries, such as pharmaceutical, food, chemical, laundry detergents, and bioremediation. Furthermore, there is an increasing demand of novel applications of these biocatalysts, working optimally over a range of extreme conditions, such as high temperature, high salinity, and high alkalinity. Developments in gene discovery and gene expression technologies hopefully will expand the exploitation of these biocatalysts. In this study, different types of extremophiles are introduced and the adaptations to extreme conditions for each condition are pointed. The biocatalysts from overlooked extremophiles and the applications of these biocatalysts are highlighted. PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1002/0471227617.eoc089.pub2 VL - 3 PB - John Wiley and Sons ER - TY - CONF TI - Microbial ecology of hydrothermal biotypes AU - Montero, C.I. AU - Conners, S.B. AU - Johnson, M.R. AU - Pysz, M.A. AU - Shockley, K.R. AU - Kelly, R.M. T2 - Optical science and technology, SPIE's 48th Annual Meeting A2 - Hoover, R.B. A2 - Rozanov, A.Y. AB - Hydrothermal environments, whether terrestrial or marine, provide a window into potentially thriving ecosystems on other solar bodies. If such extraterrestrial biotopes do exist, they might be inhabited by extremophilic microorganisms, perhaps related to hyperthermophiles (optimal growth temperature > 80°C) previously characterized from geothermal sites on this planet. Study of the physiological and metabolic patterns in hyperthermophiles will shed light on microbial lifestyles consistent with putative hydrothermal niches on other planets and moons. C2 - 2003/8// C3 - Proceedings: Optical science and technology, SPIE's 48th Annual Meeting CY - San Diego, CA DA - 2003/8// PY - 2003/8/3/ DO - 10.1117/12.514744 VL - 5163 PB - SPIE KW - hyperthermophiles KW - extremophiles KW - biofilm KW - microbial ecology ER - TY - CHAP TI - Hyperthermophiles AU - Gao, Jun AU - Ward, Donald F. AU - Kelly, Robert M. T2 - Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology AB - Abstract Hyperthermophilic Environments Isolation and Cultivation of Hyperthermophiles Metabolism of Hyperthermophiles Genetics of Hyperthermophiles Microbial Ecology of Hyperthermophiles PY - 2003/1/15/ DO - 10.1002/0471263397.env256 PB - John Wiley & Sons, Inc. SN - 0471263397 9780471263395 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471263397.env256 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Communities of Work: Rural Restructuring in Local and Global Contexts T2 - Global and comparative studies series A3 - Falk, William A3 - Schulman, Michael D. A3 - Tickamyer, Ann DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M1 - 2 PB - Ohio University Press SN - 9780896802346 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Hogs and Citizens: A Report From the North Carolina Front AU - MacMillan, Marybe AU - Schulman, Michael D. T2 - Communities of Work : rural restructuring in local and global contexts A2 - Falk, William W. A2 - Schulman, Michael D. A2 - Tickamyer, Ann R. T3 - Global and comparative studies series PY - 2003/// SP - 219–239 PB - Ohio University Press SN - 9780896802346 SV - 2 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Place, Race, and State: Sustaining the Textile Security Zone in a Changing Southern Labor Market AU - Anderson, Cynthia D. AU - Schulman, Michael D. AU - Wood, Phillip J. T2 - Communities of Work: rural restructuring in local and global contexts A2 - Falk, William W. A2 - Schulman, Michael D. A2 - Tickamyer, Ann R. PY - 2003/// SP - 31–54 PB - Ohio University Press SN - 9780896802346 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Breaking Down the Institutional Barriers to Multi-Disciplinary Research AU - Kuzma, J. A3 - Medical Technology Leadership Forum DA - 2003/4// PY - 2003/4// PB - Medical Technology Leadership Forum ER - TY - BOOK TI - The unintended consequences of high stakes testing AU - Jones, M.G. AU - Jones, B. AU - Hargrove, T. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// PB - Rowman and Littlefield ER - TY - JOUR TI - A sense of scale: : Studying how scale affects systems and organisms AU - Tretter, T. AU - Jones, M.G. T2 - Science Teacher DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 70 IS - 1 SP - 22–25 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Environmental Impact of Agriculture and Energy Use: How new technologies, including biotechnology, can provide sustainable solutions A3 - The Royal Norwegian Embassy, University of Minnesota DA - 2003/6/30/ PY - 2003/6/30/ VL - June 30 PB - The Royal Norwegian Embassy, University of Minnesota ER - TY - RPRT TI - Facilitating the Continuum from Experimental to Clinical Use: Designing Alternative Models AU - Kuzma, J A3 - Medical Technology Leadership Forum DA - 2003/7// PY - 2003/7// M3 - A University of Minnesota Summit PB - Medical Technology Leadership Forum ER - TY - JOUR TI - The failed metaphors of teaching AU - Jones, M.G. AU - Hargrove, T. AU - Jones, B. T2 - The School Administrator DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 60 IS - 11 SP - 26–28 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Atomic force microscopy with touch: Educational applications AU - Jones, M.G. AU - Bokinsky, A. AU - Tretter, T. AU - Negishi, A. AU - Kubasko, D. AU - Superfine, R. AU - Taylor, R. T2 - Science, technology and education of microscopy: An overview A2 - Mendez-Vilas, A. PY - 2003/// VL - II SP - 776–786 PB - Formatex SN - 9788460766995 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phosphorylation of sucrose synthase at serine 170: Occurrence and possible role as a signal for proteolysis AU - Hardin, S.C. AU - Tang, G.-Q. AU - Scholz, A. AU - Holtgraewe, D. AU - Winter, H. AU - Huber, S.C. T2 - Plant Journal AB - Summary Sequence analysis identified serine 170 (S170) of the maize ( Zea mays L.) SUS1 sucrose synthase (SUS) protein as a possible, second phosphorylation site. Maize leaves contained two calcium‐dependent protein kinase activities and a calcium‐independent kinase activity with characteristics of an sucrose non‐fermenting 1 (SNF1)‐related protein kinase. Phosphorylation of the novel S170 and the known serine 15 (S15) site by these protein kinases was determined in peptide substrates and detected in SUS1 protein substrates utilizing sequence‐ and phosphorylation‐specific antibodies. We demonstrate phosphorylation of S170 in vitro and in vivo . The calcium‐dependent protein kinases phosphorylated both S170 and S15, whereas SNF1‐related protein kinase activity was restricted to S15. Calcium‐dependent protein‐kinase‐mediated S170 and S15 phosphorylation kinetics were determined in wild‐type and mutant SUS1 substrates. These analyses revealed that kinase specificity for S170 was threefold lower than that for S15, and that phosphorylation of S170 was stimulated by prior phosphorylation at the S15 site. The SUS‐binding peptides encoded by early nodulin 40 (ENOD40) specifically antagonized S170 phosphorylation in vitro . A model wherein S170 phosphorylation functions as part of a mechanism targeting SUS for proteasome‐mediated degradation is supported by the observations that SUS proteolytic fragments: (i) were detected and possessed relatively high phosphorylated‐S170 (pS170) stoichiometry; (ii) were spatially coincident with proteasome activity within developing leaves; and (iii) co‐sedimented with proteasome activity. In addition, full‐length pS170‐SUS protein was less stable than S170‐SUS in cultured leaf segments and was stabilized by proteasome inhibition. Post‐translational control of SUS protein level through pS170‐promoted proteolysis may explain the specific and significant decrease in SUS abundance that accompanies the sink‐to‐source transition in developing maize leaves. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01831.x VL - 35 IS - 5 SP - 588-603 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0141792977&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - CDPK KW - maize KW - phosphorylation KW - proteasome KW - SnRK1 KW - sucrose synthase ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of partner's ability on the achievement and conceptual organization of high-achieving fifth-grade students AU - Carter, Glenda AU - Jones, M. Gail AU - Rua, Melissa T2 - Science Education AB - Abstract This study investigated high‐achieving fifth‐grade students' achievement gains and conceptual reorganization during a unit on convection. Specifically, the achievement and cognitive gains that occurred as a result of interactions of high‐achieving students with a high‐achieving or low‐achieving laboratory partner were compared. The study design included an instructional sequence of three dyadic inquiry investigations related to convection currents as well as pre‐ and postassessments consisting of a multiple‐choice test, card sorting task, construction of a concept map, and an interview. Results showed no significant differences for achievement of high‐achieving students regardless of the partner's achievement level and only slight differences in conceptual reorganization. The implications of this study for heterogeneous grouping and construction of knowledge by dyads is discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 87: 94–111, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10031 DA - 2003/1// PY - 2003/1// DO - 10.1002/sce.10031 VL - 87 IS - 1 SP - 94–111 SN - 0036-8326 1098-237X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sce.10031 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Testcross Performance of Semiexotic Inbred Lines Derived from Latin American Maize Accessions AU - Tarter, J.A. AU - Goodman, M.M. AU - Holland, J.B. T2 - Crop Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 43 IS - 6 SP - 2272-2278 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0242653940&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome-wide genetic diversity among components does not cause cultivar blend responses AU - Helland, S.J. AU - Holland, J.B. T2 - Crop Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 43 IS - 5 SP - 1618-1627 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0141459295&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Combining ability of a tropical-derived maize population with isogenic BT and conventional testers AU - Holland, J.B. AU - Goodman, M.M. T2 - Maydica DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 48 IS - 1 SP - 1-8 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038419797&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Students' Perspectives on Debate Exercises in Content Area Classes AU - Goodwin, Jean T2 - Communication Education AB - The recent movement to promote debate across the curriculum presumes that debate-like activities in content-area classes can enhance disciplinary learning as well as core skills. Yet students in such classes may resist debate activities if they believe (1) debate promotes hostility; (2) debate disadvantages demographic groups preferring noncompetitive communication styles; or (3) debate is too unfamiliar. The present study elicited end-of-term written evaluations of debate-like activities in a 70-student class on rhetorical traditions. Students in the class worked in small groups to prepare debates on issues arising from lectures and reading. Teams presented debates during weekly discussion section meetings; those not debating acted as judges and wrote explanations of their decisions. Thematic analysis of the student responses indicated that, while a few students expressed discomfort with the competitiveness of the activities, most were laudatory. Results point to the value of debate-across-the-curriculum for promoting small group communication and for fostering divergent perspectives on course topics. DA - 2003/1// PY - 2003/1// DO - 10.1080/03634520302466 VL - 52 IS - 2 SP - 157-163 J2 - Communication Education LA - en OP - SN - 0363-4523 1479-5795 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03634520302466 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Learning at the nanoscale: The impact of students' use of remote microscopy on concepts of viruses, scale, and microscopy AU - Jones, M. Gail AU - Andre, Thomas AU - Superfine, Richard AU - Taylor, Russell T2 - Journal of Research in Science Teaching AB - Abstract The rapid pace of development is bringing advanced technologies to the World Wide Web (WWW), and, as a result, schools have access to new tools for science investigations. In this exploratory study, we investigated how an educational experience organized around students' use of a WWW‐controllable atomic force microscope (AFM) influenced students' understandings of viruses. The context for the study was a weeklong unit on viruses for two high school biology classes which incorporated student use of the WWW controllable AFM. We also investigated how the haptic (involving kinesthetics and touch) experiences afforded by this tool might influence students' knowledge of viruses, microscopy, and nanometer scale. Fifty students from two high school biology classes participated in a series of instructional activities and pre‐ and postassessments (knowledge test, opinion questionnaire, and interviews). Results showed that students' understandings of microscale, virus morphology, and dimensionality changed as a result of the experiences. Students' conceptions moved from a two‐dimensional textbook‐like image of a virus to a three‐dimensional image of an adenovirus. The results of this preliminary study suggest that the use of the technology as a tool for learning about morphology of materials too small to see may be beneficial. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 40: 303–322, 2003 DA - 2003/2/7/ PY - 2003/2/7/ DO - 10.1002/tea.10078 VL - 40 IS - 3 SP - 303-322 J2 - J. Res. Sci. Teach. LA - en OP - SN - 0022-4308 1098-2736 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tea.10078 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationships Between Inquiry-Based Teaching and Physical Science Standardized Test Scores AU - Tretter, Thomas R. AU - Jones, M. Gail T2 - School Science and Mathematics AB - This exploratory case study investigates relationships between use of an inquiry‐based instructional style and student scores on standardized multiple‐choice tests. The study takes the form of a case study of physical science classes taught by one of the authors over a span of four school years. The first 2 years were taught using traditional instruction with low levels of inquiry (non‐inquiry group), and the last 2 years of classes were taught by inquiry methods. Students' physical science test scores, achievement data, and attendance data were examined and compared across both instructional styles. Results suggest that for this teacher the use of an inquiry‐based teaching style did not dramatically alter students' overall achievement, as measured by North Carolina's standardized test in physical science. However, inquiry‐based instruction had other positive effects, such as a dramatic improvement in student participation and higher classroom grades earned by students. In additional inquiry‐based instruction resulted in more uniform achievement than did traditional instruction, both in classroom measures and in more objective standardized test measures. DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// DO - 10.1111/j.1949-8594.2003.tb18211.x VL - 103 IS - 7 SP - 345-350 LA - en OP - SN - 0036-6803 1949-8594 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.2003.tb18211.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Understanding and preventing violence against adolescent workers: what is known and what is missing? AU - Runyan, C AU - Schulman, M AU - Hoffman, C T2 - Clinics in Occupational and Environmental Medicine DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// DO - 10.1016/s1526-0046(03)00123-7 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 711-720 J2 - Clinics in Occupational and Environmental Medicine LA - en OP - SN - 1526-0046 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1526-0046(03)00123-7 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Animal production and wheeze in the Agricultural Health Study: interactions with atopy, asthma, and smoking AU - Hoppin, J A T2 - Occupational and Environmental Medicine AB - Exposure to animals, their feeds, and by-products contribute to respiratory symptoms among farmers.To investigate the role of animal exposures and wheeze, and to assess whether their impact differs among susceptible subgroups, including atopics, asthmatics, and smokers.Using the Agricultural Health Study, a cohort of pesticide applicators in Iowa and North Carolina enrolled in 1994-97, wheeze associated with animal production was evaluated and interactions among susceptible subgroups assessed. Logistic regression models were used to examine risk factors for wheeze in the past year among 20 468 farmers.Individuals raising animals requiring direct contact had the highest odds ratios (OR) for wheeze (OR(dairy) = 1.26; OR(eggs) = 1.70). A significant dose response was observed for both the number of poultry and the number of livestock on the farm. Farmers who performed veterinary procedures on a daily basis had an OR of 1.51. The odds of wheeze associated with poultry production was greater among atopic than non-atopic individuals. Milking cows daily increased the odds of wheeze in all individuals, with the largest association observed among atopic asthmatic individuals. The impact of dairy, poultry, and egg production varied among smoking groups. Past smokers had the highest odds ratios, followed by never smokers, and then current smokers. The OR(eggs) was 2.88 among past smokers but only 1.46 for never smokers. The OR(eggs) for current smokers of 0.80 might reflect self selection of exposure among smokers.Results are consistent with animal production and respiratory symptoms, and suggest that subgroups may respond differently to exposure. DA - 2003/8/1/ PY - 2003/8/1/ DO - 10.1136/oem.60.8.e3 VL - 60 IS - 8 SP - 3e-3 J2 - Occupational and Environmental Medicine LA - en OP - SN - 1351-0711 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.60.8.e3 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impostor in the nest AU - Dunn, R. T2 - Natural History DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 112 IS - 5 SP - 22-26 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037672798&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - piggyBac-mediated germline transformation in the beetle Tribolium castaneum AU - Lorenzen, M. D. AU - Berghammer, A. J. AU - Brown, S. J. AU - Denell, R. E. AU - Klingler, M. AU - Beeman, R. W. T2 - Insect Molecular Biology AB - The lepidopteran transposable element piggyBac can mediate germline insertions in at least four insect orders. It therefore shows promise as a broad-spectrum transformation vector, but applications such as enhancer trapping and transposon-tag mutagenesis are still lacking. We created, cloned, sequenced and genetically mapped a set of piggyBac insertions in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Transpositions were precise, and specifically targeted the canonical TTAA recognition sequence. We detected several novel reporter-expression domains, indicating that piggyBac could be used to identify enhancer regions. We also demonstrated that a primary insertion of a non-autonomous element can be efficiently remobilized to non-homologous chromosomes by injection of an immobile helper element into embryos harbouring the primary insertion. These developments suggest potential for more sophisticated methods of piggyBac-mediated genome manipulation. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2003.00427.x VL - 12 IS - 5 SP - 433-440 J2 - Insect Mol Biol LA - en OP - SN - 0962-1075 1365-2583 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2583.2003.00427.x DB - Crossref KW - piggyBac KW - germline transformation KW - EGFP KW - enhancer trap KW - Tribolium castaneum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of Organic Amendments on Soilborne and Foliar Diseases in Field-Grown Snap Bean and Cucumber AU - Stone, A. G. AU - Vallad, G. E. AU - Cooperband, L. R. AU - Rotenberg, D. AU - Darby, H. M. AU - James, R. V. AU - Stevenson, W. R. AU - Goodman, R. M. T2 - Plant Disease AB - Several paper mills in Wisconsin have programs for spreading paper mill residuals (PMR) on land. A growing number of vegetable farmers recognize the agronomic benefits of PMR applications, but there have been no investigations on the use of PMR for control of vegetable crop diseases. Our objective was to determine the effect of PMR amendments on soilborne and foliar diseases of cucumber and snap bean grown on a sandy soil. Raw PMR, PMR composted without bulking agent (PMRC), or PMR composted with bark (PMRBC) were applied annually in a 3-year rotation of potato, snap bean, and pickling cucumber. Several naturally occurring diseases were evaluated in the field, along with in situ field bioassays. All amendments suppressed cucumber damping-off and Pythium blight and foliar brown spot of snap bean. Both composts reduced the incidence of angular leaf spot in cucumber. In a separate field experiment planted with snap bean for two consecutive years, all amendments reduced common root rot severity in the second year. In a greenhouse experiment, the high rate of PMRBC suppressed anthracnose of snap bean. These results suggest that the application of raw and composted PMR to sandy soils has the potential to control several soilborne and foliar diseases. DA - 2003/9// PY - 2003/9// DO - 10.1094/pdis.2003.87.9.1037 VL - 87 IS - 9 SP - 1037-1042 J2 - Plant Disease LA - en OP - SN - 0191-2917 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.9.1037 DB - Crossref KW - Aphanomyces euteiches KW - biological control KW - Colletotrichum lindemuthianum KW - Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans KW - P. syringae pv. syringae KW - Pythium spp. KW - suppressive soils ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship between vegetative compatibility and pathogenicity of isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tuberosi from potato. AU - Ayed, Fakher AU - Daami-Remadi, Mejda AU - Jabnoun-Khiareddine, Hayfa AU - Mahjoub, Mohamed El AU - Ayed, F AU - Ayed, F AU - Daami-Remadi, M AU - Jabnoun-Khiareddine, H AU - El Mahjoub, M AU - Ayed, F AU - others T2 - International Journal of Agricultural Research DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - pp-206 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vitro inhibitory activities of some chemical substances and antagonistic strains of Trichoderma spp. against certain agents causing potato tuber rots. AU - Ayed, F AU - Daami-Remadi, M AU - Jabnoun-Khiareddine, F AU - El Mahjoub, M AU - Bang, U AU - Beagle-Ristaino, JE AU - Papavizas, GC AU - Benhamou, N AU - Chet, I AU - Carnegie, SF AU - others T2 - International Journal of Agricultural Research DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 1 IS - 5 SP - pp-206 ER - TY - CONF TI - Molecular evolution of Phytophthora infestans. Evolución molecular de Phytophthora infestans. AU - Gómez-Alpı́zar, Luis Enrique AU - Thorne, JL AU - Ristaino, Jean Beagle C2 - 2003/// C3 - Annual Meeting of the American Phytopathological Society, Charlotte, NC, US, Aug. 09-13, 2003. DA - 2003/// VL - 93 SP - S30 M1 - 6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of microbial species and functional diversity in soils on pathogen dispersal and ecosystem processes in organic and conventional agroecosystems AU - Ristaino, Jean T2 - Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) research projects. Southern Region DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome-wide insertional mutagenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana AU - Alonso, J.M. AU - Stepanova, A.N. AU - Leisse, T.J. AU - Kim, C.J. AU - Chen, H. AU - Shinn, P. AU - Stevenson, D.K. AU - Zimmerman, J. AU - Barajas, P. AU - Cheuk, R. AU - Gadrinab, C. AU - Heller, C. AU - Jeske, A. AU - Koesema, E. AU - Meyers, C.C. AU - Parker, H. AU - Prednis, L. AU - Ansari, Y. AU - Choy, N. AU - Deen, H. AU - Geralt, M. AU - Hazari, N. AU - Hom, E. AU - Karnes, M. AU - Mulholland, C. AU - Ndubaku, R. AU - Schmidt, I. AU - Guzman, P. AU - Aguilar-Henonin, L. AU - Schmid, M. AU - Weigel, D. AU - Carter, D.E. AU - Marchand, T. AU - Risseeuw, E. AU - Brogden, D. AU - Zeko, A. AU - Crosby, W.L. AU - Berry, C.C. AU - Ecker, J.R. T2 - Science AB - Over 225,000 independent Agrobacterium transferred DNA (T-DNA) insertion events in the genome of the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana have been created that represent near saturation of the gene space. The precise locations were determined for more than 88,000 T-DNA insertions, which resulted in the identification of mutations in more than 21,700 of the approximately 29,454 predicted Arabidopsis genes. Genome-wide analysis of the distribution of integration events revealed the existence of a large integration site bias at both the chromosome and gene levels. Insertion mutations were identified in genes that are regulated in response to the plant hormone ethylene. