TY - JOUR TI - Genome Sequence of the Tsetse Fly ( Glossina morsitans ): Vector of African Trypanosomiasis AU - Attardo, Geoffrey M. AU - Abila, Patrick P. AU - Auma, Joanna E. AU - Baumann, Aaron A. AU - Benoit, Joshua B. AU - Brelsfoard, Corey L. AU - Ribeiro, José M. C. AU - Cotton, James A. AU - Pham, Daphne Q. D. AU - Darby, Alistair C. AU - Van Den Abbeele, Jan AU - Denlinger, David L. AU - Field, Linda M. AU - Nyanjom, Steven R. G. AU - Gaunt, Michael W. AU - Geiser, Dawn L. AU - Gomulski, Ludvik M. AU - Haines, Lee R. AU - Hansen, Immo A. AU - Jones, Jeffery W. AU - Kibet, Caleb K. AU - Kinyua, Johnson K. AU - Larkin, Denis M. AU - Lehane, Michael J. AU - Rio, Rita V. M. AU - Macdonald, Sandy J. AU - Macharia, Rosaline W. AU - Malacrida, Anna R. AU - Marco, Heather G. AU - Marucha, Kevin K. AU - Masiga, Daniel K. AU - Meuti, Megan E. AU - Mireji, Paul O. AU - Obiero, George F. O. AU - Koekemoer, Jacobus J. O. AU - Okoro, Chinyere K. AU - Omedo, Irene A. AU - Osamor, Victor C. AU - Balyeidhusa, Apollo S. P. AU - Peyton, Justin T. AU - Price, David P. AU - Quail, Michael A. AU - Ramphul, Urvashi N. AU - Rawlings, Neil D. AU - Riehle, Michael A. AU - Robertson, Hugh M. AU - Sanders, Mandy J. AU - Scott, Maxwell J. AU - Dashti, Zahra Jalali Sefid AU - Snyder, Anna K. AU - Srivastava, Tulika P. AU - Stanley, Eleanor J. AU - Swain, Martin T. AU - Hughes, Daniel S. T. AU - Tarone, Aaron M. AU - Taylor, Todd D. AU - Telleria, Erich L. AU - Thomas, Gavin H. AU - Walshe, Deirdre P. AU - Wilson, Richard K. AU - Winzerling, Joy J. AU - Acosta-Serrano, Alvaro AU - Aksoy, Serap AU - Arensburger, Peter AU - Aslett, Martin AU - Bateta, Rosemary AU - Benkahla, Alia AU - Berriman, Matthew AU - Bourtzis, Kostas AU - Caers, Jelle AU - Caljon, Guy AU - Christoffels, Alan AU - Falchetto, Marco AU - Friedrich, Markus AU - Fu, Shuhua AU - Gäde, Gerd AU - Githinji, George AU - Gregory, Richard AU - Hall, Neil AU - Harkins, Gordon AU - Hattori, Masahira AU - Hertz-Fowler, Christiane AU - Hide, Winston AU - Hu, Wanqi AU - Imanishi, Tadashi AU - Inoue, Noboru AU - Jonas, Mario AU - Kawahara, Yoshihiro AU - Koffi, Mathurin AU - Kruger, Adele AU - Lawson, Daniel AU - Lehane, Stella AU - Lehväslaiho, Heikki AU - Luiz, Thiago AU - Makgamathe, Mmule AU - Malele, Imna AU - Manangwa, Oliver AU - Manga, Lucien AU - Megy, Karyn AU - Michalkova, Veronika AU - Mpondo, Feziwe AU - Mramba, Furaha AU - Msangi, Atway AU - Mulder, Nicola AU - Murilla, Grace AU - Mwangi, Sarah AU - Okedi, Loyce AU - Ommeh, Sheila AU - Ooi, Cher-Pheng AU - Ouma, Johnson AU - Panji, Sumir AU - Ravel, Sophie AU - Rose, Clair AU - Sakate, Ryuichi AU - Schoofs, Liliane AU - Scolari, Francesca AU - Sharma, Vineet AU - Sim, Cheolho AU - Siwo, Geoffrey AU - Solano, Philippe AU - Stephens, Dawn AU - Suzuki, Yutaka AU - Sze, Sing-Hoi AU - Touré, Yeya AU - Toyoda, Atsushi AU - Tsiamis, George AU - Tu, Zhijian AU - Wamalwa, Mark AU - Wamwiri, Florence AU - Wang, Jingwen AU - Warren, Wesley AU - Watanabe, Junichi AU - Weiss, Brian AU - Willis, Judith AU - Wincker, Patrick AU - Zhang, Qirui AU - Zhou, Jing-Jiang T2 - Science AB - Tsetse flies are the sole vectors of human African trypanosomiasis throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Both sexes of adult tsetse feed exclusively on blood and contribute to disease transmission. Notable differences between tsetse and other disease vectors include obligate microbial symbioses, viviparous reproduction, and lactation. Here, we describe the sequence and annotation of the 366-megabase Glossina morsitans morsitans genome. Analysis of the genome and the 12,308 predicted protein-encoding genes led to multiple discoveries, including chromosomal integrations of bacterial (Wolbachia) genome sequences, a family of lactation-specific proteins, reduced complement of host pathogen recognition proteins, and reduced olfaction/chemosensory associated genes. These genome data provide a foundation for research into trypanosomiasis prevention and yield important insights with broad implications for multiple aspects of tsetse biology. DA - 2014/4/25/ PY - 2014/4/25/ DO - 10.1126/science.1249656 VL - 344 IS - 6182 SP - 380-386 J2 - Science LA - en OP - SN - 0036-8075 1095-9203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1249656 DB - Crossref ER - TY - ER - TY - JOUR TI - Functional characterization of calliphorid cell death genes and cellularization gene promoters for controlling gene expression and cell viability in early embryos AU - Edman, R. M. AU - Linger, R. J. AU - Belikoff, E. J. AU - Li, F. AU - Sze, S.‐H. AU - Tarone, A. M. AU - Scott, M. J. T2 - Insect Molecular Biology AB - Abstract The New World screwworm fly, C ochliomyia hominivorax , and the A ustralian sheep blow fly, L ucilia cuprina , are major pests of livestock. The sterile insect technique was used to eradicate C . hominivorax from North and Central A merica. This involved area‐wide releases of male and female flies that had been sterilized by radiation. Genetic systems have been developed for making ‘male‐only’ strains that would improve the efficiency of genetic control of insect pests. One system involves induction of female lethality in embryos through activation of a pro‐apoptotic gene by the tetracycline‐dependent transactivator. Sex‐specific expression is achieved using an intron from the transformer gene, which we previously isolated from several calliphorids. In the present study, we report the isolation of the promoters from the C . hominivorax slam and L ucilia sericata bnk cellularization genes and show that these promoters can drive expression of a GFP reporter gene in early embryos of transgenic L . cuprina . Additionally, we report the isolation of the L . sericata pro‐apoptotic hid and rpr genes, identify conserved motifs in the encoded proteins and determine the relative expression of these genes at different stages of development. We show that widespread expression of the L . sericata pro‐apoptotic genes was lethal in D rosophila melanogaster . The isolated gene promoters and pro‐apoptotic genes could potentially be used to build transgenic embryonic sexing strains of calliphorid livestock pests. DA - 2014/9/16/ PY - 2014/9/16/ DO - 10.1111/imb.12135 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 58-70 J2 - Insect Molecular Biology LA - en OP - SN - 0962-1075 1365-2583 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imb.12135 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Transgenic approaches for sterile insect control of dipteran livestock pests and lepidopteran crop pests. AU - Scott, Maxwell J AU - Morrison, Neil I AU - Simmons, Gregory S AU - Benedict, MQ AU - others T2 - Transgenic Insects: Techniques and Applications PY - 2014/// SP - 152 PB - CABI ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome sequence of the tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans): vector of African trypanosomiasis AU - Attardo, Geoffrey M AU - Abila, Patrick P AU - Auma, Joanna E AU - Baumann, Aaron A AU - Benoit, Joshua B AU - Brelsfoard, Corey L AU - Ribeiro, José MC AU - Cotton, James A AU - Pham, Daphne QD AU - Darby, Alistair C AU - others T2 - Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 344 IS - 6182 SP - 380-386 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Control of the sheep blowfly in Australia and New Zealand--are we there yet? AU - Sandeman, RM AU - Levot, GW AU - Heath, ACG AU - James, PJ AU - Greeff, JC AU - Scott, MJ AU - Batterham, P AU - Bowles, VM T2 - International journal for parasitology DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 44 IS - 12 SP - 879-891 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Investigating the invisible: Biodiversity, Ecosystems, Science AU - Grieger, K.D. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// PB - International Union for Conservation of Nature ER - TY - CHAP TI - Engineering Ethics AU - Barry, Brock E. AU - Herkert, Joseph R. T2 - Cambridge Handbook of Engineering Education Research AB - Instruction and research related to engineering ethics is by no means a new field of practice. However, as the field of engineering education has been formalized and seen significant growth, the field of engineering ethics has naturally benefited. This chapter is divided into four subsections. The first section is a relatively brief overview of what engineering ethics is and how is it defined. The second section is a review of the historical development of engineering ethics in professional practice and in higher education. The third section is focused entirely on engineering ethics in education and addresses issues of curriculum content, pedagogical methods, resources, and instructor qualifications, as well as providing an overview of assessment of moral development. Finally, the fourth section focuses on engineering ethics in practice and covers such topics as the environment and sustainability, research ethics, application of ethics in international context, academic dishonesty, macroethics, and other emerging issues. PY - 2014/2/10/ DO - 10.1017/cbo9781139013451.041 SP - 673-692 PB - Cambridge University Press UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139013451.041 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Engaging Students in Integrated Ethics Education: A Communication in the Disciplines Study of Pedagogy and Students' Roles in Society AU - Canary, H.E. AU - Taylor, J.L. AU - Herkert, J.R. AU - Ellison, K. AU - Wetmore, J.M. AU - Tarin, C.A. T2 - Communication Education AB - In this quasi-experimental study, we investigated two elements of ethics education: (1) how participating in ethics education influenced science and engineering graduate students' views of their roles in society, and (2) what students found most valuable and relevant. Participants were 98 graduate science and engineering students. Qualitative analysis indicated that the most prevalent responses reflected a desire to benefit society. Duty-based responses were more prevalent in pretest than in posttest responses. Participants in experimental conditions indicated more complicated notions of their societal roles than control participants. Participants emphasized the value of class discussions for increasing their awareness of issues, alternative views, and their own positions. Results are interpreted using the engaged communication in the disciplines framework with practical implications for educators. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1080/03634523.2014.888457 VL - 63 IS - 2 SP - 83-104 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84897456555&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - A web-based tool to engage stakeholders in informing research planning for future decisions on emerging materials AU - Powers, Christina M. AU - Grieger, Khara D. AU - Hendren, Christine Ogilvie AU - Meacham, Connie A. AU - Gurevich, Gerald AU - Lassiter, Meredith Gooding AU - Money, Eric S. AU - Lloyd, Jennifer M. AU - Beaulieu, Stephen M. T2 - Science of The Total Environment AB - Prioritizing and assessing risks associated with chemicals, industrial materials, or emerging technologies is a complex problem that benefits from the involvement of multiple stakeholder groups. For example, in the case of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), scientific uncertainties exist that hamper environmental, health, and safety (EHS) assessments. Therefore, alternative approaches to standard EHS assessment methods have gained increased attention. The objective of this paper is to describe the application of a web-based, interactive decision support tool developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) in a pilot study on ENMs. The piloted tool implements U.S. EPA's comprehensive environmental assessment (CEA) approach to prioritize research gaps. When pursued, such research priorities can result in data that subsequently improve the scientific robustness of risk assessments and inform future risk management decisions. Pilot results suggest that the tool was useful in facilitating multi-stakeholder prioritization of research gaps. Results also provide potential improvements for subsequent applications. The outcomes of future CEAWeb applications with larger stakeholder groups may inform the development of funding opportunities for emerging materials across the scientific community (e.g., National Science Foundation Science to Achieve Results [STAR] grants, National Institutes of Health Requests for Proposals). DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.016 VL - 470-471 SP - 660-668 J2 - Science of The Total Environment LA - en OP - SN - 0048-9697 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.016 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - A relative ranking approach for nano-enabled applications to improve risk-based decision making: a case study of Army materiel AU - Grieger, Khara D. AU - Redmon, Jennifer Hoponick AU - Money, Eric S. AU - Widder, Mark W. AU - van der Schalie, William H. AU - Beaulieu, Stephen M. AU - Womack, Donna T2 - Environment Systems and Decisions DA - 2014/12/24/ PY - 2014/12/24/ DO - 10.1007/s10669-014-9531-4 VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 42-53 J2 - Environ Syst Decis LA - en OP - SN - 2194-5403 2194-5411 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10669-014-9531-4 DB - Crossref ER - TY - TI - What are the limits of "parental choice" when the state is paying for it? DA - 2014/6/9/ PY - 2014/6/9/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Social network service use on mobile devices: An examination of gratifications, civic attitudes and civic engagement in China AU - Cheng, Yang AU - Liang, Jingwen AU - Leung, Louis T2 - New Media & Society AB - As mobile social network services have been integrated in many people’s daily lives, this study investigated the relationships between gratifications-sought, social network service use on mobile devices, civic attitudes and civic engagement in Mainland China. Data were gathered in a survey of 760 university students. Results showed that gratifications for technological convenience (accessibility), information exchange (cognition needs), and social interaction (recognition needs) significantly predicted civic engagement. The results also demonstrated that civic attitudes and social network service use on mobile devices are positively related to civic engagement. These findings well demonstrated the important role of mobile-based communication in connecting citizens to civil society. DA - 2014/1/30/ PY - 2014/1/30/ DO - 10.1177/1461444814521362 VL - 17 IS - 7 SP - 1096-1116 J2 - New Media & Society LA - en OP - SN - 1461-4448 1461-7315 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444814521362 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The trouble with networks: Implications for the practice of help documentation AU - Swarts, J. T2 - Journal of Technical Writing and Communication AB - This article considers why users of popular software packages choose to find answers to their task problems on user forums rather than in official documentation. The author concludes that traditional documentation is developed around an antiquated notion of “task,” which leads to restrictive ways of thinking about problems that users encounter and the solutions that might be appropriate. The author argues, instead, that tasks and problems arise from networked rhetorical situations and networked contexts for rhetorical action. The influence of networks requires a redefinition of rhetorical situation and context, from which we derive a networked picture of tasks and problems as emergent and uncertain phenomenon, best addressed in the uncertain and sometimes-chaotic setting of user forums. Forum threads are studied using discourse analytic techniques to determine what they can reveal about qualities making tasks and problems uncertain. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.2190/TW.44.3.c VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - 253-275 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84907146758&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Critically Low Hispanic College Graduation Rates and Under-Representation in Public Administration AU - Ortega-Liston, R. AU - Berry-James, R.M. T2 - Using the “Narcotrafico” Threat to Build Public Administration Capacity between the US and Mexico A2 - Moreno, Roberto A2 - Klingner, Donald PY - 2014/3// SP - 119-141 PB - Taylor & Francis SN - 9781466571099 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Winning the Race AU - Berry-James, R.M. DA - 2014/11/11/ PY - 2014/11/11/ M3 - Keynote ER - TY - CONF TI - Using Alternative Resources to Help Develop a Climate of Inclusiveness and Cultural Competency in MPA Programs at Predominately White Universities AU - Berry-James, R.M. T2 - 2014 NASPAA Annual Conference C2 - 2014/11/5/ CY - Albuquerque, NM DA - 2014/11/5/ PY - 2014/11/5/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Beyond an Internship: Securing Professional Development Experiences for Early Career Students AU - Berry-James, R.M. T2 - 2014 NASPAA Annual Conference C2 - 2014/11/6/ CY - Albuquerque, NM DA - 2014/11/6/ PY - 2014/11/6/ ER - TY - CONF TI - University Recruiter at 21st Annual Institute on Teaching and Mentoring AU - Berry-James, R.M. AU - Morgan, Garry T2 - COMPACT for Faculty Diversity, Southern Regional Education Board C2 - 2014/10/30/ DA - 2014/10/30/ PY - 2014/10/30/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Cultural Attitudes toward Genetically Modified (GM) Foods: Examining Trust in the NC African American Community AU - Berry-James, R.M. T2 - NC State Genetic Engineering and Society Symposium C2 - 2014/10/21/ CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2014/10/21/ PY - 2014/10/21/ ER - TY - CONF TI - The Role of Government in Sustaining Social Equity and Promoting Justice: Avenues for access, diversity and inclusion AU - Berry-James, R.M. AU - Mwarabu, S. AU - Nwakpuda, E. AU - Jackson, C. T2 - 2014 Social Equity Leadership Conference, The 50th Anniversary of the Civil Rights Act of 1964: Assessing Social Equity and Civil Rights in the Light of Growing Income Inequity C2 - 2014/// CY - Pittsburgh, PA DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/5/28/ ER - TY - CONF TI - From best practices to breakthrough outcomes: Examining where we stand in the academy AU - Berry-James, R.M. T2 - American Society for Public Administration Annual Conference, Celebrating the Successes and Promoting the Future of Public Service C2 - 2014/3/14/ CY - Washington, DC DA - 2014/3/14/ PY - 2014/3/14/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Diversity 2.0: Not your mother’s rules AU - Berry-James, R.M. AU - Mwarabu, S. AU - King, S. T2 - 2014 Conference of Minority Public Administrators (COMPA) Annual Conference, Public Administration: Global Perspectives for Addressing the Needs of Under-represented Communities C2 - 2014/3/13/ CY - Washington, DC DA - 2014/3/13/ PY - 2014/3/13/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Interested in becoming a NASPAA site visitor? AU - Berry-James, R.M. AU - Gooden, S. AU - Calarusse, C. T2 - 2014 Conference of Minority Public Administrators (COMPA) Annual Conference C2 - 2014/3/14/ CY - Washington, DC DA - 2014/3/14/ PY - 2014/3/14/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Natural Resources: Socio-Ecological Systems and Policy AU - Delborne, Jason DA - 2014/8/12/ PY - 2014/8/12/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Science, Democracy, and Public Engagement AU - Delborne, Jason T2 - Transgenics and Society Roundtable C2 - 2014/3/14/ CY - International Center for the Improvement of Maize and Wheat (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico DA - 2014/3/14/ PY - 2014/3/14/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Perspectives on Public Perceptions of Biotechnology AU - Delborne, J. T2 - Sixth Annual Biotechnology Symposium C2 - 2014/5/15/ CY - SUNY-College of Environmental Science and Forestry, ESF-Gateway Center, Syracuse, NY DA - 2014/5/15/ PY - 2014/5/15/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Transgenics & Society: Towards a Productive Dialogue AU - Delborne, Jason T2 - Transgenics and Society Symposium C2 - 2014/7/23/ CY - International Center for the Improvement of Maize and Wheat (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico DA - 2014/7/23/ PY - 2014/7/23/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Does Anticipating Futures Shape Governance? How One NGO Hopes to Predict and Shape Global Regulatory and Commercial Futures in the Creation of Genetically Modified Trees AU - Robinson, M. AU - Delborne, J. AU - Rivers, L. T2 - Democratizing Technologies: Assessing the Roles of NGOs in Shaping Technological Futures C2 - 2014/11/13/ CY - Center for Nanotechnology in Society, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA DA - 2014/11/13/ PY - 2014/11/13/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Biofuels, Biodiversity, and Responsible Innovation: The Case of Genetically Engineered Trees AU - Delborne, Jason DA - 2014/11/4/ PY - 2014/11/4/ ER - TY - CONF TI - ‘Next Generation’ Technologies: Expectations, Continuities, and Governance AU - Delborne, Jason T2 - Annual Meeting of the Society for Social Studies of Science C2 - 2014/8/23/ CY - Buenos Aires, Argentina DA - 2014/8/23/ PY - 2014/8/23/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Intersections of Genetics and Society AU - Delborne, Jason AU - Gould, Fred T2 - Professional Development Workshop for Graduate Students and Public Symposium C2 - 2014/9/19/ CY - Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC DA - 2014/9/19/ PY - 2014/9/19/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - What’s that hiding behind the poll? Perceiving public perceptions of biotechnology AU - Delborne, J. T2 - The Cultural Cognition Project at Yale Law School A2 - Kahan, D. DA - 2014/6/24/ PY - 2014/6/24/ UR - http://www.culturalcognition.net/blog/2014/6/24/whats-that-hiding-behind-the-poll-perceiving-public-percepti.html ER - TY - CONF TI - Grasping Synthetic Biology AU - Delborne, J. T2 - Workshop on Research Agendas in the Societal Aspects of Synthetic Biology C2 - 2014/11/4/ CY - Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ DA - 2014/11/4/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Anticipating Futures in Forest Biotechnology AU - Delborne, Jason DA - 2014/10/14/ PY - 2014/10/14/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Anticipatory Translation: Genetically Modified Trees and Conceptualizations of Technological, Regulatory, and Cultural Futures AU - Delborne, Jason DA - 2014/12/4/ PY - 2014/12/4/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Regulatory (Mouse) Traps: Social, Cultural and Ethical Issues in Classifying Genetically Engineered Organisms AU - Pitts, E.A. AU - Delborne, J.A. T2 - Second Annual Conference on the Governance of Emerging Technologies: Law, Policy, and Ethics C2 - 2014/5/28/ CY - Talking Stick Resort, Scottsdale, AZ DA - 2014/5/28/ PY - 2014/5/28/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Doubling Back on Risk Perception: Scientists, Genetically Modified Trees, and the Risks of Technological Rejection AU - Delborne, J. AU - Rivers, L. AU - Robinson, M. T2 - Annual Meeting of the Society for Social Studies of Science C2 - 2014/8/23/ CY - Buenos Aires, Argentina DA - 2014/8/23/ PY - 2014/8/23/ ER - TY - CHAP TI - Cultural Competency in Health Care: Standards, Practices, and Measures RaJade M. Berry-James AU - Berry-James, R.M. T2 - Cultural Competency for Public Administrators A2 - Norman-Major, K.A. A2 - Gooden, S.T. PY - 2014/12/17/ DO - 10.4324/9781315705330-18 SP - 189-204 PB - Routledge SN - 9781315705330 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315705330-18 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Understanding Root Physiology in Soil Using a Novel Imaging Platform AU - Rellan-Alvarez, R DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// M3 - Seminar ER - TY - SOUND TI - Growth and Luminescence Observatory of Roots (GLO-Roots) A platform for the Analysis of Root Structure and Physiology in Soil AU - Rellan-Alvarez, R DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Understanding Root Physiology in Soil Using a Novel Imaging Platform AU - Rellan-Alvarez, R T2 - Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Society of Plant Biology C2 - 2014/// CY - Portland, Oregon DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Symposium on Unlocking Yield Potential in Soil AU - Rellan-Alvarez, R DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Arabidopsis 14-3-3 Protein RARE COLD INDUCIBLE 1A Links Low-Temperature Response and Ethylene Biosynthesis to Regulate Freezing Tolerance and Cold Acclimation   AU - Catalá, Rafael AU - López-Cobollo, Rosa AU - Mar Castellano, M. AU - Angosto, Trinidad AU - Alonso, José M. AU - Ecker, Joseph R. AU - Salinas, Julio T2 - The Plant Cell AB - In plants, the expression of 14-3-3 genes reacts to various adverse environmental conditions, including cold, high salt, and drought. Although these results suggest that 14-3-3 proteins have the potential to regulate plant responses to abiotic stresses, their role in such responses remains poorly understood. Previously, we showed that the RARE COLD INDUCIBLE 1A (RCI1A) gene encodes the 14-3-3 psi isoform. Here, we present genetic and molecular evidence implicating RCI1A in the response to low temperature. Our results demonstrate that RCI1A functions as a negative regulator of constitutive freezing tolerance and cold acclimation in Arabidopsis thaliana by controlling cold-induced gene expression. Interestingly, this control is partially performed through an ethylene (ET)-dependent pathway involving physical interaction with different ACC SYNTHASE (ACS) isoforms and a decreased ACS stability. We show that, consequently, RCI1A restrains ET biosynthesis, contributing to establish adequate levels of this hormone in Arabidopsis under both standard and low-temperature conditions. We further show that these levels are required to promote proper cold-induced gene expression and freezing tolerance before and after cold acclimation. All these data indicate that RCI1A connects the low-temperature response with ET biosynthesis to modulate constitutive freezing tolerance and cold acclimation in Arabidopsis. DA - 2014/8/1/ PY - 2014/8/1/ DO - 10.1105/tpc.114.127605 VL - 26 IS - 8 SP - 3326-3342 LA - en OP - SN - 1532-298X 1040-4651 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.114.127605 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - The Order Thermococcales and the Family Thermococcaceae AU - Schut, Gerrit J. AU - Lipscomb, Gina L. AU - Han, Yejun AU - Notey, Jaspreet S. AU - Kelly, Robert M. AU - Adams, Michael M. W. T2 - The Prokaryotes PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-642-38954-2_324 SP - 363-383 OP - PB - Springer Berlin Heidelberg SN - 9783642389535 9783642389542 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38954-2_324 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - The Extremely Thermophilic Genus Caldicellulosiruptor: Physiological and Genomic Characteristics for Complex Carbohydrate Conversion to Molecular Hydrogen AU - Zurawski, Jeffrey V. AU - Blumer-Schuette, Sara E. AU - Conway, Jonathan M. AU - Kelly, Robert M. T2 - Microbial BioEnergy: Hydrogen Production AB - Extremely thermophilic, carbohydrate-utilizing bacteria from the genus Caldicellulosiruptor should be considered for biohydrogen production to take advantage of their broad growth substrate range and high substrate conversion efficiency. In fact, Caldicellulosiruptor species produce molecular hydrogen at yields approaching the Thauer limit of 4 mol H2/mol glucose equivalent. Caldicellulosiruptor species can utilize pentoses, hexoses, di/oligosaccharides, as well as complex polysaccharides, including crystalline cellulose. The broad appetite of these organisms relates to the natural environment of Caldicellulosiruptor, where they thrive at high temperatures (65–78 °C), utilizing the variable saccharide composition of lignocellulosic biomass as growth substrate. The ability to degrade recalcitrant plant biomass and utilize a wide variety of polysaccharides in their fermentation pathways sets Caldicellulosiruptor species apart from many other candidate biofuel-producing microorganisms. The conversion of lignocellulose to fuels in Caldicellulosiruptor is driven by an array of novel multi-domain glycoside hydrolases that work synergistically to degrade plant polysaccharides into oligo/monosaccharides that enter the cytoplasm via an array of carbohydrate specific ABC sugar transporters. These carbohydrates are then processed through a series of catabolic pathways, after which they enter the EMP pathway to produce reducing equivalents in the form of NADH and Fdred. The reducing equivalents are ultimately utilized by both cytoplasmic and membrane-bound hydrogenases to form molecular hydrogen. Recently completed genome sequences for a number of Caldicellulosiruptor species have revealed important details concerning how plant biomass is deconstructed enzymatically and shown significant diversity within the genus with respect to lignocellulose conversion strategies. PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-8554-9_8 SP - 177-195 OP - PB - Springer Netherlands SN - 9789401785532 9789401785549 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8554-9_8 DB - Crossref ER - TY - BOOK TI - Dictionary of Toxicology AU - Hodgson, E. AU - Roe, M. AU - Mailman, R. AU - Chambers, J. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ET - 3rd PB - Academic Press SN - 9780124202412 9780124201699 9780124201699 9781322192246 ER - TY - CONF TI - Genetics and Genomics of Tribolium Medea Elements AU - Chu, F AU - Lorenzen, MD AU - Klobasa, W.A. T2 - 11th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection C2 - 2014/// CY - Chiang Mai, Thailand DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/11/24/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sociological Answers to “What’s the Matter with Rural____" AU - Schulman, M.D. T2 - Sociological Forum DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 241–244 ER - TY - CONF TI - Translational risk governance research AU - Kuzma, J. T2 - Workshop on Research Agenda in the Societal Aspects of Synthetic Biology C2 - 2014/// C3 - Workshop on Research Agenda in the Societal Aspects of Synthetic Biology CY - Arizona State University DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - CHAP TI - How Neuroethics differs from Bioethics, and does it matter? AU - Dubljević, V. T2 - Primenjena etika A2 - Franeta, D. A2 - Protopapadakis, A. PY - 2014/// SP - 52–85 PB - Mediterran ER - TY - CHAP TI - Walter Lippmann, the indispensable opposition AU - Goodwin, Jean T2 - Trained capacities: John Dewey, rhetoric, and democratic practice A2 - Jackson, Brian A2 - Clark, Gregory PY - 2014/// SP - 142–158 PB - University of South Caroline Press ER - TY - CHAP TI - Teacher attitudes and beliefs: Reforming practice AU - Jones, M.G. AU - Legon, M. T2 - Handbook of Research on Science Teaching A2 - Lederman, N. A2 - Abell, S. PY - 2014/// VL - II SP - 830–847 PB - Routledge ER - TY - CHAP TI - Students as virtual scientists: A review of remote microscopy use in education AU - Childers, G. AU - Jones, G. T2 - Microscopy: advances in scientific research and education (1195-1198) A2 - Mendez-Vilas, A. PY - 2014/// PB - Formatex Research Center ER - TY - JOUR TI - How Wildlife Management Agencies and Hunting Organizations Frame Ethical Hunting in the United States AU - Peterson, M. Nils T2 - Human Dimensions of Wildlife AB - Given that many wildlife management agencies consider hunting to be central to wildlife conservation, a growing body of research describes ethical hunting using characterization framing (created by outsiders). This article describes an identity frame (created by insiders) of ethical hunting in the United States, based on analysis of hunter education manuals and official statements of hunting nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Similar themes permeated texts from both sources (e.g., obeying law, fair chase). NGOs, however, placed significantly more emphasis on being skilled (15% vs. 6%) and being motivated by experiencing nature (10% vs. 2%), whereas government agencies placed significantly more emphasis on respecting landowners (28% vs. 15%). Agencies may frame ethical hunting as more socially interdependent and rule abiding because they perceive a need to prioritize government authority (law) and property owner interests. These findings highlight a need for identity frames focusing on how hunting impacts biodiversity and humane treatment of animals. DA - 2014/11/2/ PY - 2014/11/2/ DO - 10.1080/10871209.2014.928762 VL - 19 IS - 6 SP - 523-531 J2 - Human Dimensions of Wildlife LA - en OP - SN - 1087-1209 1533-158X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2014.928762 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - High diversity in an urban habitat: are some animal assemblages resilient to long-term anthropogenic change? AU - Guénard, Benoit AU - Cardinal-De Casas, Adrianna AU - Dunn, Robert R. T2 - Urban Ecosystems DA - 2014/8/12/ PY - 2014/8/12/ DO - 10.1007/s11252-014-0406-8 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 449-463 J2 - Urban Ecosyst LA - en OP - SN - 1083-8155 1573-1642 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-014-0406-8 DB - Crossref KW - Urban ecosystem KW - Long term study KW - Formicidae KW - Disturbance KW - Invasive species ER - TY - JOUR TI - Protein profiling reveals novel proteins in pollen and pistil of W22 (ga1; Ga1) in maize AU - Yu, J. AU - Roy, S.K. AU - Kamal, A.H.M. AU - Cho, K. AU - Kwon, S.-J. AU - Cho, S.-W. AU - So, Y.-S. AU - Holland, J.B. AU - Woo, S.H. T2 - Proteomes AB - Gametophytic factors mediate pollen-pistil interactions in maize (Zea mays L.) and play active roles in limiting gene flow among maize populations and between maize and teosinte. This study was carried out to identify proteins and investigate the mechanism of gametophytic factors using protein analysis. W22 (ga1); which did not carry a gametophytic factor and W22 (Ga1), a near iso-genic line, were used for the proteome investigation. SDS-PAGE was executed to investigate proteins in the pollen and pistil of W22 (ga1) and W22 (Ga1). A total of 44 differentially expressed proteins were identified in the pollen and pistil on SDS-PAGE using LTQ-FTICR MS. Among the 44 proteins, a total of 24 proteins were identified in the pollen of W22 (ga1) and W22 (Ga1) whereas 20 differentially expressed proteins were identified from the pistil of W22 (ga1) and W22 (Ga1). However, in pollen, 2 proteins were identified only in the W22 (ga1) and 12 proteins only in the W22 (Ga1) whereas 10 proteins were confirmed from the both of W22 (ga1) and W22 (Ga1). In contrary, 10 proteins were appeared only in the pistil of W22 (ga1) and 7 proteins from W22 (Ga1) while 3 proteins confirmed in the both of W22 (ga1) and W22 (Ga1). Moreover, the identified proteins were generally involved in hydrolase activity, nucleic acid binding and nucleotide binding. These results help to reveal the mechanism of gametophytic factors and provide a valuable clue for the pollen and pistil research in maize. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.3390/proteomes2020258 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 258-271 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84947263088&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - maize KW - pollen KW - pistil KW - gametophytic factors KW - proteomics ER - TY - CHAP TI - Mining natural variation for maize improvement: Selection on phenotypes and genes AU - Sood, S. AU - Flint-Garcia, S. AU - Willcox, M.C. AU - Holland, J.B. T2 - Genomics of Plant Genetic Resources: Volume 1. Managing, Sequencing and Mining Genetic Resources PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-007-7572-5_25 SP - 615-649 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84951209506&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Breeding: Plants, Modern AU - Holland, J.B. T2 - Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems AB - Historically, plant breeding has progressed from the initial domestication of crops to highly intensive and effective cultivar improvement methods that integrate genomic information with phenotypic evaluations of breeding populations. Plant breeders employ a wide variety of breeding methods, the choice of which is largely driven by the mating system of the species, and the type of cultivar that can be disseminated easily to farmers. Recent improvements in breeding methods include statistical methods that can combine information across different breeding families and the application of genomic information to improve selection response under certain circumstances. PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1016/B978-0-444-52512-3.00226-6 SP - 187-200 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85042835077&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Yield effects of two southern leaf blight resistance loci in maize hybrids AU - Santa-Cruz, J.H. AU - Kump, K.L. AU - Arellano, C. AU - Goodman, M.M. AU - Krakowsky, M.D. AU - Holland, J.B. AU - Balint-Kurti, P.J. T2 - Crop Science AB - ABSTRACT In this study we examined the effects of two quantitative trait loci (QTL) for southern leaf blight (SLB) resistance on several agronomic traits including disease resistance and yield. B73–3B and B73–6A are two near‐isogenic lines (NILs) in the background of the maize ( Zea mays L.) inbred B73, each carrying one introgression (called 3B and 6A respectively) encompassing a QTL for SLB resistance. Sets of isohybrid triplets were developed by crossing B73, B73–3B, and B73–6A to several inbred lines. A subset of these triplets for which the B73–3B and/or B73–6A hybrid was significantly more SLB resistant than the B73 check hybrid was selected and assessed in multi‐environment yield trials with and without disease. In the presence of SLB, 3B was associated with an approximately 3% yield increase over B73. 6A was associated with a yield advantage in the presence of SLB in specific pedigrees where the 6A resistance phenotype was highly expressed. Results suggested that both introgressions might confer a yield cost in the absence of SLB, but only introgression 6A was associated with a statistically significant reduction. We present evidence to suggest that the yield cost is associated with the resistance phenotype rather than with linkage drag. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2013.08.0553 VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - 882-894 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84898430312&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Genome-Wide Association Study of the Maize Hypersensitive Defense Response Identifies Genes That Cluster in Related Pathways AU - Olukolu, B.A. AU - Wang, G.-F. AU - Vontimitta, V. AU - Venkata, B.P. AU - Marla, S. AU - Ji, J. AU - Gachomo, E. AU - Chu, K. AU - Negeri, A. AU - Benson, J. AU - Nelson, R. AU - Bradbury, P. AU - Nielsen, D. AU - Holland, J.B. AU - Balint-Kurti, P.J. AU - Johal, G. T2 - PLoS Genetics AB - Much remains unknown of molecular events controlling the plant hypersensitive defense response (HR), a rapid localized cell death that limits pathogen spread and is mediated by resistance (R-) genes. Genetic control of the HR is hard to quantify due to its microscopic and rapid nature. Natural modifiers of the ectopic HR phenotype induced by an aberrant auto-active R-gene (Rp1-D21), were mapped in a population of 3,381 recombinant inbred lines from the maize nested association mapping population. Joint linkage analysis was conducted to identify 32 additive but no epistatic quantitative trait loci (QTL) using a linkage map based on more than 7000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Genome-wide association (GWA) analysis of 26.5 million SNPs was conducted after adjusting for background QTL. GWA identified associated SNPs that colocalized with 44 candidate genes. Thirty-six of these genes colocalized within 23 of the 32 QTL identified by joint linkage analysis. The candidate genes included genes predicted to be in involved programmed cell death, defense response, ubiquitination, redox homeostasis, autophagy, calcium signalling, lignin biosynthesis and cell wall modification. Twelve of the candidate genes showed significant differential expression between isogenic lines differing for the presence of Rp1-D21. Low but significant correlations between HR-related traits and several previously-measured disease resistance traits suggested that the genetic control of these traits was substantially, though not entirely, independent. This study provides the first system-wide analysis of natural variation that modulates the HR response in plants. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004562 VL - 10 IS - 8 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84923033904&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Breeding and genetic diversity AU - Goodman, M.M. AU - Holland, J.B. AU - Sánchez G, J.J. T2 - Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Maize AB - Since the beginnings in the early part of the 20th Century, hybrid maize breeding has continued to evolve as new genetic understanding of traits and new technologies have become available. We review some of the early innovations that were involved in the transition of maize from an open pollinated crop to a hybrid crop and from the use of the Double Cross hybrid system to the Single Cross hybrid system. Today molecular technologies have opened up many new opportunities. These technologies and our understanding of trait genetics have enabled the further evolution of maize breeding methodology to include a range of molecular breeding methods. High throughput genotyping at the DNA sequence level has enabled the use of both marker assisted breeding for specifi c traits and whole genome prediction methodology for complex quantitative traits. The characterization of trait functional diversity and understanding its underlying genetic bases at the molecular level will continue to offer new tools to assist hybrid maize breeding. Furthermore, recent transgenic approaches provide new opportunities for commercial maize hybrid development. PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1201/b17274 SP - 14-50 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85020851622&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Susceptibility of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) peel proteins to digestive enzymes AU - Maloney, Katherine P. AU - Truong, Van-Den AU - Allen, Jonathan C. T2 - Food Science & Nutrition AB - Abstract Sweet potato proteins have been shown to possess antioxidant and antidiabetic properties in vivo. The ability of a protein to exhibit systemic effects is somewhat unusual as proteins are typically susceptible to digestive enzymes. This study was undertaken to better understand how digestive enzymes affect sweet potato proteins. Two fractions of industrially processed sweet potato peel, containing 6.8% and 8.5% protein and 80.5% and 83.3% carbohydrate, were used as a source of protein. Sweet potato proteins were incubated with pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin and protein breakdown was visualized with SDS ‐ PAGE . After pepsin digestion, samples were assayed for amylase inhibitory activity. Sporamin, the major storage protein in sweet potatoes, which functions as a trypsin inhibitor as well, exhibited resistance to pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. Sporamin from blanched peel of orange sweet potatoes was less resistant to pepsin digestion than sporamin from outer peel and from extract of the white‐skinned Caiapo sweet potato. Trypsin inhibitory activity remained after simulated gastric digestion, with the Caiapo potato protein and peel samples exhibiting higher inhibitory activity compared to the blanched peel sample. Amylase and chymotrypsin inhibitory activity was not present in any of the samples after digestion. DA - 2014/4/1/ PY - 2014/4/1/ DO - 10.1002/FSN3.110 VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - 351-360 J2 - Food Sci Nutr LA - en OP - SN - 2048-7177 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/FSN3.110 DB - Crossref KW - Amylase KW - amylase inhibitor KW - digestibility KW - protease KW - sweet potato peel KW - trypsin inhibitor ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conceptions of Speech Acts in the Theory and Practice of Argumentation: A Case Study of a Debate About Advocating AU - Goodwin, Jean T2 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric AB - Abstract Far from being of interest only to argumentation theorists, conceptions of speech acts play an important role in practitioners’ self-reflection on their own activities. After a brief review of work by Houtlosser, Jackson and Kauffeld on the ways that speech acts provide normative frameworks for argumentative interactions, this essay examines an ongoing debate among scientists in natural resource fields as to the appropriateness of the speech act of advocating in policy settings. Scientists’ reflections on advocacy align well with current scholarship, and the scholarship in turn can provide a deeper understanding of how to manage the communication challenges scientists face. DA - 2014/3/1/ PY - 2014/3/1/ DO - 10.2478/slgr-2014-0003 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 79-98 OP - SN - 0860-150X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2014-0003 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Where are the Women and Minority Fossil Collectors? A Study of the Development and Characteristics of Science Hobbyists AU - Jones, M. Gail AU - Andre, Thomas AU - Childers, Gina AU - Corin, Elysa AU - Hite, Rebecca T2 - The Paleontological Society Special Publications AB - An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1017/s2475262200012284 VL - 13 SP - 106-107 J2 - Spec. publ. (Paleontol. Soc.) LA - en OP - SN - 2475-2622 2475-2681 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200012284 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exploring Pre-Service Teachers' Perceptions of the Risks of Emergent Technologies: Implications for Teaching and Learning AU - Gardner, Grant E. AU - Jones, M. Gail T2 - Journal of Nano Education DA - 2014/6/1/ PY - 2014/6/1/ DO - 10.1166/jne.2014.1041 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 39-49 J2 - J Nano Educ LA - en OP - SN - 1936-7449 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jne.2014.1041 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Teaching Self-Efficacy of Science Teachers AU - Blonder, Ron AU - Benny, Naama AU - Jones, M. Gail T2 - The Role of Science Teachers’ Beliefs in International Classrooms AB - Whether one examines teachers’ effectiveness from the perspective of a legislator, parent, principal, or student, the main goal is to prepare teachers who have a strong knowledge base related to science, knowledge of effective teaching strategies, the ability to teach, and a desire to make a difference in the lives of their students. The underlying construct that influences each of these factors is teachers’ self-efficacy. PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-6209-557-1_1 SP - 3-15 OP - PB - SensePublishers SN - 9789462095571 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-557-1_1 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biochemical features of native red wines and genetic diversity of the corresponding grape varieties from Campania region AU - Muccillo, Livio AU - Gambuti, Angelita AU - Frusciante, Luigi AU - Iorizzo, Massimo AU - Moio, Luigi AU - Raieta, Katia AU - Rinaldi, Alessandra AU - Colantuoni, Vittorio AU - Aversano, Riccardo T2 - Food Chemistry AB - Campania region has always been considered one of the most appreciated Italian districts for wine production. Wine distinctiveness arises from their native grapevines. To better define the chemical profile of Campania autochthonous red grape varieties, we analysed the phenolic composition of Aglianico di Taurasi, Aglianico del Vulture, Aglianico del Taburno, Piedirosso wines, and a minor native variety, Lingua di Femmina in comparison with Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon, as reference cultivars. A genetic profiling was also carried out using microsatellite molecular markers with high polymorphic and unambiguous profiles. Principal component analysis applied to 72 wines based on the 18 biochemical parameters, explained 77.6% of the total variance and highlighted important biological entities providing insightful patterns. Moreover, comparison of SSR-based data with phenylpropanoid molecules exhibited a statistically significant correlation. Our approach might be reasonably adopted for future characterisations and traceability of grapevines and corresponding wines. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2013.07.133 VL - 143 SP - 506-513 J2 - Food Chemistry LA - en OP - SN - 0308-8146 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2013.07.133 DB - Crossref KW - Polyphenols KW - Microsatellites markers KW - Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot KW - Grape authentication KW - Campania wines traceability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of Significant Life Experiences in Building Environmental Knowledge and Behavior Among Middle School Students AU - Stevenson, Kathryn T. AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Carrier, Sarah J. AU - Strnad, Renee L. AU - Bondell, Howard D. AU - Kirby-Hathaway, Terri AU - Moore, Susan E. T2 - The Journal of Environmental Education AB - Significant life experience research suggests that the presence of role models, time outdoors, and nature-related media foster pro-environmental behavior, but most research is qualitative. Based on a random sample of middle school students in North Carolina, USA, we found limited positive associations between presence of a role model and time outdoors with behavior and a negative association between watching nature television and environmental knowledge. The strongest predictors of environmental knowledge and behavior were student/teacher ratio and county income levels, respectively. We also found that Native Americans engaged in environmental behaviors more than Caucasians, and that African American and Hispanic students had lower levels of environmental knowledge. Accordingly, life experiences appear less important than promoting small class sizes and addressing challenges associated with lower incomes in schools. DA - 2014/5/28/ PY - 2014/5/28/ DO - 10.1080/00958964.2014.901935 VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - 163-177 J2 - The Journal of Environmental Education LA - en OP - SN - 0095-8964 1940-1892 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2014.901935 DB - Crossref KW - children and nature KW - environmental behavior KW - environmental literacy KW - outdoor education KW - technology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantitative analysis of woodpecker habitat using high-resolution airborne LiDAR estimates of forest structure and composition AU - Garabedian, James E. AU - McGaughey, Robert J. AU - Reutebuch, Stephen E. AU - Parresol, Bernard R. AU - Kilgo, John C. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Peterson, M. Nils T2 - Remote Sensing of Environment AB - Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology has the potential to radically alter the way researchers and managers collect data on wildlife–habitat relationships. To date, the technology has fostered several novel approaches to characterizing avian habitat, but has been limited by the lack of detailed LiDAR-habitat attributes relevant to species across a continuum of spatial grain sizes and habitat requirements. We demonstrate a novel three-step approach for using LiDAR data to evaluate habitat based on multiple habitat attributes and accounting for their influence at multiple grain sizes using federally endangered red-cockaded woodpecker (RCW; Picoides borealis) foraging habitat data from the Savannah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina, USA. First, we used high density LiDAR data (10 returns/m2) to predict detailed forest attributes at 20-m resolution across the entire SRS using a complementary application of nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression and multiple linear regression models. Next, we expanded on previous applications of LiDAR by constructing 95% joint prediction confidence intervals to quantify prediction error at various spatial aggregations and habitat thresholds to determine a biologically and statistically meaningful grain size. Finally, we used aggregations of 20-m cells and associated confidence interval boundaries to demonstrate a new approach to produce maps of RCW foraging habitat conditions based on the guidelines described in the species' recovery plan. Predictive power (R2) of regression models developed to populate raster layers ranged from 0.34 to 0.81, and prediction error decreased as aggregate size increased, but minimal reductions in prediction error were observed beyond 0.64-ha (4 × 4 20-m cells) aggregates. Mapping habitat quality while accounting for prediction error provided a robust method to determine the potential range of habitat conditions and specific attributes that were limiting in terms of the amount of suitable habitat. The sequential steps of our analytical approach provide a useful framework to extract detailed and reliable habitat attributes for a forest-dwelling habitat specialist, broadening the potential to apply LiDAR in conservation and management of wildlife populations. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1016/J.RSE.2014.01.022 VL - 145 SP - 68-80 J2 - Remote Sensing of Environment LA - en OP - SN - 0034-4257 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.RSE.2014.01.022 DB - Crossref KW - Habitat conservation KW - Forest structure KW - Landscape KW - Prediction confidence interval KW - Red-cockaded woodpecker KW - Remote sensing KW - Savannah River Site KW - Spatially explicit KW - Wildlife ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term dynamics of household size and their environmental implications AU - Bradbury, Mason AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Liu, Jianguo T2 - Population and Environment DA - 2014/2/6/ PY - 2014/2/6/ DO - 10.1007/S11111-014-0203-6 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 73-84 J2 - Popul Environ LA - en OP - SN - 0199-0039 1573-7810 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S11111-014-0203-6 DB - Crossref KW - Conservation biology KW - Environmental impact KW - Household size KW - IPHoG KW - Population KW - Sustainable development ER - TY - CONF TI - Empirical Acceptance-Resistance Agent-Based Modeling Approach for Simulating the Adoption of Water Reuse AU - Kandiah, Venu K. AU - Berglund, Emily Z. AU - Binder, Andrew R. T2 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2014 AB - Though water reuse provides a promising and sustainable alternative for urban water supply, wide-scale implementation of water reuse within an existing water infrastructure system is challenged by the need for community-wide public acceptance and adoption. The public has historically perceived recycled water negatively, and, as a consequence, water reuse is typically omitted in the development of municipal water management plans. Consumer's base acceptance and rejection of new technologies on an intuitive analysis of their risks and benefits and their perceptions may change over time based on interactions with other consumers, decision makers, and engineering infrastructure systems. This research creates a modeling framework to simulate the changing perceptions of consumers and their adoption of water reuse. The modeling framework is used to develop understanding about the mechanisms that drive the dynamic evolution of perceptions, which can aid the planning and decision-making process for the integration of water reuse within existing water systems. This research develops an acceptance-resistance agent-based model to simulate the adoption and rejection of water reuse based on a "risk publics" framework, which is a theoretical model of how different groups perceive new technologies. The risk publics framework uses the perception of risk and benefits to determine the potential of households to adopt or resist new technology. Consumers are represented as agents, and their behaviors and attributes are developed using survey data of the U.S. population, which measures attitudes, knowledge, and behavioral intentions for recycled water. The data are analyzed to determine empirical relationships among individuals, the presence of social groups, and informational and communicative variables governing individual use of reclaimed water. The variables are encoded in the agent-based modeling framework to simulate the key social mechanisms that affect consumer acceptance of water reuse. The framework couples the acceptance-resistance agent-based model of consumers, an agent-based model of utility management, and water distribution system models of the drinking and reclaimed water systems. The framework will be used to explore the interactions among consumer behavior, management strategies, water reuse infrastructure, and the existing water supply infrastructure with adoption of water reuse. C2 - 2014/5/29/ C3 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2014 DA - 2014/5/29/ DO - 10.1061/9780784413548.183 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 9780784413548 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413548.183 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Tradeoffs in Public Acceptance and Water Savings in Using Reclaimed Water for Irrigation Applications AU - Schmidt, Michelle AU - Berglund, Emily Zechman AU - Binder, Andrew T2 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2014 AB - Water scarcity is a growing concern, due to stresses imposed by climate change, population growth, and urbanization. Reclaimed water is a reliable source that can be produced by treating wastewater and used to supplement nonpotable demands. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, 128 billion gallons of water are used per day for agricultural irrigation, accounting for roughly 31% of total water usage in the United States. Reclaimed water is a viable option for irrigation applications; however, the success of reclaimed water programs can be affected by public support. This research develops an approach for assessing water savings and acceptability for irrigation applications of reclaimed water. The potential for using reclaimed water in Wake County, North Carolina, is explored through the use of a modeling framework. Potential water savings are evaluated based on the volume of wastewater produced and irrigation demands. The perceptions of using reclaimed water are compared for diverse irrigation applications using results from a recently conducted national survey. Results demonstrate that acceptability for using reclaimed water to irrigate public parks, athletic fields, and residential lawns is higher than the acceptability of use for irrigating food crops. Tradeoffs between public acceptance and the potential reduction of water stress are explored to provide guidance for Wake County infrastructure planning. The modeling methodology is general and can be applied to determine water reclamation potential at the county level across the United States. C2 - 2014/5/29/ C3 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2014 DA - 2014/5/29/ DO - 10.1061/9780784413548.051 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 9780784413548 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413548.051 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Weak Convergence of a Seasonally Forced Stochastic Epidemic Model AU - Lloyd, Alun AU - Zhang, Yuan T2 - arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.0964 DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Time-varying, serotype-specific force of infection of dengue virus AU - Reiner, Robert C AU - Stoddard, Steven T AU - Forshey, Brett M AU - King, Aaron A AU - Ellis, Alicia M AU - Lloyd, Alun L AU - Long, Kanya C AU - Rocha, Claudio AU - Vilcarromero, Stalin AU - Astete, Helvio AU - others T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 111 IS - 26 SP - E2694-E2702 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recasting the theory of mosquito-borne pathogen transmission dynamics and control T2 - Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 108 IS - 4 SP - 185-197 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A global assembly of adult female mosquito mark-release-recapture data to inform the control of mosquito-borne pathogens AU - Guerra, Carlos A AU - Reiner, Robert C AU - Perkins, T Alex AU - Lindsay, Steve W AU - Midega, Janet T AU - Brady, Oliver J AU - Barker, Christopher M AU - Reisen, William K AU - Harrington, Laura C AU - Takken, Willem AU - others T2 - Parasit Vectors DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 276 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ethics challenges of transition from paediatric to adult health care services for young adults with neurodevelopmental disabilities. AU - Racine, E AU - Bell, E AU - Yan, A AU - Andrew, G AU - Bell, LE AU - Clarke, M AU - Dubljevic, V AU - Goldowitz, D AU - Janvier, A AU - McLachlan, K AU - Muhajarine, N AU - Nicholas, D AU - Oskoui, M AU - Rasmussen, C AU - Rasmussen, LA AU - Roberts, W AU - Shevell, M AU - Wade, L AU - Yager, JY T2 - Paediatrics & child health DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 65–68 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/24596475 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A single cognitive heuristic process meets the complexity of domain-specific moral heuristics AU - Dubljević, Veljko AU - Racine, Eric T2 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences AB - The inherence heuristic (a) offers modest insights into the complex nature of both the is-ought tension in moral reasoning and moral reasoning per se, and (b) does not reflect the complexity of domain-specific moral heuristics. Formal and general in nature, we contextualize the process described as "inherence heuristic" in a web of domain-specific heuristics (e.g., agent specific; action specific; consequences specific). DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.1017/S0140525X13003701 VL - 37 IS - 5 SP - 487-488 J2 - Behav Brain Sci LA - en OP - SN - 0140-525X 1469-1825 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X13003701 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The ADC of Moral Judgment: Opening the Black Box of Moral Intuitions With Heuristics About Agents, Deeds, and Consequences AU - Dubljević, Veljko AU - Racine, Eric T2 - AJOB Neuroscience AB - This article proposes a novel integrative approach to moral judgment and a related model that could explain how unconscious heuristic processes are transformed into consciously accessible moral intuitions. Different hypothetical cases have been tested empirically to evoke moral intuitions that support principles from competing moral theories. We define and analyze the types of intuitions that moral theories and studies capture: those focusing on agents (A), deeds (D), and consequences (C). The integrative ADC approach uses the heuristic principle of “attribute substitution” to explain how people make intuitive judgments. The target attributes of moral judgments are moral blameworthiness and praiseworthiness, which are substituted with more accessible and computable information about an agent's virtues and vices, right/wrong deeds, and good/bad consequences. The processes computing this information are unconscious and inaccessible, and therefore explaining how they provide input for moral intuitions is a key problem. We analyze social heuristics identified in the literature and offer an outline for a new model of moral judgment. Simple social heuristics triggered by morally salient cues rely on three distinct processes (role-model entity, action analysis, and consequence tallying—REACT) in order to compute the moral valence of specific intuitive responses (A, D, and C). These are then rapidly combined to form an intuitive judgment that could guide quick decision making. The ADC approach and REACT model can clarify a wide set of data from empirical moral psychology and could inform future studies on moral judgment, as well as case assessments and discussions about issues causing “deadlocked” moral intuitions. DA - 2014/10/2/ PY - 2014/10/2/ DO - 10.1080/21507740.2014.939381 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - 3-20 J2 - AJOB Neuroscience LA - en OP - SN - 2150-7740 2150-7759 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2014.939381 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Rising Tide of tDCS in the Media and Academic Literature AU - Dubljević, Veljko AU - Saigle, Victoria AU - Racine, Eric T2 - Neuron AB - Academic and public interest in tDCS has been fueled by strong claims of therapeutic and enhancement effects. We report a rising tide of tDCS coverage in the media, while regulatory action is lacking and ethical issues need to be addressed. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.003 VL - 82 IS - 4 SP - 731-736 J2 - Neuron LA - en OP - SN - 0896-6273 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.NEURON.2014.05.003 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response to Open Peer Commentaries on “Prohibition or Coffee Shops: Regulation of Amphetamine and Methylphenidate for Enhancement Use by Healthy Adults” AU - Dubljević, Veljko T2 - The American Journal of Bioethics AB - In my target article (Dubljevic 2013a), I analyzed available information and policy options for the two of the most commonly used cognitive enhancement (CE) drugs: Adderall and Ritalin. I concluded that for all forms of amphetamine, including Adderall, and for instant-release forms of methylphenidate, any form of sale beyond prescription for therapeutic purposes needs to be prohibited, while some form of a taxation approach (Dubljevic 2012a) and the economic disincentives model (EDM) in particular (Dubljevic 2012b) could be an option for public policy on extended-release forms ofmethylphenidate (like RitalinSR). However, not everyone agreed with my conclusions. There has been a considerable amount of constructive criticism regarding my proposal. Some neuroethicists objected to my favoring prohibitive policies to dangerous CE drugs such as amphetamine and argued for laissez-faire or even mandatory use of enhancements. Others took issuewith the conclusion that the economic disincentives model (EDM) could be an option for public policy on extended release forms ofmethylphenidate. Furthermore, there are those that think my argument in general and EDM in particular are failing to address the relevant issues in regulation of CE, such as social justice and real autonomy. Finally, there are those who offer suggestions on how the argument and the model of public policy for CE drugs can be improved. Since it makes sense to respond to similar commentaries together, I first review and respond to the objections coming from the Oxford “pro-enhancement group”: Anders Sandberg (2013), Neil Levy (2013), and Julian Savulescu (2013). Then I explore and answer several objections from neu- DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1080/15265161.2014.862417 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - W1-W8 J2 - The American Journal of Bioethics LA - en OP - SN - 1526-5161 1536-0075 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2014.862417 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cognitive Enhancement and Academic Misconduct: A Study Exploring Their Frequency and Relationship AU - Dubljević, Veljko AU - Sattler, Sebastian AU - Racine, Éric T2 - Ethics & Behavior AB - AbstractWe investigated the acceptability and use frequency of cognitive enhancement medication and three different types of academic misconduct (plagiarism, cheating, and falsifying/fabricating data). Data collected from a web-based survey of German university students were used in our analysis. Moral acceptability of cognitive enhancers was relatively low and moderate for academic misconduct. The correlation between these measures was moderately weak. The use frequency of cognitive enhancers was lower than for academic misconduct and was (very) lightly correlated with the occurrences of reported plagiarism and fabrication/falsification. A higher acceptability of each act was associated with a higher use frequency of each act.Keywords: academic misconductcheatingcognitive enhancementneuroethicsmoral acceptability ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank all those who helped conducting this study, especially Dominik Koch, Ines Meyer, Andrea Schulze, Floris van Veen, Constantin Wiegel, and Sebastian Willen. Thanks to members of the Neuroethics Research Unit and Constantin Wiegel for feedback on a previous version of this article and to Victoria Saigle for editorial assistance.FUNDINGThis research was funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (FMER; 01PH08024, headed by Sebastian Sattler and Martin Diewald). Sebastian Sattler was funded by a PostDoc Fellowship of the Fritz-Thyssen-Foundation and the Cologne Graduate School in Management, Economics and Social Sciences. The FMER did not influence any interpretations or force the research team to produce biased results. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect the policies of the funder.Notes2. 1Rawls’s principles of justice (in the final formulation) state that (a) each person has the same indefeasible claim to a fully adequate scheme of equal basic rights and liberties, which scheme is compatible with the same scheme of liberties for all (the equal liberty principle), and (b) social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions: first, they are to be attached to positions and offices open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity (the principle of fair equality of opportunity), and second, they are to be to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society (the difference principle). See Rawls (Citation2001, pp. 42–43).3. 2One indication of increased competition among students in Germany is that the percentage of students per age cohort has increased from 30.2% in 2000 to 42.4% in 2010 (Statistisches Bundesamt, Citation2012) This means that more students compete for the same pool of available jobs, and thus achieving excellent grades becomes more important. Furthermore, with the advent of the economic crisis, jobs are increasingly becoming scarce resources for which a greater number of people compete. In some countries where higher education is very expensive (like in the United States), indebtedness of students increases the pressure to succeed.4. 3We recontacted students only when they completed the preceding wave and when they continued studying in their university.5. 4All questions have been translated from German to English by Sebastian Sattler.6. 5When comparing mean values, one has to consider that moral acceptability for cognitive enhancer use was measured on a 7-point scale, whereas the acceptability for academic misconduct was measured on a 5-point scale (see Methods section).7. 6Here we conducted partial correlation coefficients to take the correlation between moral acceptability and the referred behavior into account (see next paragraph). Therefore, results are controlled for the influence of the moral acceptability.8. 7To have a similar longitudinal testing strategy as applied for academic misconduct, we confirmed the cross-sectional finding concerning cognitive enhancer use presented here with a longitudinal test (results available upon request).9. 8Even though for reasons of space we cannot address this issue further, the postulated difference between substantive cultural value systems of “Psychotropic Hedonism” and “Pharmacological Calvinism” (Klerman, Citation1972) might be relevant in this context. Namely, if the substantive value orientation of an individual is oriented toward new experiences (Hedonism), experimenting with mind affecting substances might be viewed as more acceptable on a personal or even a social level, whereas if the substantive value orientation is grounded in risk-averse dispositions (Calvinism), a zero-tolerance attitude toward medications beyond a therapeutic context might be entailed. This issue might have been assessed if the respondents were asked about their attitude toward marijuana consumption, but in the absence of such data we can only speculate. DA - 2014/6/18/ PY - 2014/6/18/ DO - 10.1080/10508422.2013.869747 VL - 24 IS - 5 SP - 408-420 J2 - Ethics & Behavior LA - en OP - SN - 1050-8422 1532-7019 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2013.869747 DB - Crossref KW - academic misconduct KW - cheating KW - cognitive enhancement KW - neuroethics KW - moral acceptability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Neurostimulation Devices for Cognitive Enhancement: Toward a Comprehensive Regulatory Framework AU - Dubljević, Veljko T2 - Neuroethics DA - 2014/11/12/ PY - 2014/11/12/ DO - 10.1007/s12152-014-9225-0 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 115-126 J2 - Neuroethics LA - en OP - SN - 1874-5490 1874-5504 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S12152-014-9225-0 DB - Crossref KW - Cognitive enhancement KW - Non-invasive neurostimulation KW - Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) KW - Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) KW - Regulatory framework, Neuroethics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Overcoming skepticism with education: interacting influences of worldview and climate change knowledge on perceived climate change risk among adolescents AU - Stevenson, Kathryn T. AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Bondell, Howard D. AU - Moore, Susan E. AU - Carrier, Sarah J. T2 - Climatic Change AB - Though many climate literacy efforts attempt to communicate climate change as a risk, these strategies may be ineffective because among adults, worldview rather than scientific understanding largely drives climate change risk perceptions. Further, increased science literacy may polarize worldview-driven perceptions, making some climate literacy efforts ineffective among skeptics. Because worldviews are still forming in the teenage years, adolescents may represent a more receptive audience. This study examined how worldview and climate change knowledge related to acceptance of anthropogenic global warming (AGW) and in turn, climate change risk perception among middle school students in North Carolina, USA (n = 387). We found respondents with individualistic worldviews were 16.1 percentage points less likely to accept AGW than communitarian respondents at median knowledge levels, mirroring findings in similar studies among adults. The interaction between knowledge and worldview, however, was opposite from previous studies among adults, because increased climate change knowledge was positively related to acceptance of AGW among both groups, and had a stronger positive relationship among individualists. Though individualists were 24.1 percentage points less likely to accept AGW than communitarians at low levels (bottom decile) of climate change knowledge, there was no statistical difference in acceptance levels between individualists and communitarians at high levels of knowledge (top decile). Non-White and females also demonstrated higher levels of AGW acceptance and climate change risk perception, respectively. Thus, education efforts specific to climate change may counteract divisions based on worldviews among adolescents. DA - 2014/8/15/ PY - 2014/8/15/ DO - 10.1007/S10584-014-1228-7 VL - 126 IS - 3-4 SP - 293-304 J2 - Climatic Change LA - en OP - SN - 0165-0009 1573-1480 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10584-014-1228-7 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Insights for contemporary hunting from ancient hellenic culture AU - Sokos, Christos K. AU - Peterson, M. Nils AU - Birtsas, Periklis K. AU - Hasanagas, Nikolas D. T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin AB - ABSTRACT Urbanization and other threats to hunting culture have inspired growth in research that addresses the role of hunting in western society today. This literature addresses the juxtaposition of non‐subsistence hunting and modern western models of wildlife management associated with either the public trust doctrine or market economics. Insights for understanding this juxtaposition can be drawn from the historical efforts to frame hunting as a symbolic, versus subsistence, activity in ancient Hellenic (Greek) culture. For the ancient Hellenes, hunting offered the opportunity to acquire edification, test skills, and to enjoy a feeling of freedom, and did so for all citizens, even for women. Edification meant more than knowledge about hunting to the ancient Hellenes. It referred to respect for the purity of nature and a hunting ethic, and strict adherence to hunting norms. Testing skills dictated fair chase, where tools and techniques used should not eliminate the need for physical and mental dexterity. Feeling of freedom meant that hunters became useful for themselves and for society through skills acquired by hunting; a modern society might define this as self‐sufficiency or independence, which contributes to a greater societal good. These symbolic dimensions of hunting developed in ancient Hellas could provide guidelines for the social identity that hunters hope to develop in our modern world by improving hunting education, promotion, and management. © 2014 The Wildlife Society. DA - 2014/6/25/ PY - 2014/6/25/ DO - 10.1002/WSB.443 VL - 38 IS - 3 SP - 451-457 J2 - Wildl. Soc. Bull. LA - en OP - SN - 1938-5463 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/WSB.443 DB - Crossref KW - education KW - ethics KW - Greece KW - history KW - human dimensions KW - modernity KW - philosophy KW - Xenophon ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhancing the impact of natural resource management research: Lessons from a meta-impact assessment of the Irrigated Rice Research Consortium AU - Rejesus, Roderick M. AU - Martin, Adrienne M. AU - Gypmantasiri, Phrek T2 - Global Food Security AB - This article present results from a multi-dimensional impact assessment of a large multi-year Natural Resource Management (NRM) research project for rice – the Irrigated Rice Research Consortium (IRRC) – and uses insights from this assessment to further understand how NRM research can be improved to have more impact in a developing country context. Results of the meta-impact assessment indicate that NRM research generated by the IRRC has provided a wide-range of impacts in multiple dimensions—from micro-level impacts on farmer livelihoods to national-level agricultural policy influence. Based on the IRRC experience, international NRM research institutions can enhance impact in developing countries by: fostering partnerships, collaborations, and cross-country learning; involving social scientists for monitoring, evaluation, and impact assessment; and, having long-term support and involvement of donors. DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// DO - 10.1016/J.GFS.2013.11.001 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 41-48 J2 - Global Food Security LA - en OP - SN - 2211-9124 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.GFS.2013.11.001 DB - Crossref KW - Impact assessment KW - Impact pathway KW - Natural Resource Management KW - Research impact ER - TY - JOUR TI - 5 DISRUPTION OF THE HIGH MOBILITY GROUP AT-HOOK 2 (HMGA2) GENE IN SWINE REDUCES POSTNATAL GROWTH AU - Chung, J. AU - Zhang, X. AU - Colins, B. AU - Howard, K. AU - Simpson, S. AU - Salmon, C. AU - Koh, S. AU - Sper, R. AU - Byrd, C. AU - Piedrahita, J. T2 - Reproduction, Fertility and Development AB - The high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) protein has been shown to be a crucial gene for cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis; HMGA2 is also a strong biological candidate for growth, because mutations in this gene alter body size in mice and humans. Compared with wild-type controls, adult mice lacking HMGA2 are 60% smaller, and adult heterozygous mutants are 20% smaller. In humans, HMGA2 has been associated with adult and childhood height without any other deleterious effect. Additionally, a microdeletion in the HMGA2 gene in a human patient resulted in short stature, with no dysmorphologies and normal puberty. In order to determine the effect of HMGA2 on fetal and adult growth in pigs, a transgenic pig line deficient in HMGA2 expression was generated by gene targeting in fetal fibroblasts (FF). Using a targeting vector carrying a reporter gene, and homology arms specific to HMGA2, heterozygous mutant cell lines were generated. The cell lines were then used to generate 6 heterozygous females by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Bodyweights and lengths from snout to base of tail were measured every 2 weeks for a year for mutant (n = 6) and wild-type farm gilts (n = 6). Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA. As in mice, disruption of one allele of the HMGA2 gene resulted in 25% reduction in weight (P < 0.0001) and 14% reduction in length (P < 0.0001). Early in postnatal growth (2 months), weights of mutants were not different than wild-type. However, mutants were 20 to 35% lighter (P < 0.05) during mid stages (6 months) and 25 to 30% (P < 0.0001) in late stages (3 months). The same insertional mutation generated 8 heterozygous male clones by SCNT. In addition, 7 nontransgenic males from the same FF line were generated as SCNT controls. Bodyweights and lengths were measured every 2 weeks for 30 weeks for HMGA2 heterozygous mutants (n = 8), control SCNT (n = 7) and wild-type farm boars (n = 5). The weight curve of boars showed similar pattern as for mutant gilts. At 30-week postnatal stage, mutants were 17% (P < 0.05) and 16% (P < 0.05) lighter in weight compared with littermate and wild-type animals, respectively. We are presently developing homozygous HMGA2 mutant lines. Currently, 3 of 6 heterozygous gilts have been bred with heterozygous boars, with 1 confirmed pregnancy. The expectation is that the homozygous animals will, like mice, be 60% smaller than the wild-type animals. The approach described here will result not only in a valuable large-animal model of dwarfism, but also in a tool to reduce the size of existing transgenic and nontransgenic swine lines. This, in turn, will increase the receptivity of valuable transgenic lines by the biomedical community. Funding for this work was provided by NIH grant R21-OD010553 to JP. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1071/RDV26N1AB5 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 117 J2 - Reprod. Fertil. Dev. LA - en OP - SN - 1031-3613 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/RDV26N1AB5 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inception: Beginning a New Conversation about Communication Pedagogy and Scholarship AU - Dannels, Deanna P. AU - Darling, Ann AU - Fassett, Deanna L. AU - Kerssen-Griep, Jeff AU - Lane, Derek AU - Mottet, Timothy P. AU - Nainby, Keith AU - Sellnow, Deanna T2 - Communication Education AB - Drawing on past pedagogical and scholarly lines of inquiry, this article advances—in a dialogic form—several questions for future research and practice in areas of communication, teaching, and learning. The dialogic form of this article offers a metamessage, inviting colleagues to consider creative approaches to inquiry and collaboration in the 21st century. The ideas and questions presented in this essay serve to push the field beyond disciplinary silos, advance research and pedagogy about teaching and learning, and offer thought-provoking insight into what scholars and practitioners who explore communication, teaching, and learning can contribute to those inside and outside of our discipline. DA - 2014/7/11/ PY - 2014/7/11/ DO - 10.1080/03634523.2014.934849 VL - 63 IS - 4 SP - 366-382 J2 - Communication Education LA - en OP - SN - 0363-4523 1479-5795 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2014.934849 DB - Crossref KW - Communication Pedagogy KW - New Directions for Communication Inquiry KW - Communication and Learning KW - Teaching Communication KW - Agenda Setting for Communication Pedagogy and Practice ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetics and genomics of alcohol sensitivity AU - Morozova, Tatiana V. AU - Mackay, Trudy F. C. AU - Anholt, Robert R. H. T2 - Molecular Genetics and Genomics AB - Alcohol abuse and alcoholism incur a heavy socioeconomic cost in many countries. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to variation in the inebriating effects of alcohol and alcohol addiction among individuals within and across populations. From a genetics perspective, alcohol sensitivity is a quantitative trait determined by the cumulative effects of multiple segregating genes and their interactions with the environment. This review summarizes insights from model organisms as well as human populations that represent our current understanding of the genetic and genomic underpinnings that govern alcohol metabolism and the sedative and addictive effects of alcohol on the nervous system. DA - 2014/1/7/ PY - 2014/1/7/ DO - 10.1007/S00438-013-0808-Y VL - 289 IS - 3 SP - 253-269 J2 - Mol Genet Genomics LA - en OP - SN - 1617-4615 1617-4623 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S00438-013-0808-Y DB - Crossref KW - Addiction KW - Behavioral genetics KW - Genome-wide association KW - Quantitative trait loci KW - Meta-analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Production of lignofuels and electrofuels by extremely thermophilic microbes AU - Keller, Matthew AU - Loder, Andrew AU - Basen, Mirko AU - Izquierdo, Javier AU - Kelly, Robert M. AU - Adams, Michael W.W. T2 - Biofuels AB - Extreme thermophiles are microorganisms that grow optimally at elevated temperatures (≥ 70°C). They could play an important role in the emerging renewable energy landscape by exploiting thermophily to produce liquid transportation fuels. For example, Caldicellulosiruptor species can grow on unpretreated plant biomass near 80°C utilizing novel multi-domain glycoside hydrolases. Through metabolic engineering, advanced biofuels compatible with existing infrastructure liquid biofuels, so-called lignofuels, could be produced to establish consolidated bioprocessing at high temperatures. In another case, a new paradigm, electrofuels, addresses the inefficiency of biofuel production through the direct synthesis of advanced fuels from carbon dioxide using hydrogen gas as the electron carrier. This requires coupling of biological electron utilization to carbon dioxide fixation and ultimately to fuel synthesis. Using a hyperthermophilic host Pyrococcus furiosus and synthetic metabolic pathways comprised of genes from less thermophilic sources, temperature-regulated biosynthesis of industrial organic chemicals and liquid fuel molecules are possible. Herein, we review recent progress towards the synthesis of lignofuels and electrofuels by extremely thermophilic microorganisms. DA - 2014/9/3/ PY - 2014/9/3/ DO - 10.1080/17597269.2014.996729 VL - 5 IS - 5 SP - 499-515 J2 - Biofuels LA - en OP - SN - 1759-7269 1759-7277 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2014.996729 DB - Crossref KW - extreme thermophiles KW - Pyrococcus furiosus KW - Metallosphaera sedula KW - Caldicellulosiruptor KW - biofuels KW - electrofuels KW - CO2 fixation KW - lignocellulose ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular traces of alternative social organization in a termite genome AU - Terrapon, Nicolas AU - Li, Cai AU - Robertson, Hugh M. AU - Ji, Lu AU - Meng, Xuehong AU - Booth, Warren AU - Chen, Zhensheng AU - Childers, Christopher P. AU - Glastad, Karl M. AU - Gokhale, Kaustubh AU - Gowin, Johannes AU - Gronenberg, Wulfila AU - Hermansen, Russell A. AU - Hu, Haofu AU - Hunt, Brendan G. AU - Huylmans, Ann Kathrin AU - Khalil, Sayed M. S. AU - Mitchell, Robert D. AU - Munoz-Torres, Monica C. AU - Mustard, Julie A. AU - Pan, Hailin AU - Reese, Justin T. AU - Scharf, Michael E. AU - Sun, Fengming AU - Vogel, Heiko AU - Xiao, Jin AU - Yang, Wei AU - Yang, Zhikai AU - Yang, Zuoquan AU - Zhou, Jiajian AU - Zhu, Jiwei AU - Brent, Colin S. AU - Elsik, Christine G. AU - Goodisman, Michael A. D. AU - Liberles, David A. AU - Roe, R. Michael AU - Vargo, Edward L. AU - Vilcinskas, Andreas AU - Wang, Jun AU - Bornberg-Bauer, Erich AU - Korb, Judith AU - Zhang, Guojie AU - Liebig, Jürgen T2 - Nature Communications AB - Although eusociality evolved independently within several orders of insects, research into the molecular underpinnings of the transition towards social complexity has been confined primarily to Hymenoptera (for example, ants and bees). Here we sequence the genome and stage-specific transcriptomes of the dampwood termite Zootermopsis nevadensis (Blattodea) and compare them with similar data for eusocial Hymenoptera, to better identify commonalities and differences in achieving this significant transition. We show an expansion of genes related to male fertility, with upregulated gene expression in male reproductive individuals reflecting the profound differences in mating biology relative to the Hymenoptera. For several chemoreceptor families, we show divergent numbers of genes, which may correspond to the more claustral lifestyle of these termites. We also show similarities in the number and expression of genes related to caste determination mechanisms. Finally, patterns of DNA methylation and alternative splicing support a hypothesized epigenetic regulation of caste differentiation. Although termites are major human pests, they have an important role in maintaining ecosystem function and biodiversity. Here, the authors sequence the genome and transcriptomes of a dampwood termite and highlight genes that may be involved in the mechanisms underlying insect social behaviour. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.1038/NCOMMS4636 VL - 5 IS - 1 J2 - Nat Commun LA - en OP - SN - 2041-1723 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NCOMMS4636 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Excel-Based Decision Support System for Supply Chain Design and Management of Biofuels AU - Acharya, Ambarish M. AU - Gonzales, Daniela S. AU - Eksioglu, Sandra D. AU - Arora, Sumesh T2 - International Journal of Operations Research and Information Systems AB - This article presents a Decision Support System (DSS) to aid managers with supply chain (SC) design and logistics management of biomass-for-biofuel production. These tools play a very important role in efficiently managing biomass-for-biofuel SCs and have the potential to reduce the cost of biofuels. The proposed model coordinates the long-term decisions of designing a SC with the medium term decisions of logistics management. This system has the ability to (a) identify locations and capacities for biorefineries, given the availability of biomass and costs; (b) estimate the minimum cost of delivering biofuels, which include transportation, investment, and processing costs; and (c) perform sensitivity analyses with respect to a number of parameters. Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is used to create the interface of the DSS, and Excel's CPLEX Add-In is used to solve the mathematical models. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.4018/ijoris.2014100102 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - 26-43 LA - en OP - SN - 1947-9328 1947-9336 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijoris.2014100102 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Top 10 oomycete pathogens in molecular plant pathology AU - Kamoun, Sophien AU - Furzer, Oliver AU - Jones, Jonathan D. G. AU - Judelson, Howard S. AU - Ali, Gul Shad AU - Dalio, Ronaldo J. D. AU - Roy, Sanjoy Guha AU - Schena, Leonardo AU - Zambounis, Antonios AU - Panabières, Franck AU - Cahill, David AU - Ruocco, Michelina AU - Figueiredo, Andreia AU - Chen, Xiao-Ren AU - Hulvey, Jon AU - Stam, Remco AU - Lamour, Kurt AU - Gijzen, Mark AU - Tyler, Brett M. AU - Grünwald, Niklaus J. AU - Mukhtar, M. Shahid AU - Tomé, Daniel F. A. AU - Tör, Mahmut AU - Van Den Ackerveken, Guido AU - McDowell, John AU - Daayf, Fouad AU - Fry, William E. AU - Lindqvist-Kreuze, Hannele AU - Meijer, Harold J. G. AU - Petre, Benjamin AU - Ristaino, Jean AU - Yoshida, Kentaro AU - Birch, Paul R. J. AU - Govers, Francine T2 - Molecular Plant Pathology AB - Oomycetes form a deep lineage of eukaryotic organisms that includes a large number of plant pathogens which threaten natural and managed ecosystems. We undertook a survey to query the community for their ranking of plant-pathogenic oomycete species based on scientific and economic importance. In total, we received 263 votes from 62 scientists in 15 countries for a total of 33 species. The Top 10 species and their ranking are: (1) Phytophthora infestans; (2, tied) Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis; (2, tied) Phytophthora ramorum; (4) Phytophthora sojae; (5) Phytophthora capsici; (6) Plasmopara viticola; (7) Phytophthora cinnamomi; (8, tied) Phytophthora parasitica; (8, tied) Pythium ultimum; and (10) Albugo candida. This article provides an introduction to these 10 taxa and a snapshot of current research. We hope that the list will serve as a benchmark for future trends in oomycete research. DA - 2014/12/11/ PY - 2014/12/11/ DO - 10.1111/mpp.12190 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 413-434 J2 - Molecular Plant Pathology LA - en OP - SN - 1464-6722 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12190 DB - Crossref KW - oomycetes plant pathology KW - microbiology KW - diversity KW - genomics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of the Salivary Gland Transcriptome of Frankliniella occidentalis AU - Stafford-Banks, Candice A. AU - Rotenberg, Dorith AU - Johnson, Brian R. AU - Whitfield, Anna E. AU - Ullman, Diane E. T2 - PLoS ONE AB - Saliva is known to play a crucial role in insect feeding behavior and virus transmission. Currently, little is known about the salivary glands and saliva of thrips, despite the fact that Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (the western flower thrips) is a serious pest due to its destructive feeding, wide host range, and transmission of tospoviruses. As a first step towards characterizing thrips salivary gland functions, we sequenced the transcriptome of the primary salivary glands of F. occidentalis using short read sequencing (Illumina) technology. A de novo-assembled transcriptome revealed 31,392 high quality contigs with an average size of 605 bp. A total of 12,166 contigs had significant BLASTx or tBLASTx hits (E≤1.0E−6) to known proteins, whereas a high percentage (61.24%) of contigs had no apparent protein or nucleotide hits. Comparison of the F. occidentalis salivary gland transcriptome (sialotranscriptome) against a published F. occidentalis full body transcriptome assembled from Roche-454 reads revealed several contigs with putative annotations associated with salivary gland functions. KEGG pathway analysis of the sialotranscriptome revealed that the majority (18 out of the top 20 predicted KEGG pathways) of the salivary gland contig sequences match proteins involved in metabolism. We identified several genes likely to be involved in detoxification and inhibition of plant defense responses including aldehyde dehydrogenase, metalloprotease, glucose oxidase, glucose dehydrogenase, and regucalcin. We also identified several genes that may play a role in the extra-oral digestion of plant structural tissues including β-glucosidase and pectin lyase; and the extra-oral digestion of sugars, including α-amylase, maltase, sucrase, and α-glucosidase. This is the first analysis of a sialotranscriptome for any Thysanopteran species and it provides a foundational tool to further our understanding of how thrips interact with their plant hosts and the viruses they transmit. DA - 2014/4/15/ PY - 2014/4/15/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0094447 VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - e94447 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en OP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094447 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plant pest destruction goes viral AU - Whitfield, Anna E AU - Rotenberg, Dorith AU - German, Thomas L T2 - Nature Biotechnology DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1038/nbt.2787 VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - 65-66 J2 - Nat Biotechnol LA - en OP - SN - 1087-0156 1546-1696 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2787 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disruption of Vector Transmission by a Plant-Expressed Viral Glycoprotein AU - Montero-Astúa, Mauricio AU - Rotenberg, Dorith AU - Leach-Kieffaber, Alexandria AU - Schneweis, Brandi A. AU - Park, Sunghun AU - Park, Jungeun K. AU - German, Thomas L. AU - Whitfield, Anna E. T2 - Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions AB - Vector-borne viruses are a threat to human, animal, and plant health worldwide, requiring the development of novel strategies for their control. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is one of the 10 most economically significant plant viruses and, together with other tospoviruses, is a threat to global food security. TSWV is transmitted by thrips, including the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Previously, we demonstrated that the TSWV glycoprotein G N binds to thrips vector midguts. We report here the development of transgenic plants that interfere with TSWV acquisition and transmission by the insect vector. Tomato plants expressing G N -S protein supported virus accumulation and symptom expression comparable with nontransgenic plants. However, virus titers in larval insects exposed to the infected transgenic plants were three-log lower than insects exposed to infected nontransgenic control plants. The negative effect of the G N -S transgenics on insect virus titers persisted to adulthood, as shown by four-log lower virus titers in adults and an average reduction of 87% in transmission efficiencies. These results demonstrate that an initial reduction in virus infection of the insect can result in a significant decrease in virus titer and transmission over the lifespan of the vector, supportive of a dose-dependent relationship in the virus–vector interaction. These findings demonstrate that plant expression of a viral protein can be an effective way to block virus transmission by insect vectors. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1094/mpmi-09-13-0287-fi VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - 296-304 J2 - MPMI LA - en OP - SN - 0894-0282 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-09-13-0287-fi DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Food Insecurity in Rural America AU - Piontak, Joy Rayanne AU - Schulman, Michael D. T2 - Contexts AB - Sociologists Joy Rayanne Piontak and Michael D. Schulman explore spatial inequalities in food insecurity in the United States, specifically the problems of hunger and food access in non-metropolitan and rural localities. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1177/1536504214545766 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 75-77 J2 - Contexts LA - en OP - SN - 1536-5042 1537-6052 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536504214545766 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pesticide Exposure and Depression among Male Private Pesticide Applicators in the Agricultural Health Study AU - Beard, John D. AU - Umbach, David M. AU - Hoppin, Jane A. AU - Richards, Marie AU - Alavanja, Michael C.R. AU - Blair, Aaron AU - Sandler, Dale P. AU - Kamel, Freya T2 - Environmental Health Perspectives AB - Pesticide exposure may be positively associated with depression. Few previous studies have considered the episodic nature of depression or examined individual pesticides.We evaluated associations between pesticide exposure and depression among male private pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study.We analyzed data for 10 pesticide classes and 50 specific pesticides used by 21,208 applicators enrolled in 1993-1997 who completed a follow-up telephone interview in 2005-2010. We divided applicators who reported a physician diagnosis of depression (n = 1,702; 8%) into those who reported a previous diagnosis of depression at enrollment but not follow-up (n = 474; 28%), at both enrollment and follow-up (n = 540; 32%), and at follow-up but not enrollment (n = 688; 40%) and used polytomous logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs. We used inverse probability weighting to adjust for potential confounders and to account for the exclusion of 3,315 applicators with missing covariate data and 24,619 who did not complete the follow-up interview.After weighting for potential confounders, missing covariate data, and dropout, ever-use of two pesticide classes, fumigants and organochlorine insecticides, and seven individual pesticides-the fumigants aluminum phosphide and ethylene dibromide; the phenoxy herbicide (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T); the organochlorine insecticide dieldrin; and the organophosphate insecticides diazinon, malathion, and parathion-were all positively associated with depression in each case group, with ORs between 1.1 and 1.9.Our study supports a positive association between pesticide exposure and depression, including associations with several specific pesticides. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1289/ehp.1307450 VL - 122 IS - 9 SP - 984-991 J2 - Environmental Health Perspectives LA - en OP - SN - 0091-6765 1552-9924 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307450 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Structure and decay of a proto-Y region in Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus AU - Gammerdinger, William J AU - Conte, Matthew A AU - Acquah, Enoch A AU - Roberts, Reade B AU - Kocher, Thomas D T2 - BMC Genomics AB - Sex-determination genes drive the evolution of adjacent chromosomal regions. Sexually antagonistic selection favors the accumulation of inversions that reduce recombination in regions adjacent to the sex-determination gene. Once established, the clonal inheritance of sex-linked inversions leads to the accumulation of deleterious alleles, repetitive elements and a gradual decay of sex-linked genes. This in turn creates selective pressures for the evolution of mechanisms that compensate for the unequal dosage of gene expression. Here we use whole genome sequencing to characterize the structure of a young sex chromosome and quantify sex-specific gene expression in the developing gonad. We found an 8.8 Mb block of strong differentiation between males and females that corresponds to the location of a previously mapped sex-determiner on linkage group 1 of Oreochromis niloticus. Putatively disruptive mutations are found in many of the genes within this region. We also found a significant female-bias in the expression of genes within the block of differentiation compared to those outside the block of differentiation. Eight candidate sex-determination genes were identified within this region. This study demonstrates a block of differentiation on linkage group 1, suggestive of an 8.8 Mb inversion encompassing the sex-determining locus. The enrichment of female-biased gene expression inside the proposed inversion suggests incomplete dosage compensation. This study helps establish a model for studying the early-to-intermediate stages of sex chromosome evolution. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1186/1471-2164-15-975 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 975 J2 - BMC Genomics LA - en OP - SN - 1471-2164 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-15-975 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Risk and Insecticide, Fungicide and Fumigant Use in the Agricultural Health Study AU - Alavanja, Michael C. R. AU - Hofmann, Jonathan N. AU - Lynch, Charles F. AU - Hines, Cynthia J. AU - Barry, Kathryn H. AU - Barker, Joseph AU - Buckman, Dennis W. AU - Thomas, Kent AU - Sandler, Dale P. AU - Hoppin, Jane A. AU - Koutros, Stella AU - Andreotti, Gabriella AU - Lubin, Jay H. AU - Blair, Aaron AU - Beane Freeman, Laura E. T2 - PLoS ONE AB - Farming and pesticide use have previously been linked to non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and multiple myeloma (MM). We evaluated agricultural use of specific insecticides, fungicides, and fumigants and risk of NHL and NHL-subtypes (including CLL and MM) in a U.S.-based prospective cohort of farmers and commercial pesticide applicators. A total of 523 cases occurred among 54,306 pesticide applicators from enrollment (1993-97) through December 31, 2011 in Iowa, and December 31, 2010 in North Carolina. Information on pesticide use, other agricultural exposures and other factors was obtained from questionnaires at enrollment and at follow-up approximately five years later (1999-2005). Information from questionnaires, monitoring, and the literature were used to create lifetime-days and intensity-weighted lifetime days of pesticide use, taking into account exposure-modifying factors. Poisson and polytomous models were used to calculate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to evaluate associations between 26 pesticides and NHL and five NHL-subtypes, while adjusting for potential confounding factors. For total NHL, statistically significant positive exposure-response trends were seen with lindane and DDT. Terbufos was associated with total NHL in ever/never comparisons only. In subtype analyses, terbufos and DDT were associated with small cell lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia/marginal cell lymphoma, lindane and diazinon with follicular lymphoma, and permethrin with MM. However, tests of homogeneity did not show significant differences in exposure-response among NHL-subtypes for any pesticide. Because 26 pesticides were evaluated for their association with NHL and its subtypes, some chance finding could have occurred. Our results showed pesticides from different chemical and functional classes were associated with an excess risk of NHL and NHL subtypes, but not all members of any single class of pesticides were associated with an elevated risk of NHL or NHL subtypes. These findings are among the first to suggest links between DDT, lindane, permethrin, diazinon and terbufos with NHL subtypes. DA - 2014/10/22/ PY - 2014/10/22/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0109332 VL - 9 IS - 10 SP - e109332 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en OP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109332 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Programmable Removal of Bacterial Strains by Use of Genome-Targeting CRISPR-Cas Systems AU - Gomaa, A. A. AU - Klumpe, H. E. AU - Luo, M. L. AU - Selle, K. AU - Barrangou, R. AU - Beisel, C. L. T2 - mBio AB - CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas (CRISPR-associated) systems in bacteria and archaea employ CRISPR RNAs to specifically recognize the complementary DNA of foreign invaders, leading to sequence-specific cleavage or degradation of the target DNA. Recent work has shown that the accidental or intentional targeting of the bacterial genome is cytotoxic and can lead to cell death. Here, we have demonstrated that genome targeting with CRISPR-Cas systems can be employed for the sequence-specific and titratable removal of individual bacterial strains and species. Using the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system in Escherichia coli as a model, we found that this effect could be elicited using native or imported systems and was similarly potent regardless of the genomic location, strand, or transcriptional activity of the target sequence. Furthermore, the specificity of targeting with CRISPR RNAs could readily distinguish between even highly similar strains in pure or mixed cultures. Finally, varying the collection of delivered CRISPR RNAs could quantitatively control the relative number of individual strains within a mixed culture. Critically, the observed selectivity and programmability of bacterial removal would be virtually impossible with traditional antibiotics, bacteriophages, selectable markers, or tailored growth conditions. Once delivery challenges are addressed, we envision that this approach could offer a novel means to quantitatively control the composition of environmental and industrial microbial consortia and may open new avenues for the development of "smart" antibiotics that circumvent multidrug resistance and differentiate between pathogenic and beneficial microorganisms.Controlling the composition of microbial populations is a critical aspect in medicine, biotechnology, and environmental cycles. While different antimicrobial strategies, such as antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides, and lytic bacteriophages, offer partial solutions, what remains elusive is a generalized and programmable strategy that can distinguish between even closely related microorganisms and that allows for fine control over the composition of a microbial population. This study demonstrates that RNA-directed immune systems in bacteria and archaea called CRISPR-Cas systems can provide such a strategy. These systems can be employed to selectively and quantitatively remove individual bacterial strains based purely on sequence information, creating opportunities in the treatment of multidrug-resistant infections, the control of industrial fermentations, and the study of microbial consortia. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1128/mbio.00928-13 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - e00928-13-e00928-13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unraveling the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 for gene therapy AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe AU - May, Andrew P T2 - Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy AB - The molecular machinery from the prokaryotic clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas immune system has broadly been repurposed for genome editing in eukaryotes. In particular, the sequence-specific Cas9 endonuclease can be flexibly harnessed for the genesis of precise double-stranded DNA breaks, using single guide RNAs that are readily programmable. The endogenous DNA repair machinery subsequently generates genome modifications, either by random insertion or deletions using non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), or designed integration of mutations or genetic material using homology-directed repair (HDR) templates. This technology has opened new avenues for the investigation of genetic diseases in general, and for gene therapy applications in particular. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1517/14712598.2015.994501 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - 311-314 KW - Cas9 KW - CRISPR KW - gene therapy KW - genome editing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bacteriophage exclusion, a new defense system AU - Barrangou, R. AU - Oost, J. T2 - The EMBO Journal AB - Have you seen?12 December 2014free access Bacteriophage exclusion, a new defense system Rodolphe Barrangou Rodolphe Barrangou Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Search for more papers by this author John van der Oost John van der Oost [email protected] Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands Search for more papers by this author Rodolphe Barrangou Rodolphe Barrangou Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Search for more papers by this author John van der Oost John van der Oost [email protected] Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands Search for more papers by this author Author Information Rodolphe Barrangou1 and John Oost2 1Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA 2Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands The EMBO Journal (2015)34:134-135https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.201490620 See also: T Goldfarb et al (January 2015) PDFDownload PDF of article text and main figures. ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyWechatReddit Figures & Info The ability to withstand viral predation is critical for survival of most microbes. Accordingly, a plethora of phage resistance systems has been identified in bacterial genomes (Labrie et al, 2010), including restriction-modification systems (R-M) (Tock & Dryden, 2005), abortive infection (Abi) (Chopin et al, 2005), Argonaute-based interference (Swarts et al, 2014), as well as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and associated protein (Cas) adaptive immune system (CRISPR-Cas) (Barrangou & Marraffini, 2014; Van der Oost et al, 2014). Predictably, the dark matter of bacterial genomes contains a wealth of genetic gold. A study published in this issue of The EMBO Journal by Goldfarb et al (2015) unveils bacteriophage exclusion (BREX) as a novel, widespread bacteriophage resistance system that provides innate immunity against virulent and temperate phage in bacteria. It is well documented that viruses engage in a continuous co-evolutionary arms race with their microbial hosts, which has generated a broad arsenal of phage resistance mechanisms that are, in different combinations, widespread in bacteria and archaea. Actually, this evolutionary dialogue has shaped the genomic trajectory of microbial chromosomes, and previous studies have shown that phage resistance mechanisms often cluster within genomic defense islands (Makarova et al, 2011). One such defense island includes pglZ, which has been implicated in phage resistance as defined by phage growth limitation (Pgl) in Streptomyces coelicolor (Chinenova et al, 1982). The Pgl genotype consists of pglWXYZ, an operon encoding a serine/threonine kinase (PglW), an adenine-specific methyltransferase (PglX), an ATP-binding P-loop protein (PglY) and an alkaline phosphatase (PglZ). Investigating the occurrence of PglZ-containing cassettes in the genomes of ~1,500 bacteria and archaea, Goldfarb and collaborators establish that this phage resistance system is phylogenetically widespread, subject to horizontal gene transfer, and occurs in approximately 10% of microbial genomes. In the majority of cases, pglZ appears in a six-gene cassette (which they call BREX), which includes pglZ itself (phosphatase), pglX (methyltransferase) as well as brxABCL, that encodes an RNA-binding anti-termination protein (BrxA), an unknown protein (BrxB), an ATP-binding protein (BrxC) and a protease (BrxL). Further comparative analyses established six major BREX types based on gene sequence, content and number, all containing pglZ. In order to establish a direct correlation between the BREX genotype and a phage resistance phenotype, the authors insert the Bacillus cereus BREX system (Fig 1) into the Bacillus subtilis chromosome and confirm functional transcription in two operons (brxABC-pglX and pglZ-brxL). Next, they use a range of lytic and lysogenic phages for viral infection. Results show up to 10−5 reduction in efficiency of plaquing, illustrating a relatively high level of BREX-dependent phage resistance against both virulent and temperate phages. Figure 1. Bacteriophage exclusion(A) Invasion of a bacterial host by a temperate phage (left, red) and a lytic phage (purple, right). In the absence of an effective defense response, invasion will result in integration of the viral DNA in the host chromosome, whereas the DNA of the lytic viruses will be transcribed, translated and replicated, eventually leading to a new generation of viruses and lysis of the host cell. (B) Bacterial hosts that possess the bacteriophage exclusion (BREX) system are resistant to many (but not all) temperate and lytic phages. Different types of BREX systems are encoded by conserved gene clusters (in case of type-1 BREX from Bacillus cereus, two operons: brxABC-pglX and then pglZ-brxL). The well-conserved core of the BREX system includes three enzymes with (predicted) functionality: an ATP-binding P-loop protein (PglY/BrxC, C), an alkaline phosphatase (PglZ, Z) and a methyl-transferase (PglX, X) that specifically methylates TAGGAG. The B. cereus BREX system has been demonstrated to inhibit the integration of temperate phages, as well as the replication (and proliferation) of lytic phages (Goldfarb et al, 2015). Download figure Download PowerPoint Mechanistically, the authors reveal that BREX is distinct from the canonical Pgl system, as it provides phage resistance prior to the first round of infection. Because neither the release of newly generated phages, nor the integration of phage into the host chromosome was detected, they conclude that the BREX system provides resistance against both lytic and lysogenic phages. The authors rule out abortive infection and also show that BREX does not prevent phage adsorption, but rather blocks phage DNA replication. Remarkably, using Pac-Bio sequencing, the authors demonstrate that the host DNA is widely m6A methylated at the fifth position of a non-palindromic 5′-TAGGAG-3′ hexamer motif, whereas the phage DNA is not, perhaps allowing the host to distinguish viral from chromosomal DNA and presumably prevent self targeting. Indeed, deletion of the pglX gene that encodes a DNA methylase results in abrogated resistance, strongly suggesting that methylation of the host chromosome is required for BREX-mediated viral defense. Southern blot analyses of total cellular DNA reveal replication of phage DNA in BREX-lacking cells, but not in BREX-encoding cells. The authors exclude a mechanism of action akin to R-M, as there was no sign of phage DNA cleavage or degradation, suggesting that BREX is involved in inhibiting phage replication and propagation rather than degradation of viral DNA. The authors also test whether BREX can confer resistance against plasmid DNA uptake; results indicate that there is a mild effect on episomal plasmid uptake, and no impact on integrative plasmid transformation. Other experiments reveal the ability of some phages to evade or circumvent BREX-encoded resistance, in a manner reminiscent of what was recently established for bacteriophage escape of CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems (Bondy-Denomy et al, 2013), further illustrating the arms race nature of host-phage dynamics. Overall, this study provides the crucial proof of concept that BREX constitutes a novel phage resistance system, which is distinct from previously characterized viral defense mechanisms, both genetically and phenotypically. This defense system allows phage absorption and DNA integration into the host cell, but precludes viral replication in a methylation-dependent manner, unraveling a role for epigenetics in bacterial virus resistance. Though present in only 10% of microbial genomes, this innate immune system is phylogenetically widespread. Future studies should determine the molecular underpinning of BREX-encoded immunity in bacteria and shed light on the biochemical processes that drive host chromosome methylation-dependent phage resistance. Additional studies should assess whether this system has a fitness cost and whether it coexists with other defense systems, notably R-M, Abi and CRISPR. The findings presented in Goldfarb et al advance our understanding of the role of phage resistance systems in the arms race between bacterial communities and their viral predators and potentially open new avenues for engineered phage resistance in bacteria. References Barrangou R, Marraffini LA (2014) CRISPR-Cas systems: prokaryotes upgrade to adaptive immunity. Mol Cell 54: 234–244CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bondy-Denomy J, Pawluk A, Maxwell KL, Davidson AR (2013) Bacteriophage genes that inactivate the CRISPR/Cas bacterial immune system. Nature 493: 429–432CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Chinenova TA, Mkrtumian NM, Momovskaia ND (1982) Genetic characteristics of a new phage resistance trait in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Genetika 18: 1945–1952CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Chopin MC, Chopin A, Bidnenko E (2005) Phage abortive infection in lactococci: variations on a theme. Curr Opin Microbiol 8: 473–479CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Goldfarb T, Sberro H, Weinstock W, Cohen O, Doron S, Charpak A, Afik S, Ofir G, Sorek R (2015) BREX, a phage resistance system widespread in microbial genomes. EMBO J 34: 169–183Wiley Online LibraryPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Labrie SJ, Samson JE, Moineau S (2010) Bacteriophage resistance mechanisms. Nat Rev Microbiol 8: 317–327CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Makarova KS, Wolf YI, Snir S, Koonin EV (2011) Defense islands in bacterial and archaeal genomes and prediction of novel defense systems. J Bacteriol 193: 6039–6056CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Swarts DC, Makarova K, Wang Y, Nakanishi K, Ketting RF, Koonin EV, Patel DJ, van der Oost J (2014) The evolutionary journey of the Argonaute proteins. Nat Struct Mol Biol 21: 743–753CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Tock MR, Dryden DT (2005) The biology of restriction and anti-restriction. Curr Opin Microbiol 8: 466–472CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Van der Oost J, Westra ER, Jackson RN, Wiedenheft B (2014) Unravelling the structural and mechanistic basis of CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat Rev Microbiol 12: 479–492CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Previous ArticleNext Article Read MoreAbout the coverClose modalView large imageVolume 34,Issue 2,14 January 2015Cover: Samburu lioness. A lioness marches across the grasslands of Samburu in northern Kenya. The moment was captured by Susan McConnell, a developmental neurobiologist and conservation photographer from Stanford, CA. You can explore more of her stunning photography at http://www.susankmcconnell.com. Volume 34Issue 214 January 2015In this issue FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsLoading ... DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.15252/embj.201490620 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 134-135 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Short communication: Determination of Salmonella clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) diversity on dairy farms in Wisconsin and Minnesota AU - Wehnes, C.A. AU - Rehberger, T.G. AU - Barrangou, R. AU - Smith, A.H. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science AB - Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica is a foodborne pathogen able to cause disease in both humans and animals. Diverse serovars of this pathogen exist, some of which are host specific, causing a range of clinical symptoms from asymptomatic infection through morbidity and mortality. According to a 2007 survey by the USDA National Animal Health Monitoring System, fecal shedding of Salmonella from healthy cows occurs on 39.7% of dairy farms in the United States. Certain serovars are frequently isolated from dairy farms and the majority of isolates from the National Animal Health Monitoring System study were represented by 5 serovars; however, genotypic diversity was not examined. The objective of this study was to determine the diversity of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) loci in Salmonella collected from 8 dairy farms with a previous history of salmonellosis. None of the cows or calves sampled on 2 of the 8 dairy farms were shedding Salmonella, although Salmonella was detected in a cow bedding sample on 1 of these farms. Salmonella populations were discrete on each farm, according to CRISPR typing, with the exception of an Anatum var. 15+ type on farms 5 and 6 and the Montevideo type on farms 1 and 2. One to 4 distinct CRISPR genotypes were identified per farm. The CRISPR typing differed within serovars, as Montevideo, Anatum var. 15+, and Muenster serovars had no overlap of spacer content, even on the same farm, reflecting between- and within-serovar genetic diversity. The dynamic nature of Salmonella populations was shown in a farm that was sampled longitudinally over 13.5 mo. Changes in serovar from 3,19:-:z27 to Montevideo was observed between the first sampling time and 8 mo later, with concomitant change in CRISPR alleles. The results indicate that Salmonella strains present in smaller dairy herds (<500 head) are specific to that farm and new Salmonella strains may emerge over time. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.3168/jds.2013-7595 VL - 97 IS - 10 SP - 6370-6377 KW - salmonellosis KW - cow KW - clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Functions and Applications of RNA-Guided CRISPR-Cas Immune Systems AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe AU - Horvath, Philippe T2 - Encyclopedia of Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine AB - Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs), together with CRISPR-associated sequences (cas) constitute the CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune system in bacteria and archaea. Adaptive immunity is built into CRISPR arrays through the uptake of small pieces of invasive nucleic acids, such as viruses and plasmids. Acquired immunity is subsequently mediated by small interfering RNAs transcribed from these loci, that guide specific cleavage of complementary sequences by nucleases. Studies have established that CRISPR loci and their RNA-guided interference machinery can be exploited for a broad array of applications. Adaptive immunity can be built against viruses, or to preclude the uptake of undesirable sequences. The inheritable and hypervariable nature of these loci can be used to track the phylogenetic path of an organism and reveal the evolutionary interplay between hosts and their viruses. Recently, a new customizable genome editing system was developed based on these versatile interfering RNAs to specifically guide nucleases for sequence cleavage. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.1002/3527600906.mcb.20130001 ER - TY - CONF TI - Evolutionary relationships and displacements of historic and present day Phytophthora infestans T2 - AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA C2 - 2014/// C3 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY DA - 2014/// VL - 104 SP - 104-104 M1 - 11 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An ephemeral sexual population of Phytophthora infestans in the northeastern United States and Canada T2 - PLoS One DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 9 IS - 12 SP - e116354 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Arabidopsis transformation with large bacterial artificial chromosomes AU - Alonso, J.M. AU - Stepanova, A.N. AB - The study of a gene’s function requires, in many cases, the ability to reintroduce the gene of interest or its modified version back into the organism of choice. One potential caveat of this approach is that not only the coding region but also the regulatory sequences of a gene should be included in the corresponding transgenic construct. Even in species with well-annotated genomes, such as Arabidopsis, it is nearly impossible to predict which sequences are responsible for the proper expression of a gene. One way to circumvent this problem is to utilize a large fragment of genomic DNA that contains the coding region of the gene of interest and at least 5–10 kb of flanking genomic sequences. To facilitate these types of experiments, libraries harboring large genomic DNA fragments in binary vectors have been constructed for Arabidopsis and several other plant species. Working with these large clones, however, requires some special precautions. In this chapter, we describe the experimental procedures and extra cautionary measures involved in the identification of the clone containing the gene of interest, its transfer from E. coli to Agrobacterium, and the generation, verification, and analysis of the corresponding transgenic plants. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1007/978-1-62703-580-4_15 VL - 1062 SE - 271-283 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84934439816&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - A recombineering-based gene tagging system for Arabidopsis AU - Alonso, J.M. AU - Stepanova, A.N. T2 - Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: Second Edition AB - Many of the experimental approaches aimed at studying gene function heavily rely on the ability to make precise modifications in the gene’s DNA sequence. Homologous recombination (HR)-based strategies provide a convenient way to create such types of modifications. HR-based DNA sequence manipulations can be enormously facilitated by expressing in E. coli a small set of bacteriophage proteins that make the exchange of DNA between a linear donor and the target DNA molecules extremely efficient. These in vivo recombineering techniques have been incorporated as essential components of the molecular toolbox in many model organisms. In this chapter, we describe the experimental procedures involved in recombineering-based tagging of an Arabidopsis gene contained in a plant transformation-ready bacterial artificial chromosome (TAC). PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1007/978-1-4939-1652-8_11 SP - 233-243 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84954591851&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Recombineering KW - Arabidopsis KW - Fluorescent protein KW - Lambda RED ER - TY - CHAP TI - Arabidopsis Transformation with Large Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes AU - Alonso, Jose M. AU - Stepanova, Anna N. T2 - Arabidopsis Protocols PY - 2014/// SP - 271-283 PB - SE - ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence of allergic sensitization in the United States: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2006 AU - Salo, Päivi M. AU - Arbes, Samuel J., Jr. AU - Jaramillo, Renee AU - Calatroni, Agustin AU - Weir, Charles H. AU - Sever, Michelle L. AU - Hoppin, Jane A. AU - Rose, Kathryn M. AU - Liu, Andrew H. AU - Gergen, Peter J. AU - Mitchell, Herman E. AU - Zeldin, Darryl C. T2 - Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology AB - Allergic sensitization is an important risk factor for the development of atopic disease. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2006 provides the most comprehensive information on IgE-mediated sensitization in the general US population.We investigated clustering, sociodemographic, and regional patterns of allergic sensitization and examined risk factors associated with IgE-mediated sensitization.Data for this cross-sectional analysis were obtained from NHANES 2005-2006. Participants aged 1 year or older (n = 9440) were tested for serum specific IgEs (sIgEs) to inhalant and food allergens; participants 6 years or older were tested for 19 sIgEs, and children aged 1 to 5 years were tested for 9 sIgEs. Serum samples were analyzed by using the ImmunoCAP System. Information on demographics and participants' characteristics was collected by means of questionnaire.Of the study population aged 6 years and older, 44.6% had detectable sIgEs, whereas 36.2% of children aged 1 to 5 years were sensitized to 1 or more allergens. Allergen-specific IgEs clustered into 7 groups that might have largely reflected biological cross-reactivity. Although sensitization to individual allergens and allergen types showed regional variation, the overall prevalence of sensitization did not differ across census regions, except in early childhood. In multivariate modeling young age, male sex, non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity, geographic location (census region), and reported pet avoidance measures were most consistently associated with IgE-mediated sensitization.The overall prevalence of allergic sensitization does not vary across US census regions, except in early life, although allergen-specific sensitization differs based on sociodemographic and regional factors. Biological cross-reactivity might be an important but not the sole contributor to the clustering of allergen-specific IgEs. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.12.1071 VL - 134 IS - 2 SP - 350-359 J2 - Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology LA - en OP - SN - 0091-6749 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.12.1071 DB - Crossref KW - Allergen KW - allergy KW - allergic sensitization KW - serum IgE ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reliability of triclosan measures in repeated urine samples from Norwegian pregnant women AU - Bertelsen, Randi J AU - Engel, Stephanie M AU - Jusko, Todd A AU - Calafat, Antonia M AU - Hoppin, Jane A AU - London, Stephanie J AU - Eggesbø, Merete AU - Aase, Heidi AU - Zeiner, Pål AU - Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted AU - Knudsen, Gun P AU - Guidry, Virginia T AU - Longnecker, Matthew P T2 - Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology AB - Triclosan (TCS) is a synthetic antibacterial chemical that is used in personal care products and is measurable in urine. Urinary TCS has been associated with allergy in children in Norway and the United States. A reasonable degree of temporal reliability of TCS urinary concentrations has been reported among US children as well as for Puerto Rican pregnant women. We examined the reliability of TCS measures in urine among Norwegian pregnant women. TCS was measured in spot urine samples collected in gestational weeks 17, 23, and 29 from 45 women in The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) enrolled in 2007 and 2008. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (rs) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) statistics were calculated. Fifty-six percent of the 45 women had a least one sample with a value above the method limit of detection (2.3 μg/l). The correlation coefficients were 0.61 for TCS concentrations at 17 and 23 weeks and 0.49 for concentrations at 17 and 29 weeks. For the three time points, the ICC was 0.49. The reliability of TCS concentrations in repeated urine samples from pregnant Norwegian women was reasonably good, suggesting a single urine sample can adequately represent TCS exposure during pregnancy. DA - 2014/1/29/ PY - 2014/1/29/ DO - 10.1038/jes.2013.95 VL - 24 IS - 5 SP - 517-521 J2 - J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol LA - en OP - SN - 1559-0631 1559-064X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jes.2013.95 DB - Crossref KW - biomarkers KW - MoBa KW - intraclass correlation coefficient KW - pregnancy KW - reliability KW - triclosan ER - TY - JOUR TI - Perfluoroalkyl Substances During Pregnancy and Validated Preeclampsia Among Nulliparous Women in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study AU - Starling, A. P. AU - Engel, S. M. AU - Richardson, D. B. AU - Baird, D. D. AU - Haug, L. S. AU - Stuebe, A. M. AU - Klungsoyr, K. AU - Harmon, Q. AU - Becher, G. AU - Thomsen, C. AU - Sabaredzovic, A. AU - Eggesbo, M. AU - Hoppin, J. A. AU - Travlos, G. S. AU - Wilson, R. E. AU - Trogstad, L. I. AU - Magnus, P. AU - Longnecker, M. P. T2 - American Journal of Epidemiology AB - Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent and ubiquitous environmental contaminants, and human exposure to these substances may be related to preeclampsia, a common pregnancy complication. Previous studies have found serum concentrations of PFAS to be positively associated with pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia in a population with high levels of exposure to perfluorooctanoate. Whether this association exists among pregnant women with background levels of PFAS exposure is unknown. Using data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study conducted by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, we carried out a study of nulliparous pregnant women enrolled in 2003-2007 (466 cases, 510 noncases) to estimate associations between PFAS concentrations and an independently validated diagnosis of preeclampsia. We measured levels of 9 PFAS in maternal plasma extracted midpregnancy; statistical analyses were restricted to 7 PFAS that were quantifiable in more than 50% of samples. In proportional hazards models adjusted for maternal age, prepregnancy body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)), educational level, and smoking status, we observed no strongly positive associations between PFAS levels and preeclampsia. We found an inverse association between preeclampsia and the highest quartile of perfluoroundecanoic acid concentration relative to the lowest quartile (hazard ratio = 0.55, 95% confidence interval: 0.38, 0.81). Overall, our findings do not support an increased risk of preeclampsia among nulliparous Norwegian women with background levels of PFAS exposure. DA - 2014/2/20/ PY - 2014/2/20/ DO - 10.1093/aje/kwt432 VL - 179 IS - 7 SP - 824-833 J2 - American Journal of Epidemiology LA - en OP - SN - 0002-9262 1476-6256 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt432 DB - Crossref KW - Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study KW - perfluoroalkyl substances KW - perfluorooctanoic acid KW - perfluorooctane sulfonate KW - perfluoroundecanoic acid KW - preeclampsia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter: Association with Nonaccidental and Cardiovascular Mortality in the Agricultural Health Study Cohort AU - Weichenthal, Scott AU - Villeneuve, Paul J. AU - Burnett, Richard T. AU - van Donkelaar, Aaron AU - Martin, Randall V. AU - Jones, Rena R. AU - DellaValle, Curt T. AU - Sandler, Dale P. AU - Ward, Mary H. AU - Hoppin, Jane A. T2 - Environmental Health Perspectives AB - Few studies have examined the relationship between long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nonaccidental mortality in rural populations.We examined the relationship between PM2.5 and nonaccidental and cardiovascular mortality in the U.S. Agricultural Health Study cohort.The cohort (n = 83,378) included farmers, their spouses, and commercial pesticide applicators residing primarily in Iowa and North Carolina. Deaths occurring between enrollment (1993-1997) and 30 December 2009 were identified by record linkage. Six-year average (2001-2006) remote-sensing derived estimates of PM2.5 were assigned to participants' residences at enrollment, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) in relation to a 10-μg/m(3) increase in PM2.5 adjusted for individual-level covariates.In total, 5,931 nonaccidental and 1,967 cardiovascular deaths occurred over a median follow-up time of 13.9 years. PM2.5 was not associated with nonaccidental mortality in the cohort as a whole (HR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.76, 1.20), but consistent inverse relationships were observed among women. Positive associations were observed between ambient PM2.5 and cardiovascular mortality among men, and these associations were strongest among men who did not move from their enrollment address (HR = 1.63; 95% 0.94, 2.84). In particular, cardiovascular mortality risk in men was significantly increased when analyses were limited to nonmoving participants with the most precise exposure geocoding (HR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.04, 3.36).Rural PM2.5 may be associated with cardiovascular mortality in men; however, similar associations were not observed among women. Further evaluation is required to explore these sex differences. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1289/ehp.1307277 VL - 122 IS - 6 SP - 609-615 J2 - Environmental Health Perspectives LA - en OP - SN - 0091-6765 1552-9924 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307277 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exacerbation of symptoms in agricultural pesticide applicators with asthma AU - Henneberger, P.K. AU - Liang, X. AU - London, S.J. AU - Umbach, D.M. AU - Sandler, D.P. AU - Hoppin, J.A. T2 - International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health AB - Exacerbation is a critical event in asthma management. We investigated whether exacerbation of symptoms is associated with farming exposures among agricultural pesticide applicators with asthma. Participants were pesticide applicators with active asthma (wheezing and breathing problems in past 12 months) who completed enrollment questionnaires for the Agricultural Health Study (AHS). Exacerbation of asthma was defined as having visited a hospital emergency room or doctor for an episode of wheezing or whistling in the past 12 months. Exposures of interest were using 36 specific pesticides in the past 12 months and conducting various agricultural activities. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were estimated by logistic regression while controlling for potential confounders. The 926 AHS adult pesticide applicators with active asthma included 202 (22 %) with exacerbation. Inverse associations with exacerbation were observed for two herbicides [glyphosate, odds ratio (OR) = 0.5, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.3, 0.8, and paraquat, OR = 0.3, 95 % CI 0.1, 0.9] and several agricultural activities (repairing engines, grinding metal, driving diesel tractors, and performing veterinary procedures). Only asthma cases with allergies (i.e., doctor-diagnosed hay fever or eczema, 46 %) had positive exacerbation–pesticide associations, with OR = 2.1 (95 % CI 1.1, 4.1) for the herbicide pendimethalin and OR = 10.2 (95 % CI 1.9, 55) for the insecticide aldicarb. The inverse associations with two pesticides and specific farm activities are consistent with the possibility that asthma cases prone to exacerbation may avoid exposures that trigger symptoms. Although limited by small sample size and a cross-sectional design, our study suggests that use of specific pesticides may contribute to exacerbation of asthma among individuals with allergies. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1007/s00420-013-0881-x VL - 87 IS - 4 SP - 423-432 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84901048698&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Perfluoroalkyl substances and lipid concentrations in plasma during pregnancy among women in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study AU - Starling, Anne P. AU - Engel, Stephanie M. AU - Whitworth, Kristina W. AU - Richardson, David B. AU - Stuebe, Alison M. AU - Daniels, Julie L. AU - Haug, Line Småstuen AU - Eggesbø, Merete AU - Becher, Georg AU - Sabaredzovic, Azemira AU - Thomsen, Cathrine AU - Wilson, Ralph E. AU - Travlos, Gregory S. AU - Hoppin, Jane A. AU - Baird, Donna D. AU - Longnecker, Matthew P. T2 - Environment International AB - Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widespread and persistent environmental pollutants. Previous studies, primarily among non-pregnant individuals, suggest positive associations between PFAS levels and certain blood lipids. If there is a causal link between PFAS concentrations and elevated lipids during pregnancy, this may suggest a mechanism by which PFAS exposure leads to certain adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preeclampsia. This cross-sectional analysis included 891 pregnant women enrolled in the Norwegian Mother and Child (MoBa) Cohort Study in 2003–2004. Non-fasting plasma samples were obtained at mid-pregnancy and analyzed for nineteen PFASs. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured in plasma. Linear regression was used to quantify associations between each PFAS exposure and each lipid outcome. A multiple PFAS model was also fitted. Seven PFASs were quantifiable in > 50% of samples. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) concentration was associated with total cholesterol, which increased 4.2 mg/dL per inter-quartile shift (95% CI = 0.8, 7.7) in adjusted models. Five of the seven PFASs studied were positively associated with HDL cholesterol, and all seven had elevated HDL associated with the highest quartile of exposure. Perfluoroundecanoic acid showed the strongest association with HDL: HDL increased 3.7 mg/dL per inter-quartile shift (95% CI = 2.5, 4.9). Plasma concentrations of PFASs were positively associated with HDL cholesterol, and PFOS was positively associated with total cholesterol in this sample of pregnant Norwegian women. While elevated HDL is not an adverse outcome per se, elevated total cholesterol associated with PFASs during pregnancy could be of concern if causal. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.004 VL - 62 SP - 104-112 J2 - Environment International LA - en OP - SN - 0160-4120 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.004 DB - Crossref KW - The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study MoBa KW - Perfluoroalkyl substances KW - Perfluorooctanoic acid KW - Perfluorooctane sulfonate ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary fat intake, pesticide use, and Parkinson's disease AU - Kamel, Freya AU - Goldman, Samuel M. AU - Umbach, David M. AU - Chen, Honglei AU - Richardson, Gina AU - Barber, Marie Richards AU - Meng, Cheryl AU - Marras, Connie AU - Korell, Monica AU - Kasten, Meike AU - Hoppin, Jane A. AU - Comyns, Kathleen AU - Chade, Anabel AU - Blair, Aaron AU - Bhudhikanok, Grace S. AU - Webster Ross, G. AU - William Langston, J. AU - Sandler, Dale P. AU - Tanner, Caroline M. T2 - Parkinsonism & Related Disorders AB - Dietary fat intake may modify Parkinson's disease (PD) risk directly or by altering the response to environmental neurotoxicants including pesticides.We conducted a case-control study of PD nested in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS), a cohort of pesticide applicators and spouses. We evaluated diet and pesticide use before diagnosis in 89 PD cases, confirmed by movement disorder specialists, or a corresponding date in 336 frequency-matched controls. Associations were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).In the AHS, PD was inversely associated with N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.8 for highest vs. lowest tertile) and the N-3 precursor α-linolenic acid (0.4, 0.2-0.8). In a meta-analysis of nine studies, including the present one, PD was inversely associated with α-linolenic acid (0.81, 0.68-0.96). In the AHS, associations of PD with the pesticides paraquat and rotenone were modified by fat intake. The OR for paraquat was 4.2 (1.5-12) in individuals with PUFA intake below the median but 1.2 (0.4-3.4) in those with higher intake (p-interaction = 0.10). The OR for rotenone was 5.8 (2.3-15) in those with saturated fat intake above the median but 1.5 (0.5-4.2) in those with lower intake (p-interaction = 0.02).PUFA intake was consistently associated with lower PD risk, and dietary fats modified the association of PD risk with pesticide exposure. If confirmed, these findings suggest that a diet high in PUFAs and low in saturated fats might reduce risk of PD. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.09.023 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 82-87 J2 - Parkinsonism & Related Disorders LA - en OP - SN - 1353-8020 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.09.023 DB - Crossref KW - Parkinson's disease KW - Dietary fat KW - Polyunsaturated fatty acids KW - Pesticides ER - TY - JOUR TI - Association between Class III Obesity (BMI of 40–59 kg/m2) and Mortality: A Pooled Analysis of 20 Prospective Studies AU - Kitahara, Cari M. AU - Flint, Alan J. AU - Berrington de Gonzalez, Amy AU - Bernstein, Leslie AU - Brotzman, Michelle AU - MacInnis, Robert J. AU - Moore, Steven C. AU - Robien, Kim AU - Rosenberg, Philip S. AU - Singh, Pramil N. AU - Weiderpass, Elisabete AU - Adami, Hans Olov AU - Anton-Culver, Hoda AU - Ballard-Barbash, Rachel AU - Buring, Julie E. AU - Freedman, D. Michal AU - Fraser, Gary E. AU - Beane Freeman, Laura E. AU - Gapstur, Susan M. AU - Gaziano, John Michael AU - Giles, Graham G. AU - Håkansson, Niclas AU - Hoppin, Jane A. AU - Hu, Frank B. AU - Koenig, Karen AU - Linet, Martha S. AU - Park, Yikyung AU - Patel, Alpa V. AU - Purdue, Mark P. AU - Schairer, Catherine AU - Sesso, Howard D. AU - Visvanathan, Kala AU - White, Emily AU - Wolk, Alicja AU - Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, Anne AU - Hartge, Patricia T2 - PLoS Medicine AB - The prevalence of class III obesity (body mass index [BMI]≥40 kg/m2) has increased dramatically in several countries and currently affects 6% of adults in the US, with uncertain impact on the risks of illness and death. Using data from a large pooled study, we evaluated the risk of death, overall and due to a wide range of causes, and years of life expectancy lost associated with class III obesity.In a pooled analysis of 20 prospective studies from the United States, Sweden, and Australia, we estimated sex- and age-adjusted total and cause-specific mortality rates (deaths per 100,000 persons per year) and multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for adults, aged 19-83 y at baseline, classified as obese class III (BMI 40.0-59.9 kg/m2) compared with those classified as normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2). Participants reporting ever smoking cigarettes or a history of chronic disease (heart disease, cancer, stroke, or emphysema) on baseline questionnaires were excluded. Among 9,564 class III obesity participants, mortality rates were 856.0 in men and 663.0 in women during the study period (1976-2009). Among 304,011 normal-weight participants, rates were 346.7 and 280.5 in men and women, respectively. Deaths from heart disease contributed largely to the excess rates in the class III obesity group (rate differences = 238.9 and 132.8 in men and women, respectively), followed by deaths from cancer (rate differences = 36.7 and 62.3 in men and women, respectively) and diabetes (rate differences = 51.2 and 29.2 in men and women, respectively). Within the class III obesity range, multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for total deaths and deaths due to heart disease, cancer, diabetes, nephritis/nephrotic syndrome/nephrosis, chronic lower respiratory disease, and influenza/pneumonia increased with increasing BMI. Compared with normal-weight BMI, a BMI of 40-44.9, 45-49.9, 50-54.9, and 55-59.9 kg/m2 was associated with an estimated 6.5 (95% CI: 5.7-7.3), 8.9 (95% CI: 7.4-10.4), 9.8 (95% CI: 7.4-12.2), and 13.7 (95% CI: 10.5-16.9) y of life lost. A limitation was that BMI was mainly ascertained by self-report.Class III obesity is associated with substantially elevated rates of total mortality, with most of the excess deaths due to heart disease, cancer, and diabetes, and major reductions in life expectancy compared with normal weight. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary. DA - 2014/7/8/ PY - 2014/7/8/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001673 VL - 11 IS - 7 SP - e1001673 J2 - PLoS Med LA - en OP - SN - 1549-1676 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001673 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Local adaptation of a marine invertebrate with a high dispersal potential: evidence from a reciprocal transplant experiment of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica AU - Burford, MO AU - Scarpa, J AU - Cook, BJ AU - Hare, MP T2 - Marine Ecology Progress Series AB - MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 505:161-175 (2014) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10796 Local adaptation of a marine invertebrate with a high dispersal potential: evidence from a reciprocal transplant experiment of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica M. O. Burford1,3,*, J. Scarpa2, B. J. Cook1, M. P. Hare1 1Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA 2Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA 3Present address: Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA *Corresponding author: mbreiski@ncsu.edu ABSTRACT: We examined the role of local adaptation in structuring the stable genetic step-cline of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica along an environmental gradient in the lagoon system of eastern Florida, USA. Reciprocally transplanted progeny, produced by a 10 × 10 genetic cross of wild brood stock from northern and southern genetic lineages yielded significant evidence of local adaptation (interaction of genes and environment) in variables related to fitness, including survival, wet meat weight, and reproductive maturation. The strength of local adaptation was asymmetric, with greater effects on the northern compared to the southern genetic lineage. To a lesser extent, we found evidence of both the role of environment (in particular, adverse effects on both genetic crosses in the southern region), and the role of genetic differences between the 2 crosses independent of environment, with higher initial growth of the southern genetic lineage and higher condition of the northern lineage. These differences suggest that maintenance of the genetic step-cline involves natural selection. We discuss the potential role of temperature and phytoplankton community composition between the northern and southern regions. Our study is the first to determine the genetic basis for fitness-related phenotypes, and to relate this to local adaptation of the eastern oyster. Understanding the role of the environment in structuring the eastern oyster throughout its range is critical for effective management, and the results of this study also suggest that small environmental changes may have significant effects on conservation of the eastern oyster, particularly in the northern genetic lineage. KEY WORDS: Reciprocal transplant · Local adaptation · Crassostrea virginica · Growth rate · Survivorship · Reproductive maturation · Genetic cline · Life history · Marine invertebrate Full text in pdf format Supplementary material PreviousNextCite this article as: Burford MO, Scarpa J, Cook BJ, Hare MP (2014) Local adaptation of a marine invertebrate with a high dispersal potential: evidence from a reciprocal transplant experiment of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica . Mar Ecol Prog Ser 505:161-175. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10796 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 505. Online publication date: May 28, 2014 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2014 Inter-Research. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.3354/meps10796 VL - 505 SP - 161-175 KW - Reciprocal transplant KW - Local adaptation KW - Crassostrea virginica KW - Growth rate KW - Survivorship KW - Reproductive maturation KW - Genetic cline KW - Life history KW - Marine invertebrate ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genotype X Environment Interaction for Storage Root Yield in Sweetpotato Under Managed Drought Stress Conditions AU - Kivuva, Benjamin M. AU - Githiri, Stephen M. AU - Githiri, Stephen M. AU - Yencho, George C. AU - Yencho, George C. AU - Sibiya, Julia AU - Sibiya, Julia T2 - Journal of Agricultural Science AB - Most crops, including sweetpotato vary widely in yield performance across different agro-ecological environments. This study was set up to determine the genotype x environment interaction (GEI) for storage root yield performance of 24 sweetpotato genotypes in eight environments; two locations - Kiboko and Thika, two moisture stress conditions - drought stress and no drought stress, and two years - 2011 and 2012 in Kenya. Plots of three rows each of 10 plants per genotype, at density of 0.9 m × 0.30 m were panted during dry season under split plot design replicated twice. Managed irrigation was applied to control moisture stress during the growth period. Fresh storage root yield (FSR) data was collected, and drought susceptibility indices (DSI) determined. Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interactions (AMMI) genotype main effect by genotype-environment (GGE) interaction biplots and regression analyses were done using Genstat 14th edition to determine GEI effects. The environment, genotype main effects, and the GEI were all significant (P < 0.001). The DSI showed significant variation of genotypes in different environments. The highest yielding genotypes across the environments were G7, G14, G15, and G10 while most stable genotypes were G5, G22 and G2 and the least stable was G24. Thus, genotypes G5, G22 and G2 may be used across environments, while genotypes G7 and G14 could be used, 1) in specific locations to boost production under unpredictable rainfall conditions, 2) incorporated into drought screening breeding programmes to develop a new generation of drought tolerant sweetpotato varieties to meet changing climatic conditions. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.5539/jas.v6n10p41 VL - 6 IS - 10 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Combining ability and heterosis for yield and drought tolerance traits under managed drought stress in sweetpotato AU - Musembi, Kivuva Benjamin AU - Githiri, Stephen Mwangi AU - Yencho, George Craig AU - Sibiya, Julia T2 - Euphytica DA - 2014/8/14/ PY - 2014/8/14/ DO - 10.1007/s10681-014-1230-1 VL - 201 IS - 3 SP - 423-440 J2 - Euphytica LA - en OP - SN - 0014-2336 1573-5060 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-014-1230-1 DB - Crossref KW - Combining ability KW - Homozygous recessive KW - Drought tolerance KW - Gene effects KW - Heterosis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Amicarbazone Application Timing Influences Overseeded Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Safety and Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) Control AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - McCarty, Lambert B. AU - Estes, Alan G. T2 - Applied Turfgrass Science AB - Amicarbazone controls annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) in bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] turf overseeded with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). There is, however, a risk of perennial ryegrass injury, depending on application timing. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of the timings between overseeding and amicarbazone applications on perennial ryegrass. Amicarbazone was applied at 0, 2.1, and 2.8 oz a.i./acre at 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks after overseeding (WAOS) in Florida and South Carolina. In Florida, perennial ryegrass maximum injury was greater at 6 WAOS (79%) than at 8 to 12 WAOS (6 to 30%). Conversely, in South Carolina, minor perennial ryegrass injury was observed in plots treated 6 to 10 WAOS, but 48% injury was observed in plots treated 12 WAOS. In all sites, plots treated at 6 WAOS exhibited up to fourfold reduction in perennial ryegrass cover compared with the untreated control (88%). Overall, annual bluegrass control was acceptable to excellent (73–99%) with amicarbazone applications in South Carolina. In Florida 24 weeks after initial treatment, all treatments controlled annual bluegrass 64 to 98% except applications at 6 WAOS (25–42%). Results suggest that amicarbazone should be applied at least 8 to 10 WAOS to minimize loss of perennial ryegrass cover, but applications at this time will provide adequate annual bluegrass control. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.2134/ATS-2014-0042-RS VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 0 LA - en SN - 1552-5821 UR - https://www.agronomy.org/publications/ats/abstracts/11/1/ATS-2014-0042-RS DB - Crossref Y2 - 2019/2/8/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vinasse and biochar effects on germination and growth of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) and southern crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris) AU - Soni, N. AU - Leon, R.G. AU - Erickson, J.E. AU - Ferrell, J.A. AU - Silveira, M.L. AU - Giurcanu, M.C. T2 - Weed Technology AB - Vinasse and biochar are by-products of biofuel production that can be used as sources of nutrients to crops or soil amendments to improve soil quality. Despite the recent interest in biochar and vinasse effects on soil properties, little is known about their effect on weed communities. We hypothesized that the addition of biochar and vinasse to the soil could affect weed seed germination and growth, and that different weed species would show different responses to these soil amendments. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of vinasse and biochar on the germination and growth of Palmer amaranth, sicklepod, and southern crabgrass. The study was conducted under laboratory and growth chamber conditions. Treatments consisted of four levels of vinasse (0, 10, 20, and 40 L m −2 ) and biochar (0, 0.5, 2.5, and 12.5 kg m −2 ) applied to a sandy loam soil. Biochar at 0.5 and 2.5 kg m −2 increased germination of Palmer amaranth but had no effect on sicklepod and southern crabgrass. Vinasse reduced germination of all species. However, sicklepod germination was less affected by vinasse at 10 and 20 L m −2 than the other two species. Vinasse at 40 L m −2 decreased Palmer amaranth, southern crabgrass and sicklepod germination 57, 26 and 87%, respectively. Biochar had no consistent effect on the vegetative growth of the species studied. Vinasse at 10 L m −2 stimulated growth of sicklepod and southern crabgrass compared to the nontreated control. Our results suggested that vinasse used as a soil amendment could affect weed community structure by decreasing germination of susceptible species, but plants and weed species that can get established in vinasse amended soils might show higher growth rates. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1614/wt-d-14-00044.1 VL - 28 IS - 04 SP - 694-702 KW - Charcoal KW - plant growth KW - seed viability KW - soil amendments KW - stillage ER - TY - JOUR TI - Structuring international development decisions: Confronting tradeoffs between land-use and community development in Costa Rica AU - Arvai, J. AU - Kellon, D. AU - Leon, R. AU - Gregory, R. AU - Richardson, R. T2 - Environmental Systems and Decisions DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1007/s10669-014-9495-4 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 224–236 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Management of spreading pricklypear (Opuntia humifusa) with fluroxypyr and aminopyralid AU - Ferrell, J.A. AU - Sellers, B. AU - Leon, R. T2 - Weed Technology AB - Experiments were conducted throughout central Florida from 2010 to 2014 to determine the effectiveness of fluroxypyr or aminopyralid for control of spreading pricklypear. Aminopyralid + 2,4-D (0.09 + 0.75 kg ae ha −1 ) was not effective and provided only 15% control by 18 mo after application (MAT). However, fluroxypyr at 0.55 kg ae ha −1 or sequential applications of 0.27 kg ha −1 provided greater than 82% control at 18 MAT. Reducing fluroxypyr rates to 0.32 kg ha −1 reduced control to 40 and 71% for spring versus fall applications, respectively. However, the addition of aminopyralid + 2,4-D to fluroxypyr at 0.32 kg ha −1 improved pricklypear control to 92%, regardless of application timing. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1614/wt-d-14-00041.1 VL - 28 IS - 04 SP - 734–738 KW - Cactus KW - pasture KW - perennial weed ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of exposure to 2,4-D and dicamba on peanut injury and yield AU - Leon, R.G. AU - Ferrell, J.A. AU - Brecke, B.J. T2 - Weed Technology AB - The potential widespread adoption of cotton and soybean varieties with 2,4-D and dicamba resistance traits in the southeastern US will increase the risk of accidental exposure of peanut to these herbicides because of drift or application errors. When such accidents occur, growers must decide between continuing the crop and terminating it. In order to make this decision, growers need to estimate the potential yield reduction caused by 2,4-D or dicamba. Dose-response studies were conducted under field conditions in Citra and Jay, FL in 2012 and 2013 to determine peanut injury and yield reduction after exposure to 70, 140, 280, 560, and 1120 g ae ha −1 of 2,4-D or to 35, 70, 140, 280, and 560 g ae ha −1 of dicamba at 21 and 42 d after planting (DAP). Only herbicide by rate interactions were significant (P < 0.04). Dicamba caused 2 to 5 times higher peanut injury and 0.5 to 2 times higher yield reductions than 2,4-D. Injury ranged from 0 to 35% when peanut plants were treated with 2,4-D and from 20 to 78% with dicamba. The maximum yield reduction was 41% with 1,120 g ha −1 of 2,4-D and 65% with 560 g ha −1 of dicamba. Linear regression indicated that the intercept for yield reduction was 12% for 2,4-D and 23% for dicamba, and there was a 2.5% and 7.7% increase in yield reduction per additional 100 g ha −1 , respectively. Although high variability was observed for the different variables, there was a positive correlation between injury and peanut yield reduction (P < 0.0001) with Pearson's Rho values ranging from 0.45 to 0.59 for 2,4-D and from 0.27 to 0.55 for dicamba, suggesting that growers can use injury data to make rough projections of yield reduction and decide if they continue their crop, especially when injury is evident. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1614/wt-d-13-00187.1 VL - 28 IS - 03 SP - 465–470 KW - Chemical control KW - dose-response KW - drift KW - herbicide injury KW - synthetic auxin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of fluazifop-P-butyl tolerance in zoysiagrass cultivars AU - Leon, R.G. AU - Unruh, J.B. AU - Brecke, B.J. AU - Kenworthy, K.E. T2 - Weed Technology AB - POST control of grass weed species and contaminant turfgrass species, such as common and hybrid bermudagrass, is a major challenge in zoysiagrass. Fluazifop-P-butyl is a POST herbicide that can provide selective grass weed control with limited injury to zoysiagrass. However, because of the extent of genetic variation among zoysiagrass cultivars, it was proposed that fluazifop-P-butyl tolerance was cultivar dependent. Dose–response field studies were conducted in Jay, FL, in 2012 and 2013, evaluating the tolerance of 11 commercial zoysiagrass cultivars and common bermudagrass to 0, 44, 88, 131, 175, and 263 g ai ha −1 of fluazifop-P-butyl. ‘Empire' and ‘Meyer' zoysiagrass were injured 30% or less at 2 wk after treatment (WAT) when treated with 131 g ha −1 of fluazifop-P-butyl or less. Conversely, ‘Zeon' and ‘PristineFlora' reached from 30 to more than 50% injury between 2 and 4 WAT with 44 and 88 g ha −1 fluazifop-P-butyl. ‘Geo', ‘Crowne', ‘JaMur', and ‘UltimateFlora' showed intermediate injury (i.e. ≤ 60% with 175 and 264 g ha −1 ) and a recovery period longer than 4 WAT. ‘Emerald', ‘Palisades', and ‘Royal' also showed intermediate injury (i.e., 30 to 65% with 175 and 264 g ha −1 ), which peaked at 2 WAT and then rapidly declined below 25% injury at 4 WAT. By 8 WAT, all zoysiagrass cultivars had recovered, and no injury was observed. Results from a greenhouse experiment demonstrated that differences observed in the field were cultivar related, especially for the lower tolerance level observed in Zeon and PristineFlora. There is potential to increase fluazifop-P-butyl tolerance in zoysiagrass because of the observed variation among 80 zoysiagrass breeding lines. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1614/wt-d-13-00142.1 VL - 28 IS - 02 SP - 385–394 KW - Chemical control KW - genetic resources KW - integrated weed management KW - turfgrass ER - TY - RPRT TI - Greening Household Behaviour: Overview of Results from Econometric Analysis and Policy Implications AU - Serret, Y. AU - Brown, Z.S. T2 - OECD Environment Working Papers A3 - OECD Publishing AB - The second round of the OECD Survey on Environmental Policy for Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC) was implemented in 2011. A publication providing an overview of the survey data from over 12 000 households in eleven countries (Australia, Canada, Chile, France, Israel, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland) is available.1 Follow-up econometric analyses were conducted in each of the thematic areas covered (energy, food, transport, waste and water), as well as on cross-domain comparisons in environmental attitudes and behaviours.2 This report presents a synthesis of main results from econometric analysis using the data from the 2011 EPIC survey, as well as policy implications. C6 - 797979 DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1787/5jxrcllt1kq5-en M1 - 79 PB - OECD Publishing SN - 79 UR - https://ideas.repec.org/p/oec/envaaa/79-en.html#more ER - TY - RPRT TI - Greening Household Behaviour: Cross-Domain comparisons in environmental attitudes and behaviours using spatial effects AU - Brown, Z.S. T2 - OECD Environment Working Papers A3 - OECD Publishing AB - Discussions of the importance of public attitudes in shaping policy often lack clear evidence on causal relations between stated attitudes and observed behaviours. The 2011 OECD Survey of over 12,000 households allows analysing households’ environmental attitudes and behaviours in five different domains (electricity, food, transport, waste and water). Using econometric analysis, we investigate the relationship between stated environmental attitudes and indicators of civic engagement, such as voting in local elections, charity membership and membership in environmental organisations... C6 - 686868 DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1787/5jxrclsj8z7b-en M1 - 68 PB - OECD Publishing SN - 68 UR - https://ideas.repec.org/p/oec/envaaa/68-en.html ER - TY - JOUR TI - 2013 soybean insect losses in the Southern US AU - Musser, F.R. AU - Catchot, A. L. AU - Davis, J.A. AU - Herbert, D.A. AU - Lorenz, G. M. AU - Reed, T. AU - Reisig, D.D. AU - Stewart, S.D. T2 - Midsouth Entomol DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 7 SP - 15–28 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Shaping ecological risk research for synthetic biology AU - Kuiken, T. AU - Dana, G. AU - Oye, K. AU - Rejeski, D. T2 - Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1007/s13412-014-0171-2 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 191-199 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84977090827&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - BIOTECHNOLOGY Regulating gene drives AU - Oye, Kenneth A. AU - Esvelt, Kevin AU - Appleton, Evan AU - Catteruccia, Flaminia AU - Church, George AU - Kuiken, Todd AU - Lightfoot, Shlomiya Bar-Yam AU - McNamara, Julie AU - Smidler, Andrea AU - Collins, James P. T2 - Science AB - Regulatory gaps must be filled before gene drives could be used in the wild DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1126/science.1254287 VL - 345 IS - 6197 SP - 626-628 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000339962800022&KeyUID=WOS:000339962800022 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Who's Who in Research: Film Studies; Media Studies; Visual Arts; Performing Arts; Cultural Studies AU - Orcutt, D. T2 - Choice DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 51 IS - 4 SP - 604-605 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The spectrum of cognition in The Walking Dead AU - Orcutt, D. T2 - Media Res: A MediaCommons Project DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - ER - TY - ENCYC TI - The Walking Dead AU - Orcutt, Darby T2 - Comics Through Time DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - IV SP - 1815-1817 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The South Carolina encyclopedia guide to South Carolina writers T2 - Choice Reviews Online DA - 2014/7// PY - 2014/7// DO - 10.5860/choice.51-6495 VL - 51 IS - 12 SP - 51-6495-51-6495 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Praeger Handbook of Media Literacy AU - Orcutt, D. T2 - Choice DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 51 IS - 9 SP - 1566 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Book Publishing Industry, 3rd edition AU - Orcutt, D. T2 - Choice DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 51 IS - 6 SP - 973 ER - TY - ENCYC TI - Spider-man AU - Orcutt, Darby T2 - Comics Through Time DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - IV SP - 1761-1763 ER - TY - ENCYC TI - Religion AU - Orcutt, Darby T2 - Comics Through Time DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - II SP - 745-748 ER - TY - ENCYC TI - Deadpool AU - Orcutt, Darby T2 - Comics Through Time DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - IV SP - 1439-1441 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reviews-in-Brief: “The Johns Hopkins Guide to Digital Media”; “A New Republic of Letters: Memory and Scholarship in the Age of Digital Reproduction”; and “Records & Information Management” AU - Orcutt, Darby T2 - Collection Management DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1080/01462679.2014.945364 VL - 39 IS - 4 SP - 301-302 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comics: a global history, 1968 to the present (comics) T2 - Choice Reviews Online DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.5860/choice.52-0662 VL - 52 IS - 02 SP - 52-0662-52-0662 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Response of Corn Acreage to Ethanol Plant Siting AU - Fatal, Yehushua Shay AU - Thurman, Walter N. T2 - Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics AB - U.S. ethanol production capacity increased more than threefold between 2002 and 2008. We study the effect of this growth on corn acreage. Connecting annual changes in county-level corn acreage to changes in ethanol plant capacities, we find a positive effect on planted corn. The building of a typical plant is estimated to increase corn in the county by over 500 acres and to increase acreage in surrounding counties up to almost 300 miles away. All ethanol plants are estimated to increase corn production by less than their annual requirements. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.1017/s1074070800000717 VL - 46 IS - 02 SP - 157-171 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Welfare Impacts of Pollinator Health Challenges AU - Thurman, Walter N. DA - 2014/7// PY - 2014/7// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Redefining safety in commercial space: Understanding debates over the safety of private human spaceflight initiatives in the United States AU - Bouchey, M. AU - Delborne, J. T2 - Space Policy AB - Abstract In 2009 President Obama proposed a budget for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) that canceled the Constellation program and included the development of commercial crew transportation systems into low Earth orbit. This significant move to shift human spaceflight into the private sector sparked political debate, but much of the discourse has focused on impacts to “safety.” Although no one disputes the importance of keeping astronauts safe, strategies for defining safety reveal contrasting visions for the space program and opposing values regarding the privatization of U.S. space exploration. In other words, the debate over commercial control has largely become encoded in arguments over safety. Specifically, proponents of using commercial options for transporting astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS) argue that commercial vehicles would be safe for astronauts, while proponents of NASA control argue that commercial vehicles would be unsafe, or at least not as safe as NASA vehicles. The cost of the spaceflight program, the technical requirements for designing a vehicle, the track record of the launch vehicle, and the experience of the launch provider are all incorporated into what defines safety in human spaceflight. This paper analyzes these contested criteria through conceptual lenses provided by fields of science and technology policy (STP) and science, technology, and society (STS). We ultimately contend that these differences in definition result not merely from ambiguous understandings of safety, but from intentional and strategic choices guided by normative positions on the commercialization of human spaceflight. The debate over safety is better considered a proxy debate for the partisan preferences embedded within the dispute over public or private spaceflight. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1016/j.spacepol.2014.03.002 VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - 53–61 J2 - Space Policy LA - en OP - SN - 0265-9646 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2014.03.002 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Cultural Consensus Regarding the King Vulture?: Preliminary Findings and Their Application to Mexican Conservation AU - Haenn, N. AU - Schmook, B. AU - Martínez, Y.Reyes AU - Calmé, S. T2 - Ethnobiology and Conservation DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 1-22 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Drying temperature - duration impacts on moisture, carbon, and nitrogen losses from broiler litter AU - Liang, Weizhen AU - Shah, Sanjay B. AU - Classen, John AU - Sharma-Shivappa, Ratna T2 - Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 16-23 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sampling and summary statistics of endpoint-conditioned paths in DNA sequence evolution AU - Hobolth, A. AU - Thorne, J. L. T2 - Bayesian phylogenetics: methods, algorithms, and applications DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// SP - 247-275 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Governance of genetic biocontrol technologies for invasive fish AU - Gilna, Ben AU - Kuzma, Jennifer AU - Otts, Stephanie Showalter T2 - BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1007/s10530-012-0367-x VL - 16 IS - 6 SP - 1299-1312 SN - 1573-1464 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84900002278&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Biocontrol KW - Sex-skewing KW - Autocidal KW - Invasive KW - Pest KW - Governance KW - Regulation KW - Policy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Anticipatory governance and contested futures: Insights from the next generation of genetic engineering AU - Kokotovich, A. AU - Kuzma, Jennifer T2 - Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society AB - Novel targeted genetic modification (TagMo) techniques for plants have the potential to increase the speed and ease of genetic modification and fall outside existing regulatory authority. We conducted 31 interviews with expert-stakeholders to explore the differing visions they have for the future of plant TagMo environmental regulation. To guide our analysis we review the tenets of anticipatory governance in light of future studies literature on emerging technology, focusing on how to contribute to reflexivity by making explicit the assumptions within envisioned futures. Our findings reveal that the environmental regulation futures articulated by expert-stakeholders could be classified into three categories—optimistic, pragmatic, and critical—based on their differing underlying assumptions concerning what constitutes environmental risk and the adequacy of existing U.S. genetically modified plant regulations. By gathering these diverse perspectives on the future and studying how they differ, we hope to further the anticipatory governance-informed engagement with regulation and foster a more productive discussion of plant TagMo regulation. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1177/0270467614565695 VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 108–120 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CORRESPONDENCE: Synthetic biology: Missing the point AU - Evans, S.W. AU - Jasanoff, S. AU - Calvert, J. AU - Delborne, J. AU - Doubleday, R. AU - Frow, E. AU - Funtowicz, S. AU - Green, B. AU - Guston, D.H. AU - Hurlburt, B. AU - Irwin, A. AU - Joly, P. AU - Kuzma, J. AU - Palmer, M. AU - Race, M. AU - Stilgoe, J. AU - Stirling, A. AU - Wilsdon, J. AU - Winickoff, D. AU - Wynne, B. AU - Zoloth, L. T2 - Nature DA - 2014/6/12/ PY - 2014/6/12/ DO - 10.1038/510218b VL - 510 IS - 7504 SP - 218 SN - 0028-0836 1476-4687 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/510218b ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil microbial responses to elevated CO2 and O-3 in a nitrogen-aggrading agroecosystem AU - Cheng, L. AU - Booker, F. L. AU - Burkey, K. O. AU - Tu, C. AU - Shew, H. D. AU - Rufty, T. W. AU - Fiscus, E. L. AU - Deforest, J. L. AU - Hu, Shuijin T2 - Carbon Capture and Storage: CO2 Management Technologies DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1201/b16845-14 SP - 277–307 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transgenic approaches for sterile insect control of dipteran livestock pests and lepidopteran crop pests AU - Scott, M. J. AU - Morrison, N. I. AU - Simmons, G. S. T2 - Transgenic insects: techniques and applications DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// SP - 152-167 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development and evaluation of male-only strains of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina AU - Scott, Maxwell J T2 - BMC Genomic Data AB - Abstract The Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) is a major pest of sheep in Australia and New Zealand. From the 1960s to the 1980s there was a major effort to develop "field female killing" or FFK strains of L. cuprina that could be used for a cost-effective genetic control program. The FFK strains carried eye color mutations that were lethal to females in the field but not under conditions in the mass rearing facility. Males did not die in the field as normal copies of the eye color genes had been translocated to the Y chromosome and an autosome. Although the FFK strains showed some promise in field tests, a genetic control program in mainland Australia was never implemented for several reasons including instability of the FFK strains during mass rearing. A stable transgenic strain of L. cuprina that carried one or more dominant repressible female lethal genes offered the potential for efficient genetic control of blowfly populations. Here I review our research on tetracycline-repressible female lethal genetic systems, Lucilia germ-line transformation and sex determination genes that ultimately led to the successful development of transgenic "male-only" strains of L. cuprina . The technology developed for L. cuprina should be directly transferable to other blowfly livestock pests including L. sericata and the New World and Old World screwworm. 29 DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1186/1471-2156-15-s2-s3 VL - 15 IS - S2 SP - J2 - BMC Genet LA - en OP - SN - 2730-6844 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-15-S2-S3 DB - Crossref ER - TY - BOOK TI - Eight essential questions teachers ask: A guidebook for communicating with students AU - Dannels, D. P. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// PB - New York: Oxford University Press ER - TY - BOOK TI - Biology of ticks A3 - Sonenshine, D. E. A3 - Roe, R. M. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// PB - New York: Oxford University Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Economic sustainability of cellulosic energy cropping systems AU - Zering, K. D. T2 - Cellulosic energy cropping systems DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// SP - 281-297 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Too big to be noticed: cryptic invasion of Asian camel crickets in North American houses AU - Epps, Mary Jane AU - Menninger, Holly L. AU - LaSala, Nathan AU - Dunn, Robert R. T2 - PEERJ AB - Despite the rapid expansion of the built environment, we know little about the biology of species living in human-constructed habitats. Camel crickets (Rhaphidophoridae) are commonly observed in North American houses and include a range of native taxa as well as the Asian Diestrammena asynamora (Adelung), a species occasionally reported from houses though considered to be established only in greenhouses. We launched a continental-scale citizen science campaign to better understand the relative distributions and frequency of native and nonnative camel crickets in human homes across North America. Participants contributed survey data about the presence or absence of camel crickets in homes, as well as photographs and specimens of camel crickets allowing us to identify the major genera and/or species in and around houses. Together, these data offer insight into the geographical distribution of camel crickets as a presence in homes, as well as the relative frequency and distribution of native and nonnative camel crickets encountered in houses. In so doing, we show that the exotic Diestrammena asynamora not only has become a common presence in eastern houses, but is found in these environments far more frequently than native camel crickets. Supplemental pitfall trapping along transects in 10 urban yards in Raleigh, NC revealed that D. asynamora can be extremely abundant locally around some homes, with as many as 52 individuals collected from pitfalls in a single yard over two days of sampling. The number of D. asynamora individuals present in a trap was negatively correlated with the trap’s distance from a house, suggesting that these insects may be preferentially associated with houses but also are present outside. In addition, we report the establishment in the northeastern United States of a second exotic species, putatively Diestrammena japanica Blatchley, which was previously undocumented in the literature. Our results offer new insight into the relative frequency and distribution of camel crickets living in human homes, and emphasize the importance of the built environment as habitat for two little-known invading species of Orthoptera. DA - 2014/9/2/ PY - 2014/9/2/ DO - 10.7717/peerj.523 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2167-8359 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84907696747&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Rhaphidophoridae KW - Diestrammena KW - Invasive species KW - Urban ecology KW - Citizen science ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome-wide association study of Fusarium ear rot disease in the USA maize inbred line collection AU - Zila, Charles T. AU - Ogut, Funda AU - Romay, Maria C. AU - Gardner, Candice A. AU - Buckler, Edward S. AU - Holland, James B. T2 - BMC PLANT BIOLOGY AB - Resistance to Fusarium ear rot of maize is a quantitative and complex trait. Marker-trait associations to date have had small additive effects and were inconsistent between previous studies, likely due to the combined effects of genetic heterogeneity and low power of detection of many small effect variants. The complexity of inheritance of resistance hinders the use marker-assisted selection for ear rot resistance.We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for Fusarium ear rot resistance in a panel of 1687 diverse inbred lines from the USDA maize gene bank with 200,978 SNPs while controlling for background genetic relationships with a mixed model and identified seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in six genes associated with disease resistance in either the complete inbred panel (1687 lines with highly unbalanced phenotype data) or in a filtered inbred panel (734 lines with balanced phenotype data). Different sets of SNPs were detected as associated in the two different data sets. The alleles conferring greater disease resistance at all seven SNPs were rare overall (below 16%) and always higher in allele frequency in tropical maize than in temperate dent maize. Resampling analysis of the complete data set identified one robust SNP association detected as significant at a stringent p-value in 94% of data sets, each representing a random sample of 80% of the lines. All associated SNPs were in exons, but none of the genes had predicted functions with an obvious relationship to resistance to fungal infection.GWAS in a very diverse maize collection identified seven SNP variants each associated with between 1% and 3% of trait variation. Because of their small effects, the value of selection on these SNPs for improving resistance to Fusarium ear rot is limited. Selection to combine these resistance alleles combined with genomic selection to improve the polygenic background resistance might be fruitful. The genes associated with resistance provide candidate gene targets for further study of the biological pathways involved in this complex disease resistance. DA - 2014/12/30/ PY - 2014/12/30/ DO - 10.1186/s12870-014-0372-6 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1471-2229 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84964314102&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Association analysis KW - Disease resistance KW - Genomic selection KW - Maize KW - Quantitative trait ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antipathogen genes and the replacement of disease-vectoring mosquito populations: a model-based evaluation AU - Robert, Michael A. AU - Okamoto, Kenichi W. AU - Gould, Fred AU - Lloyd, Alun L. T2 - Evolutionary Applications AB - Recently, genetic strategies aimed at controlling populations of disease-vectoring mosquitoes have received considerable attention as alternatives to traditional measures. Theoretical studies have shown that female-killing (FK), antipathogen (AP), and reduce and replace (R&R) strategies can each decrease the number competent vectors. In this study, we utilize a mathematical model to evaluate impacts on competent Aedes aegypti populations of FK, AP, and R&R releases as well as hybrid strategies that result from combinations of these three approaches. We show that while the ordering of efficacy of these strategies depends upon population life history parameters, sex ratio of releases, and switch time in combination strategies, AP-only and R&R/AP releases typically lead to the greatest long-term reduction in competent vectors. R&R-only releases are often less effective at long-term reduction of competent vectors than AP-only releases or R&R/AP releases. Furthermore, the reduction in competent vectors caused by AP-only releases is easier to maintain than that caused by FK-only or R&R-only releases even when the AP gene confers a fitness cost. We discuss the roles that density dependence and inclusion of females play in the order of efficacy of the strategies. We anticipate that our results will provide added impetus to continue developing AP strategies. DA - 2014/10/10/ PY - 2014/10/10/ DO - 10.1111/eva.12219 VL - 7 IS - 10 SP - 1238-1251 J2 - Evol Appl LA - en OP - SN - 1752-4571 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eva.12219 DB - Crossref KW - Aedes aegypti KW - antipathogen genes KW - dengue fever KW - female-killing KW - ordinary differential equation model KW - reduce and replace ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ant-mediated seed dispersal in a warmed world AU - Stuble, Katharine L. AU - Patterson, Courtney M. AU - Rodriguez-Cabal, Mariano A. AU - Ribbons, Relena R. AU - Dunn, Robert R. AU - Sanders, Nathan J. T2 - PEERJ AB - Climate change affects communities both directly and indirectly via changes in interspecific interactions. One such interaction that may be altered under climate change is the ant-plant seed dispersal mutualism common in deciduous forests of eastern North America. As climatic warming alters the abundance and activity levels of ants, the potential exists for shifts in rates of ant-mediated seed dispersal. We used an experimental temperature manipulation at two sites in the eastern US (Harvard Forest in Massachusetts and Duke Forest in North Carolina) to examine the potential impacts of climatic warming on overall rates of seed dispersal (using Asarum canadense seeds) as well as species-specific rates of seed dispersal at the Duke Forest site. We also examined the relationship between ant critical thermal maxima (CTmax) and the mean seed removal temperature for each ant species. We found that seed removal rates did not change as a result of experimental warming at either study site, nor were there any changes in species-specific rates of seed dispersal. There was, however, a positive relationship between CTmax and mean seed removal temperature, whereby species with higher CTmax removed more seeds at hotter temperatures. The temperature at which seeds were removed was influenced by experimental warming as well as diurnal and day-to-day fluctuations in temperature. Taken together, our results suggest that while temperature may play a role in regulating seed removal by ants, ant plant seed-dispersal mutualisms may be more robust to climate change than currently assumed. DA - 2014/3/11/ PY - 2014/3/11/ DO - 10.7717/peerj.286 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2167-8359 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84897937116&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Ants KW - Climate change KW - Myrmecochory KW - Seed dispersal KW - Warming ER - TY - JOUR TI - The evolutionary history and diagnostic utility of the CRISPR-Cas system within Salmonella enterica ssp enterica AU - Pettengill, James B. AU - Timme, Ruth E. AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe AU - Toro, Magaly AU - Allard, Marc W. AU - Strain, Errol AU - Musser, Steven M. AU - Brown, Eric W. T2 - PEERJ AB - Evolutionary studies of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) and their associated (cas) genes can provide insights into host-pathogen co-evolutionary dynamics and the frequency at which different genomic events (e.g., horizontal vs. vertical transmission) occur. Within this study, we used whole genome sequence (WGS) data to determine the evolutionary history and genetic diversity of CRISPR loci and cas genes among a diverse set of 427 Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica isolates representing 64 different serovars. We also evaluated the performance of CRISPR loci for typing when compared to whole genome and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approaches. We found that there was high diversity in array length within both CRISPR1 (median = 22; min = 3; max = 79) and CRISPR2 (median = 27; min = 2; max = 221). There was also much diversity within serovars (e.g., arrays differed by as many as 50 repeat-spacer units among Salmonella ser. Senftenberg isolates). Interestingly, we found that there are two general cas gene profiles that do not track phylogenetic relationships, which suggests that non-vertical transmission events have occurred frequently throughout the evolutionary history of the sampled isolates. There is also considerable variation among the ranges of pairwise distances estimated within each cas gene, which may be indicative of the strength of natural selection acting on those genes. We developed a novel clustering approach based on CRISPR spacer content, but found that typing based on CRISPRs was less accurate than the MLST-based alternative; typing based on WGS data was the most accurate. Notwithstanding cost and accessibility, we anticipate that draft genome sequencing, due to its greater discriminatory power, will eventually become routine for traceback investigations. DA - 2014/4/17/ PY - 2014/4/17/ DO - 10.7717/peerj.340 VL - 2 SP - SN - 2167-8359 KW - Salmonella KW - Horizontal gene transfer KW - Evolution KW - CRISPR KW - Outbreak KW - Phylogeny KW - Whole genome sequencing KW - Typing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Test driving ToxCast: endocrine profiling for 1858 chemicals included in phase II AU - Filer, Dayne AU - Patisaul, Heather B. AU - Schug, Thaddeus AU - Reif, David AU - Thayer, Kristina T2 - CURRENT OPINION IN PHARMACOLOGY AB - Identifying chemicals, beyond those already implicated, to test for potential endocrine disruption is a challenge and high throughput approaches have emerged as a potential tool for this type of screening. This review focused the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) ToxCast(TM) high throughput in vitro screening (HTS) program. Utility for identifying compounds was assessed and reviewed by using it to run the recently expanded chemical library (from 309 compounds to 1858) through the ToxPi(TM) prioritization scheme for endocrine disruption. The analysis included metabolic and neuroendocrine targets. This investigative approach simultaneously assessed the utility of ToxCast, and helped identify novel chemicals which may have endocrine activity. Results from this exercise suggest the spectrum of environmental chemicals with potential endocrine activity is much broader than indicated, and that some aspects of endocrine disruption are not fully covered in ToxCast. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1016/j.coph.2014.09.021 VL - 19 SP - 145-152 SN - 1471-4973 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Single gene insertion drives bioalcohol production by a thermophilic archaeon AU - Basen, Mirko AU - Schut, Gerrit J. AU - Nguyen, Diep M. AU - Lipscomb, Gina L. AU - Benn, Robert A. AU - Prybol, Cameron J. AU - Vaccaro, Brian J. AU - Poole, Farris L., II AU - Kelly, Robert M. AU - Adams, Michael W. W. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Bioethanol production is achieved by only two metabolic pathways and only at moderate temperatures. Herein a fundamentally different synthetic pathway for bioalcohol production at 70 °C was constructed by insertion of the gene for bacterial alcohol dehydrogenase (AdhA) into the archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. The engineered strain converted glucose to ethanol via acetate and acetaldehyde, catalyzed by the host-encoded aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase (AOR) and heterologously expressed AdhA, in an energy-conserving, redox-balanced pathway. Furthermore, the AOR/AdhA pathway also converted exogenously added aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids to the corresponding alcohol using glucose, pyruvate, and/or hydrogen as the source of reductant. By heterologous coexpression of a membrane-bound carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, CO was used as a reductant for converting carboxylic acids to alcohols. Redirecting the fermentative metabolism of P. furiosus through strategic insertion of foreign genes creates unprecedented opportunities for thermophilic bioalcohol production. Moreover, the AOR/AdhA pathway is a potentially game-changing strategy for syngas fermentation, especially in combination with carbon chain elongation pathways. DA - 2014/12/9/ PY - 2014/12/9/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.1413789111 VL - 111 IS - 49 SP - 17618-17623 SN - 0027-8424 KW - Archaea KW - metabolic engineering KW - hyperthermophile KW - carbon monoxide KW - aldehydes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microbial communities respond to experimental warming, but site matters AU - Cregger, Melissa A. AU - Sanders, Nathan J. AU - Dunn, Robert R. AU - Classen, Aimee T. T2 - PEERJ AB - Because microorganisms are sensitive to temperature, ongoing global warming is predicted to influence microbial community structure and function. We used large-scale warming experiments established at two sites near the northern and southern boundaries of US eastern deciduous forests to explore how microbial communities and their function respond to warming at sites with differing climatic regimes. Soil microbial community structure and function responded to warming at the southern but not the northern site. However, changes in microbial community structure and function at the southern site did not result in changes in cellulose decomposition rates. While most global change models rest on the assumption that taxa will respond similarly to warming across sites and their ranges, these results suggest that the responses of microorganisms to warming may be mediated by differences across the geographic boundaries of ecosystems. DA - 2014/4/24/ PY - 2014/4/24/ DO - 10.7717/peerj.358 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2167-8359 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84899109356&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Decomposition KW - Microbial communities KW - Global warming KW - Soil enzyme activity KW - Eastern deciduous forests KW - Ecosystem function ER - TY - JOUR TI - Is Helicobacter Pylori an endogenous source of diethyl phthalate in humans? AU - Hilton, Gina M. AU - Hoppin, Jane A. T2 - Environmental Research AB - Monoethyl phthalate (MEP) is a metabolite used to assess exposure to diethyl phthalate (DEP). Helicobacter Pylori (HP) has been shown to produce DEP in laboratory studies. We used NHANES 1999–2000 data for 1623 adults to investigate whether HP seropositivity was associated with MEP levels. MEP levels were higher in individuals with HP seropositivity (p=0.0237), however the association differed by race. These results suggest that HP may be an endogenous source of DEP in some populations. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.019 VL - 134 SP - 402-404 J2 - Environmental Research LA - en OP - SN - 0013-9351 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.019 DB - Crossref KW - Diethyl phthalate KW - Monoethyl phthalate KW - Helicobacter pylori KW - NHANES KW - Microbiome ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integrating Temperature-Dependent Life Table Data into a Matrix Projection Model for Drosophila suzukii Population Estimation AU - Wiman, Nik G. AU - Walton, Vaughn M. AU - Dalton, Daniel T. AU - Anfora, Gianfranco AU - Burrack, Hannah J. AU - Chiu, Joanna C. AU - Daane, Kent M. AU - Grassi, Alberto AU - Miller, Betsey AU - Tochen, Samantha AU - Wang, Xingeng AU - Ioriatti, Claudio T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Temperature-dependent fecundity and survival data was integrated into a matrix population model to describe relative Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) population increase and age structure based on environmental conditions. This novel modification of the classic Leslie matrix population model is presented as a way to examine how insect populations interact with the environment, and has application as a predictor of population density. For D. suzukii, we examined model implications for pest pressure on crops. As case studies, we examined model predictions in three small fruit production regions in the United States (US) and one in Italy. These production regions have distinctly different climates. In general, patterns of adult D. suzukii trap activity broadly mimicked seasonal population levels predicted by the model using only temperature data. Age structure of estimated populations suggest that trap and fruit infestation data are of limited value and are insufficient for model validation. Thus, we suggest alternative experiments for validation. The model is advantageous in that it provides stage-specific population estimation, which can potentially guide management strategies and provide unique opportunities to simulate stage-specific management effects such as insecticide applications or the effect of biological control on a specific life-stage. The two factors that drive initiation of the model are suitable temperatures (biofix) and availability of a suitable host medium (fruit). Although there are many factors affecting population dynamics of D. suzukii in the field, temperature-dependent survival and reproduction are believed to be the main drivers for D. suzukii populations. DA - 2014/9/5/ PY - 2014/9/5/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0106909 VL - 9 IS - 9 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Ephemeral Sexual Population of Phytophthora infestans in the Northeastern United States and Canada AU - Danies, Giovanna AU - Myers, Kevin AU - Mideros, Maria F. AU - Restrepo, Silvia AU - Martin, Frank N. AU - Cooke, David E. L. AU - Smart, Christine D. AU - Ristaino, Jean B. AU - Seaman, Abby J. AU - Gugino, Beth K. AU - Gruenwald, Niklaus J. AU - Fry, William E. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight disease, has been reported in North America since the mid-nineteenth century. In the United States the lack of or very limited sexual reproduction has resulted in largely clonal populations of P. infestans. In 2010 and 2011, but not in 2012 or 2013, 20 rare and diverse genotypes of P. infestans were detected in a region that centered around central New York State. The ratio of A1 to A2 mating types among these genotypes was close to the 50∶50 ratio expected for sexual recombination. These genotypes were diverse at the glucose-6-phosphate isomerase locus, differed in their microsatellite profiles, showed different banding patterns in a restriction fragment length polymorphism assay using a moderately repetitive and highly polymorphic probe (RG57), were polymorphic for four different nuclear genes and differed in their sensitivity to the systemic fungicide mefenoxam. The null hypothesis of linkage equilibrium was not rejected, which suggests the population could be sexual. These new genotypes were monomorphic in their mitochondrial haplotype that was the same as US-22. Through parentage exclusion testing using microsatellite data and sequences of four nuclear genes, recent dominant lineages US-8, US-11, US-23, and US-24 were excluded as possible parents for these genotypes. Further analyses indicated that US-22 could not be eliminated as a possible parent for 14 of the 20 genotypes. We conclude that US-22 could be a parent of some, but not all, of the new genotypes found in 2010 and 2011. There were at least two other parents for this population and the genotypic characteristics of the other parents were identified. DA - 2014/12/31/ PY - 2014/12/31/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0116354 VL - 9 IS - 12 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Accuracy of residential geocoding in the Agricultural Health Study AU - Jones, Rena R AU - DellaValle, Curt T AU - Flory, Abigail R AU - Nordan, Alex AU - Hoppin, Jane A AU - Hofmann, Jonathan N AU - Chen, Honglei AU - Giglierano, James AU - Lynch, Charles F AU - Beane Freeman, Laura E AU - Rushton, Gerard AU - Ward, Mary H T2 - International Journal of Health Geographics AB - Environmental exposure assessments often require a study participant’s residential location, but the positional accuracy of geocoding varies by method and the rural status of an address. We evaluated geocoding error in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS), a cohort of pesticide applicators and their spouses in Iowa and North Carolina, U.S.A. For 5,064 AHS addresses in Iowa, we compared rooftop coordinates as a gold standard to two alternate locations: 1) E911 locations (intersection of the private and public road), and 2) geocodes generated by matching addresses to a commercial street database (NAVTEQ) or placed manually. Positional error (distance in meters (m) from the rooftop) was assessed overall and separately for addresses inside (non-rural) or outside town boundaries (rural). We estimated the sensitivity and specificity of proximity-based exposures (crops, animal feeding operations (AFOs)) and the attenuation in odds ratios (ORs) for a hypothetical nested case–control study. We also evaluated geocoding errors within two AHS subcohorts in Iowa and North Carolina by comparing them to GPS points taken at residences. Nearly two-thirds of the addresses represented rural locations. Compared to the rooftop gold standard, E911 locations were more accurate overall than address-matched geocodes (median error 39 and 90 m, respectively). Rural addresses generally had greater error than non-rural addresses, although errors were smaller for E911 locations. For highly prevalent crops within 500 m (>97% of homes), sensitivity was >95% using both data sources; however, lower specificities with address-matched geocodes (more common for rural addresses) led to substantial attenuation of ORs (e.g., corn <500 m ORobs = 1.47 vs. ORtrue = 2.0). Error in the address-matched geocodes resulted in even greater ORobs attenuation for AFO exposures. Errors for North Carolina addresses were generally smaller than those in Iowa. Geocoding error can be minimized when known coordinates are available to test alternative data and methods. Our assessment suggests that where E911 locations are available, they offer an improvement upon address-matched geocodes for rural addresses. Exposure misclassification resulting from positional error is dependent on the geographic database, geocoding method, and the prevalence of exposure. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1186/1476-072x-13-37 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 37 J2 - International Journal of Health Geographics LA - en OP - SN - 1476-072X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-13-37 DB - Crossref KW - Geocoding KW - Positional error KW - Rural location KW - Environmental exposure assessment KW - Accuracy ER - TY - JOUR TI - The efficacy of haptic simulations to teach students with visual impairments about temperature and pressure AU - Jones, M. G. AU - Childers, G. AU - Emig, B. AU - Chevrier, J. AU - Tan, H. AU - Stevens, V. AU - List, J. T2 - Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness AB - Traditional science instruction is typically reliant on visual modes of learning, such as textbooks and graphs. Furthermore, since science instruction is often heavily dependent upon visual cues, students with visual impairment often do not have access to the same educational opportunities in most science classes (Jones, Minogue, Oppewal, Cook, & Broadwell, 2006). However, advancements in tactile technology (haptics) are allowing individuals with visual impairments to discover science concepts in revolutionary ways. Haptic feedback devices allow users to experience computer simulations through tactile sensations. Students with visual impairments in science classrooms can now use haptic devices to objects and processes in science, such as exploring an animal cell's organelles (Jones et al., 2004). Researchers in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) education have argued that the widespread use of haptic technology in education could provide a hands-on learning experience that is conducive for learning about difficult science concepts (Young et al., 2011) for students who have typical vision as well as those with visual impairments. Jones, Bokinsky, Tretter, & Negishi (2005) reported equal benefits for students with and without visual impairments in using haptic devices similar to the Falcon to explore unknown shapes. Furthermore, the amount of time it took to complete the investigation of shapes was the same for both groups. Other studies have suggested that haptic devices and computer simulations may lead to a deeper level of processing (Jones et al., 2004, p. 55). Unfortunately, haptic devices have not been prominent in science classes because of the cost of the technology and the time needed to train teachers on how to effectively use the technology in the classroom. However, the cost of haptic devices has fallen considerably in recent years (they are now the same price as an inexpensive microscope), and preliminary data suggests that there is potential value in the use of haptic tools to teach abstract science concepts. The study presented here explored the efficacy of a haptic device and a computer simulation to teach students with visual impairments about heat and pressure concepts associated with particle movement. The concept of particle movement is crucial for individuals to understand various interdisciplinary science concepts, such as heat; the formation of viral capsids, proteins, and structures; and processes such as osmosis. The haptic instructional program has been used in a series of studies that allow students to feel particle movement in a closed system (Jones et al., 2013). Students are able to feel how particle movement varies with different temperature and pressure settings without depending on a visual aid for learning. METHODS Instructional program and technology The participants in the present study used the Novint Falcon haptic device from Novint Technologies (see Figure 1). The Novint Falcon is a USB-enabled haptic device that is designed to replace a mouse while a participant is utilizing the computer for simulations or gaming. Participants are able to control the Novint Falcon by holding on to the grip bubble (see Figure 2), which moves in three dimensions: up and down, forwards and backwards, and right to left. While the participant is moving the grip bubble, the Novint Falcon's sensors are able to communicate with the computer, detailing the participant's movement within a computer program. In addition, the grip bubble connected to a computer allows participants to manipulate objects in a computer simulation while providing tactile feedback to the participant. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] The instructional program (Pollen Grain) allowed participants to maneuver and control an object (a pollen grain) that was constantly subjected to the random motion of surrounding particles in a closed system (see Figure 3). … DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1177/0145482x1410800106 VL - 108 IS - 1 SP - 55–61 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Limits on the reproducibility of marker associations with southern leaf blight resistance in the maize nested association mapping population AU - Bian, Yang AU - Yang, Qin AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter J. AU - Wisser, Randall J. AU - Holland, James B. T2 - BMC GENOMICS AB - A previous study reported a comprehensive quantitative trait locus (QTL) and genome wide association study (GWAS) of southern leaf blight (SLB) resistance in the maize Nested Association Mapping (NAM) panel. Since that time, the genomic resources available for such analyses have improved substantially. An updated NAM genetic linkage map has a nearly six-fold greater marker density than the previous map and the combined SNPs and read-depth variants (RDVs) from maize HapMaps 1 and 2 provided 28.5 M genomic variants for association analysis, 17 fold more than HapMap 1. In addition, phenotypic values of the NAM RILs were re-estimated to account for environment-specific flowering time covariates and a small proportion of lines were dropped due to genotypic data quality problems. Comparisons of original and updated QTL and GWAS results confound the effects of linkage map density, GWAS marker density, population sample size, and phenotype estimates. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of changing each of these parameters individually and in combination to determine their relative impact on marker-trait associations in original and updated analyses.Of the four parameters varied, map density caused the largest changes in QTL and GWAS results. The updated QTL model had better cross-validation prediction accuracy than the previous model. Whereas joint linkage QTL positions were relatively stable to input changes, the residual values derived from those QTL models (used as inputs to GWAS) were more sensitive, resulting in substantial differences between GWAS results. The updated NAM GWAS identified several candidate genes consistent with previous QTL fine-mapping results.The highly polygenic nature of resistance to SLB complicates the identification of causal genes. Joint linkage QTL are relatively stable to perturbations of data inputs, but their resolution is generally on the order of tens or more Mbp. GWAS associations have higher resolution, but lower power due to stringent thresholds designed to minimize false positive associations, resulting in variability of detection across studies. The updated higher density linkage map improves QTL estimation and, along with a much denser SNP HapMap, greatly increases the likelihood of detecting SNPs in linkage with causal variants. We recommend use of the updated genetic resources and results but emphasize the limited repeatability of small-effect associations. DA - 2014/12/5/ PY - 2014/12/5/ DO - 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1068 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1471-2164 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84924290940&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Quantitative trait loci KW - Nested association mapping KW - Disease resistance KW - Genome wide association study KW - Zea mays ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intercellular Protein Movement: Deciphering the Language of Development AU - Gallagher, Kimberly L. AU - Sozzani, Rosangela AU - Lee, Chin-Mei T2 - ANNUAL REVIEW OF CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, VOL 30 AB - Development in multicellular organisms requires the coordinated production of a large number of specialized cell types through sophisticated signaling mechanisms. Non-cell-autonomous signals are one of the key mechanisms by which organisms coordinate development. In plants, intercellular movement of transcription factors and other mobile signals, such as hormones and peptides, is essential for normal development. Through a combination of different approaches, a large number of non-cell-autonomous signals that control plant development have been identified. We review some of the transcriptional regulators that traffic between cells, as well as how changes in symplasmic continuity affect and are affected by development. We also review current models for how mobile signals move via plasmodesmata and how movement is inhibited. Finally, we consider challenges in and new tools for studying protein movement. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100913-012915 VL - 30 SP - 207-233 SN - 1530-8995 KW - Arabidopsis development KW - plasmodesmata KW - non-cell-autonomous proteins KW - cell-to-cell signaling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global biogeographic regions in a human-dominated world: the case of human diseases AU - Just, Michael G. AU - Norton, Jacob F. AU - Traud, Amanda L. AU - Antonelli, Tim AU - Poteate, Aaron S. AU - Backus, Gregory A. AU - Snyder-Beattie, Andrew AU - Sanders, R. Wyatt AU - Dunn, Robert R. T2 - ECOSPHERE AB - Since the work of Alfred Russel Wallace, biologists have sought to divide the world into biogeographic regions that reflect the history of continents and evolution. These divisions not only guide conservation efforts, but are also the fundamental reference point for understanding the distribution of life. However, the biogeography of human‐associated species—such as pathogens, crops, or even house guests—has been largely ignored or discounted. As pathogens have the potential for direct consequences on the lives of humans, domestic animals, and wildlife it is prudent to examine their potential biogeographic history. Furthermore, if distinct regions exist for human‐associated pathogens, it would provide possible connections between human wellbeing and pathogen distributions, and, more generally, humans and the deep evolutionary history of the natural world. We tested for the presence of biogeographic regions for diseases of humans due to pathogens using country‐level disease composition data and compared the regions for vectored and non‐vectored diseases. We found discrete biogeographic regions for diseases, with a stronger influence of biogeography on vectored than non‐vectored diseases. We also found significant correlations between these biogeographic regions and environmental or socio‐political factors. While some biogeographic regions reflected those already documented for birds or mammals, others reflected colonial history. From the perspective of diseases caused by pathogens, humans have altered but not evaded the influence of ancient biogeography. This work is the necessary first step in examining the biogeographic relationship between humans and their associates. DA - 2014/11// PY - 2014/11// DO - 10.1890/es14-00201.1 VL - 5 IS - 11 SP - SN - 2150-8925 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84919788790&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - colonial KW - human associates KW - pathogens ER - TY - JOUR TI - Drosophila suzukii: The Genetic Footprint of a Recent, Worldwide Invasion AU - Adrion, Jeffrey R. AU - Kousathanas, Athanasios AU - Pascual, Marta AU - Burrack, Hannah J. AU - Haddad, Nick M. AU - Bergland, Alan O. AU - Machado, Heather AU - Sackton, Timothy B. AU - Schlenke, Todd A. AU - Watada, Masayoshi AU - Wegmann, Daniel AU - Singh, Nadia D. T2 - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION AB - Native to Asia, the soft-skinned fruit pest Drosophila suzukii has recently invaded the United States and Europe. The eastern United States represents the most recent expansion of their range, and presents an opportunity to test alternative models of colonization history. Here, we investigate the genetic population structure of this invasive fruit fly, with a focus on the eastern United States. We sequenced six X-linked gene fragments from 246 individuals collected from a total of 12 populations. We examine patterns of genetic diversity within and between populations and explore alternative colonization scenarios using approximate Bayesian computation. Our results indicate high levels of nucleotide diversity in this species and suggest that the recent invasions of Europe and the continental United States are independent demographic events. More broadly speaking, our results highlight the importance of integrating population structure into demographic models, particularly when attempting to reconstruct invasion histories. Finally, our simulation results illustrate the general challenge in reconstructing invasion histories using genetic data and suggest that genome-level data are often required to distinguish among alternative demographic scenarios. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1093/molbev/msu246 VL - 31 IS - 12 SP - 3148-3163 SN - 1537-1719 KW - Drosophila suzukii KW - population genetics KW - invasion KW - pest ER - TY - JOUR TI - Urinary Tetrabromobenzoic Acid (TBBA) as a Biomarker of Exposure to the Flame Retardant Mixture Firemaster ® 550 AU - Hoffman, Kate AU - Fang, Mingliang AU - Horman, Brian AU - Patisaul, Heather B. AU - Garantziotis, Stavros AU - Birnbaum, Linda S. AU - Stapleton, Heather M. T2 - Environmental Health Perspectives AB - Background: Firemaster® 550 (FM550) is commonly added to residential furniture to reduce its flammability. Recent toxicological evidence suggests that FM550 may be endocrine disrupting and obesogenic.Objectives: Our objectives were to develop methods to assess exposure to FM550 in human populations and to identify potential routes of exposure.Methods: Using mass spectrometry methods, we developed a method to measure 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA), a urinary metabolite of the major brominated FM550 component 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB). The method was applied to a cohort of adult volunteers (n = 64). Participants completed questionnaires, provided urine and handwipe samples, and collected dust samples from their homes. We measured TBB and the other major brominated FM550 component, bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), in paired dust and handwipe samples.Results: TBBA was detected in 72.4% of urine samples. Although TBBA is a rapidly formed metabolite, analyses indicated moderate temporal reliability (interclass correlation coefficient = 0.56; 95% confidence interval: 0.46, 0.66). TBB and TBPH were detected frequently in dust samples [geometric mean (GM) = 315.1 and 364.7 ng/g, respectively] and in handwipes (GM = 31.4 and 23.4 ng, respectively). Levels of TBB and TBPH in dust were positively correlated with levels in handwipes. In addition, levels of TBB in handwipes were positively correlated with urinary TBBA. Results suggest frequent hand washing may reduce the mass of TBB on participants’ hands and reduce urinary TBBA levels.Conclusions: Cumulatively, our data indicate that exposures to FM550 are widespread and that the home environment may be an important source of exposure. Urinary TBBA provides a potentially useful biomarker of FM550 exposure for epidemiologic studies.Citation: Hoffman K, Fang M, Horman B, Patisaul HB, Garantziotis S, Birnbaum LS, Stapleton HM. 2014. Urinary tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA) as a biomarker of exposure to the flame retardant mixture Firemaster® 550. Environ Health Perspect 122:963–969; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1308028 DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1289/ehp.1308028 VL - 122 IS - 9 SP - 963-969 J2 - Environmental Health Perspectives LA - en OP - SN - 0091-6765 1552-9924 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1308028 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unexpected phenological responses of butterflies to the interaction of urbanization and geographic temperature AU - Diamond, Sarah E. AU - Cayton, Heather AU - Wepprich, Tyson AU - Jenkins, Clinton N. AU - Dunn, Robert R. AU - Haddad, Nick M. AU - Ries, Leslie T2 - ECOLOGY AB - Urbanization and global climate change can profoundly alter biological systems, yet scientists often analyze their effects separately. We test how the timing of life cycle events (phenology) is jointly influenced by these two components of global change. To do so, we use a long‐term phenological data set of 20 common butterfly species from 83 sites across the state of Ohio, USA, with sites that range from rural undeveloped areas to moderately sized cities. These sites span a latitudinal gradient in mean temperature of several °C, mimicking the range of projected global climate warming effects through the end of the century. Although shifts toward earlier phenology are typical of species' responses to either global climate change or urbanization, we found that their interaction delayed several Ohio butterfly species' first appearance and peak abundance phenology. Exploitative species exhibited smaller delays in first appearance and peak abundance phenology in areas that were urbanized and geographically warm. Our results show that phenological responses to urbanization are contingent upon geographic variation in temperature, and that the impacts of urbanization and global climate change should be considered simultaneously when developing forecasts of biological responses to environmental change. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1890/13-1848.1 VL - 95 IS - 9 SP - 2613-2621 SN - 1939-9170 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84907211442&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - anthropogenic change KW - citizen science KW - global climate change KW - impervious surface KW - Lepidoptera KW - nonadditive effects KW - phenology KW - physiology KW - temperature KW - trait-based modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transcriptome of the Female Synganglion of the Black-Legged Tick Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) with Comparison between Illumina and 454 Systems AU - Egekwu, Noble AU - Sonenshine, Daniel E. AU - Bissinger, Brooke W. AU - Roe, R. Michael T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Illumina and 454 pyrosequencing were used to characterize genes from the synganglion of female Ixodes scapularis. GO term searching success for biological processes was similar for samples sequenced by both methods. However, for molecular processes, it was more successful for the Illumina samples than for 454 samples. Functional assignments of transcripts predicting neuropeptides, neuropeptide receptors, neurotransmitter receptors and other genes of interest was done, supported by strong e-values (<−6), and high consensus sequence alignments. Transcripts predicting 15 putative neuropeptide prepropeptides ((allatostatin, allatotropin, bursicon α, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), CRF-binding protein, eclosion hormone, FMRFamide, glycoprotein A, insulin-like peptide, ion transport peptide, myoinhibitory peptide, inotocin ( = neurophysin-oxytocin), Neuropeptide F, sulfakinin and SIFamide)) and transcripts predicting receptors for 14 neuropeptides (allatostatin, calcitonin, cardioacceleratory peptide, corazonin, CRF, eclosion hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone/AKH-like, insulin-like peptide, neuropeptide F, proctolin, pyrokinin, SIFamide, sulfakinin and tachykinin) are reported. Similar to Dermacentor variabilis, we found transcripts matching pro-protein convertase, essential for converting neuropeptide hormones to their mature form. Additionally, transcripts predicting 6 neurotransmitter/neuromodulator receptors (acetylcholine, GABA, dopamine, glutamate, octopamine and serotonin) and 3 neurotransmitter transporters (GABA transporter, noradrenalin-norepinephrine transporter and Na+-neurotransmitter/symporter) are described. Further, we found transcripts predicting genes for pheromone odorant receptor, gustatory receptor, novel GPCR messages, ecdysone nuclear receptor, JH esterase binding protein, steroidogenic activating protein, chitin synthase, chitinase, and other genes of interest. Also found were transcripts predicting genes for spermatogenesis-associated protein, major sperm protein, spermidine oxidase and spermidine synthase, genes not normally expressed in the female CNS of other invertebrates. The diversity of messages predicting important genes identified in this study offers a valuable resource useful for understanding how the tick synganglion regulates important physiological functions. DA - 2014/7/30/ PY - 2014/7/30/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0102667 VL - 9 IS - 7 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transcriptional and epigenetic responses to mating and aging in Drosophila melanogaster AU - Zhou, Shanshan AU - Mackay, Trudy F. C. AU - Anholt, Robert R. H. T2 - BMC GENOMICS AB - Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to respond rapidly to changing environmental circumstances, and understanding its genomic basis can yield insights regarding the underlying genes and genetic networks affecting complex phenotypes. Female Drosophila melanogaster undergo dramatic physiological changes mediated by seminal fluid components transferred upon mating, including decreased longevity. Their physiological and behavioral effects have been well characterized, but little is known about resulting changes in regulation of gene expression or the extent to which mating-induced changes in gene expression are the same as those occurring during aging. We assessed genome-wide mRNA, microRNA, and three common histone modifications implicated in gene activation for young and aged virgin and mated female D. melanogaster in a factorial design. We identified phenotypically plastic transcripts and epigenetic modifications associated with mating and aging. We used these data to derive phenotypically plastic regulatory networks associated with mating of young flies, and aging of virgin and mated flies. Many of the mRNAs, microRNAs and epigenetic modifications associated with mating of young flies also occur with age in virgin flies, which may reflect mating-induced accelerated aging. We functionally tested the plastic regulatory networks by overexpressing environmentally sensitive microRNAs. Overexpression resulted in altered expression of ~70% of candidate target genes, and in all cases affected oviposition. Our results implicate microRNAs as mediators of phenotypic plasticity associated with mating and provide a comprehensive documentation of the genomic and epigenomic changes that accompany mating- and aging-induced physiological changes in female D. melanogaster. DA - 2014/10/23/ PY - 2014/10/23/ DO - 10.1186/1471-2164-15-927 VL - 15 SP - SN - 1471-2164 KW - microRNA KW - Histone modification KW - ChipSeq KW - Environmental plasticity KW - Systems genetics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thomas Aquinas on Persuasion: Action, Ends, and Natural Rhetoric AU - Zagacki, Kenneth S. T2 - RHETORIC REVIEW DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1080/07350198.2014.947880 VL - 33 IS - 4 SP - 439-442 SN - 1532-7981 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The evolution of architecture AU - Dunn, Robert T2 - Scientific American DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1038/scientificamerican1114-72 VL - 311 IS - 5 SP - 72-77 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84908193493&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Southern Megalopolis: Using the Past to Predict the Future of Urban Sprawl in the Southeast US AU - Terando, Adam J. AU - Costanza, Jennifer AU - Belyea, Curtis AU - Dunn, Robert R. AU - McKerrow, Alexa AU - Collazo, Jaime A. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - The future health of ecosystems is arguably as dependent on urban sprawl as it is on human-caused climatic warming. Urban sprawl strongly impacts the urban ecosystems it creates and the natural and agro-ecosystems that it displaces and fragments. Here, we project urban sprawl changes for the next 50 years for the fast-growing Southeast U.S. Previous studies have focused on modeling population density, but the urban extent is arguably as important as population density per se in terms of its ecological and conservation impacts. We develop simulations using the SLEUTH urban growth model that complement population-driven models but focus on spatial pattern and extent. To better capture the reach of low-density suburban development, we extend the capabilities of SLEUTH by incorporating street-network information. Our simulations point to a future in which the extent of urbanization in the Southeast is projected to increase by 101% to 192%. Our results highlight areas where ecosystem fragmentation is likely, and serve as a benchmark to explore the challenging tradeoffs between ecosystem health, economic growth and cultural desires. DA - 2014/7/23/ PY - 2014/7/23/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0102261 VL - 9 IS - 7 SP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84904620111&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temporal variability is a personalized feature of the human microbiome AU - Flores, Gilberto E. AU - Caporaso, J. Gregory AU - Henley, Jessica B. AU - Rideout, Jai Ram AU - Domogala, Daniel AU - Chase, John AU - Leff, Jonathan W. AU - Vazquez-Baeza, Yoshiki AU - Gonzalez, Antonio AU - Knight, Rob AU - Dunn, Robert R. AU - Fierer, Noah T2 - GENOME BIOLOGY AB - It is now apparent that the complex microbial communities found on and in the human body vary across individuals. What has largely been missing from previous studies is an understanding of how these communities vary over time within individuals. To the extent to which it has been considered, it is often assumed that temporal variability is negligible for healthy adults. Here we address this gap in understanding by profiling the forehead, gut (fecal), palm, and tongue microbial communities in 85 adults, weekly over 3 months.We found that skin (forehead and palm) varied most in the number of taxa present, whereas gut and tongue communities varied more in the relative abundances of taxa. Within each body habitat, there was a wide range of temporal variability across the study population, with some individuals harboring more variable communities than others. The best predictor of these differences in variability across individuals was microbial diversity; individuals with more diverse gut or tongue communities were more stable in composition than individuals with less diverse communities.Longitudinal sampling of a relatively large number of individuals allowed us to observe high levels of temporal variability in both diversity and community structure in all body habitats studied. These findings suggest that temporal dynamics may need to be considered when attempting to link changes in microbiome structure to changes in health status. Furthermore, our findings show that, not only is the composition of an individual's microbiome highly personalized, but their degree of temporal variability is also a personalized feature. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1186/s13059-014-0531-y VL - 15 IS - 12 SP - SN - 1474-760X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84965187800&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soy but not bisphenol A (BPA) induces hallmarks of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and related metabolic co-morbidities in rats AU - Patisaul, Heather B. AU - Mabrey, Natalie AU - Adewale, Heather B. AU - Sullivan, Alana W. T2 - REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY AB - Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common female endocrine disorder with a prevalence as high as 8-15% depending on ethnicity and the diagnostic criteria employed. The basic pathophysiology and mode of inheritance remain unclear, but environmental factors such as diet, stress and chemical exposures are thought to be contributory. Developmental exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) have been hypothesized to exacerbate risk, in part because PCOS hallmarks and associated metabolic co-morbidities can be reliably induced in animal models by perinatal androgen exposure. Here we show that lifetime exposure to a soy diet, containing endocrine active phytoestrogens, but not developmental exposure (gestational day 6-lactational day 40) to the endocrine disrupting monomer bisphenol A (BPA), can induce key features of PCOS in the rat; results which support the hypothesis that hormonally active diets may contribute to risk when consumed throughout gestation and post-natal life. DA - 2014/11// PY - 2014/11// DO - 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.09.003 VL - 49 SP - 209-218 SN - 0890-6238 KW - Phytoestrogens KW - Genistein KW - Endocrine disruptors KW - Ovary KW - Development ER - TY - JOUR TI - Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Data Support the General Unrelatedness of the Males in the Agricultural Health Study AU - Jack, J. R. AU - Motsinger-Reif, A. A. AU - Koutros, S. AU - Alavanja, M. C. AU - Beane Freeman, L. E. AU - Hoppin, J. A. T2 - Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention AB - Abstract Background: Farming is often a family and multigenerational business. Relatedness among farmers could bias gene–environment interaction analysis. To evaluate the potential relatedness of farmers, we used data from a nested case–control study of prostate cancer conducted in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS), a prospective study of farmers in Iowa and North Carolina. Methods: We analyzed the genetic data for 25,009 SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) from 2,220 White participants to test for cryptic relatedness among these farmers. We used two software packages: (i) PLINK, to calculate inbreeding coefficients and identity-by-descent (IBD) statistics and (ii) EIGENSOFT, to perform a principal component analysis on the genetic data. Results: Inbreeding coefficients estimates and IBD statistics show that the subjects are overwhelmingly unrelated, with little potential for cryptic relatedness in these data. Conclusions: Our analysis rejects the hypothesis that individuals in the case–control study exhibit cryptic relatedness. Impact: These findings are important for all subsequent analyses of gene–environment interactions in the AHS. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(10); 2192–5. ©2014 AACR. DA - 2014/7/21/ PY - 2014/7/21/ DO - 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0276 VL - 23 IS - 10 SP - 2192-2195 J2 - Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention LA - en OP - SN - 1055-9965 1538-7755 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0276 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sense of Community Responsibility in Community Collaboratives: Advancing a Theory of Community as Resource and Responsibility AU - Nowell, Branda AU - Boyd, Neil M. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY AB - Abstract This paper contributes to the growing body of scholarship aimed at advancing our understanding of the experience of community by empirically investigating sense of community responsibility (SOC‐R) in relation to traditional measures of sense of community (SOC) and indices of satisfaction, engagement, and leadership in interorganizational collaborative settings. Findings support the proposition that, although both are related to the experience of community, SOC and SOC‐R emphasize different aspects of that experience and operate under different theoretical mechanisms of influence. SOC emphasizes community as a resource which was found to be a more salient aspect in differentiating those who will be more or less satisfied with their experience. In addition, SOC was found to predict general participation in a community collaborative. SOC‐R emphasizes the experience of community as a responsibility which appears to be a stronger predictor in explaining higher order engagement requiring greater investment of time and resources. Even more importantly, this study indicates that SOC‐R is uniquely equipped to help us advance models of community leadership. As such, it represents an important contribution to expanding our understanding of the factors that drive members’ willingness to give of themselves toward collective aims. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1007/s10464-014-9667-x VL - 54 IS - 3-4 SP - 229-242 SN - 1573-2770 KW - Sense of community KW - Responsibility KW - Satisfaction KW - Engagement KW - Leadership KW - Collaboration KW - Collaboratives KW - Coalitions KW - Partnerships ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of an Archaeal PitA Transporter in the Copper and Arsenic Resistance of Metallosphaera sedula, an Extreme Thermoacidophile AU - McCarthy, Samuel AU - Ai, Chenbing AU - Wheaton, Garrett AU - Tevatia, Rahul AU - Eckrich, Valerie AU - Kelly, Robert AU - Blum, Paul T2 - JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY AB - Thermoacidophilic archaea, such as Metallosphaera sedula, are lithoautotrophs that occupy metal-rich environments. In previous studies, an M. sedula mutant lacking the primary copper efflux transporter, CopA, became copper sensitive. In contrast, the basis for supranormal copper resistance remained unclear in the spontaneous M. sedula mutant, CuR1. Here, transcriptomic analysis of copper-shocked cultures indicated that CuR1 had a unique regulatory response to metal challenge corresponding to the upregulation of 55 genes. Genome resequencing identified 17 confirmed mutations unique to CuR1 that were likely to change gene function. Of these, 12 mapped to genes with annotated function associated with transcription, metabolism, or transport. These mutations included 7 nonsynonymous substitutions, 4 insertions, and 1 deletion. One of the insertion mutations mapped to pseudogene Msed_1517 and extended its reading frame an additional 209 amino acids. The extended mutant allele was identified as a homolog of Pho4, a family of phosphate symporters that includes the bacterial PitA proteins. Orthologs of this allele were apparent in related extremely thermoacidophilic species, suggesting M. sedula naturally lacked this gene. Phosphate transport studies combined with physiologic analysis demonstrated M. sedula PitA was a low-affinity, high-velocity secondary transporter implicated in copper resistance and arsenate sensitivity. Genetic analysis demonstrated that spontaneous arsenate-resistant mutants derived from CuR1 all underwent mutation in pitA and nonselectively became copper sensitive. Taken together, these results point to archaeal PitA as a key requirement for the increased metal resistance of strain CuR1 and its accelerated capacity for copper bioleaching. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.1128/jb.01707-14 VL - 196 IS - 20 SP - 3562-3570 SN - 1098-5530 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence of Rickettsiales in ticks removed from the skin of outdoor workers in North Carolina AU - Lee, Sangmi AU - Kakumanu, Madhavi L. AU - Ponnusamy, Loganathan AU - Vaughn, Meagan AU - Funkhouser, Sheana AU - Thornton, Haley AU - Meshnick, Steven R. AU - Apperson, Charles S. T2 - PARASITES & VECTORS AB - Tick-transmitted rickettsial diseases, such as ehrlichiosis and spotted fever rickettsiosis, are significant sources of morbidity and mortality in the southern United States. Because of their exposure in tick-infested woodlands, outdoor workers experience an increased risk of infection with tick-borne pathogens. As part of a double blind randomized-controlled field trial of the effectiveness of permethrin-treated clothing in preventing tick bites, we identified tick species removed from the skin of outdoor workers in North Carolina and tested the ticks for Rickettsiales pathogens. Ticks submitted by study participants from April-September 2011 and 2012 were identified to species and life stage, and preliminarily screened for the genus Rickettsia by nested PCR targeting the 17-kDa protein gene. Rickettsia were further identified to species by PCR amplification of 23S-5S intergenic spacer (IGS) fragments combined with reverse line blot hybridization with species-specific probes and through cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of 23S-5S amplicons. Ticks were examined for Ehrlichia and Anaplasma by nested PCR directed at the gltA, antigen-expressing gene containing a variable number of tandem repeats, 16S rRNA, and groESL genes. The lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) accounted for 95.0 and 92.9% of ticks submitted in 2011 (n = 423) and 2012 (n = 451), respectively. Specimens of American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis), Gulf Coast tick (Amblyomma maculatum) and black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis) were also identified. In both years of our study, 60.9% of ticks tested positive for 17-kDa. “Candidatus Rickettsia amblyommii”, identified in all four tick species, accounted for 90.2% (416/461) of the 23S-5S-positive samples and 52.9% (416/787) of all samples tested. Nucleotide sequence analysis of Rickettsia-specific 23S-5S IGS, ompA and gltA gene fragments indicated that ticks, principally A. americanum, contained novel species of Rickettsia. Other Rickettsiales, including Ehrlichia ewingii, E. chaffeensis, Ehrlichia sp. (Panola Mountain), and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, were infrequently identified, principally in A. americanum. We conclude that in North Carolina, the most common rickettsial exposure is to R. amblyommii carried by A. americanum. Other Rickettsiales bacteria, including novel species of Rickettsia, were less frequently detected in A. americanum but are relevant to public health nevertheless. DA - 2014/12/23/ PY - 2014/12/23/ DO - 10.1186/s13071-014-0607-2 VL - 7 SP - SN - 1756-3305 KW - Ticks KW - Rickettsiales pathogens KW - Rickettsia KW - Ehrlichia KW - Reverse line blot hybridization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polymers for the stabilization and delivery of proteins topically and per os to the insect hemocoel through conjugation with aliphatic polyethylene glycol AU - Jeffers, Laura A. AU - Shen, Hongyan AU - Bissinger, Brooke W. AU - Khalil, Sayed AU - Gunnoe, T. Brent AU - Roe, R. Michael T2 - PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY AB - Co-feeding of aliphatic polyethylene glycol (PEG), phospholipase A2, anionic and ionic detergents, and amphipathic glycoside with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein to fourth stadium tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens, did not affect the levels of BSA in the hemolymph. Covalent conjugation of small proteins like the decapeptide trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF) to polyethylene glycol was previously shown to protect the peptide from protease attack and enhance its accumulation in the insect hemocoel. Whether this polymer chemistry could do the same for larger proteins was examined. The chemistry for the synthesis of polydispersed aliphatic PEG350-insulin and monodispersed aliphatic PEG333-insulin are described herein. Insulin was used for this synthesis and not BSA to better control conjugation among the available free amine groups. When PEGylated insulin or free insulin were fed in artificial diet to fifth stadium budworms, greater concentrations of insulin using the PEGylated variants were found in the hemolymph than when free insulin was used (a 6.7 and 7.3-fold increase for the PEG350 and PEG333 conjugates, respectively). When insulin is topically applied to the dorsum of H. virescens, no insulin is found in the hemolymph. However, after topical application of the PEGylated insulins, PEG350-insulin and PEG333-insulin were detected in the hemolymph. After injections of insulin into the hemocoel of fourth stadium H. virescens, insulin is completely cleared from the hemolymph in 120 min. In comparison, PEG350-insulin and PEG333-insulin were present in the hemolymph for 300 and 240 min after injection, respectively, translating to a 3.3 and 2.7-fold increase in the length of time insulin remains in the hemolymph after injection. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.08.006 VL - 115 SP - 58-66 SN - 1095-9939 KW - Insulin KW - Heliothis virescens KW - Tobacco budworm KW - PEGylation KW - Polyethylene glycol KW - Protein delivery ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pesticide use and incident diabetes among wives of farmers in the Agricultural Health Study AU - Starling, Anne P AU - Umbach, David M AU - Kamel, Freya AU - Long, Stuart AU - Sandler, Dale P AU - Hoppin, Jane A T2 - Occupational and Environmental Medicine AB - To estimate associations between use of specific agricultural pesticides and incident diabetes in women.We used data from the Agricultural Health Study, a large prospective cohort of pesticide applicators and their spouses in Iowa and North Carolina. For comparability with previous studies of farmers, we limited analysis to 13 637 farmers' wives who reported ever personally mixing or applying pesticides at enrolment (1993-1997), who provided complete data on required covariates and diabetes diagnosis and who reported no previous diagnosis of diabetes at enrolment. Participants reported ever-use of 50 specific pesticides at enrolment and incident diabetes at one of two follow-up interviews within an average of 12 years of enrolment. We fit Cox proportional hazards models with age as the time scale and adjusting for state and body mass index to estimate HRs and 95% CIs for each of the 45 pesticides with sufficient users.Five pesticides were positively associated with incident diabetes (n=688; 5%): three organophosphates, fonofos (HR=1.56, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.19), phorate (HR=1.57, 95% CI 1.14 to 2.16) and parathion (HR=1.61, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.46); the organochlorine dieldrin (HR=1.99, 95% CI 1.12 to 3.54); and the herbicide 2,4,5-T/2,4,5-TP (HR=1.59, 95% CI 1.00 to 2.51). With phorate and fonofos together in one model to account for their correlation, risks for both remained elevated, though attenuated compared with separate models.Results are consistent with previous studies reporting an association between specific organochlorines and diabetes and add to growing evidence that certain organophosphates also may increase risk. DA - 2014/4/12/ PY - 2014/4/12/ DO - 10.1136/oemed-2013-101659 VL - 71 IS - 9 SP - 629-635 J2 - Occup Environ Med LA - en OP - SN - 1351-0711 1470-7926 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2013-101659 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nanofibrous membranes for single-step immobilization of hyperthermophilic enzymes AU - Tang, Christina AU - Saquing, Carl D. AU - Sarin, Pooja K. AU - Kelly, Robert M. AU - Khan, Saad A. T2 - JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE AB - We report a single-step method to immobilize hyperthermophilic enzymes within chemically crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibrous membranes. The polymer crosslinking that entraps the enzyme within the fiber is not affected by the particular enzyme and can thus be applied to any enzyme. Using a reactive electrospinning process, the chemical crosslinking that occurs during processing effectively entraps the enzyme within the fiber preventing enzyme leaching at elevated temperature establishing that the system is sufficiently robust for immobilization of hyperthermophilic enzymes. Upon immobilization, the enzyme retains 20% of its catalytic activity as well as its hyperthermophilicity, as the maximum activity occurs at ~90 °C, and that activity at 90 °C is an order of magnitude higher than at 37 °C. Furthermore, thermostability of the enzyme is enhanced upon immobilization as indicated by the 2-fold increase in half-life at 90 °C and pH 5.5 which extends the use of these biocatalysts at high temperatures. Compared to alternative methods, the apparent activity using the single-step method is significantly higher than alternative two-step methods (4 orders of magnitude higher than non-solvent based crosslinking and 3-fold higher than vapor-phase crosslinking). Analysis of this immobilization method indicates that the apparent decrease in specific activity could be attributed to enzyme deactivation arising from the crosslinking reaction, whereas mass transfer limits the apparent activity using alternative two-step immobilization methods. Based on this understanding, enzyme activity upon immobilization may be improved by using enzymes with higher intrinsic stability. Since significant enzyme activity is observed upon immobilization and the stability under high temperatures is enhanced, this versatile approach leverages the unique properties of hyperthermophilc enzymes and electrospun nanofibers providing a platform to produce catalytically active nanofibrous membranes appropriate for high temperature processes. DA - 2014/12/15/ PY - 2014/12/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.08.037 VL - 472 SP - 251-260 SN - 1873-3123 KW - Enzyme immobilization KW - Nanofibers KW - Electrospinning KW - Chemical crosslinking KW - Hyperthermophilic enzymes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Limited sex-biased neural gene expression patterns across strains in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) AU - Wong, Ryan Y. AU - McLeod, Melissa M. AU - Godwin, John T2 - BMC GENOMICS AB - Male and female vertebrates typically differ in a range of characteristics, from morphology to physiology to behavior, which are influenced by factors such as the social environment and the internal hormonal and genetic milieu. However, sex differences in gene expression profiles in the brains of vertebrates are only beginning to be understood. Fishes provide a unique complement to studies of sex differences in mammals and birds given that fish show extreme plasticity and lability of sexually dimorphic characters and behaviors during development and even adulthood. Hence, teleost models can give additional insight into sexual differentiation. The goal of this study is to identify neurotranscriptomic mechanisms for sex differences in the brain.In this study we examined whole-brain sex-biased gene expression through RNA-sequencing across four strains of zebrafish. We subsequently conducted systems level analyses by examining gene network dynamics between the sexes using weighted gene coexpression network analysis. Surprisingly, only 61 genes (approximately 0.4% of genes analyzed) showed a significant sex effect across all four strains, and 48 of these differences were male-biased. Several of these genes are associated with steroid hormone biosynthesis. Despite sex differences in a display of stress-related behaviors, basal transcript levels did not predict the intensity of the behavioral display. WGCNA revealed only one module that was significantly associated with sex. Intriguingly, comparing intermodule dynamics between the sexes revealed only moderate preservation. Further we identify sex-specific gene modules.Despite differences in morphology, physiology, and behavior, there is limited sex-biased neural gene expression in zebrafish. Further, genes found to be sex-biased are associated with hormone biosynthesis, suggesting that sex steroid hormones may be key contributors to sexual behavioral plasticity seen in teleosts. A possible mechanism is through regulating specific brain gene networks. DA - 2014/10/17/ PY - 2014/10/17/ DO - 10.1186/1471-2164-15-905 VL - 15 SP - SN - 1471-2164 KW - Sexual dimorphism KW - Sexual plasticity KW - Brain KW - Danio rerio KW - Sex KW - Gene expression KW - Transcriptome KW - RNA-sequencing KW - Gene coexpression network ER - TY - JOUR TI - Landscape corridors can increase invasion by an exotic species and reduce diversity of native species AU - Resasco, J. AU - Haddad, N. M. AU - Orrock, J. L. AU - Shoemaker, D. AU - Brudvig, T. A. AU - Damschen, E. I. AU - Tewksbury, J. J. AU - Levey, D. J. T2 - Ecology AB - Landscape corridors are commonly used to mitigate negative effects of habitat fragmentation, but concerns persist that they may facilitate the spread of invasive species. In a replicated landscape experiment of open habitat, we measured effects of corridors on the invasive fire ant, Solenopsis invicta , and native ants. Fire ants have two social forms: polygyne, which tend to disperse poorly but establish at high densities, and monogyne, which disperse widely but establish at lower densities. In landscapes dominated by polygyne fire ants, fire ant abundance was higher and native ant diversity was lower in habitat patches connected by corridors than in unconnected patches. Conversely, in landscapes dominated by monogyne fire ants, connectivity had no influence on fire ant abundance and native ant diversity. Polygyne fire ants dominated recently created landscapes, suggesting that these corridor effects may be transient. Our results suggest that corridors can facilitate invasion and they highlight the importance of considering species' traits when assessing corridor utility. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1890/14-0169.1 VL - 95 IS - 8 SP - 2033-2039 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of edible fruit coatings on Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) oviposition and development AU - Swoboda-Bhattarai, Katharine A. AU - Burrack, Hannah J. T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEST MANAGEMENT AB - AbstractDrosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is a highly invasive vinegar fly recently detected in the United States that severely threatens the viability of soft skinned fruit production. Insecticides mitigate some of this damage, but alternative methods to manage D. suzukii infestation are needed. We tested three edible coatings to determine if they could prevent or reduce oviposition by D. suzukii females or affect immature survivorship and development in two important host crops, blueberry and raspberry. None of the coatings prevented oviposition, but some reduced the number of eggs laid. Two carnauba wax-based coatings, PrimaFresh 45 and Raynox, dramatically reduced survivorship of immature D. suzukii in raspberries, but not in blueberries. Our results suggest that obtaining thorough, even coverage in the field will be essential if edible coatings are to be used as a management strategy for D. suzukii.Keywords: invasive speciesblueberryraspberryoviposition deterrent AcknowledgementsCoatings were donated by Pace International, LLC, and Tiger Industries, Inc. Penelope Perkins-Veazie, NC State University Department of Horticulture, provided insight on fruit coating selection and use.Additional informationFundingThis research was funded by the Southern Region Small Fruit Consortium [grant number 2013-2]. DA - 2014/10/2/ PY - 2014/10/2/ DO - 10.1080/09670874.2014.971453 VL - 60 IS - 4 SP - 279-286 SN - 1366-5863 KW - invasive species KW - blueberry KW - raspberry KW - oviposition deterrent ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hierarchical Modularization Of Biochemical Pathways Using Fuzzy-C Means Clustering AU - Balaguer, Maria A. de Luis AU - Williams, Cranos M. T2 - IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CYBERNETICS AB - Biological systems that are representative of regulatory, metabolic, or signaling pathways can be highly complex. Mathematical models that describe such systems inherit this complexity. As a result, these models can often fail to provide a path toward the intuitive comprehension of these systems. More coarse information that allows a perceptive insight of the system is sometimes needed in combination with the model to understand control hierarchies or lower level functional relationships. In this paper, we present a method to identify relationships between components of dynamic models of biochemical pathways that reside in different functional groups. We find primary relationships and secondary relationships. The secondary relationships reveal connections that are present in the system, which current techniques that only identify primary relationships are unable to show. We also identify how relationships between components dynamically change over time. This results in a method that provides the hierarchy of the relationships among components, which can help us to understand the low level functional structure of the system and to elucidate potential hierarchical control. As a proof of concept, we apply the algorithm to the epidermal growth factor signal transduction pathway, and to the C3 photosynthesis pathway. We identify primary relationships among components that are in agreement with previous computational decomposition studies, and identify secondary relationships that uncover connections among components that current computational approaches were unable to reveal. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1109/tcyb.2013.2286679 VL - 44 IS - 8 SP - 1473-1484 SN - 2168-2275 KW - Clustering algorithms KW - functional analysis KW - fuzzy systems KW - systems biology KW - time series analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evidence for Diet-Driven Habitat Partitioning of Melanoplinae and Gomphocerinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Along a Vegetation Gradient in a Western Oklahoma Grassland AU - Masloski, Kenneth AU - Greenwood, Carmen AU - Reiskind, Michael AU - Payton, Mark T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) are important arthropods in the grassland ecosystem as sources of herbivory, nutrient recycling through frass production, and as prey items for other insects, mammals, and birds. It has been observed in previous research that common Acrididae subfamilies have dietary preferences: many species of Gomphocerinae are specialists on grass plants, many Melanoplinae species are polyphagous forb eaters. We characterized the community of Acrididae along a vegetation gradient in the Beaver River Wildlife Management Area, Beaver County, OK, and tested the hypothesis that these subfamilies would be in greater abundance in areas dominated by their preferred food resource. Vegetation types were characterized into four different functional groups: grass, forb, litter, and bare ground. The proportion of cover of functional groups was found to be correlated with relative abundance of Gomphocerinae and Melanoplinae grasshoppers. Gomphocerinae were in greater abundance in vegetation types consisting of a larger proportion of grass. Melanoplinae were in greater abundance in vegetation types consisting of larger proportions of forb cover. A factor analysis indicated that forb cover and grass cover contributed more than litter and bare ground cover to the relative abundance of these grasshopper subfamilies and it is our conclusion that this is evidence for dietary-based habitat partitioning as observed through subfamilial relative abundance. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.1603/en13349 VL - 43 IS - 5 SP - 1209-1214 SN - 1938-2936 KW - Acrididae KW - feeding habit KW - habitat partitioning KW - factor analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecologists, educators, and writers collaborate with the public to assess backyard diversity in The School of Ants Project AU - Lucky, Andrea AU - Savage, Amy M. AU - Nichols, Lauren M. AU - Castracani, Cristina AU - Shell, Leonora AU - Grasso, Donato A. AU - Mori, Alessandra AU - Dunn, Robert R. T2 - ECOSPHERE AB - Citizen science can generate data that would not exist otherwise while increasing public scientific literacy. However, the quality and use of citizen science data have been criticized in the recent ecological literature. We need an approach that advances eco‐evolutionary understanding, achieves education goals and incorporates public participation into as many aspects of the scientific process as possible. We collaborated with public participants to make new discoveries about the distribution and ecology of ants while informing the next studies that participants and scientists might perform together. We implemented the School of Ants (SoA) program in which participants sample ants that are identified by taxonomic experts. Using a comprehensive framework that meets the needs of multiple agents, we also developed outreach materials about ant biology, collaborated with educators to incorporate SoA into classroom science, and launched an international SoA module in Italy. In the first 17 months, SoA volunteers collected ants at 500 unique sites across the USA‐including all 50 states and Washington, D.C. To address concerns about the validity of citizen scientist‐derived data, we conducted a ground truthing trial that confirmed that trained and untrained volunteers were equally effective at collecting ants. Data from SoA samples indicate that ant diversity varies across wide geographic scales and that there can be high levels of native ant diversity where people live. SoA volunteers collected 7 exotic and 107 native ant species. Although exotic ants were common, ants native to North America occurred in ∼70% of all sites. Many of the ants common in backyards were species that tend to be very poorly studied. For example, citizen scientists documented a range extension of more than 2000 miles for the Asian Needle Ant, Pachycondyla chinensis . Using SoA data as a starting point, we collaborated with a science writer to produce a free, interactive iBook about the common ants in North America; the book included distribution maps such as that for P. chinensis informed by participant collections. Moving forward, we plan to leverage this existing framework to address more complex ecological and evolutionary questions in partnership with our public participants. DA - 2014/7// PY - 2014/7// DO - 10.1890/es13-00364.1 VL - 5 IS - 7 SP - SN - 2150-8925 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84905233273&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - ants KW - citizen science KW - distribution KW - diversity KW - public participation in scientific research KW - urban ecosystems ER - TY - JOUR TI - Defining and Evaluating the Umbrella Species Concept for Conserving and Restoring Landscape Connectivity AU - Breckheimer, Ian AU - Haddad, Nick M. AU - Morris, William F. AU - Trainor, Anne M. AU - Fields, William R. AU - Jobe, R. Todd AU - Hudgens, Brian R. AU - Moody, Aaron AU - Walters, Jeffrey R. T2 - CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AB - Conserving or restoring landscape connectivity between patches of breeding habitat is a common strategy to protect threatened species from habitat fragmentation. By managing connectivity for some species, usually charismatic vertebrates, it is often assumed that these species will serve as conservation umbrellas for other species. We tested this assumption by developing a quantitative method to measure overlap in dispersal habitat of 3 threatened species-a bird (the umbrella), a butterfly, and a frog-inhabiting the same fragmented landscape. Dispersal habitat was determined with Circuitscape, which was parameterized with movement data collected for each species. Despite differences in natural history and breeding habitat, we found substantial overlap in the spatial distributions of areas important for dispersal of this suite of taxa. However, the intuitive umbrella species (the bird) did not have the highest overlap with other species in terms of the areas that supported connectivity. Nevertheless, we contend that when there are no irreconcilable differences between the dispersal habitats of species that cohabitate on the landscape, managing for umbrella species can help conserve or restore connectivity simultaneously for multiple threatened species with different habitat requirements. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1111/cobi.12362 VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - 1584-1593 SN - 1523-1739 KW - circuit theory KW - corridor KW - dispersal KW - landscape connectivity KW - modeling KW - surrogate species KW - conectividad de paisajes KW - corredor KW - dispersion KW - especies sustitutas KW - modelado KW - teoria de circuitos ER - TY - JOUR TI - Control of the sheep blowfly in Australia and New Zealand – are we there yet? AU - Sandeman, R.M. AU - Levot, G.W. AU - Heath, A.C.G. AU - James, P.J. AU - Greeff, J.C. AU - Scott, M.J. AU - Batterham, P. AU - Bowles, V.M. T2 - International Journal for Parasitology AB - The last 50 years of research into infections in Australia and New Zealand caused by larvae of the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, have significantly advanced our understanding of this blowfly and its primary host, the sheep. However, apart from some highly effective drugs it could be argued that no new control methodologies have resulted. This review addresses the major areas of sheep blowfly research over this period describing the significant outcomes and analyses, and what is still required to produce new commercial control technologies. The use of drugs against this fly species has been very successful but resistance has developed to almost all current compounds. Integrated pest management is becoming basic to control, especially in the absence of mulesing, and has clearly benefited from computer-aided technologies. Biological control has more challenges but natural and perhaps transformed biopesticides offer possibilities for the future. Experimental vaccines have been developed but require further analysis of antigens and formulations to boost protection. Genetic technologies may provide potential for long-term control through more rapid indirect selection of sheep less prone to flystrike. Finally in the future, genetic analysis of the fly may allow suppression and perhaps eradication of blowfly populations or identification of new and more viable targets for drug and vaccine intervention. Clearly all these areas of research offer potential new controls but commercial development is perhaps inhibited by the success of current chemical insecticides and certainly requires a significant additional injection of resources. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.08.009 VL - 44 IS - 12 SP - 879-891 J2 - International Journal for Parasitology LA - en OP - SN - 0020-7519 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.08.009 DB - Crossref KW - Lucilia cuprina KW - Drug resistance KW - Biological control KW - Vaccines KW - Sheep resistance KW - Genetics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Consequences of alternative dispersal strategies in a putatively amphidromous fish AU - Hogan, J. Derek AU - Blum, Michael J. AU - Gilliam, James F. AU - Bickford, Nate AU - McIntyre, Peter B. T2 - ECOLOGY AB - Successful dispersal can enhance both individual fitness and population persistence, but the process of dispersal is often inherently risky. The interplay between the costs and benefits of dispersal are poorly documented for species with complex life histories due to the difficulty of tracking dispersing individuals. Here we investigate variability in dispersal histories of a freshwater fish, Awaous stamineus , across the species' entire geographic range in the Hawaiian archipelago. Like many animals endemic to tropical island streams, these gobies have an amphidromous life cycle in which a brief marine larval phase enables dispersal among isolated freshwater habitats. Using otolith microchemistry, we document three distinct marine dispersal pathways, all of which are observed on every island. Surprisingly, we also find that 62% of individuals complete their life cycle entirely within freshwater, in contrast to the assumption that amphidromy is obligate in Hawaiian stream gobies. Comparing early life history outcomes based on daily otolith growth rings, we find that individuals with marine dispersal have shorter larval durations and faster larval growth, and their growth advantage over purely freshwater counterparts continues to some degree into adult life. These individual benefits of maintaining a marine dispersal phase presumably balance against the challenge of finding and reentering an island stream from the ocean. The facultative nature of amphidromy in this species highlights the selective balance between costs and benefits of dispersal in life history evolution. Accounting for alternative dispersal strategies will be essential for conservation of the amphidromous species that often dominate tropical island streams, many of which are at risk of extinction. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1890/13-0576.1 VL - 95 IS - 9 SP - 2397-2408 SN - 1939-9170 KW - amphidromy KW - Awaous stamineus KW - complex life cycle KW - connectivity KW - cost-benefit KW - dispersal strategy KW - fitness KW - growth KW - Hawaii KW - larvae KW - metapopulation KW - stream fish ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Novel Model for Neuroendocrine Toxicology: Neurobehavioral Effects of BPA Exposure in a Prosocial Species, the Prairie Vole (Microtus ochrogaster) AU - Sullivan, Alana W. AU - Beach, Elsworth C. AU - Stetzik, Lucas A. AU - Perry, Amy AU - Alyssa S. D'Addezio, AU - Cushing, Bruce S. AU - Patisaul, Heather B. T2 - ENDOCRINOLOGY AB - Impacts on brain and behavior have been reported in laboratory rodents after developmental exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), raising concerns about possible human effects. Epidemiological data suggest links between prenatal BPA exposure and altered affective behaviors in children, but potential mechanisms are unclear. Disruption of mesolimbic oxytocin (OT)/vasopressin (AVP) pathways have been proposed, but supporting evidence is minimal. To address these data gaps, we employed a novel animal model for neuroendocrine toxicology: the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster), which are more prosocial than lab rats or mice. Male and female prairie vole pups were orally exposed to 5-μg/kg body weight (bw)/d, 50-μg/kg bw/d, or 50-mg/kg bw/d BPA or vehicle over postnatal days 8-14. Subjects were tested as juveniles in open field and novel social tests and for partner preference as adults. Brains were then collected and assessed for immunoreactive (ir) tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) (a dopamine marker) neurons in the principal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (pBNST) and TH-ir, OT-ir, and AVP-ir neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Female open field activity indicated hyperactivity at the lowest dose and anxiety at the highest dose. Effects on social interactions were also observed, and partner preference formation was mildly inhibited at all dose levels. BPA masculinized principal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis TH-ir neuron numbers in females. Additionally, 50-mg/kg bw BPA-exposed females had more AVP-ir neurons in the anterior PVN and fewer OT-ir neurons in the posterior PVN. At the 2 lowest doses, BPA eliminated sex differences in PVN TH-ir neuron numbers and reversed this sex difference at the highest dose. Minimal behavioral effects were observed in BPA-exposed males. These data support the hypothesis that BPA alters affective behaviors, potentially via disruption of OT/AVP pathways. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.1210/en.2014-1379 VL - 155 IS - 10 SP - 3867-3881 SN - 1945-7170 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A CRISPR design for next-generation antimicrobials AU - Beisel, Chase L. AU - Gomaa, Ahmed A. AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe T2 - GENOME BIOLOGY AB - Two recent publications have demonstrated how delivering CRISPR nucleases provides a promising solution to the growing problem of bacterial antibiotic resistance. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1186/s13059-014-0516-x VL - 15 IS - 11 SP - SN - 1474-760X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Understanding Information Exchange During Disaster Response: Methodological Insights From Infocentric Analysis AU - Steelman, Toddi A. AU - Nowell, Branda AU - Bayoumi, Deena AU - McCaffrey, Sarah T2 - ADMINISTRATION & SOCIETY AB - We leverage economic theory, network theory, and social network analytical techniques to bring greater conceptual and methodological rigor to understand how information is exchanged during disasters. We ask, “How can information relationships be evaluated more systematically during a disaster response?” “Infocentric analysis”—a term and approach we develop here—can (a) define an information market and information needs, (b) identify suppliers of information and mechanisms for information exchange, (c) map the information exchange network, and (d) diagnose information exchange failures. These steps are essential for describing how information flows, diagnosing complications, and positing solutions to rectify information problems during a disaster. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1177/0095399712469198 VL - 46 IS - 6 SP - 707-743 SN - 1552-3039 KW - disasters KW - information KW - social network analysis KW - interorganizational coordination communication KW - exchange markets KW - infocentric social network analysis KW - wildfire ER - TY - JOUR TI - The three major types of CRISPR-Cas systems function independently in CRISPR RNA biogenesis in Streptococcus thermophilus AU - Carte, Jason AU - Christopher, Ross T. AU - Smith, Justin T. AU - Olson, Sara AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe AU - Moineau, Sylvain AU - Glover, Claiborne V. C., III AU - Graveley, Brenton R. AU - Terns, Rebecca M. AU - Terns, Michael P. T2 - MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY AB - CRISPR-Cas systems are small RNA-based immune systems that protect prokaryotes from invaders such as viruses and plasmids. We have investigated the features and biogenesis of the CRISPR (cr)RNAs in Streptococcus thermophilus (Sth) strain DGCC7710, which possesses four different CRISPR-Cas systems including representatives from the three major types of CRISPR-Cas systems. Our results indicate that the crRNAs from each CRISPR locus are specifically processed into divergent crRNA species by Cas proteins (and non-coding RNAs) associated with the respective locus. We find that the Csm Type III-A and Cse Type I-E crRNAs are specifically processed by Cas6 and Cse3 (Cas6e), respectively, and retain an 8-nucleotide CRISPR repeat sequence tag 5' of the invader-targeting sequence. The Cse Type I-E crRNAs also retain a 21-nucleotide 3' repeat tag. The crRNAs from the two Csn Type II-A systems in Sth consist of a 5'-truncated targeting sequence and a 3' tag; however, these are distinct in size between the two. Moreover, the Csn1 (Cas9) protein associated with one Csn locus functions specifically in the production of crRNAs from that locus. Our findings indicate that multiple CRISPR-Cas systems can function independently in crRNA biogenesis within a given organism - an important consideration in engineering coexisting CRISPR-Cas pathways. DA - 2014/7// PY - 2014/7// DO - 10.1111/mmi.12644 VL - 93 IS - 1 SP - 98-112 SN - 1365-2958 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The nature of borders: Salmon, boundaries, and bandits on the Salish Sea AU - Booker, Matthew Morse T2 - Pacific Historical Review AB - Book Review| August 01 2014 Book Review: Wadewitz, The Nature of Borders: Salmon, Boundaries, and Bandits on the Salish Sea, by Matthew Morse Booker The Nature of Borders: Salmon, Boundaries, and Bandits on the Salish Sea. By Lissa K. Wadewitz. (Seattle, University of Washington Press, 2012. xi + 271 pp. $24.95 paper) Matthew Morse Booker Matthew Morse Booker North Carolina State University Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Pacific Historical Review (2014) 83 (3): 534–535. https://doi.org/10.1525/phr.2014.83.3.534 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Matthew Morse Booker; Book Review: Wadewitz, The Nature of Borders: Salmon, Boundaries, and Bandits on the Salish Sea, by Matthew Morse Booker. Pacific Historical Review 1 August 2014; 83 (3): 534–535. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/phr.2014.83.3.534 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentPacific Historical Review Search This content is only available via PDF. © 2014 by the Pacific Coast Branch, American Historical Association2014 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1525/phr.2014.83.3.534 VL - 83 IS - 3 SP - 534–535 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sweetpotato grown from root pieces displays a significant genotype x environment interaction and yield instability AU - George, N. A. AU - Shankle, M. AU - Main, J. AU - Pecota, K. V. AU - Arellano, C. AU - Yencho, G. C. T2 - HortScience DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 49 IS - 8 SP - 984-990 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response Diversity Can Increase Ecological Resilience to Disturbance in Coral Reefs AU - Baskett, Marissa L. AU - Fabina, Nicholas S. AU - Gross, Kevin T2 - AMERICAN NATURALIST AB - Community-level resilience depends on the interaction between multiple populations that vary in individual responses to disturbance. For example, in tropical reefs, some corals can survive higher stress (resistance) while others exhibit faster recovery (engineering resilience) following disturbances such as thermal stress. While each type will negatively affect the other through competition, each might also benefit the other by reducing the potential for an additional competitor such as macroalgae to invade after a disturbance. To determine how community composition affects ecological resilience, we modeled coral-macroalgae interactions given either a resistant coral, a resilient coral, or both together. Having both coral types (i.e., response diversity) can lead to observable enhanced ecological resilience if (1) the resilient coral is not a superior competitor and (2) disturbance levels are high enough such that the resilient coral would collapse when considered alone. This enhanced resilience occurs through competitor-enabled rescue where each coral increases the potential for the other to recover from disturbance through external recruitment, such that both corals benefit from the presence of each other in terms of total cover and resilience. Therefore, conservation management aimed at protecting resilience under global change requires consideration of both diversity and connectivity between sites experiencing differential disturbance. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1086/676643 VL - 184 IS - 2 SP - E16-E31 SN - 1537-5323 KW - alternative stable states KW - coral bleaching KW - coral reefs KW - dynamical model KW - resilience KW - response diversity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Postharvest forest floor manipulation effects on nutrient dynamics in a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantation AU - Zerpa, Jose L. AU - Allen, H. Lee AU - McLaughlin, Blair C. AU - Phelan, Jennifer AU - Campbell, Robert G. AU - Hu, Shuijin T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB - The synchronization of nutrient release and demand in early stand establishment is important to maximizing resource use in forest plantations. We explored the impacts of forest floor manipulations on the dynamics of forest floor and mineral soil nutrient pools in a Pinus taeda L. plantation in North Carolina prior to and during 2 years following harvest and replanting. We present a novel method to estimate forest floor decomposition that avoids the exclusion of large detritivores. Decomposition and nutrient release rates from the forest floor were higher than rates typically observed in older stands (averaging 81% mass loss and 75% N loss across treatments over the 2-year period), highlighting the potential importance of the forest floor nutrient pool in early stand nutrition. Doubling the forest floor increased available C, N, and P pools in the mineral soil 46%, 47%, and 49%, respectively. Incorporating the forest floor into mineral soil through mixing had only transient positive effects on nutrient pools. Across treatments, an expected postharvest flush of soil available N was observed; however, removing the forest floor caused an earlier flush of available N in comparison with the control treatment, and doubling the forest floor caused a year delay in maximum N availability, better synchronizing the site’s available N with stand demand. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1139/cjfr-2013-0536 VL - 44 IS - 9 SP - 1058-1067 SN - 1208-6037 KW - Assart effect KW - forest floor manipulations KW - Pinus taeda KW - forestry KW - nutrient dynamic ER - TY - JOUR TI - Investigation of the Effects of Subchronic Low Dose Oral Exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) and Ethinyl Estradiol (EE) on Estrogen Receptor Expression in the Juvenile and Adult Female Rat Hypothalamus AU - Rebuli, Meghan E. AU - Cao, Jinyan AU - Sluzas, Emily AU - Delclos, K. Barry AU - Camacho, Luisa AU - Lewis, Sherry M. AU - Vanlandingham, Michelle M. AU - Patisaul, Heather B. T2 - TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - Concerns have been raised regarding the long-term impacts of early life exposure to the ubiquitous environmental contaminant bisphenol A (BPA) on brain organization. Because BPA has been reported to affect estrogen signaling, and steroid hormones play a critical role in brain sexual differentiation, there is also concern that BPA exposure could alter neural sex differences. Here, we examine the impact of subchronic exposure from gestation to adulthood to oral doses of BPA below the current no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 5 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day on estrogen receptor (ESR) expression in sexually dimorphic brain regions of prepubertal and adult female rats. The dams were gavaged daily with vehicle (0.3% carboxymethylcellulose), 2.5, 25, 260, or 2700 μg BPA/kg bw/day, or 0.5 or 5.0 μg ethinyl estradiol (EE)/kg bw/day from gestational day 6 until labor began. Offspring were then gavaged directly from the day after birth until the day before scheduled sacrifice on postnatal days 21 or 90. Using in situ hybridization, one or more BPA doses produced significant decreases in Esr1 expression in the juvenile female rat anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) of the hypothalamus and significant decreases in Esr2 expression in the adult female rat AVPV and medial preoptic area (MPOA), relative to vehicle controls. BPA did not simply reproduce EE effects, indicating that BPA is not acting solely as an estrogen mimic. The possible consequences of long-term changes in hypothalamic ESR expression resulting from subchronic low dose BPA exposure on neuroendocrine effects are discussed and being addressed in ongoing, related work. DA - 2014/7// PY - 2014/7// DO - 10.1093/toxsci/kfu074 VL - 140 IS - 1 SP - 190-203 SN - 1096-0929 KW - brain KW - endocrine disruptor KW - endocrine disruption KW - hypothalamus KW - development KW - subchronic exposure KW - sexually dimorphic KW - ethinyl estradiol KW - bisphenol A ER - TY - JOUR TI - Guide RNA Functional Modules Direct Cas9 Activity and Orthogonality AU - Briner, Alexandra E. AU - Donohoue, Paul D. AU - Gomaa, Ahmed A. AU - Selle, Kurt AU - Slorach, Euan M. AU - Nye, Christopher H. AU - Haurwitz, Rachel E. AU - Beisel, Chase L. AU - May, Andrew P. AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe T2 - MOLECULAR CELL AB - The RNA-guided Cas9 endonuclease specifically targets and cleaves DNA in a sequence-dependent manner and has been widely used for programmable genome editing. Cas9 activity is dependent on interactions with guide RNAs, and evolutionarily divergent Cas9 nucleases have been shown to work orthogonally. However, the molecular basis of selective Cas9:guide-RNA interactions is poorly understood. Here, we identify and characterize six conserved modules within native crRNA:tracrRNA duplexes and single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) that direct Cas9 endonuclease activity. We show the bulge and nexus are necessary for DNA cleavage and demonstrate that the nexus and hairpins are instrumental in defining orthogonality between systems. In contrast, the crRNA:tracrRNA complementary region can be modified or partially removed. Collectively, our results establish guide RNA features that drive DNA targeting by Cas9 and open new design and engineering avenues for CRISPR technologies. DA - 2014/10/23/ PY - 2014/10/23/ DO - 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.09.019 VL - 56 IS - 2 SP - 333-339 SN - 1097-4164 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genomic Encyclopedia of Type Strains of the Genus Bifidobacterium AU - Milani, Christian AU - Lugli, Gabriele Andrea AU - Duranti, Sabrina AU - Turroni, Francesca AU - Bottacini, Francesca AU - Mangifesta, Marta AU - Sanchez, Borja AU - Viappiani, Alice AU - Mancabelli, Leonardo AU - Taminiau, Bernard AU - Delcenserie, Veronique AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe AU - Margolles, Abelardo AU - Sinderen, Douwe AU - Ventura, Marco T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Bifidobacteria represent one of the dominant microbial groups that are present in the gut of various animals, being particularly prevalent during the suckling stage of life of humans and other mammals. However, the overall genome structure of this group of microorganisms remains largely unexplored. Here, we sequenced the genomes of 42 representative (sub)species across the Bifidobacterium genus and used this information to explore the overall genetic picture of this bacterial group. Furthermore, the genomic data described here were used to reconstruct the evolutionary development of the Bifidobacterium genus. This reconstruction suggests that its evolution was substantially influenced by genetic adaptations to obtain access to glycans, thereby representing a common and potent evolutionary force in shaping bifidobacterial genomes. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.1128/aem.02308-14 VL - 80 IS - 20 SP - 6290-6302 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - DO MALES MATTER? TESTING THE EFFECTS OF MALE GENETIC BACKGROUND ON FEMALE MEIOTIC CROSSOVER RATES IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER AU - Hunter, Chad M. AU - Singh, Nadia D. T2 - EVOLUTION AB - Meiotic recombination is a critical genetic process as well as a pivotal evolutionary force. Rates of crossing over are highly variable within and between species, due to both genetic and environmental factors. Early studies in Drosophila implicated female genetic background as a major determinant of crossover rate and recent work has highlighted male genetic background as a possible mediator as well. Our study employed classical genetics to address how female and male genetic backgrounds individually and jointly affect crossover rates. We measured rates of crossing over in a 33 cM region of the Drosophila melanogaster X chromosome using a two-step crossing scheme exploiting visible markers. In total, we measured crossover rates of 10 inbred lines in a full diallel cross. Our experimental design facilitates measuring the contributions of female genetic background, male genetic background, and female by male genetic background interaction effects on rates of crossing over in females. Our results indicate that although female genetic background significantly affects female meiotic crossover rates in Drosophila, male genetic background and the interaction of female and male genetic backgrounds have no significant effect. These findings thus suggest that male-mediated effects are unlikely to contribute greatly to variation in recombination rates in natural populations of Drosophila. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1111/evo.12455 VL - 68 IS - 9 SP - 2718-2726 SN - 1558-5646 KW - Drosophila KW - meiosis KW - recombination ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of the vector potential of different mosquito species for the transmission of heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, in rural and urban areas in and surrounding Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA AU - Paras, K. L. AU - O'Brien, V. A. AU - Reiskind, M. H. T2 - MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY AB - Dirofilaria immitis Leidy (Spirurida: Onchocercidae), or heartworm, is a mosquito-borne nematode that causes a fatal disease in carnivores. Although infection is preventable through prophylactic drugs, compliance and the spectre of resistance suggest vector control is a viable alternative. There were two main objectives in this study: (a) to evaluate the relationships between landscape and social factors and the number and species of heartworm-positive mosquitoes, with a specific focus on the importance of the invasive Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Stegomyia albopicta) (Diptera: Culicidae), and (b) to test the hypothesis that dog heartworm is more prevalent in suburban than in rural areas. To achieve these objectives, mosquitoes were collected from May to November 2010 at 16 rural and 16 urban locations in Payne County, Oklahoma, U.S.A. using three trapping methods that utilized, respectively, resting boxes, carbon dioxide traps and BG Sentinel traps. Urban areas showed greater numbers of Ae. albopictus and a higher overall likelihood of infection with D. immitis. Because many species of mosquito are responsible for heartworm transmission, current prophylactic treatment remains the best method of controlling this parasite. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1111/mve.12069 VL - 28 SP - 60-67 SN - 1365-2915 KW - Aedes albopictus KW - Dirofilaria immitis KW - Psorophora columbiae KW - landscape epidemiology KW - Oklahoma ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bioaerosol concentrations and emissions from tunnel-ventilated high-rise layer houses in North Carolina AU - Hu, D. AU - Wang-Li, L. AU - Simmons, O. D. AU - Classen, J. J. AU - Osborne, J. A. AU - Byfield, G. E. T2 - Transactions of the ASABE DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 57 IS - 3 SP - 915-925 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ubiquity and Diversity of Human-Associated Demodex Mites AU - Thoemmes, Megan S. AU - Fergus, Daniel J. AU - Urban, Julie AU - Trautwein, Michelle AU - Dunn, Robert R. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Demodex mites are a group of hair follicle and sebaceous gland-dwelling species. The species of these mites found on humans are arguably the animals with which we have the most intimate interactions. Yet, their prevalence and diversity have been poorly explored. Here we use a new molecular method to assess the occurrence of Demodex mites on humans. In addition, we use the 18S rRNA gene (18S rDNA) to assess the genetic diversity and evolutionary history of Demodex lineages. Within our samples, 100% of people over 18 years of age appear to host at least one Demodex species, suggesting that Demodex mites may be universal associates of adult humans. A phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA reveals intraspecific structure within one of the two named human-associated Demodex species, D. brevis. The D. brevis clade is geographically structured, suggesting that new lineages are likely to be discovered as humans from additional geographic regions are sampled. DA - 2014/8/27/ PY - 2014/8/27/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0106265 VL - 9 IS - 8 SP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84925470906&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transgenic sexing system for genetic control of the Australian sheep blow fly Lucilia cuprina AU - Li, Fang AU - Wantuch, Holly A. AU - Linger, Rebecca J. AU - Belikoff, Esther J. AU - Scott, Maxwell J. T2 - Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology AB - The New World screwworm and the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina are devastating pests of livestock. The larvae of these species feed on the tissue of the living animal and can cause death if untreated. The sterile insect technique or SIT was used to eradicate screwworm from North and Central America. This inspired efforts to develop strains containing complex chromosomal rearrangements for genetic control of L. cuprina in Australia. Although one field trial was promising, the approach was abandoned due to costs and difficulties in mass rearing the strain. As the efficiency of SIT can be significantly increased if only sterile males are released, we have developed transgenic strains of L. cuprina that carry a dominant tetracycline repressible female lethal genetic system. Lethality is due to overexpression of an auto-regulated tetracycline repressible transactivator (tTA) gene and occurs mostly at the pupal stage. Dominant female lethality was achieved by replacing the Drosophila hsp70 core promoter with a Lucilia hsp70 core promoter-5'UTR for tTA overexpression. The strains carry a dominant strongly expressed marker that will facilitate identification in the field. Interestingly, the sexes could be reliably sorted by fluorescence or color from the early first instar larval stage as females that overexpress tTA also overexpress the linked marker gene. Male-only strains of L. cuprina developed in this study could form the basis for a future genetic control program. Moreover, the system developed for L. cuprina should be readily transferrable to other major calliphorid livestock pests including the New and Old World screwworm. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.06.001 VL - 51 SP - 80-88 J2 - Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology LA - en OP - SN - 0965-1748 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.06.001 DB - Crossref KW - Sterile insect technique KW - Transgenic KW - Lucilia cuprina KW - Flystrike KW - Genetic sexing ER - TY - JOUR TI - The hidden history of the snowshoe hare, Lepus americanus: extensive mitochondrial DNA introgression inferred from multilocus genetic variation AU - Melo-Ferreira, Jose AU - Seixas, Fernando A. AU - Cheng, Ellen AU - Mills, L. Scott AU - Alves, Paulo C. T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - Abstract Hybridization drives the evolutionary trajectory of many species or local populations, and assessing the geographic extent and genetic impact of interspecific gene flow may provide invaluable clues to understand population divergence or the adaptive relevance of admixture. In N orth A merica, hares ( L epus spp.) are key species for ecosystem dynamics and their evolutionary history may have been affected by hybridization. Here we reconstructed the speciation history of the three most widespread hares in N orth A merica – the snowshoe hare ( L epus americanus ), the white‐tailed jackrabbit ( L . townsendii ) and the black‐tailed jackrabbit ( L . californicus ) – by analysing sequence variation at eight nuclear markers and one mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA ) locus (6240 bp; 94 specimens). A multilocus–multispecies coalescent‐based phylogeny suggests that L . americanus diverged ~2.7 Ma and that L . californicus and L . townsendii split more recently (~1.2 Ma). Within L . americanus, a deep history of cryptic divergence (~2.0 Ma) was inferred, which coincides with major speciation events in other N orth A merican species. While the isolation‐with‐migration model suggested that nuclear gene flow was generally rare or absent among species or major genetic groups, coalescent simulations of mt DNA divergence revealed historical mt DNA introgression from L . californicus into the P acific N orthwest populations of L . americanus . This finding marks a history of past reticulation between these species, which may have affected other parts of the genome and influence the adaptive potential of hares during climate change. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1111/mec.12886 VL - 23 IS - 18 SP - 4617-4630 SN - 1365-294X KW - coalescent KW - cryptic divergence KW - hares and jackrabbits KW - lagomorphs KW - reticulate evolution KW - species tree ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine in Domestic and Companion Animals: A Multispecies Perspective AU - Gonçalves, NN AU - Ambrósio, CE AU - Piedrahita, JA T2 - Reproduction in Domestic Animals AB - Since their original isolation, the majority of the work on embryonic stem cells (ESC) has been carried out in mice. While the mouse is an outstanding model for basic research, it also has considerable limitations for translational work, especially in the area of regenerative medicine. This is due to a combination of factors that include physiological and size differences when compared to humans. In contrast, domestic animal species, such as swine, and companion animal species, such as dogs, provide unique opportunities to develop regenerative medicine protocols that can then be utilized in humans. Unfortunately, at present, the state of knowledge related to, and availability of, ESC from domestic animals vary among species such as pig, horse, dog and cat, and without exception lags significantly behind the mouse and human. It is clear that much still needs to be discovered. The 'stem cell-like' cell lines being reported are still not satisfactorily used in regenerative medicine, due to reasons such as heterogeneity and chromosomal instability. As a result, investigators have searched for alternate source of cells that can be used for regenerative medicine. This approach has uncovered a range of adult stem cells and adult progenitor cells that have utility in both human and veterinary medicine. Here, we review a range of stem cells, from ESC to induced pluripotent stem cells, and discuss their potential application in the field of regenerative medicine. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.1111/rda.12392 VL - 49 SP - 2-10 J2 - Reprod Dom Anim LA - en OP - SN - 0936-6768 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rda.12392 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Peptidoglycan recognition protein genes and risk of Parkinson's disease AU - Goldman, Samuel M. AU - Kamel, Freya AU - Ross, G. Webster AU - Jewell, Sarah A. AU - Marras, Connie AU - Hoppin, Jane A. AU - Umbach, David M. AU - Bhudhikanok, Grace S. AU - Meng, Cheryl AU - Korell, Monica AU - Comyns, Kathleen AU - Hauser, Robert A. AU - Jankovic, Joseph AU - Factor, Stewart A. AU - Bressman, Susan AU - Lyons, Kelly E. AU - Sandler, Dale P. AU - Langston, J. William AU - Tanner, Caroline M. T2 - Movement Disorders AB - Increased gut permeability, inflammation, and colonic α-synuclein pathology are present in early Parkinson's disease (PD) and have been proposed to contribute to PD pathogenesis. Peptidoglycan is a structural component of the bacterial cell wall. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) maintain healthy gut microbial flora by regulating the immune response to both commensal and harmful bacteria. We tested the hypothesis that variants in genes that encode PGRPs are associated with PD risk. Participants in two independent case-control studies were genotyped for 30 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the four PGLYRP genes. Using logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for potential confounding variables, we conducted analyses in each study, separately and pooled. One SNP failed the assay, and three had little to no variation. The ORs were similar in both study populations. In pooled analyses, three of seven PGLYRP2 SNPs (rs3813135, rs733731, rs892145), one of five PGLYRP3 SNPs (rs2987763), and six of nine PGLYRP4 SNPs (rs10888557, rs12063091, rs3006440, rs3006448, rs3006458, and rs3014864) were significantly associated with PD risk. Association was strongest for PGLYRP4 5'untranslated region (UTR) SNP rs10888557 (GG reference, CG OR 0.6 [95%CI 0.4-0.9], CC OR 0.15 [95%CI 0.04-0.6]; log-additive P-trend, 0.0004). Common variants in PGLYRP genes are associated with PD risk in two independent studies. These results require replication, but they are consistent with hypotheses of a causative role for the gut microbiota and gastrointestinal immune response in PD. DA - 2014/5/17/ PY - 2014/5/17/ DO - 10.1002/mds.25895 VL - 29 IS - 9 SP - 1171-1180 J2 - Mov Disord. LA - en OP - SN - 0885-3185 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.25895 DB - Crossref KW - Parkinson's disease KW - peptidoglycan KW - PGLYRP KW - microbiome KW - gut ER - TY - JOUR TI - How many and which ant species are being accidentally moved around the world? AU - Miravete, Verónica AU - Roura-Pascual, Núria AU - Dunn, Robert R. AU - Gómez, Crisanto T2 - Biology Letters AB - Human transportation facilitates the dispersal of exotic ants, but few studies have quantified the magnitude and geography of these movements. We used several non-parametric indexes to estimate the number of species successfully introduced to or established in new regions. We also compared their source biogeographic realms to assess the importance of the geographical origin in determining the likelihood of establishment after introduction. Data on exotic ants derive from studies of three temperate regions. Our results suggest that the numbers of introduced or established ants may be much larger than the numbers so far documented. Ants introduced or established in new regions tend to arrive from the same or neighbouring realms, as would be expected if exotic species tend to match climates and if arrival/establishment is dependent upon higher trade rates from neighbouring countries. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1098/rsbl.2014.0518 VL - 10 IS - 8 SP - 20140518 J2 - Biol. Lett. LA - en OP - SN - 1744-9561 1744-957X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0518 DB - Crossref KW - biological invasions KW - exotic species KW - formicidae KW - richness estimator ER - TY - JOUR TI - Geographic differences in effects of experimental warming on ant species diversity and community composition AU - Pelini, S. L. AU - Diamond, S. E. AU - Nichols, L. M. AU - Stuble, K. L. AU - Ellison, A. M. AU - Sanders, N. J. AU - Dunn, R. R. AU - Gotelli, N. J. T2 - ECOSPHERE AB - Ecological communities are being reshaped by climatic change. Losses and gains of species will alter community composition and diversity but these effects are likely to vary geographically and may be hard to predict from uncontrolled “natural experiments”. In this study, we used open‐top warming chambers to simulate a range of warming scenarios for ground‐nesting ant communities at a northern (Harvard Forest, MA) and southern (Duke Forest, NC) study site in the eastern US. After 2.5 years of experimental warming, we found no significant effects of accumulated growing degree days or soil moisture on ant diversity or community composition at the northern site, but a decrease in asymptotic species richness and changes in community composition at the southern site. However, fewer than 10% of the species at either site responded significantly to the warming treatments. Our results contrast with those of a comparable natural experiment conducted along a nearby elevational gradient, in which species richness and composition responded strongly to changes in temperature and other correlated variables. Together, our findings provide some support for the prediction that warming will have a larger negative effect on ecological communities in warmer locales at lower latitudes and suggest that predicted responses to warming may differ between controlled field experiments and unmanipulated thermal gradients. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.1890/es14-00143.1 VL - 5 IS - 10 SP - SN - 2150-8925 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84919786449&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - ants KW - climate change KW - community KW - elevational gradient KW - Formicidae KW - geographic range KW - warming experiment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic basis of continuous variation in the levels and modular inheritance of pigmentation in cichlid fishes AU - Albertson, R. Craig AU - Powder, Kara E. AU - Hu, Yinan AU - Coyle, Kaitlin P. AU - Roberts, Reade B. AU - Parsons, Kevin J. T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - Abstract Variation in pigmentation type and levels is a hallmark of myriad evolutionary radiations, and biologists have long been fascinated by the factors that promote and maintain variation in coloration across populations. Here, we provide insights into the genetic basis of complex and continuous patterns of colour variation in cichlid fishes, which offer a vast diversity of pigmentation patterns that have evolved in response to both natural and sexual selection. Specifically, we crossed two divergent cichlid species to generate an F 2 mapping population that exhibited extensive variation in pigmentation levels and patterns. Our experimental design is robust in that it combines traditional quantitative trait locus ( QTL ) analysis with population genomics, which has allowed us to move efficiently from QTL interval to candidate gene. In total, we detected 41 QTL and 13 epistatic interactions that underlie melanocyte‐ and xanthophore‐based coloration across the fins and flanks of these fishes. We also identified 2 QTL and 1 interaction for variation in the magnitude of integration among these colour traits. This finding in particular is notable as there are marked differences both within and between species with respect to the complexity of pigmentation patterns. While certain individuals are characterized by more uniform ‘integrated’ colour patterns, others exhibit many more degrees of freedom with respect to the distribution of colour ‘modules’ across the fins and flank. Our data reveal, for the first time, a genetic basis for this difference. Finally, we implicate pax3a as a mediator of continuous variation in the levels of xanthophore‐based colour along the cichlid flank. DA - 2014/11// PY - 2014/11// DO - 10.1111/mec.12900 VL - 23 IS - 21 SP - 5135-5150 SN - 1365-294X KW - cichlids KW - neural crest cells KW - phenotypic integration KW - pigmentation KW - sexual selection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Experimental data and computational modeling link auxin gradient and development in the Arabidopsis root AU - Clark, N. M. AU - Balaguer, M. A. D. AU - Sozzani, R. T2 - Frontiers in Plant Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Early pest development and loss of biological control are associated with urban warming AU - Meineke, Emily K. AU - Dunn, Robert R. AU - Frank, Steven D. T2 - BIOLOGY LETTERS AB - Climate warming is predicted to cause many changes in ectotherm communities, one of which is phenological mismatch, wherein one species' development advances relative to an associated species or community. Phenological mismatches already lead to loss of pollination services, and we predict that they also cause loss of biological control. Here, we provide evidence that a pest develops earlier due to urban warming but that phenology of its parasitoid community does not similarly advance. This mismatch is associated with greater egg production that likely leads to more pests on trees. DA - 2014/11/1/ PY - 2014/11/1/ DO - 10.1098/rsbl.2014.0586 VL - 10 IS - 11 SP - SN - 1744-957X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84961991682&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - climate change KW - urban ecology KW - ecosystem services KW - parasitoid ER - TY - JOUR TI - A meta-analysis of arbuscular mycorrhizal effects on plants grown under salt stress AU - Chandrasekaran, Murugesan AU - Boughattas, Sonia AU - Hu, Shuijin AU - Oh, Sang-Hyon AU - Sa, Tongmin T2 - MYCORRHIZA DA - 2014/11// PY - 2014/11// DO - 10.1007/s00572-014-0582-7 VL - 24 IS - 8 SP - 611-625 SN - 1432-1890 KW - Arbuscular mycorrhiza KW - Meta-analysis KW - Salt stress KW - Nutrient uptake KW - Plant growth KW - Antioxidant enzymes ER - TY - JOUR TI - St. Augustinegrass Germplasm Resistant to Blissus insularis (Hemiptera: Blissidae) AU - Youngs, Katharine M. AU - Milla-Lewis, Susana R. AU - Brandenburg, Rick L. AU - Cardoza, Yasmin J. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Journal Article St. Augustinegrass Germplasm Resistant to Blissus insularis (Hemiptera: Blissidae) Get access Katharine M. Youngs, Katharine M. Youngs 1Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7613. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Susana R. Milla-Lewis, Susana R. Milla-Lewis 2Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7620. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Rick L. Brandenburg, Rick L. Brandenburg 1Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7613. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Yasmin J. Cardoza Yasmin J. Cardoza 3 1Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7613. 3Corresponding author, e-mail: yasmin_cardoza@ncsu.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 107, Issue 4, 1 August 2014, Pages 1688–1694, https://doi.org/10.1603/EC14044 Published: 01 August 2014 Article history Received: 04 February 2014 Accepted: 10 June 2014 Published: 01 August 2014 DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1603/ec14044 VL - 107 IS - 4 SP - 1688-1694 SN - 1938-291X KW - host plant resistance KW - antibiosis KW - antixenosis KW - Stenotaphrum secundatum KW - southern chinch bug ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil Carbon, Nitrogen and Microbial Dynamics of Pasturelands: Impacts of Grazing Intensity and Planting Systems AU - Yi, Wang AU - Wen-Xia, Duan AU - Tu, C. AU - Washburn, S. AU - Lei, Cheng AU - Hu, S. T2 - PEDOSPHERE AB - Management intensity critically influences the productivity and sustainability of pasture systems through modifying soil microbes, and soil carbon (C) and nutrient dynamics; however, such effects are not well understood yet in the southeastern USA. We examined the effects of grazing intensity and grass planting system on soil C and nitrogen (N) dynamics, and microbial biomass and respiration in a long-term field experiment in Goldsboro, North Carolina, USA. A split-plot experiment was initiated in 2003 on a highly sandy soil under treatments of two grass planting systems (ryegrass rotation with sorghum-sudangrass hybrid and ryegrass seeding into a perennial bermudagrass stand) at low and high grazing densities. After 4 years of continuous treatments, soil total C and N contents across the 0–30 cm soil profile were 24.7% and 17.5% higher at the high than at the low grazing intensity, likely through promoting plant productivity and C allocation belowground as well as fecal and urinary inputs. Grass planting system effects were significant only at the low grazing intensity, with soil C, N, and microbial biomass and respiration in the top 10 cm being higher under the ryegrass/bermudagrass than under the ryegrass/sorghum-sudangrass hybrid planting systems. These results suggest that effective management could mitigate potential adverse effects of high grazing intensities on soil properties and facilitate sustainability of pastureland. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1016/s1002-0160(14)60027-8 VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - 408-416 SN - 2210-5107 KW - C allocation KW - grass species KW - microbial respiration KW - microbial biomass KW - pastureland sustainability KW - plant productivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential Negative Ecological Effects of Corridors AU - Haddad, N. M. AU - Brudvig, L. A. AU - Damschen, E. I. AU - Evans, D. M. AU - Johnson, B. L. AU - Levey, D. J. AU - Orrock, J. L. AU - Resasco, J. AU - Sullivan, L. L. AU - Tewksbury, J. J. AU - Wagner, S. A. AU - Weldon, A. J. T2 - Conservation Biology AB - Despite many studies showing that landscape corridors increase dispersal and species richness for disparate taxa, concerns persist that corridors can have unintended negative effects. In particular, some of the same mechanisms that underlie positive effects of corridors on species of conservation interest may also increase the spread and impact of antagonistic species (e.g., predators and pathogens), foster negative effects of edges, increase invasion by exotic species, increase the spread of unwanted disturbances such as fire, or increase population synchrony and thus reduce persistence. We conducted a literature review and meta-analysis to evaluate the prevalence of each of these negative effects. We found no evidence that corridors increase unwanted disturbance or non-native species invasion; however, these have not been well-studied concerns (1 and 6 studies, respectively). Other effects of corridors were more often studied and yielded inconsistent results; mean effect sizes were indistinguishable from zero. The effect of edges on abundances of target species was as likely to be positive as negative. Corridors were as likely to have no effect on antagonists or population synchrony as they were to increase those negative effects. We found 3 deficiencies in the literature. First, despite studies on how corridors affect predators, there are few studies of related consequences for prey population size and persistence. Second, properly designed studies of negative corridor effects are needed in natural corridors at scales larger than those achievable in experimental systems. Third, studies are needed to test more targeted hypotheses about when corridor-mediated effects on invasive species or disturbance may be negative for species of management concern. Overall, we found no overarching support for concerns that construction and maintenance of habitat corridors may result in unintended negative consequences. Negative edge effects may be mitigated by widening corridors or softening edges between corridors and the matrix. Other negative effects are relatively small and manageable compared with the large positive effects of facilitating dispersal and increasing diversity of native species. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1111/cobi.12323 VL - 28 IS - 5 SP - 1178-1187 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Positive and Purifying Selection on the Drosophila Y Chromosome AU - Singh, Nadia D. AU - Koerich, Leonardo B. AU - Carvalho, Antonio Bernardo AU - Clark, Andrew G. T2 - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION AB - Y chromosomes, with their reduced effective population size, lack of recombination, and male-limited transmission, present a unique collection of constraints for the operation of natural selection. Male-limited transmission may greatly increase the efficacy of selection for male-beneficial mutations, but the reduced effective size also inflates the role of random genetic drift. Together, these defining features of the Y chromosome are expected to influence rates and patterns of molecular evolution on the Y as compared with X-linked or autosomal loci. Here, we use sequence data from 11 genes in 9 Drosophila species to gain insight into the efficacy of natural selection on the Drosophila Y relative to the rest of the genome. Drosophila is an ideal system for assessing the consequences of Y-linkage for molecular evolution in part because the gene content of Drosophila Y chromosomes is highly dynamic, with orthologous genes being Y-linked in some species whereas autosomal in others. Our results confirm the expectation that the efficacy of natural selection at weakly selected sites is reduced on the Y chromosome. In contrast, purifying selection on the Y chromosome for strongly deleterious mutations does not appear to be compromised. Finally, we find evidence of recurrent positive selection for 4 of the 11 genes studied here. Our results thus highlight the variable nature of the mode and impact of natural selection on the Drosophila Y chromosome. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.1093/molbev/msu203 VL - 31 IS - 10 SP - 2612-2623 SN - 1537-1719 KW - Y chromosome KW - Drosophila KW - positive selection KW - purifying selection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Persistence and change in community composition of reef corals through present, past, and future climates AU - Edmunds, P. J. AU - Adjeroud, M. AU - Baskett, M. L. AU - Baums, I. B. AU - Budd, A. F. AU - Carpenter, R. C. AU - Fabina, N. S. AU - Fan, T. Y. AU - Franklin, E. C. AU - Gross, K. AU - Han, X. Y. AU - Jacobson, L. AU - Klaus, J. S. AU - McClanahan, T. R. AU - O'Leary, J. K. AU - Oppen, M. J. H. T2 - PLoS One DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 9 IS - 10 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Omics and modelling approaches for understanding regulation of asymmetric cell divisions in arabidopsis and other angiosperm plants AU - Kajala, Kaisa AU - Ramakrishna, Priya AU - Fisher, Adam AU - Bergmann, Dominique C. AU - De Smet, Ive AU - Sozzani, Rosangela AU - Weijers, Dolf AU - Brady, Siobhan M. T2 - ANNALS OF BOTANY AB - Asymmetric cell divisions are formative divisions that generate daughter cells of distinct identity. These divisions are coordinated by either extrinsic (‘niche-controlled’) or intrinsic regulatory mechanisms and are fundamentally important in plant development. This review describes how asymmetric cell divisions are regulated during development and in different cell types in both the root and the shoot of plants. It further highlights ways in which omics and modelling approaches have been used to elucidate these regulatory mechanisms. For example, the regulation of embryonic asymmetric divisions is described, including the first divisions of the zygote, formative vascular divisions and divisions that give rise to the root stem cell niche. Asymmetric divisions of the root cortex endodermis initial, pericycle cells that give rise to the lateral root primordium, procambium, cambium and stomatal cells are also discussed. Finally, a perspective is provided regarding the role of other hormones or regulatory molecules in asymmetric divisions, the presence of segregated determinants and the usefulness of modelling approaches in understanding network dynamics within these very special cells. Asymmetric cell divisions define plant development. High-throughput genomic and modelling approaches can elucidate their regulation, which in turn could enable the engineering of plant traits such as stomatal density, lateral root development and wood formation. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1093/aob/mcu065 VL - 113 IS - 7 SP - 1083-1105 SN - 1095-8290 KW - Asymmetric cell division KW - embryo KW - root KW - stomata KW - lateral root KW - cortex endodermis initial KW - omics KW - Arabidopsis thaliana KW - Zea mays KW - maize ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microbiology: Bacteria get vaccinated AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe AU - Klaenhammer, Todd R. T2 - Nature DA - 2014/9/10/ PY - 2014/9/10/ DO - 10.1038/513175a VL - 513 IS - 7517 SP - 175-176 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Meet the lodgers AU - Dunn, Rob T2 - NEW SCIENTIST AB - Your house contains an entire ecosystem of organisms whose fate is in your hands, says evolutionary biologist Rob Dunn DA - 2014/8/23/ PY - 2014/8/23/ DO - 10.1016/s0262-4079(14)61630-4 VL - 223 IS - 2983 SP - 34-37 SN - 0262-4079 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84907371173&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Key players and hierarchical organization of prairie dog social networks AU - Verdolin, Jennifer L. AU - Traud, Amanda L. AU - Dunn, Robert R. T2 - ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY AB - The use of social network theory in evaluating animal social groups has gained traction in recent years. Despite the utility of social network analysis in describing attributes of social groups, it remains unclear how comparable this approach is to traditional behavioral observational studies. Using data on Gunnison's prairie dog (Cynomys gunnisoni) social interactions we describe social networks from three populations. We then compare those social networks to groups identified by traditional behavioral approaches and explore whether individuals group together based on similarities. The social groups identified by social network analysis were consistent with those identified by more traditional behavioral approaches. However, fine-grained social sub-structuring was revealed only with social network analysis. We found variation in the patterns of interactions among prairie dog social groups that was largely independent of the behavioral attributes or genetics of the individuals within those groups. We detected that some social groups include disproportionately well-connected individuals acting as hubs or bridges. This study contributes to a growing body of evidence that social networks analysis is a robust and efficient tool for examining social dynamics. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1016/j.ecocom.2014.06.003 VL - 19 SP - 140-147 SN - 1476-9840 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84903905547&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Social networks KW - Community detection KW - Sociality KW - Cynomys KW - Social substructure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Insights into the effects of long-term artificial selection on seed size in maize AU - Hirsch, C.N. AU - Flint-Garcia, S.A. AU - Beissinger, T.M. AU - Eichten, S.R. AU - Deshpande, S. AU - Barry, K. AU - McMullen, M.D. AU - Holland, James AU - Buckler, E.S. AU - Buckler, E.S. AU - Buell, C. Robin AU - Leon, N. AU - Kaeppler, S.M. T2 - Genetics AB - Abstract Grain produced from cereal crops is a primary source of human food and animal feed worldwide. To understand the genetic basis of seed-size variation, a grain yield component, we conducted a genome-wide scan to detect evidence of selection in the maize Krug Yellow Dent long-term divergent seed-size selection experiment. Previous studies have documented significant phenotypic divergence between the populations. Allele frequency estimates for ∼3 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the base population and selected populations were estimated from pooled whole-genome resequencing of 48 individuals per population. Using FST values across sliding windows, 94 divergent regions with a median of six genes per region were identified. Additionally, 2729 SNPs that reached fixation in both selected populations with opposing fixed alleles were identified, many of which clustered in two regions of the genome. Copy-number variation was highly prevalent between the selected populations, with 532 total regions identified on the basis of read-depth variation and comparative genome hybridization. Regions important for seed weight in natural variation were identified in the maize nested association mapping population. However, the number of regions that overlapped with the long-term selection experiment did not exceed that expected by chance, possibly indicating unique sources of variation between the two populations. The results of this study provide insights into the genetic elements underlying seed-size variation in maize and could also have applications for other cereal crops. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1534/genetics.114.167155 VL - 198 IS - 1 SP - 409- UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84907998638&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feasible Introgression of an Anti-pathogen Transgene into an Urban Mosquito Population without Using Gene-Drive AU - Okamoto, Kenichi W. AU - Robert, Michael A. AU - Gould, Fred AU - Lloyd, Alun L. T2 - PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES AB - Background Introgressing anti-pathogen constructs into wild vector populations could reduce disease transmission. It is generally assumed that such introgression would require linking an anti-pathogen gene with a selfish genetic element or similar technologies. Yet none of the proposed transgenic anti-pathogen gene-drive mechanisms are likely to be implemented as public health measures in the near future. Thus, much attention now focuses instead on transgenic strategies aimed at mosquito population suppression, an approach generally perceived to be practical. By contrast, aiming to replace vector competent mosquito populations with vector incompetent populations by releasing mosquitoes carrying a single anti-pathogen gene without a gene-drive mechanism is widely considered impractical. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we use Skeeter Buster, a previously published stochastic, spatially explicit model of Aedes aegypti to investigate whether a number of approaches for releasing mosquitoes with only an anti-pathogen construct would be efficient and effective in the tropical city of Iquitos, Peru. To assess the performance of such releases using realistic release numbers, we compare the transient and long-term effects of this strategy with two other genetic control strategies that have been developed in Ae. aegypti: release of a strain with female-specific lethality, and a strain with both female-specific lethality and an anti-pathogen gene. We find that releasing mosquitoes carrying only an anti-pathogen construct can substantially decrease vector competence of a natural population, even at release ratios well below that required for the two currently feasible alternatives that rely on population reduction. Finally, although current genetic control strategies based on population reduction are compromised by immigration of wild-type mosquitoes, releasing mosquitoes carrying only an anti-pathogen gene is considerably more robust to such immigration. Conclusions/Significance Contrary to the widely held view that transgenic control programs aimed at population replacement require linking an anti-pathogen gene to selfish genetic elements, we find releasing mosquitoes in numbers much smaller than those considered necessary for transgenic population reduction can result in comparatively rapid and robust population replacement. In light of this non-intuitive result, directing efforts to improve rearing capacity and logistical support for implementing releases, and reducing the fitness costs of existing recombinant technologies, may provide a viable, alternative route to introgressing anti-pathogen transgenes under field conditions. DA - 2014/7// PY - 2014/7// DO - 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002827 VL - 8 IS - 7 SP - SN - 1935-2735 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ectoparasites in Black-footed Ferrets (Mustela nigripes) from the Largest Reintroduced Population of the Conata Basin, South Dakota, USA AU - Harris, Nyeema C. AU - Livieri, Travis M. AU - Dunn, Robert R. T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - The black-footed ferret, Mustela nigripes, is an endangered carnivore endemic to the grasslands of North America. We present the first investigation of ectoparasites associated with black-footed ferrets since reintroduction. We sampled more than 200 individuals from one of the largest and most successful reintroduced populations located in the Conata Basin of South Dakota, USA. We compared our findings with ectoparasite assemblages of sympatric carnivores and historic ferret records. We collected more than 1,000 ectoparasites consisting mainly of three flea and tick species, two of which were known historically from South Dakota. Despite our extensive sampling efforts, we did not detect any lice. This is notable because a putative host-specific louse, Neotrichodectes sp., was presumed to have gone extinct when black-footed ferrets were extirpated from the wild. The ectoparasite assemblage on black-footed ferrets comprised only generalist parasites, particularly those found on their prey such as prairie dogs (Cynomys sp.). Oropsylla hirsuta was the most abundant ectoparasite, representing 57% of all ectoparasites detected; a flea vector important in the persistence and transmission of plague. Black-footed ferrets like other endangered species undergo repeated parasite removal and vaccination efforts to facilitate population recovery, which may have unintentionally contributed to their depauperate ectoparasite community. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.7589/2013-03-048 VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - 340-343 SN - 1943-3700 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84921425016&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Coextinction KW - diversity KW - Oropsylla hirsuta KW - parasite KW - plague KW - prairie dog KW - recovery ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECTS OF SUBSTRATE TYPE ON DEMOGRAPHIC RATES OF EASTERN OYSTER (CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA) AU - Dunn, Robert P. AU - Eggleston, David B. AU - Lindquist, Niels T2 - JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH AB - Several restored oyster (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin) reefs in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, have experienced recent population crashes, potentially caused in part by clionid boring sponge infestation of the marl rock (a calcium carbonatemud composite material) commonly used as a reef substrate and of the shells of oysters that colonize the marl reef foundation. The composition and porosity of marl may make it vulnerable to infestation by carbonate bioeroders, particularly clionid sponges. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of carbonate (CaCO3; oyster shell, marl) versus noncarbonate (non-CaCO3; granite, concrete) reef-building substrates on C. virginica demographic rates, including oyster density and oyster growth, on experimental reefs constructed along the salinity gradients of two estuaries in coastal North Carolina. There were no differences in oyster density among substrate types through the first 6 mo of reef sampling, although at 12 mo after reef construction, differences in density among substrates had emerged. Sites in high-salinity areas had much greater oyster recruitment than up-estuary, lower salinity locations. Early-life growth (<6 mo) of oysters was assessed for recruits to experimental reefs, with few differences seen in oyster mean valve length or growth rate on different substrate types. These results support consideration of non-CaCO3 materials, particularly concrete, for future oyster reef restoration, especially in high-salinity areas where the boring sponge Cliona is abundant, because both oyster density and growth were similar on oyster shell and concrete substrates as long as 1 y after reef construction. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.2983/035.033.0117 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 177-185 SN - 1943-6319 KW - oyster KW - Crassostrea virginica KW - restoration KW - bioerosion KW - clionid sponge KW - salinity KW - recruitment KW - growth ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cry1F Resistance in Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda: Single Gene versus Pyramided Bt Maize AU - Huang, Fangneng AU - Qureshi, Jawwad A. AU - Meagher, Robert L., Jr. AU - Reisig, Dominic D. AU - Head, Graham P. AU - Andow, David A. AU - Ni, Xinzi AU - Kerns, David AU - Buntin, G. David AU - Niu, Ying AU - Yang, Fei AU - Dangal, Vikash T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Evolution of insect resistance to transgenic crops containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genes is a serious threat to the sustainability of this technology. However, field resistance related to the reduced efficacy of Bt maize has not been documented in any lepidopteran pest in the mainland U.S. after 18 years of intensive Bt maize planting. Here we report compelling evidence of field resistance in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), to Cry1F maize (TC 3507) in the southeastern region of the U.S. An F2 screen showed a surprisingly high (0.293) Cry1F resistance allele frequency in a population collected in 2011 from non-Bt maize in south Florida. Field populations from non-Bt maize in 2012-2013 exhibited 18.8-fold to >85.4-fold resistance to purified Cry1F protein and those collected from unexpectedly damaged Bt maize plants at several locations in Florida and North Carolina had >85.4-fold resistance. In addition, reduced efficacy and control failure of Cry1F maize against natural populations of S. frugiperda were documented in field trials using Cry1F-based and pyramided Bt maize products in south Florida. The Cry1F-resistant S. frugiperda also showed a low level of cross-resistance to Cry1A.105 and related maize products, but not to Cry2Ab2 or Vip3A. The occurrence of Cry1F resistance in the U.S. mainland populations of S. frugiperda likely represents migration of insects from Puerto Rico, indicating the great challenges faced in achieving effective resistance management for long-distance migratory pests like S. frugiperda. DA - 2014/11/17/ PY - 2014/11/17/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0112958 VL - 9 IS - 11 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cross-linked Polymer Nanofibers for Hyperthermophilic Enzyme Immobilization: Approaches to Improve Enzyme Performance AU - Tang, Christina AU - Saquing, Carl D. AU - Morton, Stephen W. AU - Glatz, Brittany N. AU - Kelly, Robert M. AU - Khan, Saad A. T2 - ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES AB - We report an enzyme immobilization method effective at elevated temperatures (up to 105 °C) and sufficiently robust for hyperthermophilic enzymes. Using a model hyperthermophilic enzyme, α-galactosidase from Thermotoga maritima, immobilization within chemically cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibers to provide high specific surface area is achieved by (1) electrospinning a blend of a PVA and enzyme and (2) chemically cross-linking the polymer to entrap the enzyme within a water insoluble PVA fiber. The resulting enzyme-loaded nanofibers are water-insoluble at elevated temperatures, and enzyme leaching is not observed, indicating that the cross-linking effectively immobilizes the enzyme within the fibers. Upon immobilization, the enzyme retains its hyperthermophilic nature and shows improved thermal stability indicated by a 5.5-fold increase in apparent half-life at 90 °C, but with a significant decrease in apparent activity. The loss in apparent activity is attributed to enzyme deactivation and mass transfer limitations. Improvements in the apparent activity can be achieved by incorporating a cryoprotectant during immobilization to prevent enzyme deactivation. For example, immobilization in the presence of trehalose improved the apparent activity by 10-fold. Minimizing the mat thickness to reduce interfiber diffusion was a simple and effective method to further improve the performance of the immobilized enzyme. DA - 2014/8/13/ PY - 2014/8/13/ DO - 10.1021/am5033633 VL - 6 IS - 15 SP - 11899-11906 SN - 1944-8244 KW - enzyme immobilization KW - nanofibers KW - electrospinning KW - biocatalysts KW - mass transfer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conformal Atomic Layer Deposition of Alumina on Millimeter Tall, Vertically-Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays AU - Stano, Kelly L. AU - Carroll, Murphy AU - Padbury, Richard AU - McCord, Marian AU - Jur, Jesse S. AU - Bradford, Philip D. T2 - ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES AB - Atomic layer deposition (ALD) can be used to coat high aspect ratio and high surface area substrates with conformal and precisely controlled thin films. Vertically aligned arrays of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with lengths up to 1.5 mm were conformally coated with alumina from base to tip. The nucleation and growth behaviors of Al2O3 ALD precursors on the MWCNTs were studied as a function of CNT surface chemistry. CNT surfaces were modified through a series of post-treatments including pyrolytic carbon deposition, high temperature thermal annealing, and oxygen plasma functionalization. Conformal coatings were achieved where post-treatments resulted in increased defect density as well as the extent of functionalization, as characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Using thermogravimetric analysis, it was determined that MWCNTs treated with pyrolytic carbon and plasma functionalization prior to ALD coating were more stable to thermal oxidation than pristine ALD coated samples. Functionalized and ALD coated arrays had a compressive modulus more than two times higher than a pristine array coated for the same number of cycles. Cross-sectional energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed that Al2O3 could be uniformly deposited through the entire thickness of the vertically aligned MWCNT array by manipulating sample orientation and mounting techniques. Following the ALD coating, the MWCNT arrays demonstrated hydrophilic wetting behavior and also exhibited foam-like recovery following compressive strain. DA - 2014/11/12/ PY - 2014/11/12/ DO - 10.1021/am505107s VL - 6 IS - 21 SP - 19135-19143 SN - 1944-8244 KW - carbon nanotube (CNT) KW - atomic layer deposition (ALD) KW - alumina KW - aligned carbon nanotube array KW - CNT-inorganic hybrid KW - plasma KW - functionalization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Causes and Consequences of Genetic Background Effects Illuminated by Integrative Genomic Analysis AU - Peiffer, J. A. AU - Romay, M. C. AU - Gore, M. A. AU - Flint-Garcia, S. A. AU - Zhang, Z. W. AU - Millard, M. J. AU - Gardner, C. A. C. AU - McMullen, M. D. AU - Holland, James AU - Bradbury, P. J. AU - Buckler, E. S. T2 - GENETICS AB - Abstract The phenotypic consequences of individual mutations are modulated by the wild-type genetic background in which they occur. Although such background dependence is widely observed, we do not know whether general patterns across species and traits exist or about the mechanisms underlying it. We also lack knowledge on how mutations interact with genetic background to influence gene expression and how this in turn mediates mutant phenotypes. Furthermore, how genetic background influences patterns of epistasis remains unclear. To investigate the genetic basis and genomic consequences of genetic background dependence of the scallopedE3 allele on the Drosophila melanogaster wing, we generated multiple novel genome-level datasets from a mapping-by-introgression experiment and a tagged RNA gene expression dataset. In addition we used whole genome resequencing of the parental lines—two commonly used laboratory strains—to predict polymorphic transcription factor binding sites for SD. We integrated these data with previously published genomic datasets from expression microarrays and a modifier mutation screen. By searching for genes showing a congruent signal across multiple datasets, we were able to identify a robust set of candidate loci contributing to the background-dependent effects of mutations in sd. We also show that the majority of background-dependent modifiers previously reported are caused by higher-order epistasis, not quantitative noncomplementation. These findings provide a useful foundation for more detailed investigations of genetic background dependence in this system, and this approach is likely to prove useful in exploring the genetic basis of other traits as well. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1534/genetics.113.159426 VL - 196 IS - 4 SP - 1321-+ SN - 1943-2631 KW - transcriptional profiling KW - introgression mapping KW - genetic background effects KW - mutant expressivity KW - modifier genes KW - epistasis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Between Capitalism, the State, and the Grassroots: Mexico’s Contribution to a Global Conservation Debate AU - Haenn, N. AU - Olson, E. AU - Martinez-Reyes, J. AU - Durand, L. T2 - Conservation and Society AB - This introduction situates Mexico in the research on conservation and society, illustrating some nuances and characteristics of the Mexican model of biodiversity conservation in relation to neoliberal economic development and state formation. The paper critiques the way neoliberalism has become a common framework to understand conservation's social practices. Drawing on the ethnographies collected in this special section, the paper considers the importance of state formation and disorganised neoliberalism as intertwined phenomena that explain conservation outcomes. This approach lends itself to the papers' ethnographic descriptions that demonstrate a particular Mexican form of conservation that sits alongside a globalised biodiversity conservation apparatus. The introduction presents some additional analytical interpretations: 1) conservation strategies rooted in profit-driven models are precarious; 2) empirical cases show the expansion of both state structures and capitalist markets via conservation; and 3) non-capitalist approaches to conservation merit greater consideration. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.4103/0972-4923.138407 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 111-119 SN - 0975-3133 KW - protected areas KW - metropole conservation KW - ethnographies of conservation KW - capitalism KW - Mexican conservation apparatus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bee Species Diversity Enhances Productivity and Stability in a Perennial Crop AU - Rogers, Shelley R. AU - Tarpy, David R. AU - Burrack, Hannah J. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Wild bees provide important pollination services to agroecoystems, but the mechanisms which underlie their contribution to ecosystem functioning—and, therefore, their importance in maintaining and enhancing these services—remain unclear. We evaluated several mechanisms through which wild bees contribute to crop productivity, the stability of pollinator visitation, and the efficiency of individual pollinators in a highly bee-pollination dependent plant, highbush blueberry. We surveyed the bee community (through transect sampling and pan trapping) and measured pollination of both open- and singly-visited flowers. We found that the abundance of managed honey bees, Apis mellifera, and wild-bee richness were equally important in describing resulting open pollination. Wild-bee richness was a better predictor of pollination than wild-bee abundance. We also found evidence suggesting pollinator visitation (and subsequent pollination) are stabilized through the differential response of bee taxa to weather (i.e., response diversity). Variation in the individual visit efficiency of A. mellifera and the southeastern blueberry bee, Habropoda laboriosa, a wild specialist, was not associated with changes in the pollinator community. Our findings add to a growing literature that diverse pollinator communities provide more stable and productive ecosystem services. DA - 2014/5/9/ PY - 2014/5/9/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0097307 VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Are winter-active species vulnerable to climate warming? A case study with the wintergreen terrestrial orchid, Tipularia discolor AU - Marchin, Renee M. AU - Dunn, Robert R. AU - Hoffmann, William A. T2 - OECOLOGIA DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1007/s00442-014-3074-8 VL - 176 IS - 4 SP - 1161-1172 SN - 1432-1939 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84921938451&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Experimental warming KW - Vapor pressure deficit KW - Reproduction KW - Photosynthesis KW - Temperate forest understory ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Invasive Plant Promotes Its Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbioses and Competitiveness through Its Secondary Metabolites: Indirect Evidence from Activated Carbon AU - Yuan, Yongge AU - Tang, Jianjun AU - Leng, Dong AU - Hu, Shuijin AU - Yong, Jean W. H. AU - Chen, Xin T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Secondary metabolites released by invasive plants can increase their competitive ability by affecting native plants, herbivores, and pathogens at the invaded land. Whether these secondary metabolites affect the invasive plant itself, directly or indirectly through microorganisms, however, has not been well documented. Here we tested whether activated carbon (AC), a well-known absorbent for secondary metabolites, affect arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses and competitive ability in an invasive plant. We conducted three experiments (experiments 1-3) with the invasive forb Solidago canadensis and the native Kummerowia striata. Experiment 1 determined whether AC altered soil properties, levels of the main secondary metabolites in the soil, plant growth, and AMF communities associated with S. canadensis and K. striata. Experiment 2 determined whether AC affected colonization of S. canadensis by five AMF, which were added to sterilized soil. Experiment 3 determined the competitive ability of S. canadensis in the presence and absence of AMF and AC. In experiment 1, AC greatly decreased the concentrations of the main secondary metabolites in soil, and the changes in concentrations were closely related with the changes of AMF in S. canadensis roots. In experiment 2, AC inhibited the AMF Glomus versiforme and G. geosporum but promoted G. mosseae and G. diaphanum in the soil and also in S. canadensis roots. In experiment 3, AC reduced S. canadensis competitive ability in the presence but not in the absence of AMF. Our results provided indirect evidence that the secondary metabolites (which can be absorbed by AC) of the invasive plant S. canadensis may promote S. canadensis competitiveness by enhancing its own AMF symbionts. DA - 2014/5/9/ PY - 2014/5/9/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0097163 VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Advanced imaging techniques for the study of plant growth and development AU - Sozzani, Rosangela AU - Busch, Wolfgang AU - Spalding, Edgar P. AU - Benfey, Philip N. T2 - TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE AB - •Integration of imaging tools with genome-wide approaches and modeling. •Quantitative measurements to describe biological systems at cellular resolution over time. •Recent developments in the field of imaging. •Vision-based methods (2D high-throughput and non-destructive methods). A variety of imaging methodologies are being used to collect data for quantitative studies of plant growth and development from living plants. Multi-level data, from macroscopic to molecular, and from weeks to seconds, can be acquired. Furthermore, advances in parallelized and automated image acquisition enable the throughput to capture images from large populations of plants under specific growth conditions. Image-processing capabilities allow for 3D or 4D reconstruction of image data and automated quantification of biological features. These advances facilitate the integration of imaging data with genome-wide molecular data to enable systems-level modeling. A variety of imaging methodologies are being used to collect data for quantitative studies of plant growth and development from living plants. Multi-level data, from macroscopic to molecular, and from weeks to seconds, can be acquired. Furthermore, advances in parallelized and automated image acquisition enable the throughput to capture images from large populations of plants under specific growth conditions. Image-processing capabilities allow for 3D or 4D reconstruction of image data and automated quantification of biological features. These advances facilitate the integration of imaging data with genome-wide molecular data to enable systems-level modeling. laser microscopy that allows image acquisition of fluorescent molecules producing images with high horizontal resolution and depth selectivity. technique in which the sample is illuminated perpendicular to the direction of observation. 3D image computed from multiple 2D projections from different angles obtained by interaction of matter and X-rays. apparatus in which small volumes of liquid can be controlled. integrated and automated approach to track cell lineages over time, in which images of organs are acquired from multiple angles, computationally merged and segmented. 3D image computed from multiple 2D projections from different angles obtained by optical microscopy. genome regions that underlie the quantitative variation of a trait. collection of lines, each containing chromosomes which constitute a genetic mosaic of two parental lines. light sheet illumination-based microscopy allowing for image acquisition with high-spatial and temporal resolution. microscopy technique that can yield images with a resolution higher than the diffraction limit would allow. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.12.003 VL - 19 IS - 5 SP - 304-310 SN - 1878-4372 KW - imaging techniques KW - plant growth and development KW - systems-level modeling. ER - TY - JOUR TI - Within-Field Spatial Distribution of Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)-Induced Boll Injury in Commercial Cotton Fields of the Southeastern United States AU - Pulakkatu-Thodi, Ishakh AU - Reisig, Dominic D. AU - Greene, Jeremy K. AU - Reay-Jones, Francis P. F. AU - Toews, Michael D. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Spatial distribution of boll injury caused by stink bugs to developing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) bolls was studied in five commercial fields (≍22 ha each) in 2011 and 2012 to understand variability in boll injury dynamics within fields. Cotton bolls and stink bugs were sampled weekly from a georeferenced grid of sampling points (one sample per 0.40 ha) in each field, but no samples were taken within 30 m of field edges. The inverse distance weighted interpolation, variogram analysis, and Moran's I were used to describe spatial variability of boll damage within the fields. Boll injury was found to be spatially associated at distances ranging from ≍75 to 275 m with an average distance ≍150 m. An exponential variogram model was selected as the best fitting model to describe the spatial association in four of the five fields. Moran's I indicated that spatial association was significant in three of the five fields. The spread of boll injury from stink bugs was gradual in most fields and always exceeded the treatment threshold during the fourth or fifth week of bloom. Capture of stink bugs using a sweep net was inefficient, strongly suggesting that quantifying boll injury is a better sampling method and predictor of stink bug activity when sampling all but the edges of the field. These data suggest that scouts need to sample boll injury from sample locations separated by at least 150 m to assure independence in the central part of large fields. Second, future researchers who plan to use parametric statistical methods could use a 150-m grid, as opposed to a denser grid that would require greater time and effort. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1603/en13332 VL - 43 IS - 3 SP - 744-752 SN - 1938-2936 KW - spatial statistic KW - variogram KW - stink bug KW - Moran's I KW - spatial association ER - TY - JOUR TI - Time-varying, serotype-specific force of infection of dengue virus AU - Reiner, Robert C., Jr. AU - Stoddard, Steven T. AU - Forshey, Brett M. AU - King, Aaron A. AU - Ellis, Alicia M. AU - Lloyd, Alun L. AU - Long, Kanya C. AU - Rocha, Claudio AU - Vilcarromero, Stalin AU - Astete, Helvio AU - Bazan, Isabel AU - Lenhart, Audrey AU - Vazquez-Prokopec, Gonzalo M. AU - Paz-Soldan, Valerie A. AU - McCall, Philip J. AU - Kitron, Uriel AU - Elder, John P. AU - Halsey, Eric S. AU - Morrison, Amy C. AU - Kochel, Tadeusz J. AU - Scott, Thomas W. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - Significance Using mathematical models to extend knowledge of pathogen transmission and recommend optimized control efforts is dependent on the accuracy of model parameters. The rate at which susceptible individuals become infected [the force of infection (FoI)] is one of the most important parameters, but due to data constraints it is often incorrectly assumed to be constant over time. Using a bespoke method for a 12-y longitudinal dataset of serotype-specific dengue virus (DENV) infections, we estimated time-varying, serotype-specific FoIs for all four DENV serotypes. The FoI varied markedly in time, which implies that DENV transmission dynamics are complex and are best summarized using time-dependent transmission parameters. Our results provide more accurate measures of virus transmission dynamics and a basis for improving selection of control and disease prevention strategies. DA - 2014/5/20/ PY - 2014/5/20/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.1314933111 VL - 111 IS - 26 SP - E2694-E2702 J2 - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA LA - en OP - SN - 0027-8424 1091-6490 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1314933111 DB - Crossref KW - disease ecology KW - emerging infections KW - arthropod-borne virus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Respiratory disease in United States farmers AU - Hoppin, Jane A AU - Umbach, David M AU - Long, Stuart AU - Rinsky, Jessica L AU - Henneberger, Paul K AU - Salo, Paivi M AU - Zeldin, Darryl C AU - London, Stephanie J AU - Alavanja, Michael C R AU - Blair, Aaron AU - Beane Freeman, Laura E AU - Sandler, Dale P T2 - Occupational and Environmental Medicine AB -

Objectives

Farmers may be at increased risk for adverse respiratory outcomes compared with the general population due to their regular exposures to dusts, animals and chemicals. However, early life farm exposures to microbial agents may result in reduced risk. Understanding respiratory disease risk among farmers and identifying differences between farmers and other populations may lead to better understanding of the contribution of environmental exposures to respiratory disease risk in the general population.

Methods

We compared the prevalence of self-reported respiratory outcomes in 43548 participants from the Agricultural Health Study (AHS), a prospective cohort of farmers and their spouses from Iowa and North Carolina, with data from adult participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) over the same period (2005–2010).

Results

AHS participants had lower prevalences of respiratory diseases (asthma, adult-onset asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema), but higher prevalences of current respiratory symptoms (wheeze, cough and phlegm) even after controlling for smoking, body mass index and population characteristics. The overall prevalence of asthma in the AHS (7.2%, 95% CI 6.9 to 7.4) was 52% of that in NHANES (13.8%, 95% CI 13.3 to 14.3), although the prevalence of adult-onset asthma among men did not differ (3.6% for AHS, 3.7% for NHANES). Conversely, many respiratory symptoms were more common in the AHS than NHANES, particularly among men.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that farmers and their spouses have lower risk for adult-onset respiratory diseases compared with the general population, and potentially higher respiratory irritation as evidenced by increased respiratory symptoms. DA - 2014/6/9/ PY - 2014/6/9/ DO - 10.1136/oemed-2013-101983 VL - 71 IS - 7 SP - 484-491 J2 - Occup Environ Med LA - en OP - SN - 1351-0711 1470-7926 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2013-101983 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicting future coexistence in a North American ant community AU - Bewick, Sharon AU - Stuble, Katharine L. AU - Lessard, Jean-Phillipe AU - Dunn, Robert R. AU - Adler, Frederick R. AU - Sanders, Nathan J. T2 - ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION AB - Global climate change will remodel ecological communities worldwide. However, as a consequence of biotic interactions, communities may respond to climate change in idiosyncratic ways. This makes predictive models that incorporate biotic interactions necessary. We show how such models can be constructed based on empirical studies in combination with predictions or assumptions regarding the abiotic consequences of climate change. Specifically, we consider a well-studied ant community in North America. First, we use historical data to parameterize a basic model for species coexistence. Using this model, we determine the importance of various factors, including thermal niches, food discovery rates, and food removal rates, to historical species coexistence. We then extend the model to predict how the community will restructure in response to several climate-