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1126/science.1086391 VL - 301 IS - 5633 SP - 653-657 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0042768158&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - T-DNA mutagenesis in Arabidopsis. AU - Alonso, J.M. AU - Stepanova, A.N. T2 - Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 236 SP - 177-188 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1542548233&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - The β-subunit of the Arabidopsis G protein negatively regulates auxin-induced cell division and affects multiple developmental processes AU - Ullah, Hemayet AU - Chen, Jin-Gui AU - Temple, Brenda AU - Boyes, Douglas C. AU - Alonso, José M. AU - Davis, Keith R. AU - Ecker, Joseph R. AU - Jones, Alan M. T2 - The Plant Cell Online DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - 393-409 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Balance between phytochrome kinase substrate1 and PKS2 Provides Homeostasis for Phytochrome A Signaling in Arabidopsis AU - Lariguet, Patricia AU - Boccalandro, Hernan E. AU - Alonso, José M. AU - Ecker, Joseph R. AU - Chory, Joanne AU - Casal, Jorge J. AU - Fankhausera, Christian T2 - The Plant Cell Online DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mutations in the Ca2+/H+ transporter CAX1 increase CBF/DREB1 expression and the cold-acclimation response in Arabidopsis AU - Catalá, Rafael AU - Santos, Elisa AU - Alonso, José M. AU - Ecker, Joseph R. AU - Martínez-Zapater, José M. AU - Salinas, Julio T2 - The Plant Cell Online DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 15 IS - 12 SP - 2940-2951 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isolation and characterization of phyC mutants in Arabidopsis reveals complex crosstalk between phytochrome signaling pathways AU - Monte, Elena AU - Alonso, José M. AU - Ecker, Joseph R. AU - Zhang, Yuelin AU - Li, Xin AU - Young, Jeff AU - Austin-Phillips, Sandra AU - Quail, Peter H. T2 - The Plant Cell Online DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 15 IS - 9 SP - 1962-1980 ER - TY - JOUR TI - GUN4, a regulator of chlorophyll synthesis and intracellular signaling AU - Larkin, Robert M. AU - Alonso, Jose M. AU - Ecker, Joseph R. AU - Chory, Joanne T2 - Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 299 IS - 5608 SP - 902-906 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome-wide insertional mutagenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana (vol 301, pg 653, 2003) AU - Alonso, J. M. T2 - Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 301 IS - 5641 SP - 1849 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome-wide insertional mutagenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana AU - Alonso, Jose M. AU - Stepanova, Anna N. AU - Leisse, Thomas J. AU - Kim, Christopher J. AU - Chen, Huaming AU - Shinn, Paul AU - Stevenson, Denise K. AU - Zimmerman, Justin AU - Barajas, Pascual AU - Cheuk, Rosa T2 - Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 301 IS - 5633 SP - 653-657 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Five components of the ethylene-response pathway identified in a screen for weak ethylene-insensitive mutants in Arabidopsis AU - Alonso, J.M. AU - Stepanova, A.N. AU - Solano, R. AU - Wisman, E. AU - Ferrari, S. AU - Ausubel, F.M. AU - Ecker, J.R. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America AB - Five ethylene-insensitive loci ( wei1 – wei5 ) were identified by using a low-dose screen for “weak” ethylene-insensitive mutants. wei1 , wei2 , and wei3 seedlings showed hormone insensitivity only in roots, whereas wei4 and wei5 displayed insensitivity in both roots and hypocotyls. The genes corresponding to wei1 , wei4 , and wei5 were isolated using a positional cloning approach. The wei1 mutant harbored a recessive mutation in TIR1 , which encodes a component of the SCF protein ubiquitin ligase involved in the auxin response. wei4 , a dominant mutant, resulted from a mutation in the ethylene receptor ERS , whereas wei5 , a semidominant mutant, was caused by a mutation in the EIN3 -related transcription factor gene EIL1 . The simultaneous loss of functional WEI5 / EIL1 and EIN3 nearly completely abolished the ethylene response in etiolated seedlings, and adult plants were highly susceptible to infection by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea . Moreover, wei5 / eil1 ein3 double mutants were able to fully suppress constitutive signaling caused by ctr1 , suggesting a synergistic interaction among these gene products. Unlike previously known root ethylene-insensitive mutants, wei2 and wei3 were not affected in their response to auxin and showed a normal response to gravity. Genetic mapping studies indicate that wei2 and wei3 correspond to previously unidentified ethylene pathway genes that may control cell-elongation processes functioning at the intersection of the ethylene and auxin response pathways. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1073/pnas.0438070100 VL - 100 IS - 5 SP - 2992-2997 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037418331&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhanced fitness conferred by naturally occurring variation in the circadian clock AU - Michael, Todd P. AU - Salome, Patrice A. AU - Hannah, J. Yu AU - Spencer, Taylor R. AU - Sharp, Emily L. AU - McPeek, Mark A. AU - Alonso, Jose M. AU - Ecker, Joseph R. AU - McClung, C. Robertson T2 - Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 302 IS - 5647 SP - 1049-1053 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chloroplast to nucleus communication triggered by accumulation of Mg-protoporphyrinIX AU - Strand, Åsa AU - Asami, Tadao AU - Alonso, Jose AU - Ecker, Joseph R. AU - Chory, Joanne T2 - Nature DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 421 IS - 6918 SP - 79-83 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A growth regulatory loop that provides homeostasis to phytochrome A signaling AU - Lariguet, Patricia AU - Boccalandro, Hernan E. AU - Alonso, José M. AU - Ecker, Joseph R. AU - Chory, Joanne AU - Casal, Jorge J. AU - Fankhauser, Christian T2 - The Plant Cell Online DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 15 IS - 12 SP - 2966-2978 ER - TY - JOUR TI - < i> Arabidopsis RIN4 Is a Target of the Type III Virulence Effector AvrRpt2 and Modulates RPS2-Mediated Resistance AU - Mackey, David AU - Belkhadir, Youssef AU - Alonso, Jose M. AU - Ecker, Joseph R. AU - Dangl, Jeffery L. T2 - Cell DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 112 IS - 3 SP - 379-389 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of Agricultural Pesticides and Prostate Cancer Risk in the Agricultural Health Study Cohort AU - Alavanja, M. C. R. AU - Samanic, C. AU - Dosemeci, M. AU - Lubin, J. AU - Tarone, R. AU - Lynch, C.F. AU - Knott, C. AU - Thomas, K. AU - Hoppin, J.A. AU - Barker, J. AU - Coble, J. AU - Sandler, D.P. AU - Blair, A. T2 - American Journal of Epidemiology AB - The authors examined the relation between 45 common agricultural pesticides and prostate cancer incidence in a prospective cohort study of 55,332 male pesticide applicators from Iowa and North Carolina with no prior history of prostate cancer. Data were collected by means of self-administered questionnaires completed at enrollment (1993-1997). Cancer incidence was determined through population-based cancer registries from enrollment through December 31, 1999. A prostate cancer standardized incidence ratio was computed for the cohort. Odds ratios were computed for individual pesticides and for pesticide use patterns identified by means of factor analysis. A prostate cancer standardized incidence ratio of 1.14 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.24) was observed for the Agricultural Health Study cohort. Use of chlorinated pesticides among applicators over 50 years of age and methyl bromide use were significantly associated with prostate cancer risk. Several other pesticides showed a significantly increased risk of prostate cancer among study subjects with a family history of prostate cancer but not among those with no family history. Important family history-pesticide interactions were observed. DA - 2003/5/1/ PY - 2003/5/1/ DO - 10.1093/aje/kwg040 VL - 157 IS - 9 SP - 800–814 SN - 0002-9262 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwg040 KW - agrochemicals KW - fungicides, industrial KW - herbicides KW - insecticides KW - pesticides KW - prostatic neoplasms KW - risk ER - TY - JOUR TI - Male reproductive effects of phthalates: An emerging picture AU - Hoppin, J.A. T2 - Epidemiology AB - Like so many other byproducts of human enterprise, phthalates, without much attention paid to their possible health effects, have become widely distributed among people. In 2000, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published the first data on phthalate levels in the U.S. population. The highest levels were still less than 1% of the lowest observable effect level in animals, though limited human health data were available. 1,2 However, three recent reports 3–5 (including one in this issue of Epidemiology by Susan Duty and colleagues 3) suggest that phthalates at current population levels may have measurable effects on male reproductive health. “…there is an emerging pattern of adverse semen parameters in the presence of high phthalate levels.” Just as “plastics” was the key word of advice to Dustin Hoffman in The Graduate, “phthalates” may become the key word for environmental epidemiologists in coming years. Phthalate esters are common in PVC plastics, paints and cosmetics. Exposure of laboratory animals as fetuses, pups and adults to phthalate esters can cause reproductive harm. In 1999, the U.S. National Toxicology Program commissioned an expert panel to assess seven phthalate esters and their risk to human reproduction. The candidates included two prime suspects: DEHP (diethylhexyl phthalate) and DBP (dibutyl phthalate). The primary metabolite of DEHP is MEHP (monoethylhexyl phthalate), an antiandrogen that disrupts male reproductive development in animals. Based on the limited scientific literature, which 2 years ago included virtually no human data, the panel identified “serious concern” for neonatal males exposed to DEHP. 6 Preterm babies are highly exposed to DEHP via intravenous and other medical tubing. 7 If phthalates damage male reproduction, preterm male infants are a group likely to experience problems. However, the ability to evaluate this group is limited. It is difficult to assemble a comparison group for a group of infants having extensive medical interventions. Although this remains a vital research question, we will have to look elsewhere for clues about potential reproductive damage from phthalates. In 2000, the CDC released the first population-based data on phthalate exposure. Four phthalate monoesters, including MEHP and MBP (the primary metabolite of DBP), were detectable in nearly all 289 people in an NHANES III sample from 1988–1994 2 and in most of the 1029 people from the NHANES data of 1999. 8 By far the highest levels were for monoethyl phthalate (MEP), a chemical not evaluated by the National Toxicology Program because of its apparent low toxicity in laboratory animals. The extent of human exposure is troubling. Detectable exposures range over two orders of magnitude, and there are practically no data on possible human health effects. In the past few months, the first results from epidemiologic studies have become available. 4–5 It appears that the reproductive effects of phthalates may not be limited to highly exposed animals. In studies from infertility clinics in India 4 and Boston, 5 there is an emerging pattern of adverse semen parameters in the presence of high phthalate levels. “Researchers…should not neglect the possibility that phthalates might affect women as well.” In India, Rozati and colleagues 4 measured phthalate levels in seminal fluid of community controls and patients being treated at an infertility clinic. Phthalates were associated with adverse morphology, sperm head defects and a higher percentage of single-strand deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in sperm. These authors used a measure of total phthalate diesters, which does not permit the responsible agent to be specifically identified. Because the treatment protocol was not mentioned, it is possible that these patients may have been exposed to specific phthalates in the course of their medical treatment. If the patients had the same pattern of phthalate exposure as the U.S. population, the main phthalate would be MEP. Among men at a Boston infertility clinic, urinary levels of MEP, but not other phthalates, were associated with adverse integrity of sperm DNA. 5 Although MEP is not known to be genotoxic, 9 taken together these studies suggest the need for further research into its potential to cause DNA damage in sperm. In this issue, Susan Duty and colleagues 3 provide further evidence from the Boston study of infertile men. This new paper reports an association of high urinary MBP levels with low sperm concentration and sperm motility. There was a similar association between MBzP (monobenzylphthalate) and sperm concentration. Surprisingly, no association was observed with MEHP, the phthalate of most concern in the report from the expert panel. Perhaps this is not so unexpected. As the authors note, 3 the animal literature suggests that DEHP (with its metabolite MEHP) has its effects on the male reproductive system only when exposure is before birth. DEHP exposure later in life apparently has no effect. 6 In contrast, DBP can apparently disrupt male reproduction at all stages of life. Thus, the apparent association of MBP (DBP’s active metabolite) with low sperm count and motility in humans is not implausible. Even so, these are all preliminary findings. These studies have been carried out within selected groups of men with known or suspected fertility problems. Both of the analyses by Duty 3,7 have been conducted among men from subfertile couples, so the spectrum of infertility represented is broader than among participants in the study by Rozati, 6 in which all cases had documented low sperm counts. All three studies relied on one sperm sample and one phthalate sample from each subject. As Duty notes, “an accurate measurement of sperm count is difficult using one specimen.” Although urinary phthalate levels appear reproducible from one day to the next, 10 no data are available to assess the long-term reliability of these urinary measures with a short half-life. The stage is now set for more detailed and comprehensive studies of men who are more representative of the general population. Finally, we should not overlook the fact that MBP levels are higher in women than men, 2 perhaps owing to exposures through cosmetics. The animal data suggest that phthalates can also have reproductive effects in females, including impaired uterine function. 11 As researchers attempt to replicate Duty’s findings in men, they should not neglect the possibility that phthalates might affect women as well. About the Author JANE HOPPIN is an environmental epidemiologist at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health. She has conducted studies on the health effects of lead and pesticides. Her current work includes the investigation of human exposure to phthalates, particularly with respect to patterns of exposure. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1097/00001648-200305000-00002 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 259-260 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038672685&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Animal production and wheeze in the Agricultural Health Study: interactions with atopy, asthma, and smoking. AU - Hoppin, J.A. AU - Umbach, D.M. AU - London, S.J. AU - Alavanja, M.C. AU - Sandler, D.P. T2 - Occupational and environmental medicine DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 60 IS - 8 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0141454811&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immediate and residual effects of tamoxifen and ethynylestradiol in the female rat hypothalamus AU - Patisaul, Heather B. AU - Aultman, Eleni A. AU - Bielsky, Isadora F. AU - Young, Larry J. AU - Wilson, Mark E. T2 - Brain Research AB - Very little is known about the impact of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) on the brain. We examined the effects of tamoxifen (TAMOX) and the synthetic estrogen 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE) on estrogen-dependent gene expression and receptor binding in the female rat brain. Both immediate and residual effects were examined in both the presence and absence of 17beta-estradiol. Two groups of adult, ovariectomized, female rats (n=30 per group) were injected with TAMOX (5 mg/kg), EE (0.1 mg/kg), or sesame oil daily for 14 days. Animals from the first group were implanted with blank or 17beta-estradiol Silastic capsules concurrently with the last three SERM injections (immediate, group 1). Animals from the second group received either blank or 17beta-estradiol implants 2 weeks after the last injection (residual, group 2). All animals were sacrificed 72 h after implantation. TAMOX increased uterine weight in the absence of estrogen, but inhibited uterine weight gain in the presence of estrogen in both groups 1 and 2. TAMOX and EE increased oxytocin receptor binding in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) in the absence of estrogen in both groups 1 and 2. The estrogen-dependent induction of PR mRNA expression in the VMN was significantly attenuated by TAMOX in group 1. Finally, TAMOX and EE had opposite effects on ERbeta mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus in the absence of 17beta-estradiol in group 1. Neither had any effect in group 2 when 17beta-estradiol was present. These results suggest that TAMOX has mixed agonist/antagonist effects in the female rat brain, many of which persist at least 2 weeks after the administration ceases. DA - 2003/7// PY - 2003/7// DO - 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02807-5 VL - 978 IS - 1-2 SP - 185-193 J2 - Brain Research LA - en OP - SN - 0006-8993 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02807-5 DB - Crossref KW - selective estrogen receptor modulator KW - ER beta KW - ER alpha KW - estrogen KW - hypothalamus KW - progesterone ER - TY - JOUR TI - Oxytocin, But Not Oxytocin Receptor, is Regulated by Oestrogen Receptor β in the Female Mouse Hypothalamus AU - Patisaul, H. B. AU - Scordalakes, E. M. AU - Young, L. J. AU - Rissman, E. F. T2 - Journal of Neuroendocrinology AB - In the female rat, oestrogen receptor (ER) beta is colocalized with both oxytocin- and vasopressin-producing neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). In this study, we demonstrate that the same pattern of colocalization between ERbeta and oxytocin exists in the female mouse. Because this nucleus contains only a negligible quantity of ERalpha, it is likely that the oestrogen-dependent regulation of oxytocin and vasopressin synthesis in the PVN is mediated by ERbeta. Thus, we compared the effect of ovarian hormones on oxytocin and vasopressin mRNA expression in the PVN of wild-type (WT) and ERbeta knockout (betaERKO) mice. We also compared the effects of ovarian hormones on oxytocin receptor (OTR) expression in the medial amygdala (MeA) and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) in female WT and betaERKO mice. Ovariectomized mice underwent long-term treatment with oestradiol or oil. Progesterone was given concurrently on the final 7 days of treatment, and all mice were killed 48 h after the final progesterone injection. In the PVN, hormone treatment increased oxytocin mRNA expression in WT but not betaERKO females. These results suggest that ERbeta is necessary for the regulation of the expression of oxytocin in the PVN. Hormone treatment had no effect on vasopressin mRNA expression in the PVN, but significantly increased OTR binding in both the VMN and the MeA in both genotypes. Collectively, our data show region and peptide specific regulation by ERalpha and ERbeta in the mouse hypothalamus. DA - 2003/7/1/ PY - 2003/7/1/ DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2003.01061.x VL - 15 IS - 8 SP - 787-793 LA - en OP - SN - 0953-8194 1365-2826 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2826.2003.01061.x DB - Crossref KW - oestrogen KW - ER beta KW - paraventricular nucleus KW - supraoptic nucleus KW - ER alpha ER - TY - BOOK A3 - Falk, W. A3 - Schulman, M.D. A3 - Tickamyer, A. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// PB - Ohio University Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stability of Internal Heat Necrosis and Specific Gravity in Tetraploid × Diploid Potatoes AU - Sterrett, S. B. AU - Henninger, M. R. AU - Yencho, G. C. AU - Lu, W. AU - Vinyard, B. T. AU - Haynes, K. G. T2 - Crop Science AB - Internal heat necrosis (IHN) is a severe physiological disorder of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers, characterized by brown spots that first appear near the apical end of the tuber parenchyma, although most of the parenchyma tissue is involved in severe cases. The purposes of this study were to evaluate 4x-2x clones of S. tuberosum × S. phureja Juz. & Bukasov–S. stenotomum Juz. & Bukasov (phu-stn) for specific gravity (SG) and incidence and severity of IHN in the mid-Atlantic states, and identify clones with low incidence and severity of IHN and high SG for future enhancement efforts in S. tuberosum In 1999 and 2000, 26 and 88 4x-2x clones, respectively, and the check cultivar ‘Atlantic’ were grown in North Carolina, Virginia, and New Jersey, in a randomized complete block design with two replications. At harvest, tubers > 64 mm in diameter were rated for IHN. The SG was also determined. The correlation between incidence and severity of IHN was very high; however, there was no correlation between IHN and SG. There were significant differences among the clones for SG and IHN. There were also significant clone × location interactions for SG and IHN. Several 4x-2x clones were identified each year with significantly less IHN, and higher SG than Atlantic. The majority of these clones were stable both before and after removal of environmental heterogeneity. These results indicate that phu-stn has the potential to expand the tetraploid potato breeding base for both high SG and resistance to IHN in the mid-Atlantic states. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2003.0790 VL - 43 IS - 3 SP - 790 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Use of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment in Desizing PVA on Viscose Fabrics AU - Cai, Zaisheng AU - Qiu, Yiping AU - Hwang, Yoon Joong AU - Zhang, Chuyang AU - McCord, Marian T2 - Journal of Industrial Textiles AB - In this study, both air-oxygen-helium and air-helium atmospheric pressure plasma treatments were employed to desize PVA on a rayon (viscose) fabric. Both the plasma treatments were able to remove some of the PVA on the rayon fabric and increase PVA solubility in cold water, resulting in a higher weight loss in cold washing. The effect of the atmospheric pressure plasmas became greater as the treatment time increased. Plasma treatment followed by one cold and one hot washing had the same effect as the conventional chemical treatments followed by two cycles of cold and hot washing. The atmospheric plasma treatment did not have negative effect on rayon fabric tensile strength. DA - 2003/1// PY - 2003/1// DO - 10.1177/1528083703032003005 VL - 32 IS - 3 SP - 223-232 J2 - Journal of Industrial Textiles LA - en OP - SN - 1528-0837 1530-8057 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083703032003005 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regulation of weed seed dormancy through light and temperature interactions AU - Leon, R.G. AU - Owen, M.D.K. T2 - Weed Science AB - The effects of temperature and light on the dormancy of velvetleaf, common waterhemp, and giant foxtail seeds were studied under controlled growth chamber conditions. Seeds were either kept chilled at 4 C for 12 wk under wet conditions or nonchilled at 4 C in dry storage. Then, seeds were germinated under increasing and decreasing temperatures and under continuous red light (R) and far-red light (FR). In addition, chilled and nonchilled seeds were germinated in the dark after being exposed to alternating R and FR flashes. Velvetleaf germination was increased by exposure to high temperatures (36 C) immediately after exposure to low temperatures (4 C), but light had no effect. Chilling increased common waterhemp seed germination and sensitivity to light and temperature. R promoted common waterhemp seed germination, whereas FR inhibited germination and maintained dormancy. In addition, the effect of light was reversible. Therefore, common waterhemp dormancy was phytochrome regulated. However, high temperatures (36 C) promoted the germination of chilled seeds, even when exposed to FR. The germination of chilled giant foxtail seeds was reduced by FR. Giant foxtail seed dormancy was partially phytochrome regulated, but dormancy regulation was more dependent on mean temperature. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1614/p2002-173 VL - 51 IS - 5 SP - 752–758 KW - germination KW - dormancy KW - phytochrome KW - chilling KW - red light KW - far-red light ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vigilance, predation risk, and the allee effect in desert bighorn sheep AU - Mooring, M.S. AU - Fitzpatrick, T. A. AU - Benjamin, J. E. AU - Fraser, I. C. AU - Nishihira, T. T. AU - Reisig, D. D. T2 - Journal of Wildlife Management AB - Knowledge of how predation risk affects population survivorship is important for understanding predator–prey relationships and designing effective conservation strategies. The Allee effect (inverse density dependence) can be generated when antipredator strategies become inefficient in small groups of prey, thus making the population more susceptible to catastrophic population collapse and extinction. Many populations of desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) are declining, and predation is, in many cases, a major mortality factor. We studied desert bighorns at the Red Rock Wildlife Area, New Mexico, USA, to assess predation risk in different group types (ram, ewe, mixed) and age–sex classes. Multiple regression analysis revealed that predation risk (as estimated by individual vigilance) increased with smaller group size and greater inter-individual distance for all bighorns, with groups of <5 individuals subject to the greatest risk. Although rugged terrain is thought to provide refuge from predators, habitat ruggedness did not influence vigilance. The biggest males in ram groups experienced the greatest predation risk in that they were in the smallest groups, were most likely to be solitary, and were spaced farther apart from conspecifics. Although big rams spent twice as much time vigilant as other age–sex classes, collective alertness was lowest for ram groups. The conclusion that big rams were most at risk from predation was partially supported by the recent predation history of the population and previous studies in which mountain lion (Felis concolor) kills were biased toward rams. We discuss the management implications of these results for small populations subject to Allee effects, including reintroduction and/or translocation practices and selective removal of problem predators. We suggest that the use of multivariate techniques to simultaneously explore the influence of multiple factors and the use of vigilance as a correlate of predation risk would be useful management tools for assessing seasonal and class-specific vulnerability to predation. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2193/0022-541x(2004)068[0519:vprata]2.0.co;2 VL - 68 SP - 519–532 KW - Allee effect KW - desert bighorn sheep KW - Felis concolor KW - mountain lion KW - New Mexico KW - Ovis canadensis KW - predation risk KW - reintroductions KW - selective removal KW - vigilance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sexual segregation in desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) AU - Mooring, M.S. AU - Fitzpatrick, T.A. AU - Benjamin, J.E. AU - Fraser, I.C. AU - Nishihira, T.T. AU - Reisig, D.D. AU - Rominger, E.M. T2 - Behaviour AB - One or several factors could explain sexual segregation, in which males and females of polygynous, sexually dimorphic species form separate herds during most of the year. Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) are polygynous ungulates that exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism and segregate into ram and ewe herds outside of the rutting season. Four major hypotheses for sexual segregation were tested in a population of desert bighorn (O. c. mexicana) at the Red Rock Wildlife Area, New Mexico, from 1999-2001. We collected data on the size, composition, and location of ram and ewe groups during the summer period of segregation. Activity budgets were recorded for males in ram herds and females in ewe herds, and foraging selectivity was measured for males and females in mixed groups during early rut. Habitat was evaluated by measuring forage availability, ruggedness, and visibility at sites utilized by ram and ewe groups. Ram herds utilized areas with more available forage compared with ewe sites, while ewe groups preferred more rugged terrain than that used by ram groups. Ewe groups occurred much closer to free water sources than did ram groups. Bighorns in ram and ewe groups did not differ in foraging time or selectivity, nor did time spent moving, reclining, or ruminating differ between the sexes as predicted by the 'activity budget hypothesis'. The results support the predictions of the 'reproductive strategy-predation risk hypothesis', which proposes that males seek more abundant forage in order to build up body condition needed to maximize mating success (even if exposing themselves to greater predation risk), while females choose rugged terrain that minimizes predation risk to themselves and their offspring (even if sacrificing forage abundance). Female bighorns chose sites that provided access to water, also predicted by the 'reproductive strategy-predation risk hypothesis', indicating that lactation-related water requirements may constrain the movements of ewe groups and contribute to patterns of sexual segregation in desert bighorn. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1163/156853903321671497 VL - 140 IS - 2 SP - 183–207 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Insect-repelling strategies of desert bighorn sheep AU - Mooring, M.S. AU - Fitzpatrick, T.A. AU - Benjamin, J.E. AU - Fraser, I.C. AU - Nishihira, T.T. AU - Reisig, D.D. T2 - The Southwestern Naturalist AB - Biting insects impose costs on hosts, including decreased feeding or resting time as the result of disturbance, blood loss, and disease transmission. Insect-repelling behaviors, such as ear-flicking, head-shaking, stamping, and grouping, have evolved in many ungulate species to minimize these costs. We studied female desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) at Red Rock Wildlife Area, New Mexico, during the summers of 1999 and 2000. We tested the predictions that: 1) bighorn sheep will increase insect-defense behavior when biting insects are more abundant, and 2) close aggregation of sheep will decrease the per capita insect harassment by means of a dilution effect. Numbers of midges and other biting insects increased in association with rising temperature and decreased with increasing wind speed. Ewes performed between 0 and 78 ear-flicks/min, and >5,000 ear-flicks over the course of a 12-h day. As predicted, the rate of ear-flicking was positively correlated with counts of biting insects, indicating that ear-flicking was a direct response to the irritation of attacking insects. We also found a negative correlation between the number of sheep clustered together within 1 body length and ear-flicking rate, suggesting that insect harassment is diluted when bighorn sheep bunch together. Bighorn sheep generally bedded on upper slopes and rocky outcrops exposed to gusts of wind. These results indicate that ear-flicking, grouping, and microhabitat choice might be important strategies for reducing the costs of biting insects in desert bighorn sheep. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1894/0038-4909(2003)048<0635:ibbdbs>2.0.co;2 VL - 48 IS - 4 SP - 635–643 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Risking Environmental Justice: Culture, Conservation, and Governance at Calakmul, Mexico AU - Haenn, N. T2 - Struggles for Social Rights in Latin America A2 - Eckstein, S. A2 - Wickham-Crawley, T. PY - 2003/// SP - 81–101 PB - Routledge Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - US agriculture is vulnerable to bioterrorism AU - Moon, HW AU - Kirk-Baer, C AU - Ascher, M AU - Cook, RJ AU - Franz, DR AU - Hoy, M AU - Husnik, DF AU - Jensen, HH AU - Keller, KH AU - Lederberg, J AU - Madden, LV AU - Powers, LS AU - Steinberg, AD AU - Strating, A AU - Smith, RE AU - Kuzma, J AU - Grossblatt, N AU - Holliday, L AU - Sweatt, D AU - Strongin, S T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION AB - The leadership of our nation is currently grappling with a multitude of issues related to potential future terrorist activities for which there are no easy answers. Society is increasingly dependent on advances in science and technology to facilitate the examination and development of solutions to the critical problems we face today. For more than a century, the nation has turned to the National Academies— National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council—for independent, objective scientific advice. A new report of the National Academies Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Countering Agricultural Bioterorrism, addresses the nation’s vulnerability to terrorist attacks against agriculture and provides recommendations for strengthening our ability to prepare and respond to such attacks. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.3138/jvme.30.2.96 VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - 96-104 SN - 0748-321X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0043069812&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Measuring and interpreting changes in connectivity for mammals in coniferous forests AU - Mills, L. S. AU - Schwartz, M. K. AU - Tallmon, D. A. AU - Lair, K. P. T2 - Mammal community dynamics : management and conservation in the coniferous forests of western North America A2 - Cynthia J. Zabel, Robert G. Anthony AB - Western coniferous forests have a history of natural disturbance due to fire, disease, and other factors (Agee 1993), but during the past century late-seral forests have been increasingly fragmented due to logging and development. For example, in the Pacific Northwest, less than half of pre-settlement, old-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forest remains, often in relatively small remnants of 100 ha or less in a matrix of clear-cuts and regenerating forest (Booth 1991, Garmon et al. 1999, Jules et al. 1999). Road building has also impacted wildlife habitat, with an average of 3.4 miles of road per square mile on United States Forest Service roaded-lands and approximately twice that on private lands (Federal Budget Consulting Group and Price-Waterhouse LLP 1997, Coghlan and Sowa 1998, Federal Register 2001, USDA 2001). PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1017/cbo9780511615757.018 PB - New York, NY, USA : Cambridge University Press SN - 9780521810432 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential causes of population declines in forest fragments in an Amazonian frog AU - Funk, WC AU - Mills, LS T2 - BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION AB - Forest fragmentation results in population declines and extinctions for many forest vertebrates, but little is known about the mechanisms causing declines in fragments. We investigated potential causes of declines in forest fragments for an Amazonian forest frog (Colostethus stepheni) at an experimental fragmentation study site in central Amazonian Brazil using field estimates of abundance and vital rates coupled with population simulations. Although adult male survival was not reduced by fragmentation, mean clutch size was reduced by 17%. Population simulations demonstrate that a reduction in clutch size of this magnitude is sufficient to cause the observed magnitude of population declines in fragments. Female snout-vent length was also reduced in fragments and may be related to the observed reduction in clutch size. DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// DO - 10.1016/s0006-3207(02)00274-4 VL - 111 IS - 2 SP - 205-214 SN - 0006-3207 KW - forest fragmentation KW - Colostethus stepheni KW - Amazonian Brazil KW - population decline KW - survival probability KW - clutch size KW - population simulations ER - TY - JOUR TI - Of mice and men and trillium: Cascading effects of forest fragmentation AU - Tallmon, DA AU - Jules, ES AU - Radke, NJ AU - Mills, LS T2 - ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS AB - Cascading ecological effects of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation have been studied primarily in extreme cases (e.g., the isolation of habitat fragments in a novel habitat matrix such as suburban developments, reservoirs, or agricultural fields), with less attention to more subtle and widespread cases, such as habitat fragmentation due to timber harvest. Few studies have used rigorous demographic data to demonstrate the direct and indirect effects of habitat fragmentation. We trapped deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) at five sites over two years in southwest Oregon, USA, and used multi‐state capture–recapture models to estimate deer mouse survival and movement in clearcuts, forest‐fragment edges, forest‐fragment interiors, and contiguous forests. We also estimated deer mouse densities in fragmented and unfragmented forests and combined deer mouse demographic studies with trillium ( Trillium ovatum ) seed predation trials to link deer mouse changes to reduced trillium recruitment previously observed at the same study sites. Mouse survival was highest in clearcuts, intermediate in forest fragments, and lowest in unfragmented (control) forests. Mouse movement among clearcuts, forest edges, and forest interiors was common over short time intervals. Collectively, demographic rates led to mouse densities that were 3–4 times higher at forest‐fragment sites than at unfragmented sites. Trillium seeds were ∼3 times more likely to be depredated in areas of elevated relative mouse abundance than in areas of lower relative abundance. Forest fragmentation has favored mouse populations, resulting in increased seed predation that may decrease recruitment rates and increase local extinction risks for trillium. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1890/02-5111 VL - 13 IS - 5 SP - 1193-1203 SN - 1051-0761 KW - demography KW - edge effects KW - habitat fragmentation KW - direct and indirect effects KW - landscape ecology KW - Pacific Northwest, USA KW - Peromyscus maniculatus KW - plant-animal interactions KW - population dynamics KW - trillium recruitment, southwest Oregon, USA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Landscape location affects genetic variation of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) AU - Schwartz, MK AU - Mills, LS AU - Ortega, Y AU - Ruggiero, LF AU - Allendorf, FW T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - The effect of a population's location on the landscape on genetic variation has been of interest to population genetics for more than half a century. However, most studies do not consider broadscale biogeography when interpreting genetic data. In this study, we propose an operational definition of a peripheral population, and then explore whether peripheral populations of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) have less genetic variation than core populations at nine microsatellite loci. We show that peripheral populations of lynx have fewer mean numbers of alleles per population and lower expected heterozygosity. This is surprising, given the lynx's capacity to move long distances, but can be explained by the fact that peripheral populations often have smaller population sizes, limited opportunities for genetic exchange and may be disproportionately affected by ebbs and flows of species' geographical range. DA - 2003/7// PY - 2003/7// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01878.x VL - 12 IS - 7 SP - 1807-1816 SN - 1365-294X KW - biogeography KW - landscape ecology KW - landscape genetics KW - Lynx canadensis KW - microsatellite KW - population genetics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of mustelids using mitochondrial DNA and non-invasive sampling AU - Riddle, AE AU - Pilgrim, KL AU - Mills, LS AU - McKelvey, KS AU - Ruggiero, LF T2 - CONSERVATION GENETICS DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1023/a:1023338622905 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 241-243 SN - 1566-0621 KW - fisher KW - Gulo gulo KW - hair snares KW - Martes KW - mitochondrial DNA KW - mtDNA KW - mustelids KW - non-invasive sampling KW - wolverine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating pregnancy rates and litter size in snowshoe hares using ultrasound AU - Griffin, P. C. AU - Bienen, L. AU - Gillin, C. M. AU - Mills, L. S. T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - 1066-1072 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Internet theology resources [Review] AU - Orcutt, D. T2 - Choice DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.5860/choice.41-0877 VL - 41 IS - 2 SP - 355 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Encyclopedia of new media [Review] AU - Orcutt, D. T2 - Choice AB - Comprehensive Index List of Entries A Reader's Guide Introduction Encyclopedia of New Media Bibliography Contributors Name Index DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.5860/choice.40-4936 VL - 40 IS - 9 SP - 1519 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Encyclopedia of international media and communications [Review] AU - Orcutt, D. T2 - Choice AB - Everyone agrees that we're living in the Information Age. How have we shaped the Information Age, and how has it shaped us? The Encyclopedia of International Media and Communications exhaustively explores the ways that editorial content - from journalism and scholarship to films and infomercials - is developed, presented, stored, analyzed, and regulated around the world. For readers and researchers of all levels, the Encyclopedia provides perspective and context about content, delivery systems, and their myriad relationships, as well as clearly drawn avenues for research. Articles begin with easily understandable concepts and become increasingly sophisticated, satisfying the needs of all readers. It features articles by leading authors from major institutions, organizations, and corporations around the world. It contains approximately 220 separate articles, all original contributions commissioned for this work. Extensive cross-referencing system links related articles; further reading lists appear at the end of each entry. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.5860/choice.41-1274 VL - 41 IS - 3 SP - 512 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Continuum encyclopedia of modern criticism and theory [Review] AU - Orcutt, D. T2 - Choice DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 40 IS - 4 SP - 607 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bibliographies for Biblical research: Supplemental series [Review] AU - Orcutt, D. T2 - Choice DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.5860/choice.40-3137 VL - 40 IS - 6 SP - 960 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bible wisdom [Review] AU - Orcutt, D. T2 - Choice DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.5860/choice.41-0651 VL - 41 IS - 2 SP - 308 ER - TY - CONF TI - Use of a single team-based written project to address multiple objectives and outcomes for a biomedical engineering program AU - McCord, M.G. AU - Blanchard, S. M. C2 - 2003/// C3 - 2003 ASEE annual conference and exposition DA - 2003/// PB - Washington, DC : ASEE ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mist, soil water potential, and cutting water potential influence rooting of stem cuttings of loblolly pine AU - LeBude, AV AU - Blazich, FA AU - Goldfarb, B AU - Frampton, LJ AU - Wise, FC T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS AND HORTICULTURE CROPS DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.17660/actahortic.2003.618.15 IS - 618 SP - 147-151 SN - 0567-7572 KW - vegetative propagation KW - shoot water potential KW - timber species KW - Pinus taeda ER - TY - CONF TI - Using information literacy standards to meet ABET accreditation outcomes AU - McCord, M.G. AU - Nerz, H.M. C2 - 2003/// C3 - 2003 ASEE annual conference and exposition: June 22-25, 2003, Nashville, TN. DA - 2003/// PB - Washington, DC: ASEE ER - TY - CHAP TI - Controlling maturation and flowering for forest tree domestication AU - Brunner, A. M. AU - Goldfarb, B. AU - Busov, V. B. AU - Strauss, S. H. T2 - Transgenic Plants: Current Innovations and Future Trends PY - 2003/// SP - 9-44 PB - Wymondham, England: Horizon Scientific Press SN - 1898486441 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Kidney-specific activity of the bovine uromodulin promoter AU - Kim, HT AU - Song, IY AU - Piedrahita, J T2 - TRANSGENIC RESEARCH DA - 2003/4// PY - 2003/4// DO - 10.1023/A:1022911124946 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 191-201 SN - 0962-8819 KW - bovine uromodulin promoter KW - kidney expression KW - transgenic mice ER - TY - JOUR TI - Behavioral variation among cloned pigs AU - Archer, G. AU - Friend, T. AU - Piedrahita, J.A. AU - Nevill, C. AU - Walker, S.C. T2 - Applied Animal Behaviour Science AB - The variability of behavior among cloned animals has yet to be studied. Through a series of behavior tests, we quantified the variation in food preference, temperament, and time budgets of two genetically identical Duroc litters (n=5, 4) and their naturally bred controls (n=4, 4). All litters of pigs were tested for their food preference using apples, bananas, crackers, and carrots. Variation in temperament was determined by timing latency to remove a towel (Towel Test) and by counting vocalizations and escape attempts during Back and Pick-up Tests. Seventy-two hours of time lapse video were used to determine time budgets of the pigs consisting of the following behaviors: lying in bedding, lying on concrete, standing, feeding, and play/fighting. An F-test was used to determine differences in variation between litter variations. The clones were similarly or more variable (P<0.05) than the naturally bred controls: in their preference for the foods in 13 of the 160 comparisons; in 5 of the 8 comparisons during the Towel Test; in all four comparisons in the Back and Pick-up Tests; and in 9 of the 10 comparisons in the time budget analysis. These results reinforce the importance of environmental effects on animal behavior and question the use of cloning by nuclear transfer to replicate animals with specific behavioral characteristics. DA - 2003/5/21/ PY - 2003/5/21/ DO - 10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00272-1 VL - 81 IS - 4 SP - 321-331 SN - 0168-1591 KW - pig KW - swine KW - clone KW - behavior KW - variation KW - differences ER - TY - JOUR TI - Four-year results from a clonal test of loblolly pine AU - Goldfarb, B. AU - Isik, F. AU - LeBude, A. AU - McKeand, S. AU - Li, B. T2 - Proc. 27th Biennial Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 27 SP - 42 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Practicing engineers talk about the importance of talk AU - Darling, A. L. AU - Dannels, Deanna T2 - Communication Education AB - In the last decade engineering education and industry have requested assistance from communication educators. Responding to increased attention on the changing expectations for practicing engineers and an attendant need for better communication skills, these teams of engineering and communication educators have been working to incorporate speaking and writing in engineering education. Despite a great deal of anecdotal evidence that communication is important to working engineers, relatively little data based information is available to help us understand better the specifics of how and why communication is important for these particular professionals. This paper reports the results of practicing engineers' descriptions of the importance of oral communication. These data suggest that engineering practice takes place in an intensely oral culture and while formal presentations are important to practicing engineers, daily work is characterized more by interpersonal and small group experiences. Communication skills such as translation, clarity, negotiation, and listening are vital. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1080/03634520302457 VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - 1–16 ER - TY - CONF TI - Instruction and assessment of multidisciplinary teaming skills in senior design AU - Dannels, D. P. AU - Berardinelle, P. AU - Anson, C. AU - Bullard, L. AU - Kleid, N. AU - Kmeic, D. AU - Peretti, S. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the American Association of Engineering Education, USA DA - 2003/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Understanding the public health impacts of farm vehicle public road crashes in North Carolina AU - Costello, T. M. AU - Schulman, Michael AU - Luginbuhl, R. C. T2 - Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health AB - Discussions with groups of North Carolina farmers identified farm vehicle public road safety as their primary occupational health and safety concern. Findings of a mail survey of North Carolina growers participating in a North Carolina Department of Labor migrant housing inspection program indicated that over 97% of them felt less safe on North Carolina public roads now (1999) than five years prior (1995), and over 79% currently (1999) felt unsafe transporting farm vehicles on North Carolina public roads. Using both primary and secondary data, we explore the context of farm vehicle public road crashes, identify contributing individual and environmental risk factors, and estimate the public health cost. Recommendations and suggestions for future farm vehicle public road safety research and interventions are proposed. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.13031/2013.12347 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 19 ER - TY - CONF TI - Outcomes based curriculum development in a new and emerging biomedical engineering program AU - McCord, M. G. AU - Blanchard, S. M. AU - Mente, P. L. AU - Nagle, H. T. AU - Spurlin, J. E. C2 - 2003/// C3 - American Society for Engineering Education DA - 2003/// ER - TY - CHAP TI - T-DNA mutagenesis in Arabidopsis AU - Alonso, Jose M. AU - Stepanova, Anna N. T2 - Plant Functional Genomics AB - Insertional mutagenesis is a basic genetic tool that allows for a rapid identification of the tagged genes responsible for a particular phenotype. Transposon and Agrobacterium-mediated DNA integration are the most commonly used biological mutagens in plants. The main drawback of these technologies is the relatively low frequency of mutations, as compared to those induced by conventional chemical or physical agents, thus limiting the use of insertional mutagens to the generation of large mutant populations in few genetic backgrounds. Recent improvements in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation efficiency and an increasing repertoire of transformation vectors available to the research community is making this type of mutagen very attractive for individual laboratories interested in the studies of mutations in particular genetic backgrounds. Herein, we describe a simple yet robust Arabidopsis transformation procedure that can be used to generate large numbers of insertional mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using this protocol, transformation efficiencies of up to 5% can be achieved. PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1385/1-59259-413-1:177 SP - 177-187 PB - SE - SN - 1588291456 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mutual support: CAC programs and institutional improvement in undergraduate education AU - Anson, C. M. AU - Carter, M. AU - Dannels, D. AU - Rust, J. T2 - Language and Learning Across the Disciplines DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 6 SP - 25-37 ER - TY - JOUR TI - UP1 extends life of primary porcine fetal fibroblasts in culture AU - Mir, B AU - Tanner, N AU - Chowdhary, BP AU - Piedrahita, JA T2 - CLONING AND STEM CELLS AB - Genetic modification of somatic cell nuclei and subsequent nuclear transfer has opened an opportunity to create gene-targeted animals. However, somatic cells have a limited life span in culture and it is not possible to introduce precise genetic changes in both alleles in this narrow time window. To increase the life span of somatic cell in culture, both genetic and chemical approaches have been tried with varying success. Here, we report the effect of two anti-oxidants, glutathione and n-t-butyl hydroxylamine, and of the expression of UP1, a shortened derivative of heterogeneous nuclear riboprotein (hnRNP)A1, on the life extension of primary porcine fibroblasts in culture. Under our experimental conditions, the use of anti-oxidants did not result in any prolongation of the life span. In contrast, UP1 expression increased the life span significantly. While most control cells stopped growing by PDL 20, and none survived beyond PDL 35, 100% of UP1-expressing clones reached PDL50, and 40% made it to PDL65. The five UP1-expressing clones were karyotyped at PDL 50. While all of them had a range of numerical chromosomal abnormalities, two clones retained 30-40% normal cells, all the cells in other three clones had abnormal chromosome numbers. Thus, expression of UP1 may be useful in extending the life span of somatic cells in culture. This, in turn, will facilitate the process of gene targeting in this cell type. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1089/153623003322234740 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - 143-148 SN - 1536-2302 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The parasitome of the phytonematode Heterodera glycines AU - Gao, BL AU - Allen, R AU - Maier, T AU - Davis, EL AU - Baum, TJ AU - Hussey, RS T2 - MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS AB - Parasitism genes expressed in the esophageal gland cells of phytonematodes encode secretions that control the complex process of plant parasitism. In the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, the parasitome, i.e., the secreted products of parasitism genes, facilitate nematode migration in soybean roots and mediate the modification of root cells into elaborate feeding cells required to support the growth and development of the nematode. With very few exceptions, the identities of these secretions are unknown, and the mechanisms of cyst nematode parasitism, therefore, remain obscure. The most direct and efficient approach for cloning parasitism genes and rapidly advancing our understanding of the molecular interactions during nematode parasitism of plants is to create gland cell-specific cDNA libraries using cytoplasm microaspirated from the esophageal gland cells of various parasitic stages. By combining expressed sequence tag analysis of a gland cell cDNA library with high throughput in situ expression localization of clones encoding secretory proteins, we obtained the first comprehensive parasitome profile for a parasitic nematode. We identified 51 new H. glycines gland-expressed candidate parasitism genes, of which 38 genes constitute completely novel sequences. Individual parasitome members showed distinct gland cell expression patterns throughout the parasitic cycle. The parasitome complexity discovered paints a more elaborate picture of host cellular events under specific control by the nematode parasite than previously hypothesized. DA - 2003/8// PY - 2003/8// DO - 10.1094/MPMI.2003.16.8.720 VL - 16 IS - 8 SP - 720-726 SN - 1943-7706 KW - microaspiration KW - plant-parasitic nematode ER - TY - CHAP TI - Writing review as an opportunity for individuation AU - Katz, S. T2 - Professional writing and rhetoric: readings from the field CN - PE1479 .B87 P44 2003 PY - 2003/// SP - 103-170 PB - New York: Longman ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of etching on low-stress mechanical properties of polypropylene fabrics under helium/oxygen atmospheric pressure plasma AU - Hwang, YJ AU - An, JS AU - McCord, MG AU - Park, SW AU - Kang, BC T2 - FIBERS AND POLYMERS DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.1007/BF02908270 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 145-150 SN - 1229-9197 KW - atmospheric pressure plasma KW - KES-FB KW - XPS KW - SEM KW - polypropylene ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rhetoric, Dialogue, and Performance in Nelson Mandela's "Televised Address on the Assassination of Chris Hani" AU - Zagacki, K. S. T2 - Rhetoric & Public Affairs AB - After the assassination of the popular black militant Chris Hani, Nelson Mandela sought in his "Televised Address on the Assassination of Chris Hani" to move beyond identity politics and to redefine the murder into a moment of political and dialogic change. He praised Hani as a model of proper political engagement, uncovered the dynamics of dialogue between South Africans, and performed an alternative stance for the post-apartheid era. Mandela's rhetoric reveals both the limitations and the possibilities of performative rhetoric during difficult transitions to democracy. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1353/rap.2004.0016 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - 709-736 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Time flies, a new molecular time-scale for brachyceran fly evolution without a clock AU - Wiegmann, B. M. AU - Yeates, D. K. AU - Thorne, J. L. AU - Kishino, H. T2 - Systematic Biology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 52 IS - 6 SP - 745-756 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The fable of the bees revisited: Causes and consequences of the US honey program AU - Muth, MK AU - Rucker, RR AU - Thurman, WN AU - Chuang, CT T2 - JOURNAL OF LAW & ECONOMICS AB - In his 1973 paper, Steven Cheung discredited the “fable of the bees” by demonstrating that markets for beekeeping services exist and function well. Although economists heeded Cheung’s lessons, policy makers did not. The honey program has operated for over 50 years, supporting the price of honey through a variety of mechanisms. Its effects were minor before the 1980s but then became important, with annual government expenditures near $100 million for several years. Reforms of the program in the late 1980s reduced its market effects and budget costs, returning it to its original role as a minor commodity program. Although the 1996 Farm Bill formally eliminated the honey program, it was reinstated in the 2002 Farm Bill. We measure the historical welfare effects of the program during its various incarnations, examine its frequently stated public interest rationale—the encouragement of honeybee pollination—and interpret its history in light of economic theories of regulation. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1086/377290 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 479-516 SN - 0022-2186 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of bacteria in mediating the oviposition responses of Aedes albopictus (Diptera : Culicidae) AU - Trexler, JD AU - Apperson, CS AU - Zurek, L AU - Gemeno, C AU - Schal, C AU - Kaufman, M AU - Walker, E AU - Watson, DW AU - Wallace, L T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - The responses of Aedes albopictus to sources of oviposition attractants and stimulants were evaluated with a behavioral bioassay in which females attracted to odorants emanating from water were trapped on screens coated with an adhesive. Gravid mosquitoes were attracted to volatiles from larval-rearing water and soil-contaminated cotton towels. Bacteria were isolated from these substrates and from an organic infusion made with oak leaves. Through fatty acid-methyl ester analyses, six bacterial isolates from larval-rearing water, two isolates from soil-contaminated cotton towels, and three isolates from oak leaf infusion were identified to species. The response of gravid mosquitoes to these isolates was also evaluated in behavioral bioassays. Water containing Psychrobacter immobilis (from larval-rearing water), Sphingobacterium multivorum (from soil-contaminated cotton towels), and an undetermined Bacillus species (from oak leaf infusion) elicited significantly higher oviposition than control water without bacteria. Only volatiles collected from larval rearing water elicited significant electroantennogram responses in females. DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// DO - 10.1603/0022-2585-40.6.841 VL - 40 IS - 6 SP - 841-848 SN - 0022-2585 KW - Aedes albopictus KW - bacteria KW - organic infusion KW - oviposition KW - attractants KW - electroantennogram ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isolation of two cDNAS encoding a tropomyosin and an intermediate filament protein from the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines AU - Guimaraes, P. M. AU - Leal-Bertioli, S. C. M. AU - Curtis, R. H. AU - Davis, E. L. AU - Bertioli, D. J. T2 - Nematropica DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 87-95 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Corridor use by diverse taxa AU - Haddad, NM AU - Bowne, DR AU - Cunningham, A AU - Danielson, BJ AU - Levey, DJ AU - Sargent, S AU - Spira, T T2 - ECOLOGY AB - One of the most popular approaches for maintaining populations and conserving biodiversity in fragmented landscapes is to retain or create corridors that connect otherwise isolated habitat patches. Working in large-scale, experimental landscapes in which open-habitat patches and corridors were created by harvesting pine forest, we showed that corridors direct movements of different types of species, including butterflies, small mammals, and bird-dispersed plants, causing higher movement between connected than between unconnected patches. Corridors directed the movement of all 10 species studied, with all corridor effect sizes >68%. However, this corridor effect was significant for five species, not significant for one species, and inconclusive for four species because of small sample sizes. Although we found no evidence that corridors increase emigration from a patch, our results show that movements of disparate taxa with broadly different life histories and functional roles are directed by corridors. Corresponding Editor: F. W. Davis DA - 2003/3// PY - 2003/3// DO - 10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[0609:cubdt]2.0.co;2 VL - 84 IS - 3 SP - 609-615 SN - 0012-9658 KW - biodiversity KW - bird KW - butterfly KW - conservation KW - corridors KW - dispersal KW - fragmentation KW - frugivory KW - landscape experiment KW - movement KW - pollination KW - small mammals ER - TY - JOUR TI - Challenges in learning communication skills in chemical engineering AU - Dannels, Deanna AU - Anson, C. M. AU - Bullard, Lisa AU - Peretti, S. T2 - Communication Education AB - Communication across the curriculum initiatives face multiple curricular and pedagogical challenges that are especially appropriate for investigation within a scholarship of teaching and learning framework. Using qualitative methodologies, this study examined technical classes that emphasize speaking and writing. Four learning issues emerged in student reflection logs: integrating multidisciplinary information, managing varied audiences and feedback, aligning content and communication tasks, and addressing interpersonal team issues. Data indicated that students were resistant toward the incursion of communication in their engineering classes. Through reflective practice, teachers and cross-curricular consultants came to understand and address that resistance. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1080/03634520302454 VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - 50–56 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Suppression of Rhizoctonia solani on impatiens by enhanced microbial activity in composted swine waste-amended potting mixes AU - Diab, HG AU - Hu, S AU - Benson, DM T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - Peat moss-based potting mix was amended with either of two composted swine wastes, CSW1 and CSW2, at rates from 4 to 20% (vol/vol) to evaluate suppression of pre-emergence damping-off of impatiens (Impatiens balsamina) caused by Rhizoctonia solani (anastomosis group-4). A cucumber bioassay was used prior to each impatiens experiment to monitor maturity of compost as the compost aged in a curing pile by evaluating disease suppression toward both Pythium ultimum and R. solani. At 16, 24, 32, and 37 weeks after composting, plug trays filled with compost-amended potting mix were seeded with impatiens and infested with R. solani to determine suppression of damping-off. Pre-emergence damping-off was lower for impatiens grown in potting mix amended with 20% CSW1 than in CSW2-amended and nonamended mixes. To identify relationships between disease suppression and microbial parameters, samples of mixes were collected to determine microbial activity, biomass carbon and nitrogen, functional diversity, and population density. Higher rates of microbial activity were observed with increasing rates of CSW1 amendment than with CSW2 amendments. Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen also were higher in CSW1-amended mixes than in CSW2-amended potting mixes 1 day prior to seeding and 5 weeks after seeding. Principal component analysis of Biolog-GN2 profiles showed different functional diversities between CSW1- and CSW2-amended mixes. Furthermore, mixes amended with CSW1 had higher colony forming units of fungi, endospore-forming bacteria, and oligotrophic bacteria. Our results suggest that enhanced microbial activity, functional and population diversity of stable compost-amended mix were associated with suppressiveness to Rhizoctonia damping-off in impatiens. DA - 2003/9// PY - 2003/9// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.9.1115 VL - 93 IS - 9 SP - 1115-1123 SN - 0031-949X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial heterogeneity, not visitation bias, dominates variation in herbivory AU - Bradley, KL AU - Damschen, EI AU - Young, LM AU - Kuefler, D AU - Went, S AU - Wray, G AU - Haddad, NM AU - Knops, JMH AU - Louda, SM T2 - ECOLOGY AB - Experiments in ecology can have unintended side effects. Recently, it has been suggested that the act of visiting a plant, inherent to studying herbivory, may alter plant performance and interactions. To evaluate the generality of this inference, we examined plant performance and herbivory on 14 plant species in three geographic regions. Visitation did not significantly affect any of the variables that we measured, including leaf damage, height, biomass, or survivorship, for any species. However, rates of herbivory varied significantly among sites and regions. Thus, our data do not support the generality of visitation impacting estimates of herbivory. We propose that future studies of herbivory will gain more by evaluating spatial heterogeneity in interaction outcomes than by quantifying possible experimenter-caused variation. DA - 2003/8// PY - 2003/8// DO - 10.1890/02-3082 VL - 84 IS - 8 SP - 2214-2221 SN - 0012-9658 KW - herbivory KW - herbivory uncertainty principle KW - observer effect KW - plant performance KW - spatial heterogeneity KW - visitation effect ER - TY - JOUR TI - Social influences on the arginine vasotocin system are independent of gonads in a sex-changing fish AU - Semsar, K. AU - Godwin, John T2 - Journal of Neuroscience AB - Many neuropeptide systems subserving sex-typical behavior are dependent on sex steroids for both their organization early in life and activation during maturity. The arginine vasopressin/vasotocin (AVP/AVT) system is strongly androgen dependent in many species and critically mediates responses to sociosexual stimuli. The bluehead wrasse is a teleost fish that exhibits a female-to-male sex change in response to social cues, and neither the development nor the maintenance of male-typical behavior depends on the presence of gonads. To examine social and gonadal inputs on the AVP/AVT system in the preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus, we conducted three field experiments. In the first experiment, we found that AVT mRNA abundance is higher in sex-changing females that attain social dominance and display dominant male behavior than in subordinate females, regardless of whether the dominant females were intact or ovariectomized. However, AVT-immunoreactive (IR) soma size in the gigantocellular POA (gPOA), but not in the magnocellular or parvocellular POA, increased only when females were displaying both dominant male behavior and had developed testes. In the second experiment, castration of dominant terminal-phase males had no effect on AVT mRNA abundance or any behavior we measured but did increase gPOA AVT-IR soma size compared with sham-operated controls. In the third experiment, 11-ketotestosterone implants in socially subordinate, ovariectomized females had no effect on either AVT mRNA abundance or AVT-IR soma size compared with controls. These results demonstrate that the AVT neural phenotype in the bluehead wrasse can be strongly influenced by social status, and that these social influences can be manifested independent of gonads. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1523/jneurosci.23-10-04386.2003 VL - 23 IS - 10 SP - 4386–4393 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mutational analysis of LoxP sites for efficient Cre-mediated insertion into genomic DNA AU - Thomson, JG AU - Rucker, EB AU - Piedrahita, JA T2 - GENESIS AB - The Cre/loxP system has been used in transgenic models primarily to excise DNA flanked by loxP sites for gene deletion. However, the insertion reaction is more difficult to control since the excision event is kinetically favored. Mutant loxP sites favoring integration were identified using a novel, bacterial screening system. Utilizing lambda integrase, mutant loxP sites were placed at the E. coli attB site and the excision-insertion ratios of incoming DNA plasmids carrying a second, complementary mutant loxP site were determined. Comparison of 50 mutant loxP sites combinations to the native loxP site revealed that mutations to the inner 6 bp of the Cre binding domain severely inhibited recombination, while those in the outer 8 bps were more tolerated. The most efficient loxP combinations resulted in 1421-fold and 1529-fold increases in relative integration rates over wild-type loxP sites. These loxP mutants could be exploited for site-directed "tag and insert" recombination experiments. DA - 2003/7// PY - 2003/7// DO - 10.1002/gene.10211 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 162-167 SN - 1526-954X KW - Cre recombinase KW - mutant loxP KW - insertion KW - lambda integrase ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genotypic differences in root anatomy affecting water movement through roots of soybean AU - Rincon, CA AU - Raper, CD AU - Patterson, RP T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES AB - The ability of root systems to absorb water was determined as the root hydraulic conductance for five exotic genotypes (PI 416937, H2L16, N95‐SH‐259, PI 407859‐2, and PI 471938) and the commercial cultivar Young of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill). The genotypes were grown for 28 d in flowing hydroponic culture to minimize possible variations in physical or chemical constraints on root development and functioning. Root hydraulic conductance was determined in response to applied hydrostatic pressure to the solution inside a pressure vessel to induce solution flow through the root system to the nonpressurized cut‐stem surface. Almost twofold differences in hydraulic conductance of from 0.43 to $$0.79\times 10^{-7}$$ m3 s−1 MPa−1 among the six genotypes were statistically significant. External root surface area and surface area of the stele were determined as estimates of the dimensions of exodermal and endodermal Casparian bands as barriers to radial movement of water. Volume of the cortex was considered to be proportional to the possible resistance of the symplastic pathway through the cortical cells themselves. Abundance of large metaxylem elements with radii 20 μm or greater was determined for comparison of relative axial conductance through root sections. Root hydraulic conductivity based on external surface area, which ranged from 2.20 to $$3.82\times 10^{-7}$$ m s−1 MPa−1, did not account for a statistically significant portion of the genotypic difference in water conductance. The relationship between root hydraulic conductance and surface area of the stele, however, accounted for 35% of the genotypic variation in conductance. The endodermis thus appears to be a limiting barrier to water conductance with dimensions relative to the exodermis that vary among the genotypes. Although statistically significant differences occurred among the genotypes for cortex volume and relative axial conductance, these differences were not correlated with differences in conductance. The diversity among the six genotypes for root anatomical traits that apparently influence water movement through the root system under well‐watered conditions is sufficiently large to justify exploration of the relationship between root hydraulic conductance and performance of soybean under water‐limiting conditions. DA - 2003/7// PY - 2003/7// DO - 10.1086/375377 VL - 164 IS - 4 SP - 543-551 SN - 1537-5315 KW - hydraulic conductance KW - hydraulic conductivity KW - root surface area KW - stele surface area KW - radial resistance KW - axial conductance KW - Glycine max (L.) Merrill. ER - TY - JOUR TI - Deletions in the transmembrane domain of a Sindbis virus glycoprotein alter virus infectivity, stability, and host range AU - Hernandez, R AU - Sinodis, C AU - Horton, M AU - Ferreira, D AU - Yang, CN AU - Brown, DT T2 - JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY AB - The alphaviruses are composed of two icosahedral protein shells, one nested within the other. A membrane bilayer derived from the host cell is sandwiched between the protein shells. The protein shells are attached to one another by protein domains which extend one of the proteins of the outer shell through the membrane bilayer to attach to the inner shell. We have examined the interaction of the membrane-spanning domain of one of the membrane glycoproteins with the membrane bilayer and with other virus proteins in an attempt to understand the role this domain plays in virus assembly and function. Through incremental deletions, we have reduced the length of a virus membrane protein transmembrane domain from its normal 26 amino acids to 8 amino acids. We examined the effect of these deletions on the assembly and function of virus particles. We found that progressive truncations in the transmembrane domain profoundly affected production of infectious virus in a cyclic fashion. We also found that membrane composition effects protein-protein and protein-membrane interactions during virus assembly. DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.1128/JVI.77.23.12710-12719.2003 VL - 77 IS - 23 SP - 12710-12719 SN - 0022-538X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Root-parasitic nematodes enhance soil microbial activities and nitrogen mineralization AU - Tu, C AU - Koenning, , SR AU - Hu, S T2 - MICROBIAL ECOLOGY DA - 2003/7// PY - 2003/7// DO - 10.1007/s00248-002-1068-2 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - 134-144 SN - 1432-184X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Release of six sweetpotato cultivars ('NASPOT 1' to 'NASPOT 6') in Uganda AU - Mwanga, R. O. M. AU - Odongo, B. AU - Turyamureeba, G. AU - Alajo, A. AU - Yencho, G. C. AU - Gibson, R. W. AU - Smit, N. AU - Carey, E. E. T2 - HortScience DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 38 IS - 3 SP - 475-476 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicting which species will benefit from corridors in fragmented landscapes from population growth models AU - Hudgens, BR AU - Haddad, NM T2 - AMERICAN NATURALIST AB - Connecting isolated patches of habitat in fragmented landscapes with corridors is a popular conservation strategy. This strategy is also controversial in large part because of uncertainty about what characteristics of a species and its environment promote corridor use. In this article we address the question, For what types of species will populations benefit from corridors? We asked this question using a model of two logistically growing populations connected by migration in which both emigration and migration success were determined by the presence or absence of a corridor. We found that in the short run (e.g., during recovery from disaster), corridors are most effective for species with fast-growing populations that have low survivorship when dispersing through unsuitable (matrix) habitat. We also found that emigration rates and habitat-specific mortality rates are key determinants of the effects of corridors on population size. In the long term, corridors are most likely to benefit species with slow-growing populations that have low survivorship when dispersing through matrix habitat. Our results confirm the major conclusions from previous empirical studies of corridor benefits. However, most studies fail to consider the most appropriate questions to determine the potential benefits of habitat corridors. First, what is the time scale of the conservation goal? Corridors have positive effects on different suites of species in the short and long term. Second, is the major threat of local extinction due to sustained population decline or boom-bust cycles? Third, what is the migration rate through the matrix? Fourth, what fraction of migrants dispersing through the matrix successfully immigrate to another patch? DA - 2003/5// PY - 2003/5// DO - 10.1086/374343 VL - 161 IS - 5 SP - 808-820 SN - 1537-5323 KW - conservation KW - corridor KW - model KW - metapopulation ER - TY - PAT TI - Insecticide resistance assay AU - Roe, R. M. AU - Bailey, W. D. AU - Gould, F. AU - Kennedy, G. G. AU - Sutula, C. L. C2 - 2003/// DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Horizontally transferred genes in plant-parasitic nematodes: a high-throughput genomic approach AU - Scholl, E. H. AU - Thorne, J. L. AU - McCarter, J. P. AU - Bird, D. M. T2 - Genome Biology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 4 IS - 6 SP - R39-1 ER - TY - PAT TI - Chemoreceptors in plant parasitic nematodes AU - Davis, E. L. AU - Yan, Y.-T. C2 - 2003/// DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Teaching and learning design presentations in engineering - Contradictions between academic and workplace activity systems AU - Dannels, DR T2 - JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION AB - In courses within technical disciplines, students are often asked to give oral presentations that simulate a professional context. Yet learning to speak like a professional in this academic context is a process often laden with complications. Using activity theory and situated learning as theoretical frameworks, this article explores the teaching and learning of one of the most common oral genres in technical fields—the design presentation. A study of the teaching and learning of this oral genre in three sequential engineering design courses reveals critical academic and workplace contradictions regarding audience, identity, and structure. Results of this study show that in the teaching and learning of design presentations, audience and identity contradictions were managed by a primary deference to the academic context whereas structural contradictions were addressed by invoking both workplace and academic activity systems. DA - 2003/4// PY - 2003/4// DO - 10.1177/1050651902250946 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 139-169 SN - 1050-6519 KW - oral genres KW - communication across the curriculum KW - activity theory KW - professional identity construction KW - oral presentations in engineering KW - speaking in the disciplines ER - TY - JOUR TI - Morphological variants of Sindbis virus produced by a mutation in the capsid protein AU - Ferreira, D AU - Hernandez, R AU - Horton, M AU - Brown, DT T2 - VIROLOGY AB - Sindbis virus is a complex aggregate of RNA, protein and lipid. The virus is organized as two nested T = 4 icosahedral protein shells between which is sandwiched a lipid bilayer. The virus RNA resides within the inner protein shell. The inner protein shell is attached to the outer protein shell through contacts to proteins in the outer shell, which penetrate the lipid bilayer. The data presented in the following manuscript show that mutations in the capsid protein can result in the assembly of the virus structural proteins into icosahedra of different triangulation numbers. The triangulation numbers calculated, for these morphological variants, follow the sequence T = 4, 9, 16, 25 and 36. All fall into the class P = 1 of icosadeltahedra as was predicted by Caspar and Klug (1962). The data support their hypothesis that families of icosahedra would be developed by altering the distance between the points of insertion of the five-fold axis. This capsid protein defect also results in the incorporation of much of the capsid protein, into large cytoplasmic aggregates of protein and RNA. These observations support models suggesting that the geometry of a pre-formed nucleocapsid organizes the assembly of the virus membrane proteins into a structure of identical configuration and argues against models suggesting that assembly of the membrane glycoproteins directs the assembly of the nucleocapsid. DA - 2003/3/1/ PY - 2003/3/1/ DO - 10.1016/S0042-6822(02)00034-X VL - 307 IS - 1 SP - 54-66 SN - 0042-6822 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of cotton production systems on management of Hoplolaimus columbus AU - Koenning, S. R. AU - Edmisten, K. L. AU - Barker, K. R. AU - Morrison, D. E. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 73-77 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heat shock response by the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus AU - Shockley, KR AU - Ward, DE AU - Chhabra, , SR AU - Conners, SB AU - Montero, CI AU - Kelly, RM T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Collective transcriptional analysis of heat shock response in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus was examined by using a targeted cDNA microarray in conjunction with Northern analyses. Differential gene expression suggests that P . furiosus relies on a cooperative strategy of rescue (thermosome [Hsp60], small heat shock protein [Hsp20], and two VAT-related chaperones), proteolysis (proteasome), and stabilization (compatible solute formation) to cope with polypeptide processing during thermal stress. DA - 2003/4// PY - 2003/4// DO - 10.1128/AEM.69.4.2365-2371.2003 VL - 69 IS - 4 SP - 2365-2371 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - PAT TI - Endoglucanase gene promoter upregulated by the root-knot nematode AU - Davis, E. L. AU - Goellner, M. C2 - 2003/// DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cultivar decline in sweetpotato: II. Impact of virus infection on yield and storage root quality in 'Beauregard' and 'Hernandez' AU - Bryan, A. D. AU - Schultheis, J. R. AU - Pesic-Vanesbroeck, Z. AU - Yencho, G. C. T2 - Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 128 IS - 6 SP - 856-863 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tomato, Pests, parasitoids, and predators: Tritrophic interactions involving the genus Lycopersicon AU - Kennedy, GG T2 - ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY AB - Insect-plant interactions involving the cultivated tomato and its relatives in the genus Lycopersicon have been intensively studied for several decades, resulting in one of the best documented and in-depth examples of the mechanistic complexities of insect-plant interactions, which encompass both herbivores and their natural enemies. Trichome-mediated defenses are particularly significant in L. hirsutum f. glabratum and have been extensively implicated in negative tritrophic effects mediated by direct contact of parasitoids and predators with trichomes, as well as indirect effects mediated through their hosts or prey. Both constitutive and inducible defense traits of L. esculentum exert effects on selected parasitoids and predators. The effects of any particular plant defense trait on parasitoids and predators depend on the specific attributes of the plant trait and the details of the physical, biochemical, and behavioral interaction between the natural enemy, its host (prey), and the plant. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112733 VL - 48 SP - 51-72 SN - 1545-4487 KW - trichomes KW - host plant resistance KW - insect-plant interactions KW - constitutive plant defenses KW - induced plant defenses ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling nitrogen transport in duckweed pond for secondary treatment of swine wastewater AU - Chaiprapat, S. AU - Cheng, J. Y. AU - Classen, John AU - Ducoste, J. AU - Liehr, S. K. T2 - Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.) AB - A mathematical model was developed to describe nitrogen transport in duckweed-covered static ponds for nutrient recovery from swine lagoon water. A finite difference technique was used to solve the partial differential equations describing the ammonia transport and concentration in the pond. The key parameters in the model include the diffusion coefficient of ammonium in the medium (D) and kinetic constant of nitrogen uptake by duckweed (k). Using one order of magnitude parameter variations, the simulations showed that the model was clearly much more sensitive to D than to k, indicating the process of nitrogen removal in a static pond by duckweed is diffusion limited. Laboratory testing was conducted with Spirodela punctata 7776, a duckweed strain, to calibrate the model. The calibration of the model with experimental data yielded a new ammonium transport coefficient (T) that is 85 times of D value. Model results showed good agreement with depth-wise experimental ammonium concentration and the model also demonstrates that intermittent mixing every 3 h can enhance ammonium uptake. Additionally, an apparent drop in pH near the duckweed mat at the surface was observed that may explain low rates of ammonia emission from duckweed ponds. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2003)129:8(731) VL - 129 IS - 8 SP - 731–739 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Functional and comparative genomic analyses of an operon involved in fructooligosaccharide utilization by Lactobacillus acidophilus AU - Barrangou, R AU - Altermann, E AU - Hutkins, R AU - Cano, R AU - Klaenhammer, TR T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Lactobacillus acidophilus is a probiotic organism that displays the ability to use prebiotic compounds such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS), which stimulate the growth of beneficial commensals in the gastrointestinal tract. However, little is known about the mechanisms and genes involved in FOS utilization by Lactobacillus species. Analysis of the L. acidophilus NCFM genome revealed an msm locus composed of a transcriptional regulator of the LacI family, a four-component ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transport system, a fructosidase, and a sucrose phosphorylase. Transcriptional analysis of this operon demonstrated that gene expression was induced by sucrose and FOS but not by glucose or fructose, suggesting some specificity for nonreadily fermentable sugars. Additionally, expression was repressed by glucose but not by fructose, suggesting catabolite repression via two cre-like sequences identified in the promoter-operator region. Insertional inactivation of the genes encoding the ABC transporter substrate-binding protein and the fructosidase reduced the ability of the mutants to grow on FOS. Comparative analysis of gene architecture within this cluster revealed a high degree of synteny with operons in Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, the association between a fructosidase and an ABC transporter is unusual and may be specific to L. acidophilus. This is a description of a previously undescribed gene locus involved in transport and catabolism of FOS compounds, which can promote competition of beneficial microorganisms in the human gastrointestinal tract. DA - 2003/7/22/ PY - 2003/7/22/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.1332765100 VL - 100 IS - 15 SP - 8957-8962 SN - 0027-8424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fatty acids, diet, and body indices of type II diabetic American whites and blacks and Ghanaians AU - Banini, AE AU - Allen, JC AU - Allen, HG AU - Boyd, LC AU - Lartey, A T2 - NUTRITION AB - This research was designed to study the diet, lipid profile, and metabolic and body indices of type II diabetic and non-diabetic subjects among American white and black and Ghanaian populations.Fifty-one type II diabetic and non-diabetic volunteers were recruited through medical clinics. Data collected included food intake and anthropometric measurement. Blood samples were taken for glucose and serum lipid analyses. Serum non-esterified fatty acids, very low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins, total cholesterol, and triacylglycerols levels were measured.The Ghanaian subjects had lower body mass indexes than did the American white and black subjects (P < 0.01), although they recorded the highest carbohydrate intake. Dietary fat intake was not significantly correlated with body fat level or body mass index among the different observational groups. The serum ratio of saturated to polyunsaturated fat was higher in all diabetics than in controls and higher in Ghanaians than in Americans. Total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and lipoproteins were within normal ranges for diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. The ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was slightly elevated among the white diabetics (P < 0.05).The data showed a higher metabolism of carbohydrate for energy in the Ghanaian group than in the other groups. In addition, fat metabolism may differ between Americans and Ghanaians. For many variables, black Americans were more similar to white Americans than to Ghanaians. These observations imply that cultural factors may contribute more than ethnic origin to the etiology of diabetes. DA - 2003/9// PY - 2003/9// DO - 10.1016/S0899-9007(03)00108-4 VL - 19 IS - 9 SP - 722-726 SN - 0899-9007 KW - type II diabetes KW - lipids KW - lipoproteins KW - triacylglycerols and cholesterol ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of atmospheric plasma treatment on desizing of PVA on cotton AU - Cai, Z. S. AU - Qiu, Y. P. AU - Zhang, C. Y. AU - Hwang, Y. J. AU - McCord, Marian T2 - Textile Research Journal AB - Both air/He and air/O 2 /He atmospheric plasma treatments are applied to desize PVA on cotton, then PDR (percent desizing ratio) and tensile strengths of cotton fabrics and single yams are measured. XPS and SEM are used to analyze the effects of atmospheric pressure plasma treatments on PVA. These treatments can both remove some PVA sizing and significantly improve PDR by washing, especially by cold water washing. The tensile strengths of cotton fabrics treated with atmospheric pressure plasma are the same as for the unsized fabric. XPS analysis of the plasma treated PVA films reveals surface chemical changes such as chain scission and formation of polar groups, which promote the solubility of PVA in cold water. Air/O 2 /He plasma is more effective than air/He plasma on PVA desizing. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1177/004051750307300803 VL - 73 IS - 8 SP - 670–674 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cultivar decline in sweetpotato: I. Impact of micropropagation on yield, storage root quality, and virus incidence in 'Beauregard' AU - Bryan, A. D. AU - Pesic-Vanesbroeck, Z. AU - Schultheis, J. R. AU - Pecota, K. V. AU - Swallow, W. H. AU - Yencho, G. C. T2 - Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 128 IS - 6 SP - 846-855 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Time scale of eutherian evolution estimated without assuming a constant rate of molecular evolution AU - Hasegawa, M AU - Thorne, JL AU - Kishino, H T2 - GENES & GENETIC SYSTEMS AB - Controversies over the molecular clock hypothesis were reviewed. Since it is evident that the molecular clock does not hold in an exact sense, accounting for evolution of the rate of molecular evolution is a prerequisite when estimating divergence times with molecular sequences. Recently proposed statistical methods that account for this rate variation are overviewed and one of these procedures is applied to the mitochondrial protein sequences and to the nuclear gene sequences from many mammalian species in order to estimate the time scale of eutherian evolution. This Bayesian method not only takes account of the variation of molecular evolutionary rate among lineages and among genes, but it also incorporates fossil evidence via constraints on node times. With denser taxonomic sampling and a more realistic model of molecular evolution, this Bayesian approach is expected to increase the accuracy of divergence time estimates. DA - 2003/8// PY - 2003/8// DO - 10.1266/ggs.78.267 VL - 78 IS - 4 SP - 267-283 SN - 1880-5779 KW - Bayesian method KW - divergence times KW - variation of evolutionary ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surface analysis of cotton fabrics fluorinated in radio-frequency plasma AU - McCord, MG AU - Hwang, YJ AU - Qiu, Y AU - Hughes, LK AU - Bourham, MA T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE AB - Abstract Cotton fabrics were treated by radio‐frequency plasma with tetrafluoromethane (CF 4 ) and hexafluoropropene (C 3 F 6 ) gases under different exposure times, pressures, and power levels. The hydrophobicity and water repellency were analyzed with measurements of the cosine of the contact angle (cos θ) and wet‐out time. The hydrophobicity was enhanced with treatments of both gases. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed increases in the surface fluorine content of 1–2% for CF 4 plasma and of 2.3–7.8% for C 3 F 6 plasma. The relative chemical composition of the C 1s spectra after CF 4 and C 3 F 6 plasma treatments showed increases in the relative amounts of COC and fluorocarbon groups (CF, CF 2 , and CF 3 ), whereas peak areas for COH and COOH decreased. The hydrophobicity was enhanced by the increase in the fluorine content and fluorocarbon groups. C 3 F 6 plasma treatment resulted in higher hydrophobicity than CF 4 plasma treatment according to not only cos θ and wet‐out measurements but also XPS analysis. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 2038–2047, 2003 DA - 2003/5/23/ PY - 2003/5/23/ DO - 10.1002/app.11896 VL - 88 IS - 8 SP - 2038-2047 SN - 0021-8995 KW - cold plasma KW - ESCA/XPS KW - plasma polymerization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stability of Internal Heat Necrosis and Specific Gravity in Tetraploid × Diploid Potatoes AU - Sterrett, S. B. AU - Henninger, M. R. AU - Yencho, G. C. AU - Lu, W. AU - Vinyard, B. T. AU - Haynes, K. G. T2 - Crop Science AB - Internal heat necrosis (IHN) is a severe physiological disorder of potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers, characterized by brown spots that first appear near the apical end of the tuber parenchyma, although most of the parenchyma tissue is involved in severe cases. The purposes of this study were to evaluate 4x‐2x clones of S. tuberosum × S. phureja Juz. & Bukasov –S. stenotomum Juz. & Bukasov ( phu‐stn ) for specific gravity (SG) and incidence and severity of IHN in the mid‐Atlantic states, and identify clones with low incidence and severity of IHN and high SG for future enhancement efforts in S. tuberosum In 1999 and 2000, 26 and 88 4x‐2x clones, respectively, and the check cultivar ‘Atlantic’ were grown in North Carolina, Virginia, and New Jersey, in a randomized complete block design with two replications. At harvest, tubers > 64 mm in diameter were rated for IHN. The SG was also determined. The correlation between incidence and severity of IHN was very high; however, there was no correlation between IHN and SG. There were significant differences among the clones for SG and IHN. There were also significant clone × location interactions for SG and IHN. Several 4x‐2x clones were identified each year with significantly less IHN, and higher SG than Atlantic. The majority of these clones were stable both before and after removal of environmental heterogeneity. These results indicate that phu‐stn has the potential to expand the tetraploid potato breeding base for both high SG and resistance to IHN in the mid‐Atlantic states. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2003.7900 VL - 43 IS - 3 SP - 790 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Professional societies, microethics, and macroethics: Product liability as an ethical issue in engineering design AU - Herkert, J.R. T2 - International Journal of Engineering Education DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 19 IS - 1 SPEC. SP - 163-167 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037219693&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth of hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrococcus futiosus on chitin involves two family 18 chitinases AU - Gao, J AU - Bauer, MW AU - Shockley, KR AU - Pysz, MA AU - Kelly, RM T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Pyrococcus furiosus was found to grow on chitin, adding this polysacharide to the inventory of carbohydrates utilized by this hyperthermophilic archaeon. Accordingly, two open reading frames ( chiA [Pf1234] and chiB [Pf1233]) were identified in the genome of P. furiosus , which encodes chitinases with sequence similarity to proteins from the glycosyl hydrolase family 18 in less-thermophilic organisms. Both enzymes contain multiple domains that consist of at least one binding domain and one catalytic domain. ChiA (ca. 39 kDa) contains a putative signal peptide, as well as a binding domain (ChiA BD ), that is related to binding domains associated with several previously studied bacterial chitinases. chiB , separated by 37 nucleotides from chiA and in the same orientation, encodes a polypeptide with two different proline-threonine-rich linker regions (6 and 3 kDa) flanking a chitin-binding domain (ChiB BD [11 kDa]), followed by a catalytic domain (ChiB cat [35 kDa]). No apparent signal peptide is encoded within chiB . The two chitinases share little sequence homology to each other, except in the catalytic region, where both have the catalytic glutamic acid residue that is conserved in all family 18 bacterial chitinases. The genes encoding ChiA, without its signal peptide, and ChiB were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. ChiA exhibited no detectable activity toward chitooligomers smaller than chitotetraose, indicating that the enzyme is an endochitinase. Kinetic studies showed that ChiB followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics toward chitotriose, although substrate inhibition was observed for larger chitooligomers. Hydrolysis patterns on chitooligosaccharides indicated that ChiB is a chitobiosidase, processively cleaving off chitobiose from the nonreducing end of chitin or other chitooligomers. Synergistic activity was noted for the two chitinases on colloidal chitin, indicating that these two enzymes work together to recruit chitin-based substrates for P. furiosus growth. This was supported by the observed growth on chitin as the sole carbohydrate source in sulfur-free media. DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// DO - 10.1128/AEM.69.6.3119-3128.2003 VL - 69 IS - 6 SP - 3119-3128 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Glyphosate and water-stress effects on fruiting and carbohydrates in glyphosate-resistant cotton AU - Pline, W. A. AU - Wells, R. AU - Little, G. AU - Edmisten, K. L. AU - Wilcut, J. W. T2 - Crop Science AB - Water stress and glyphosate treatments to glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) can cause abscission of young bolls although the interaction of these factors is not well defined. Studies were conducted to quantify the effects of water stress and glyphosate treatments on fruit retention, fruit placement, and carbohydrate partitioning in GR and conventional cotton varieties grown in a phytotron environment. Glyphosate-resistant plants treated with glyphosate at the four-leaf stage, postemergence (POST), and at the eight-leaf stage, POST-directed (PDIR), had fewer first-position bolls after 0 and 1 d of water stress than nontreated GR and conventional plants but did not differ after 2 and 3 d of water stress. Glyphosate-treated GR plants reached first bloom 3 to 4 d later than nontreated plants. Five-day-old bolls from plants of one genotype, SG 125RR, treated with glyphosate had lower fructose content than bolls from nontreated plants. Subtending leaf carbohydrates and boll sucrose, glucose, and starch content did not differ after glyphosate treatments. Increasing water stress caused reductions in subtending leaf glucose, sucrose, and starch content, as well as reductions in boll starch and sucrose content. Reductions in boll starch and sucrose content in response to water stress may indicate the potential for abscission. Water stress and glyphosate treatments to GR cotton do not alter carbohydrate profiles in boll or leaf tissues in a like manner. Differences in carbohydrate profiles of young bolls and leaves from glyphosate-treated and water-stressed cotton plants suggest that water stress and glyphosate treatments may promote fruit abscission in different manners. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2003.0879 VL - 43 IS - 3 SP - 879-885 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Economic and social impacts of la crosse encephalitis in western North Carolina AU - Utz, JT AU - Apperson, CS AU - MacCormack, JN AU - Salyers, M AU - Dietz, EJ AU - McPherson, JT T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE AB - La Crosse encephalitis (LACE), a human illness caused by a mosquito-transmitted virus, is endemic in western North Carolina. To assess the economic and social impacts of the illness, 25 serologically confirmed LACE case patients and/or families were interviewed to obtain information on the economic costs and social burden of the disease. The total direct and indirect medical costs associated with LACE over 89.6 life years accumulated from the onset of illness to the date of interview for 24 patients with frank encephalitis totaled dollar 791,374 (range = dollar 7,521-175,586), with a mean +/- SD per patient cost of dollar 32,974 +/- dollar 34,793. The projected cost of a case with lifelong neurologic sequelae ranged from dollar 48,775 to dollar 3,090,798 (n = 5). For the 25 LACE patients, 55.15 (54.83%) of the 100.59 cumulative life years (CLYs) were impaired to some degree. Disability adjusted life years (DALYs) were calculated to measure the productive life years lost to LACE. Approximately 13.00 DALYs were accumulated over 100.59 CLYs of study. Projected DALYs for case patients (n = 5) with lifelong neurologic sequelae ranged from 12.90 to 72.37 DALYs. An Impact of La Crosse Encephalitis Survey (ILCES) was used to measure the social impact of LACE over time for case patients and their families. The ILCES scores demonstrated that the majority of the social burden of the illness is borne by the five patients with lifelong neurologic sequelae. The socioeconomic burden resulting from LACE is substantial, which highlights the importance of the illness in western North Carolina, as well as the need for active surveillance, reporting, and prevention programs for the infection. DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// DO - 10.4269/ajtmh.2003.69.509 VL - 69 IS - 5 SP - 509-518 SN - 1476-1645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bt-resistance management - theory meets data AU - Gould, F T2 - NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.1038/nbt1203-1450 VL - 21 IS - 12 SP - 1450-1451 SN - 1087-0156 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A diffusion-based theory of organism dispersal in heterogeneous populations AU - Skalski, GT AU - Gilliam, JF T2 - AMERICAN NATURALIST AB - We develop a general theory of organism movement in heterogeneous populations that can explain the leptokurtic movement distributions commonly measured in nature. We describe population heterogeneity in a state‐structured framework, employing advection‐diffusion as the fundamental movement process of individuals occupying different movement states. Our general analysis shows that population heterogeneity in movement behavior can be defined as the existence of different movement states and among‐individual variability in the time individuals spend in these states. A presentation of moment‐based metrics of movement illustrates the role of these attributes in general dispersal processes. We also present a special case of the general theory: a model population composed of individuals occupying one of two movement states with linear transitions, or exchange, between the two states. This two‐state “exchange model” can be viewed as a correlated random walk and provides a generalization of the telegraph equation. By exploiting the main result of our general analysis, we characterize the exchange model by deriving moment‐based metrics of its movement process and identifying an analytical representation of the model’s time‐dependent solution. Our results provide general and specific theoretical explanations for empirical patterns in organism movement; the results also provide conceptual and analytical bases for extending diffusion‐based dispersal theory in several directions, thereby facilitating mechanistic links between individual behavior and spatial population dynamics. DA - 2003/3// PY - 2003/3// DO - 10.1086/367592 VL - 161 IS - 3 SP - 441-458 SN - 1537-5323 KW - diffusion KW - heterogeneity KW - variability KW - model KW - movement KW - dispersal ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation in biological parameters of Trichogramma spp. purchased from commercial suppliers in the United States AU - Schmidt, VB AU - Linker, HM AU - Orr, DB AU - Kennedy, GG T2 - BIOCONTROL DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1023/A:1025751428043 VL - 48 IS - 5 SP - 487-502 SN - 1386-6141 KW - brachyptery KW - inundative augmentation KW - parasitoid KW - quality KW - Trichogramma ER - TY - JOUR TI - The genetic architecture of odor-guided behavior in Drosophila: epistasis and the transcriptome AU - Anholt, RRH AU - Dilda, CL AU - Chang, S AU - Fanara, JJ AU - Kulkarni, NH AU - Ganguly, I AU - Rollmann, SM AU - Kamdar, KP AU - Mackay, TFC T2 - NATURE GENETICS DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1038/ng1240 VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 180-184 SN - 1546-1718 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Strategic selection of hyperthermophilic esterases for resolution of 2-arylpropionic esters AU - Sehgal, AC AU - Kelly, RM T2 - BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AB - Homologues to Carboxylesterase NP and Candida rugosa lipase, used for the chiral separation of racemic mixtures of 2-arylpropionic methyl esters, were identified by BLAST searches of available genome sequences for hyperthermophilic microorganisms. Two potential candidates were identified: a putative lysophospholipase from Pyrococcus furiosus (Pfu-LPL) and a carboxylesterase from Sulfolobus solfataricus P1 (Sso-EST1). Although both enzymes showed hydrolytic preference toward the (S) methyl ester, only Sso-EST1 yielded highly optically pure (S) naproxen (%ee(p) >/= 90) and was thus further investigated. Changes in pH or reaction time showed little improvement in %ee(p) or E values with Sso-EST1. However, the addition of 25% methanol resulted in a 25% increase in E. The effect of various cosolvents on the enantiomeric ratio showed no correlation with the log P or dielectric constant values of the solvent. However, an inverse relationship between E and the denaturation capacity (DC) of the water miscible cosolvents was observed. This was attributed to an increase in enzyme flexibility with increasing solvent DC values leading to a concomitant reduction in the resolving power of Sso-EST1. The results here show that although bioinformatics tools can be used to select candidate biocatalysts for chiral resolution of 2-arylpropionic esters, biochemical characterization is needed to definitively determine functional characteristics. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1021/bp034032c VL - 19 IS - 5 SP - 1410-1416 SN - 8756-7938 ER - TY - JOUR TI - ISTAS ' 02 - Social implications of information and . communication technology AU - Herkert, , JR T2 - IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY MAGAZINE AB - Presents the guest editorial for this issue of the publication. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1109/mtas.2003.1216237 VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 10-11 SN - 0278-0097 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0041848232&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of rate and time of application of poultry litter on Hoplolaimus columbus on cotton AU - Koenning, , SR AU - Edmisten, KL AU - Barker, KR AU - Bowman, DT AU - Morrison, DE T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of soil-incorporated poultry litter on the population dynamics of Hoplolaimus columbus and cotton lint yield. Rates of poultry litter applied varied from 0.0 to 27.0 t/ha and were applied in December, February, or March. Time of application did not influence population densities of this nematode or cotton yield. The rate of poultry litter applied was negatively related to the population density of H. columbus at midseason, but not at other sampling dates. The lower midseason levels of this nematode corresponded with increases in cotton lint yield in all experiments. Cotton yield increases generally were linear with respect to the rate of litter applied, although the highest rates of litter applied did not always result in the greatest cotton yield. Poultry litter can be used effectively to supply nutrients to the crop and suppress damaging levels of H. columbus. Optimal rates of litter application were from 6.0 to 13.4 t/ha. Application of poultry litter at these rates, however, may exceed nutrient levels required for best management practices. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.10.1244 VL - 87 IS - 10 SP - 1244-1249 SN - 0191-2917 KW - Columbia lance nematode KW - Gossypium hirsutum KW - management KW - manure KW - organic amendments KW - population dynamics KW - sustainable agriculture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dual resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac and Cry2Aa toxins in Heliothis virescens suggests multiple mechanisms of resistance AU - Jurat-Fuentes, JL AU - Gould, FL AU - Adang, MJ T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT One strategy for delaying evolution of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis crystal (Cry) endotoxins is the production of multiple Cry toxins in each transgenic plant (gene stacking). This strategy relies upon the assumption that simultaneous evolution of resistance to toxins that have different modes of action will be difficult for insect pests. In B. thuringiensis- transgenic (Bt) cotton, production of both Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab has been proposed to delay resistance of Heliothis virescens (tobacco budworm). After previous laboratory selection with Cry1Ac, H. virescens strains CXC and KCBhyb developed high levels of cross-resistance not only to toxins similar to Cry1Ac but also to Cry2Aa. We studied the role of toxin binding alteration in resistance and cross-resistance with the CXC and KCBhyb strains. In toxin binding experiments, Cry1A and Cry2Aa toxins bound to brush border membrane vesicles from CXC, but binding of Cry1Aa was reduced for the KCBhyb strain compared to susceptible insects. Since Cry1Aa and Cry2Aa do not share binding proteins in H. virescens , our results suggest occurrence of at least two mechanisms of resistance in KCBhyb insects, one of them related to reduction of Cry1Aa toxin binding. Cry1Ac bound irreversibly to brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) from YDK, CXC, and KCBhyb larvae, suggesting that Cry1Ac insertion was unaffected. These results highlight the genetic potential of H. virescens to become resistant to distinct Cry toxins simultaneously and may question the effectiveness of gene stacking in delaying evolution of resistance. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1128/AEM.69.10.5898-5906.2003 VL - 69 IS - 10 SP - 5898-5906 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Horizontal transfer of the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen to larval microcosms by gravid Aedes albopictus and Ochlerotatus triseriatus mosquitoes in the laboratory AU - Chism, BD AU - Apperson, CS T2 - MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY AB - Abstract. The insect growth regulator (IGR) pyriproxyfen is highly active against mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Through continuous emersion of large larvae (instars 3–4) the concentration causing 50% inhibition of adult emergence (EI 50 ) was determined as 0.200 p.p.b. for Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and 3.5 to 7 times less for Ochlerotatus triseriatus (Say): IE 50 0.0288 p.p.b. As a possible method of application to larval microscosms of these species that oviposit in water containers and phytotelmata, the horizontal transfer of pyriproxyfen to larval microcosms by adult mosquitoes was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Gravid females were forced to walk on surfaces treated with pyriproxyfen (tarsal contact exposure) and then allowed to oviposit in larval microcosms. Using replicate bioassay cages, each with an oviposition container, and a factorial experimental design, we assessed Ae. albopictus for the effects of (i) pyriproxyfen concentration (0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mg/cm 2 ) contacted by gravid females, and (ii) the number of treated gravid females added to bioassay cages (one, three or five females/cage), on the mortality of larvae in oviposition containers. Only 0.2 mg/cm 2 treatment rate was tested on Oc. triseriatus . A significant ( P < 0.05) curvilinear response in inhibition of emergence (IE) was achieved on both species. Densities of one or three treated Oc. triseriatus females/cage yielded IE rates of only 21–27%, whereas five treated females/cage resulted in 70% inhibition. With Ae . albopictus , densities of three or five treated females/cage yielded 48–67% and 59–73% IE, respectively, whereas one treated female/cage gave only 4–30% inhibition. Use of IGR‐treated oviposition containers to achieve horizontal transfer of pyriproxyfen to mosquito oviposition sites could be a field management technique based on mosquito biology and behaviour. In binary choice tests with Ae . albopictus , horizontal transfer of pyriproxyfen from a container with a treated ovistrip (0.3 or 0.4 mg/cm 2 ) to an untreated microcosm resulted in 14–38% inhibition. In larval bioassays, pyriproxyfen activity declined markedly within 10 days. Forcibly exposing gravid female mosquitoes to pyriproxyfen‐treated paper surface did not affect their fecundity. However, from the 1st to 2nd gonotrophic cycles the egg hatch rate declined by 30% ( P < 0.05). Some variation of results could be due to interactions between females at the oviposition site, possibly causing disproportionate transfer of pyriproxyfen to larval microcosms. Comparative studies of the oviposition behaviour of each mosquito are warranted and would potentially provide information needed to improve the technique. DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2003.00433.x VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 211-220 SN - 1365-2915 KW - Aedes albopictus KW - Ochlerotatus triseriatus KW - adult mosquitoes KW - bioassay KW - emergence inhibition KW - IGR KW - insect growth regulator KW - metamorphosis KW - mosquito behaviour KW - mosquito control KW - mosquito immatures KW - oviposition KW - pyriproxyfen ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hierarchical phenotypic and epigenetic variation in cloned swine AU - Archer, GS AU - Dindot, S AU - Friend, TH AU - Walker, S AU - Zaunbrecher, G AU - Lawhorn, B AU - Piedrahita, JA T2 - BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION AB - Cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer can result in the birth of animals with phenotypic and gene expression abnormalities. We compared adult cloned pigs and adult pigs from naturally bred control females using a series of physiological and genetic parameters, including detailed methylation profiles of selected genomic regions. Phenotypic and genetic analyses indicated that there are two classes of traits, one in which the cloned pigs have less variation than controls and another characterized by variation that is equally high in cloned and control pigs. Although cloning creates animals within the normal phenotypic range, it increases the variability associated with some traits. This finding is contrary to the expectation that cloning can be used to reduce the size of groups involved in animal experimentation and to reproduce an animal, including a pet, with a homogenous set of desired traits. DA - 2003/8// PY - 2003/8// DO - 10.1095/biolreprod.103.016147 VL - 69 IS - 2 SP - 430-436 SN - 0006-3363 KW - assisted reproductive technology KW - developmental biology KW - embryo KW - gene regulation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Glyphosate-induced reductions in pollen viability and seed set in glyphosate-resistant cotton and attempted remediation by gibberellic acid (GA(3)) AU - Pline, WA AU - Edmisten, KL AU - Wilcut, JW AU - Wells, R AU - Thomas, J T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Glyphosate treatments to glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton can cause increased fruit loss compared with untreated plants, likely due to reductions in pollen viability and alterations in floral morphology that may reduce pollination efficiency. This study was conducted to determine whether both stamen and pistil are affected by glyphosate treatments by measuring seed set from reciprocal reproductive crosses made between glyphosate-treated GR, untreated GR, and conventional nontransgenic cotton. Pollen viability was 51 and 38% lower for the first and second week of flowering, respectively, in GR plants treated with a four-leaf postemergence (POST) treatment and an eight-leaf POST-directed treatment of glyphosate than in GR plants that were not treated. Seed set per boll was significantly reduced when the pollen donor parent was glyphosate treated vs. untreated for the first 2 wk of flowering. There were no significant differences between treatments applied to male parents as measured by seed set at Weeks 3 and 4 of flowering. Seed set was not influenced by glyphosate treatments applied to female parents at any time. Retention of bolls resulting from crosses was reduced by glyphosate treatment of male parents during the first and third week of flowering but was not affected by glyphosate treatment of female parents. The application of gibberellic acid (GA), which has been shown to reverse male sterility in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) and to enhance boll retention in cotton, was investigated for similar effects in glyphosate-treated GR cotton. The GA treatments to glyphosate-treated plants increased the anther–stigma distance 12-fold, stigma height, and pollen viability in the second week of flowering but decreased the number of seeds in second-position bolls on Fruiting branches 1 through 3, decreased the number of first-position bolls per plant, and increased the number of squares in comparison with glyphosate-treated GR plants not receiving GA. Although GA applications to glyphosate-treated GR cotton have some remedial effect on pollen viability, the GA-induced increase in the anther–stigma difference exacerbates the increase in anther–stigma distance caused by glyphosate, resulting in low pollination. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0019:GIRIPV]2.0.CO;2 VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 19-27 SN - 0043-1745 KW - herbicide-resistant crops KW - transgenic crops KW - gametogenesis KW - male-sterile KW - pollen KW - gibberellic acid ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of atmospheric pressure helium/air plasma treatment on adhesion and mechanical properties of aramid fibers AU - Hwang, YJ AU - Qiu, Y AU - Zhang, C AU - Jarrard, B AU - Stedeford, R AU - Tsai, J AU - Park, YC AU - McCord, M T2 - JOURNAL OF ADHESION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AB - Abstract In order to investigate the effect of atmospheric pressure plasmas on adhesion between aramid fibers and epoxy, aramid fibers were treated with atmospheric pressure helium/air for 15, 30 and 60 s on a capacitively-coupled device at a frequency of 5.0 kHz and He outlet pressure of 3.43 kPa. SEM analysis at 10 000× magnification showed no significant surface morphological change resulted from the plasma treatments. XPS analysis showed a decrease in carbon content and an increase in oxygen content. Deconvolution analysis of C1s, N1s and O1s peaks showed an increase in surface hydroxyl groups that can interact with epoxy resin. The microbond test showed that the plasma treatment for 60 s increased interfacial shear strength by 109% over that of the control (untreated). The atmospheric pressure plasma increased single fiber tensile strength by 16-26%. Keywords: ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PLASMAINTERFACIAL SHEAR STRENGTHFIBER MATRIX INTERFACEARAMID FIBERS DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1163/156856103321645194 VL - 17 IS - 6 SP - 847-860 SN - 0169-4243 KW - atmospheric pressure plasma KW - inter-facial shear strength KW - fiber/matrix interface KW - aramid fibers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Can anthropometric measurements and diet analysis serve as useful tools to determine risk factors for insulin-resistant diabetes type 2 among white and black Americans? AU - Allen, HG AU - Allen, JC AU - Boyd, LC AU - Alston-Mills, BP T2 - NUTRITION AB - Central obesity is implicated in the development of insulin resistance by increasing insulin demand and eventually leading to hyperinsulinemia. Anthropometric measurements have been helpful in determining the risk factors in developing diabetes mellitus type 2. In this study we investigated whether anthropometric measurements differ among diabetics of different races. We also evaluated whether nutrient intake of these individuals was related to anthropometric measurement changes.Subjects were recruited from four groups: white control (n = 10), black control (n = 10), white diabetic (n = 5), and black diabetic (n = 10). The diabetic subjects had type 2 diabetes with insulin resistance on insulin monotherapy (age and sex matched). The following determinations were made: diet analysis, body mass index (kg/m(2)), the ratio of waist (umbilical level) to hip (maximum at buttocks) circumference, the ratio of waist to thigh (mid-thigh), and body fat percentage.The micronutrient consumption was fairly similar in all groups with the exception of vitamin A (greatest consumption in the white control group, P < 0.05; and the lowest consumption in the black control group, P < 0.05). The data also suggested that central obesity (greatest waist-to-hip ratio) was present in the individuals with type 2 diabetes. The higher total fat, including saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and cholesterol, intake in the diabetic groups were observed.The type of fat consumed may be as important as the total fat consumption in the development of insulin resistance. The diet analysis can provide valuable information about the dietary habits of an individual and the possible causes of metabolic problems leading to a disease state. However, genetic factors must be considered when looking at diabetes incidence in different ethnic groups. For example, even though the black diabetic group consumed less fat in comparison with the other groups, their body fat percentages were higher. Therefore, we cannot conclude that high fat intake is primarily responsible for increased body fat percentage. Although anthropometric measurements are a useful tool in risk assessment, researchers should consider anatomic differences among different racial groups as covariables. Diet analysis when used in conjunction with anthropometric measurements can serve as a useful tool to detect whether metabolic alterations are related to dietary habits. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1016/S0899-9007(03)00090-X VL - 19 IS - 7-8 SP - 584-588 SN - 0899-9007 KW - insulin resistance KW - diabetes KW - anthropometric measurements KW - ethnicity KW - diet analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - A profile of putative parasitism genes expressed in the esophageal gland cells of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita AU - Huang, GZ AU - Gao, BL AU - Maier, T AU - Allen, R AU - Davis, EL AU - Baum, TJ AU - Hussey, RS T2 - MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS AB - Identifying parasitism genes encoding proteins secreted from a nematode's esophageal gland cells and injected through its stylet into plant tissue is the key to understanding the molecular basis of nematode parasitism of plants. Meloidogyne incognita parasitism genes were cloned by microaspirating the cytoplasm from the esophageal gland cells of different parasitic stages to provide mRNA to create a gland cell-specific cDNA library by long-distance reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Of 2,452 cDNA clones sequenced, deduced protein sequences of 185 cDNAs had a signal peptide for secretion and, thus, could have a role in root-knot nematode parasitism of plants. High-throughput in situ hybridization with cDNA clones encoding signal peptides resulted in probes of 37 unique clones specifically hybridizing to transcripts accumulating within the subventral (13 clones) or dorsal (24 clones) esophageal gland cells of M. incognita. In BLASTP analyses, 73% of the predicted proteins were novel proteins. Those with similarities to known proteins included a pectate lyase, acid phosphatase, and hypothetical proteins from other organisms. Our cell-specific analysis of genes encoding secretory proteins provided, for the first time, a profile of putative parasitism genes expressed in the M. incognita esophageal gland cells throughout the parasitic cycle. DA - 2003/5// PY - 2003/5// DO - 10.1094/MPMI.2003.16.5.376 VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - 376-381 SN - 1943-7706 KW - gland-cell cDNA library KW - plant-parasitic nematode KW - stylet secretions ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spinosad selection of a laboratory strain of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae), and characterization of resistance AU - Young, HP AU - Bailey, WD AU - Roe, RM T2 - CROP PROTECTION AB - The potential for insect resistance to the spinosyns, a novel class of insecticide chemistry, was examined using a laboratory strain of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), originally collected from tobacco at sites in North Carolina. Technical grade spinosad (spinosyns A and D), was topically applied to third instars. Initially 533 third instars were used but one to two thousand larvae were treated per generation thereafter. Initially mortality ranged from 75% to 85% with doses of 0.044–0.088 μg per larva, until the fifth generation (G5) when mortality decreased. The selection dose was subsequently increased every generation from G5 to G11 in an attempt to restore mortality to >70%. After six generations of selection, the LD50 of the selected budworms was 1.68-times that of the parental generation (G1) as estimated 15 d after treatment. By G14, the topical LD50 of the selected insects was 1068-fold greater than the parental generation. Four additional populations of the budworm from the southeastern US demonstrated similar LD50s to spinosad as our parental strain, suggesting that the parental budworms from North Carolina were representative of field populations elsewhere. The resistance ratio determined with spinosad (formulated as Tracer®) in heliothine diet was 314-fold at 15 d after the start of exposure. Injection of spinosad into the larval hemocoel resulted in a >163-fold resistance ratio 15 d after injection, indicating that resistance could not be explained simply by altered penetration alone. Mortality was delayed in the resistant relative to the parental generation regardless of whether third instars were topically treated or exposed to treated diet. Spinosad resistance was also expressed in G14 adults, indicating that an adult vial test would be feasible for monitoring resistance. A feeding disruption assay was developed to monitor larval resistance in the field. DA - 2003/3// PY - 2003/3// DO - 10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00147-3 VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 265-273 SN - 1873-6904 KW - spinosad KW - tracer KW - resistance KW - tobacco budworm KW - Heliothis virescens ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial processes in the evolution of resistance in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) to Bt transgenic corn and cotton in a mixed agroecosystem: a biology-rich stochastic simulation model AU - Storer, NP AU - Peck, SL AU - Gould, F AU - Van Duyn, JW AU - Kennedy, GG T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-96.1.156 VL - 96 IS - 1 SP - 156-172 SN - 1938-291X KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - transgenic crops KW - computer simulation KW - resistance management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sensitivity analysis of a spatially-explicit stochastic simulation model of the evolution of resistance in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) to Bt transgenic corn and cotton AU - Storer, NP AU - Peck, SL AU - Gould, F AU - Van Duyn, JW AU - Kennedy, GG T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-96.1.173 VL - 96 IS - 1 SP - 173-187 SN - 0022-0493 KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - transgenic crops KW - computer simulation KW - resistance management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal dispersal patterns of Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) and tomato spotted wilt virus occurrence in central and eastern North Carolina AU - Groves, RL AU - Walgenbach, JF AU - Moyer, JW AU - Kennedy, GG T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - The seasonal abundance and temporal pattern of Frankliniella fusca Hinds dispersal were monitored from 1996 to 2000 at 12 locations in central and eastern North Carolina. The predominant vector species of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) captured across all locations was F. fusca (98%). The temporal patterns of F. fusca dispersal observed during spring seasons varied among locations in all years except 2000. Regression analysis estimated that times of first flight in the spring seasons varied among locations, whereas flight duration intervals were similar. Temporal patterns of F. fusca captured varied significantly between aerial traps placed 0.1 and 1.0 m above the soil surface. Fewer total thrips were captured at 0.1 m, although thrips dispersal occurred earlier and over a greater time interval compared with 1.0-m traps. Temporal patterns of TSWV occurrence differed among locations in the spring seasons of 1999 and 2000, whereas patterns of virus occurrence were similar during the fall seasons. Patterns of F. filsca dispersal and subsequent TSWV occurrence were synchronous at locations in 1999 and 2000 where the greatest number of TSWV lesions was recorded. Knowledge of the temporal patterns of F. fiasca dispersal and TSWV occurrence may be a useful indicator for describing the time when susceptible crops are at highest risk of TSWV infection. DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-96.1.1 VL - 96 IS - 1 SP - 1-11 SN - 1938-291X KW - Frankliniella occidentalis KW - thrips KW - tomato spotted wilt virus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gonadal differentiation and effects of temperature on sex determination in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) AU - Luckenbach, JA AU - Godwin, J AU - Daniels, HV AU - Borski, RJ T2 - AQUACULTURE AB - Southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) support valuable North American fisheries and show great promise for aquaculture. Because females grow faster and reach larger adult sizes than males, monosex culture of females is desirable for commercial operations. A detailed understanding of sexual development and its timing is critical to control sex and optimize culture. Structural and cellular sex-distinguishing markers were identified histologically, and then used to describe ovarian development in female and testicular development in male flounder. In presumptive ovaries of southern flounder, development of an ovarian cavity first occurs in fish ranging from 75 to 100 mm total length (TL). This is considerably delayed relative to that observed in the Japanese congener, Paralichthys olivaceus, where an ovarian cavity is seen in fish as small as 40 mm TL. The smallest southern flounder that possessed primary oocytes in the early perinucleolus stage was 115 mm TL. In presumptive testes, the formation of seminiferous tubules first occurs in fish of approximately 100 mm TL. Spermatogonia remained quiescent until most fish were over 100 mm TL. Overall, gonads from southern flounder greater than 120 mm TL commonly possess gonial cells undergoing meiosis, clearly differentiating sex. The effect of temperature on sex determination in southern flounder was addressed in a separate experiment. Juvenile southern flounder were grown at 18, 23, or 28°C for 245 days. High and low temperatures induced phenotypic sex reversal in juvenile southern flounder, producing a higher proportion of males (96% males at high temperature, P<0.001, 78% males at low temperature, P<0.01). Raising southern flounder at the midrange temperature held sex ratios close to 1:1. Sex ratios from these trials suggest that southern flounder possess a temperature-sensitive mechanism of sex determination similar to that shown for P. olivaceus, but possibly shifted towards warmer temperatures. These findings indicate that sex differentiation in southern flounder is distinguishable in most fish by 100–120 mm TL and that sex determination is sensitive to temperature. This information is critical to the development of strategies to maximize the number of faster-growing females for commercial flounder culture. DA - 2003/2/10/ PY - 2003/2/10/ DO - 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00407-6 VL - 216 IS - 1-4 SP - 315-327 SN - 0044-8486 KW - southern flounder KW - sex differentiation KW - gonadal development KW - TSD KW - histology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimated frequency of nonrecessive Bt resistance genes in bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) in eastern North Carolina AU - Burd, AD AU - Gould, F AU - Bradley, , JR AU - Van Duyn, JW AU - Moar, WJ T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-96.1.137 VL - 96 IS - 1 SP - 137-142 SN - 0022-0493 KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - Bt resistance KW - gene frequency KW - bollworm ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biology and genetics of a laboratory strain of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae), highly resistant to spinosad AU - Wyss, CF AU - Young, HP AU - Shukla, J AU - Roe, RM T2 - CROP PROTECTION AB - Tobacco budworm larvae, Heliothis virescens (F.), were collected from the field in North Carolina in 1996 and 1997 and established as a laboratory (parental) strain. When a subset of these insects was selected by the topical application of technical spinosad (a mixture of spinosyns A and D) every generation for 13 generations, they became highly resistant to the insecticide. The resistance ratio for topically applied spinosad based on differences in the LD50 between the parental (susceptible) and the resistant (generation 19) strain was 669-fold when fourth stadium larvae were treated. The susceptible strain LD50 18d after treatment was 0.11μg of active ingredient per larva while the LD50 for generation (G) 19 of the resistant strain was 73.55μg per larva. Reciprocal single pair matings between the resistant and the parental strain and backcrosses of F1(R×S) females with resistant males indicated that a non-sex linked, (partially) recessive single gene was responsible for spinosad resistance. The F1 larvae were only slightly (5.3–5.6-fold) resistant compared to the parental strain. The stability of resistance was tested by removing spinosad selection for five generations. In the absence of immigration of susceptible budworms into the population and insecticide treatments, the LD50 decreased only 1.4-fold. The only differences noted in the biology of the parental and resistant strain was that the resistant males developed slower as larvae and emerged as adults later than the susceptible males and had a slightly smaller 1d old pupal wet weight. However, when 80% highly resistant and 20% parental moths of both sexes were allowed to mate freely, the majority of the offspring (84.6%) were susceptible to spinosad. This suggests a reduced reproductive competitiveness for the resistant strain. DA - 2003/3// PY - 2003/3// DO - 10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00153-9 VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 307-314 SN - 1873-6904 KW - tobacco budworm KW - Heliothis virescens KW - spinosad KW - resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbohydrate-induced differential gene expression patterns in the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima AU - Chhabra, , SR AU - Shockley, KR AU - Conners, SB AU - Scott, KL AU - Wolfinger, RD AU - Kelly, RM T2 - JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AB - The hyperthermophilic bacteriumThermotoga maritima MSB8 was grown on a variety of carbohydrates to determine the influence of carbon and energy source on differential gene expression. Despite the fact that T. maritima has been phylogenetically characterized as a primitive microorganism from an evolutionary perspective, results here suggest that it has versatile and discriminating mechanisms for regulating and effecting complex carbohydrate utilization. Growth ofT. maritima on monosaccharides was found to be slower than growth on polysaccharides, although growth to cell densities of 108 to 109 cells/ml was observed on all carbohydrates tested. Differential expression of genes encoding carbohydrate-active proteins encoded in the T. maritimagenome was followed using a targeted cDNA microarray in conjunction with mixed model statistical analysis. Coordinated regulation of genes responding to specific carbohydrates was noted. Although glucose generally repressed expression of all glycoside hydrolase genes, other sugars induced or repressed these genes to varying extents. Expression profiles of most endo-acting glycoside hydrolase genes correlated well with their reported biochemical properties, although exo-acting glycoside hydrolase genes displayed less specific expression patterns. Genes encoding selected putative ABC sugar transporters were found to respond to specific carbohydrates, and in some cases putative oligopeptide transporter genes were also found to respond to specific sugar substrates. Several genes encoding putative transcriptional regulators were expressed during growth on specific sugars, thus suggesting functional assignments. The transcriptional response ofT. maritima to specific carbohydrate growth substrates indicated that sugar backbone- and linkage-specific regulatory networks are operational in this organism during the uptake and utilization of carbohydrate substrates. Furthermore, the wide ranging collection of such networks in T. maritima suggests that this organism is capable of adapting to a variety of growth environments containing carbohydrate growth substrates. The hyperthermophilic bacteriumThermotoga maritima MSB8 was grown on a variety of carbohydrates to determine the influence of carbon and energy source on differential gene expression. Despite the fact that T. maritima has been phylogenetically characterized as a primitive microorganism from an evolutionary perspective, results here suggest that it has versatile and discriminating mechanisms for regulating and effecting complex carbohydrate utilization. Growth ofT. maritima on monosaccharides was found to be slower than growth on polysaccharides, although growth to cell densities of 108 to 109 cells/ml was observed on all carbohydrates tested. Differential expression of genes encoding carbohydrate-active proteins encoded in the T. maritimagenome was followed using a targeted cDNA microarray in conjunction with mixed model statistical analysis. Coordinated regulation of genes responding to specific carbohydrates was noted. Although glucose generally repressed expression of all glycoside hydrolase genes, other sugars induced or repressed these genes to varying extents. Expression profiles of most endo-acting glycoside hydrolase genes correlated well with their reported biochemical properties, although exo-acting glycoside hydrolase genes displayed less specific expression patterns. Genes encoding selected putative ABC sugar transporters were found to respond to specific carbohydrates, and in some cases putative oligopeptide transporter genes were also found to respond to specific sugar substrates. Several genes encoding putative transcriptional regulators were expressed during growth on specific sugars, thus suggesting functional assignments. The transcriptional response ofT. maritima to specific carbohydrate growth substrates indicated that sugar backbone- and linkage-specific regulatory networks are operational in this organism during the uptake and utilization of carbohydrate substrates. Furthermore, the wide ranging collection of such networks in T. maritima suggests that this organism is capable of adapting to a variety of growth environments containing carbohydrate growth substrates. analysis of variance carboxymethylcellulose phosphotransferase system carbon catabolite repression Saccharolytic microorganisms employ a range of proteins to hydrolyze, transport, and utilize complex carbohydrates that serve as carbon and energy sources (1de Vos W.M. Kengen S.W.M. Voorhorst W.G.B. van der Oost J. Extremophiles. 1998; 2: 201-205Crossref PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar). In some cases, these proteins are very specific to particular carbohydrates, whereas in other situations they mediate the processing of a broader range of glycosides. For simple sugars, such as glucose, binding and transport proteins alone mediate substrate entry into specific intracellular anabolic and catabolic pathways (2Galperin M.Y. Noll K.M. Romano A.H. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1996; 62: 2915-2918PubMed Google Scholar). However, for complex carbohydrates, a series of glycoside hydrolases must first process the polysaccharide so that its backbone and side chain glycosidic linkages are hydrolyzed to the extent needed for binding, transport, and intracellular utilization. How specific organisms develop the capacity to utilize complex carbohydrates is not known, but this probably involves evolutionary pressures in addition to acquisition of this genetic potential through horizontal gene transfer events. In any case, a microorganism's capacity to utilize carbohydrates presumably reflects the availability of such substrates in its habitat. Therefore, insights into the repertoire of carbohydrate-active proteins in a given organism and how the expression of these proteins is regulated would reveal much about particular metabolic features in addition to how it interacts within a given ecosystem. Thermotoga maritima is an obligately anaerobic, heterotrophic, hyperthermophilic bacterium originally isolated from geothermal features associated with Vulcano Island, Italy (3Huber R. Langworthy T.A. Konig H. Thomm M. Woese C.R. Sleytr U.B. Stetter K.O. Arch. Microbiol. 1986; 144: 324-333Crossref Scopus (623) Google Scholar). Its capacity to utilize a wide range of simple and complex carbohydrates was confirmed by the inventory of glycoside hydrolases encoded in its genome (4Nelson K.E. Clayton R.A. Gill S.R. Gwinn M.L. Dodson R.J. Haft D.H. Hickey E.K. Peterson J.D. Nelson W.C. Ketchum K.A. McDonald L. Utterback T.R. Malek J.A. Linher K.D. Garrett M.M. Stewart A.M. Cotton M.D. Pratt M.S. Phillips C.A. Richardson D. Heidelberg J. Sutton G.G. Fleischmann R.D. Eisen J.A. Fraser C.M. et al.Nature. 1999; 399: 323-329Crossref PubMed Scopus (1206) Google Scholar). In fact, the T. maritima genome, despite its relatively small size, encodes the largest number of glycoside hydrolases of any bacterial or archaeal genome sequenced to date (see Fig. 1). From growth experiments and characterization of specific glycoside hydrolases (5Chhabra S.R. Shockley K.R. Ward D.E. Kelly R.M. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002; 68: 545-554Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar), T. maritima is known to metabolize both polysaccharides and simple sugars, including carboxymethylcellulose, barley glucan, starch, galactomannan (5Chhabra S.R. Shockley K.R. Ward D.E. Kelly R.M. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002; 68: 545-554Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar), xylan (6Bronnenmeier K. Kern A. Liebl W. Staudenbauer W.L. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1995; 61: 1399-1407Crossref PubMed Google Scholar), pectin, 1L. D. Kluskens, personal communication. 1L. D. Kluskens, personal communication. mannose, xylose, and glucose (2Galperin M.Y. Noll K.M. Romano A.H. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1996; 62: 2915-2918PubMed Google Scholar). In some cases, the proteins involved in the processing, transport, and utilization of these glycosides can be inferred from their apparent organization into operons in the T. maritimagenome sequence (4Nelson K.E. Clayton R.A. Gill S.R. Gwinn M.L. Dodson R.J. Haft D.H. Hickey E.K. Peterson J.D. Nelson W.C. Ketchum K.A. McDonald L. Utterback T.R. Malek J.A. Linher K.D. Garrett M.M. Stewart A.M. Cotton M.D. Pratt M.S. Phillips C.A. Richardson D. Heidelberg J. Sutton G.G. Fleischmann R.D. Eisen J.A. Fraser C.M. et al.Nature. 1999; 399: 323-329Crossref PubMed Scopus (1206) Google Scholar), whereas in other cases such classification is not clear. Regulation of genes encoding specific carbohydrate-active proteins in T. maritima has only been studied to a limited extent thus far (5Chhabra S.R. Shockley K.R. Ward D.E. Kelly R.M. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002; 68: 545-554Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar, 7Nguyen T.N. Borges K.M. Romano A.H. Noll K.M. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2001; 195: 79-83Crossref PubMed Google Scholar), and the coordinated regulation of related genes involved in polysaccharide utilization has not been examined. Here, a targeted cDNA microarray, based on carbohydrate-active proteins from T. maritima, was used in conjunction with mixed model analysis (8Jin W. Riley R.M. Wolfinger R.D. White K.P. Passador-Gurgel G. Gibson G. Nat. Genet. 2001; 29: 389-395Crossref PubMed Scopus (522) Google Scholar, 9Wolfinger R.D. Gibson G. Wolfinger E.D. Bennett L. Hamadeh H. Bushel P. Afshari C. Paules R.S. J. Comput. Biol. 2001; 8: 625-637Crossref PubMed Scopus (856) Google Scholar) to explore issues related to saccharide utilization by this organism. Despite the fact thatT. maritima has been phylogenetically characterized as a primitive microorganism from an evolutionary perspective (10Achenbach-Richter L. Gupta R. Stetter K.O. Woese C.R. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 1987; 9: 34-39Crossref PubMed Scopus (180) Google Scholar), results here support that it has versatile and discriminating mechanisms for regulating and effecting complex carbohydrate utilization. The relative importance of evolutionary processes and horizontal gene transfer (4Nelson K.E. Clayton R.A. Gill S.R. Gwinn M.L. Dodson R.J. Haft D.H. Hickey E.K. Peterson J.D. Nelson W.C. Ketchum K.A. McDonald L. Utterback T.R. Malek J.A. Linher K.D. Garrett M.M. Stewart A.M. Cotton M.D. Pratt M.S. Phillips C.A. Richardson D. Heidelberg J. Sutton G.G. Fleischmann R.D. Eisen J.A. Fraser C.M. et al.Nature. 1999; 399: 323-329Crossref PubMed Scopus (1206) Google Scholar) in developing its carbohydrate utilization capacity is not known, butT. maritima's ability to respond to various substrates in its growth environment underlies its ubiquity in global geothermal settings (11Nesbo C.L. Nelson K.E. Doolittle W.F. J. Bacteriol. 2002; 184: 4475-4488Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar). Open reading frames (total of 269) of known and putative genes related to sugar processing and other related metabolic functions were identified through BLAST (12Altschul S.F. Gish W. Miller W. Myers E.W. Lipman D.J. J. Mol. Biol. 1990; 215: 403-410Crossref PubMed Scopus (69678) Google Scholar) comparisons of protein sequences from the T. maritima MSB8 genome available on the World Wide Web at www.tigr.org/ tigrscripts/CMR2/GenomePage3.spl?database=btm. DNA primers were designed with similar annealing temperatures and minimal hairpin formation using Vector NTI 7.0 (Informax, Bethesda, MD). The selected probes were PCR-amplified in a PTC-100 Thermocycler (MJ Research, Inc., Waltham, MA) using Taq polymerase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals) and T. maritima genomic DNA, isolated as described previously (5Chhabra S.R. Shockley K.R. Ward D.E. Kelly R.M. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002; 68: 545-554Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar). The integrity and concentration of the PCR products were verified on 1% agarose gels. PCR products were purified to 100 ng/μl using 96-well QIAquick PCR purification kits (Qiagen, Valencia, CA), resuspended in 50% Me2SO, and printed onto CMT-GAPS aminosilane-coated microscope slides (Corning Glass) using a 417 Arrayer (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) in the North Carolina State University Genome Research Laboratory (Raleigh, NC). Eight replicates of each gene fragment were printed onto each slide. The DNA was then attached to the slides by UV cross-linking using a GS GeneLinker UV Chamber (Bio-Rad) set at 250 mJ and baked at 75 °C for 2 h. Growth ofT. maritima MSB8 cultures in artificial sea water was followed using optical density measurements and epifluorescence microscopic cell density enumeration, as described previously (5Chhabra S.R. Shockley K.R. Ward D.E. Kelly R.M. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002; 68: 545-554Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar). Growth substrates glucose, mannose, xylose, β-xylan (birchwood), laminarin (Laminaria digitata), and starch (potato) were obtained from Sigma. Galactomannan (carob), glucomannan (konjac), carboxymethylcellulose, and β-glucan (barley) were obtained from Megazyme (Wicklow, Ireland). Growth substrates were prepared as described previously (5Chhabra S.R. Shockley K.R. Ward D.E. Kelly R.M. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002; 68: 545-554Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar) and included in the medium at a final concentration of 0.25% (w/v). Substrate purities as provided by the manufacturers varied from 95 to 99%. To ensure minimum carryover between substrates, cells were grown for at least 10 passes on each carbon source using a 0.5% (v/v) starting innoculum before obtaining the growth curves. Specific growth rates on mono- and polysaccharide substrates were determined from the slopes of semilog plots of exponential cell growth versus time. Isolation of total RNA from T. maritima was performed on cells that were grown until early- to mid-exponential phase on the various growth substrates, as described in detail previously (5Chhabra S.R. Shockley K.R. Ward D.E. Kelly R.M. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002; 68: 545-554Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar). First-strand cDNA was prepared from T. maritima total RNA using Stratascript (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) and random hexamer primers (Invitrogen) by the incorporation of 5-[3-aminoallyl]-2′-deoxyuridine-5′-triphosphate (Sigma) as described elsewhere (13Hasseman J. TIGR Microarray Protocols. 2001; (http://www.tigr.org/tdb/microarray/protocolsTIGR.shtml)Google Scholar). The slides were scanned using a Scanarray 4000 scanner (GSI Lumonics and Billerica) in the North Carolina State University Genome Research Laboratory. Signal intensity data were obtained using Quantarray (GSI Lumonics). A loop design was constructed (see Fig. 2) to ensure reciprocal labeling for all 10 different experimental conditions. Replication of treatments, arrays, dyes, and cDNA spots allowed the use of analysis of variance (ANOVA)2 models for data analysis. ANOVAs are especially appropriate for loop designs in which a large number of conditions are compared with one another, eliminating uninteresting reference samples and allowing for the collection of more information on experimental conditions (14Kerr M.K. Churchill G.A. Genet. Res. 2001; 77: 123-128Crossref PubMed Scopus (465) Google Scholar). Mixed ANOVA models, in which some effects are considered fixed and others are considered random, have been used to re-examine published microarray data sets (9Wolfinger R.D. Gibson G. Wolfinger E.D. Bennett L. Hamadeh H. Bushel P. Afshari C. Paules R.S. J. Comput. Biol. 2001; 8: 625-637Crossref PubMed Scopus (856) Google Scholar) and examine the effects of sex, genotype, and age on transcription inDrosophila melanogaster (8Jin W. Riley R.M. Wolfinger R.D. White K.P. Passador-Gurgel G. Gibson G. Nat. Genet. 2001; 29: 389-395Crossref PubMed Scopus (522) Google Scholar). Using existing SAS procedures and customized Perl code, an automated data import system was developed to merge Quantarray intensity measurements, coordinate files generated by the array printer, and corresponding T. maritima locus numbers in a SAS data set (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). The data import system was verified through independent calculations in Excel (Microsoft, Seattle, WA). A linear normalization ANOVA model (9Wolfinger R.D. Gibson G. Wolfinger E.D. Bennett L. Hamadeh H. Bushel P. Afshari C. Paules R.S. J. Comput. Biol. 2001; 8: 625-637Crossref PubMed Scopus (856) Google Scholar) of log base 2 intensities was used to estimate global variation in the form of fixed (dye, treatment) and random (array, pin within array, pin spot within array) effects and random error using the following model: log2(y ijklmn) =m + Dj + T k +A i + A i(P1) +A i(S m P l) + εijklmn. The estimated effects calculated from this model were used to predict an expected intensity for each value, and then a residual was calculated as the difference between a replicate's observed and predicted intensity and then used as data to capture variation attributable to gene-specific effects after accounting for global variation. Gene-specific ANOVA models were then used to partition variation into gene-specific treatment effects, dye effects, and the same hierarchy of random effects described previously. Specifically, the model r ijklmn =m+ D i + T k +A i + A i(P1) +A i(S m P1) + εijklmn was fit separately to the residuals for each gene, and the resulting parameter estimates and S.E. values were then used for statistical inference. Volcano plots were used to visualize interesting contrasts or comparisons between two treatments or two groups of treatments (9Wolfinger R.D. Gibson G. Wolfinger E.D. Bennett L. Hamadeh H. Bushel P. Afshari C. Paules R.S. J. Comput. Biol. 2001; 8: 625-637Crossref PubMed Scopus (856) Google Scholar). A Bonferroni correction was utilized to adjust for the expected increase in false positives due to multiple comparisons (9Wolfinger R.D. Gibson G. Wolfinger E.D. Bennett L. Hamadeh H. Bushel P. Afshari C. Paules R.S. J. Comput. Biol. 2001; 8: 625-637Crossref PubMed Scopus (856) Google Scholar). Genes meeting the Bonferroni significance criteria were selected for further study, ensuring that genes with inconsistent fold changes would be eliminated from further analysis. Two complementary approaches were utilized to cluster data from T. maritima growth on 10 saccharides. To visualize the relative expression levels of all genes withina treatment, hierarchical clustering was performed on least squares means calculated from the linear models for each sugar (Fig. 3). To visualize the expression pattern of each single gene acrosstreatments, the least squares mean estimates were standardized using the mean and S.D. of the 10 least squares means estimates for a given gene. Each of the 10 least squares means estimates were standardized accordingly with the formula Y i = (X i − μ)/ς, where Y i = the standardized least squares means variable, μ = ΣX i/n, and ς = (Σ(X i − μ)2) 12. The standardized variable was then utilized for clustering (Fig. 3). For complete information on signal intensity, significance of expression changes, -fold changes, pairwise volcano plots, and hierarchical clustering for all of the genes included on the array, see the Supplemental Material. A targeted cDNA microarray for T. maritima was constructed that included 269 known and putative genes or about 15% of the total open reading frames in the T. maritima genome. This included the known set of genes related to glycoside utilization and modification (65 genes), proteolysis (40 genes), stress response, and proteolytic fermentation. Genes related to sugar transport (21 genes) or transcriptional regulation (69 genes) and 66 other genes of interest were also included. Genes apparently related to glycoside utilization and modification in T. maritima include 41 glycoside hydrolases, 17 glycosyl transferases, 6 carbohydrate esters, and 1 polysaccharide lyase. The corresponding encoded proteins have been classified into several families, based on amino acid sequence homology (15Henrissat B. Bairoch A. Biochem. J. 1996; 316: 695-696Crossref PubMed Scopus (1179) Google Scholar) (available on the World Wide Web at afmb.cnrs-mrs.fr/CAZY). There are over 130T. maritima proteins with sufficient BLAST homology to be classified into transcriptional regulatory or signal transduction COG categories (16Tatusov R.L. Natale D.A. Garkavtsev I.V. Tatusova T.A. Shankavaram U.T. Rao B.S. Kiryutin B. Galperin M.Y. Fedorova N.D. Koonin E.V. Nucleic Acids Res. 2001; 29: 22-28Crossref PubMed Scopus (1539) Google Scholar). These regulatory proteins have been assigned to families based on sequence homology; however, different proteins in the same families may have different DNA and substrate-binding specificities (17Mirny L.A. Gelfand M.S. J. Mol. Biol. 2002; 321: 7-20Crossref PubMed Scopus (116) Google Scholar). Also, proteins placed in different families may share the same name because of their regulon composition, as in the case of the Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis xylR protein (18Song S. Park C. J. Bacteriol. 1997; 179: 7025-7032Crossref PubMed Scopus (120) Google Scholar, 19Kreuzer P. Gartner D. Allmansberger R. Hillen W. J. Bacteriol. 1989; 171: 3840-3845Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). Of the 69 transcription/transduction genes on the array, six share similarity with the ROK (receptor, open reading frame,kinase) family of transcriptional regulators, which include glucokinases, B. subtilis XylR, and E. coli NagC (COG1940) (20Titgemeyer F. J. Cell. Biochem. 1993; 51: 69-74Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar). Six members of the PurR/LacI superfamily (COG1609) were included (21Mirny L.A. Gelfand M.S. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002; 30: 1704-1711Crossref PubMed Scopus (58) Google Scholar) along with the T. maritima IclR transcriptional regulator, whose structure was recently solved (22Zhang R.G. Kim Y. Skarina T. Beasley S. Laskowski R. Arrowsmith C. Edwards A. Joachimiak A. Savchenko A. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 19183-19190Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar). Several pairs of sensor histidine kinases and response regulators of putative two-component regulatory systems were included, as were regulators from the MarR (23Cohen S.P. Hachler H. Levy S.B. J. Bacteriol. 1993; 175: 1484-1492Crossref PubMed Scopus (274) Google Scholar), AraC (24Martin R.G. Rosner J.L. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2001; 4: 132-137Crossref PubMed Scopus (182) Google Scholar), TroR (25Hardham J.M. Stamm L.V. Porcella S.F. Frye J.G. Barnes N.Y. Howell J.K. Mueller S.L. Radolf J.D. Weinstock G.M. Norris S.J. Gene (Amst.). 1997; 197: 47-64Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar), LytR (26Nikolskaya A.N. Galperin M.Y. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002; 30: 2453-2459Crossref PubMed Scopus (147) Google Scholar), ArsR (27Diorio C. Cai J. Marmor J. Shinder R. DuBow M.S. J. Bacteriol. 1995; 177: 2050-2056Crossref PubMed Google Scholar), and CspC (28Phadtare S. Alsina J. Inouye M. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 1999; 2: 175-180Crossref PubMed Scopus (271) Google Scholar) families. The T. maritima genome contains ∼120 genes involved in oligopeptide/sugar transport. In the targeted microarray used here, 21 genes related to sugar transport were included on the basis of their proximity to the genes involved in glycoside utilization. This targeted microarray was used to examine the differential response of T. maritima grown on a range of mono- and polysaccharides at its optimal growth temperature of 80 °C. Growth conditions were analyzed based on an incomplete loop design (Fig.2). Treatments in the loop design were balanced with respect to dyes so that treatment effects were not confounded with dye effects. T. maritima cultures were grown on a variety of saccharides, including the monosaccharides glucose, mannose, and xylose. The polysaccharides investigated differed in backbone sugar type (glucose, mannose, and xylose), backbone linkage type (β-1,3; β-1,4; or α-1,4), and side chain residue type (galactose, glucuronic acid, or glucose) (see TableI). Included in these were a mixed backbone (konjac glucomannan: glucose/mannose) and a mixed linkage (barley glucan: β-1,4/1,3) polysaccharide. Final cell densities were in the range of 108 to 109cells/ml in all cases. Doubling times (min) for galactomannan (carob), β-glucan (barley), laminarin (L. digitata), β-xylan (birchwood), starch (potato), glucomannan (konjac), and carboxymethylcellulose were estimated to be 85, 72, 143, 61, 117, 74, and 78, respectively. On the monosaccharides, the doubling times (min) were 162, 253, and 188, for glucose, mannose, and xylose, respectively. Under identical conditions, the average doubling time for growth on monosaccharides (201 min) was observed to be substantially higher than that on the corresponding polysaccharide substrates (90 min).Table ICarbon sources used in this studyPoly/monosaccharideSourceBackbone structureSide chainMassDaGlucoseNAaNA, not available.Glc180MannoseNAMan180XyloseNAXylbXyl, xylose.150GalactomannanCarob(Man β1→4 Man)nGal (α1→6)NAGlucomannanKonjac(Glc β1→4 Man)n100,000Carboxymethyl celluloseNA(Glc β1→4 Glc)n90,000β-1,3/1,4-GlucanBarley(Glc β1→3,4 Glc)n250,000LaminarinL. digitata(Glc β1→3 Glc)n5,000StarchPotato(Glc α1→4 Glc)nGlc (α→16)nNAβ-XylanBirchwood(Xyl β1→4 Xyl)nGlr (α1→6)cGlr, glucuronic acid.NAa NA, not available.b Xyl, xylose.c Glr, glucuronic acid. Open table in a new tab Two hierarchical clusters are shown in Fig.3 to summarize the expression patterns of 269 T. maritima genes during growth on 10 saccharides. The first cluster is based on least squares means and compares the normalized expression levels of all genes within each treatment condition. The second cluster is based on standardized least squares means for a single gene across all 10 treatments to show the effect of different treatments on the relative expression of a particular gene. The hierarchical clustering based on standardized least squares means revealed many cases of apparent co-regulation of genes within potential operons (29McGuire A.M. Hughes J.D. Church G.M. Genome Res. 2000; 10: 744-757Crossref PubMed Scopus (160) Google Scholar). Several sets of spatially distant gene strings were observed to cluster with similar expression profiles, suggesting the presence of regulons in the T. maritima genome. Representative clusters are displayed in Fig.4. Overall expression levels of a number of genes remained consistently high or low regardless of the growth condition. These included constitutively expressed genes like TM0017 (pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase) and TM0688 (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) (30Blamey J.M. Adams M.W. Biochemistry. 1994; 33: 1000-1007Crossref PubMed Scopus (92) Google Scholar) as well as genes related to proteolytic activity. Both sets of genes with the corresponding known or putative functions are displayed in Fig. 5. Individual genes with high overall expression levels on only a single carbon source are indicated in Table II. Least squares means for all genes included in this study for all growth conditions are shown in Supplemental Table IV, along with the corresponding standardized values in Supplemental Table V. Below, gene regulation patterns within each functional category are examined for each monosaccharide and corresponding polysaccharide growth substrate.Figure 4Substrate-dependent regulation. Sample Clusters constructed using standardized least squares means. Known or putative functions as reported in the genome sequence are indicated.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT)Figure 4Substrate-dependent regulation. Sample Clusters constructed using standardized least squares means. Known or putative functions as reported in the genome sequence are indicated.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT)Figure 5Genes with overall high or low expression levels for all growth substrates. Clusters constructed using least squares means. Known or putative functions as reported in the genome sequence are indicated.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT)Table IIGenes with high overall expression levels (log2R ≥ 0.6) on indicated growth substrateGrowth substrateLocusFunctionCarboxymethylcelluloseTM0963Oligoendopeptidase, putativeMannoseTM1755Phosphate butyryltransferaseTM1754Butyrate kinase, putativeTM1756Branched chain fatty acid kinase, putativeLaminarinTM0024LaminarinaseTM0032Transcriptional regulator, XylR-relatedStarchTM1835Cyclomaltodextrinase, putativeTM1840α-AmylaseTM1845PullulanaseXylanTM0055α-GlucuronidaseTM0065Transcriptional regulator, IclR familyXyloseTM0949Transcriptional regulator, LacI family Open table in a new tab Backbone- and linkage-specific gene regulation was observed in the case of endoglycoside hydrolase genes for growth on α- and β-specific glucans. Growth on carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) (see cluster 4.1), a β-1,4-linked glucose polymer, induced genes encoding extracellular endoglucanases TM1525 (cel12B) and TM0305 (cel74), as well as the intracellular endoglucanase TM1524 (cel12A) and the intracellular cellobiosyl phosphorylase, TM1848. Examination of cluster I (Fig. 3) reveals that expression levels of cel74 were substantially lower than those ofcel12A on glucan polysaccharides. Although the presence of a β-1,4-glucosidase gene (bglA) (accession number CAA52276) in T. maritima MSB8 has been reported (31Liebl W. Methods Enzymol. 2001; 330: 290-300Crossref PubMed Scopus (16) Google Scholar), the corresponding protein sequence does not show homology to deduced sequences identified in the T. maritima MSB8 genome (4Nelson K.E. Clayton R.A. Gill S.R. Gwinn M.L. Dodson R.J. Haft D.H. Hickey E.K. Peterson J.D. Nelson W.C. Ketchum K.A. McDonald L. Utterback T.R. Malek J.A. Linher K.D. Garrett M.M. Stewart DA - 2003/2/28/ PY - 2003/2/28/ DO - 10.1074/jbc.M211748200 VL - 278 IS - 9 SP - 7540-7552 SN - 1083-351X ER - TY - CHAP TI - Phytophthora blight on bell pepper AU - Ristaino, J. B. T2 - Compendium of pepper diseases CN - SB608 .P5 C66 2003 PY - 2003/// PB - St. Paul, MN: American Phytopathological Society Press SN - 0890543003 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Whitefringed beetles (Graphognathus spp.) damage to North Carolina cotton AU - Faircloth, JC AU - Edmisten, KL AU - Bradley, , JR T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Joel C. Faircloth, Keith L. Edmisten, J. R. Bradley; Whitefringed Beetles (Graphognathus spp.) Damage to North Carolina Cotton. Journal of Entomological Science 1 January 2003; 38 (1): 140. doi: https://doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-38.1.140 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest Search DA - 2003/1// PY - 2003/1// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-38.1.140 VL - 38 IS - 1 SP - 140-140 SN - 0749-8004 KW - seedling cotton KW - conservation tillage KW - crop host ER - TY - JOUR TI - Protein evolution with dependence among codons due to tertiary structure AU - Robinson, DM AU - Jones, DT AU - Kishino, H AU - Goldman, N AU - Thorne, JL T2 - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION AB - Markovian models of protein evolution that relax the assumption of independent change among codons are considered. With this comparatively realistic framework, an evolutionary rate at a site can depend both on the state of the site and on the states of surrounding sites. By allowing a relatively general dependence structure among sites, models of evolution can reflect attributes of tertiary structure. To quantify the impact of protein structure on protein evolution, we analyze protein-coding DNA sequence pairs with an evolutionary model that incorporates effects of solvent accessibility and pairwise interactions among amino acid residues. By explicitly considering the relationship between nonsynonymous substitution rates and protein structure, this approach can lead to refined detection and characterization of positive selection. Analyses of simulated sequence pairs indicate that parameters in this evolutionary model can be well estimated. Analyses of lysozyme c and annexin V sequence pairs yield the biologically reasonable result that amino acid replacement rates are higher when the replacements lead to energetically favorable proteins than when they destabilize the proteins. Although the focus here is evolutionary dependence among codons that is associated with protein structure, the statistical approach is quite general and could be applied to diverse cases of evolutionary dependence where surrogates for sequence fitness can be measured or modeled. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1093/molbev/msg184 VL - 20 IS - 10 SP - 1692-1704 SN - 0737-4038 KW - protein structure KW - evolution KW - Markov chain Monte Carlo KW - Bayesian ER - TY - JOUR TI - What evolution is. New York: Basic books AU - Kimler, W T2 - CONFIGURATIONS AB - Ernst Mayr. What Evolution Is. New York: Basic Books, 2001. xv + 318 pp., illus., glossary. $24.00. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1353/con.2004.0021 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 272-274 SN - 1063-1801 ER - TY - PAT TI - Pesticidal activity of functionalized alkenes AU - Linderman, R. J. AU - Roe, R. M. AU - Thompson, D. M. AU - Vanderherehen, M. C2 - 2003/// DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - MIT and the rise of entrepreneurial science. AU - Bassett, R T2 - ISIS AB - Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewHenry Etzkowitz. MIT and the Rise of Entrepreneurial Science. (Studies in Global Competition.) ix+173 pp., tables, index. London/New York: Routledge, 2002. $95 (cloth).Ross Bassett Ross Bassett Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Isis Volume 94, Number 4December 2003 Publication of the History of Science Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/386488 Views: 24Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article. DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.1086/386488 VL - 94 IS - 4 SP - 768-769 SN - 0021-1753 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fluoxetine treatment decreases territorial aggression in a coral reef fish AU - Perreault, HAN AU - Semsar, K AU - Godwin, J T2 - PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR AB - Serotonin is an important neurotransmitter in the regulation of social interactions in many animals. Correlative studies in numerous vertebrate species, including fishes, indicate that aggressive males have lower relative serotonergic activity than less aggressive males. We used fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, to experimentally enhance serotonergic neurotransmission in a territorial coral reef fish and test the role of this neurotransmitter in mediating aggressive behavior and dominance interactions. The bluehead wrasse, Thalassoma bifasciatum, has a complex social system in which large males aggressively defend spawning territories from intruders. In separate experiments, we tested the effects of chronic and acute fluoxetine treatments on aggressive behavior using a resident-intruder design. In a laboratory experiment, males treated daily with intraperitoneal fluoxetine injections for 2 weeks (6 microg/g bw) displayed fewer intruder chases than saline-treated controls. Chronically fluoxetine-treated males also showed lower levels of activity than saline controls prior to intruder trials. However, activity was not correlated with chases on an individual level, indicating the lower aggression displayed by fluoxetine-treated males was not due solely to general reductions in behavioral display. A field study exposed males to a confined territorial intruder following single intraperitoneal injections of fluoxetine (10 microg/g bw) or saline given to the same individual on different days. The frequency of aggressive chases following acute fluoxetine treatment was significantly lower than that following saline injections. This study experimentally supports the link between serotonin and aggressive behavior in fishes in both a controlled laboratory testing environment and the animal's natural habitat. DA - 2003/9// PY - 2003/9// DO - 10.1016/S0031-9384(03)00211-7 VL - 79 IS - 4-5 SP - 719-724 SN - 0031-9384 KW - aggression KW - serotonin KW - teleost KW - SSRI KW - fluoxetine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecology meets endocrinology: environmental sex determination in fishes AU - Godwin, J AU - Luckenbach, JA AU - Borski, RJ T2 - EVOLUTION & DEVELOPMENT AB - Evolution & DevelopmentVolume 5, Issue 1 p. 40-49 Ecology meets endocrinology: environmental sex determination in fishes John Godwin, Corresponding Author John Godwin Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) Search for more papers by this authorJ. Adam Luckenbach, J. Adam Luckenbach Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USASearch for more papers by this authorRussell J. Borski, Russell J. Borski Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USASearch for more papers by this author John Godwin, Corresponding Author John Godwin Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) Search for more papers by this authorJ. Adam Luckenbach, J. Adam Luckenbach Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USASearch for more papers by this authorRussell J. Borski, Russell J. Borski Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 19 December 2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-142X.2003.03007.xCitations: 90Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES Baroiller, J. F., and D'Cotta H. 2001. Environment and sex determination in farmed fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol C 130: 399–409. Baroiller, J. F., Guigen Y., and Fostier A. 1999. 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Citing Literature Volume5, Issue1January 2003Pages 40-49 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1046/j.1525-142X.2003.03007.x VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 40-49 SN - 1525-142X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aux/IAA gene family is conserved in the gymnosperm, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) AU - Goldfarb, B AU - Lanz-Garcia, C AU - Lian, ZG AU - Whetten, R T2 - TREE PHYSIOLOGY AB - We isolated five members of the Aux/IAA gene family in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Degenerate primers complementary to conserved regions of angiosperm Aux/IAA genes were used to amplify fragments that were, in turn, used as probes to screen a cDNA library constructed from auxin-treated hypocotyls. The five unique clones, named PTIAA1-5, contain the four highly conserved domains that are characteristic of the Aux/IAA proteins. All clones contain the bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) between Domains I and II that is predicted in most angiosperm Aux/IAA genes, but only one, PTIAA2, contains the conserved NLS in Domain IV. The five invariant residues in Domain II that have been found to constitute part of a protein destabilization element in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. are conserved in all the PTIAAs. A postulated phosphorylation site located between Domains I and II and proximal to the conserved bipartite NLS was conserved in 20 out of 36 genes in this analysis, including the pine genes. Transcripts of all five PTIAAs accumulated specifically in the hypocotyls in response to exogenous auxin treatment and were induced by all auxins tested. Transcript abundance above basal levels in response to 1-naphthaleneacetic acid treatment was first detected after 10 min (PTIAA3) to 3 h (PTIAA2) in the different genes and remained above basal levels throughout 7 days. Induction of PTIAA2 was inhibited by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, indicating that PTIAA2 is a secondary response gene. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all five pine genes clustered within a single class (Class I) of the dendrogram. Clone PTIAA2 has a sequence that is relatively distinct from the other four and is the most closely related to the angiosperm genes of Class I. Class I contains both primary and secondary auxin response genes, suggesting that it is the original lineage and that other gene classes have evolved subsequent to the angiosperm/gymnosperm divergence. DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.1093/treephys/23.17.1181 VL - 23 IS - 17 SP - 1181-1192 SN - 1758-4469 KW - adventitious roots KW - auxin KW - auxin-induced genes KW - early response genes KW - multi-gene family ER -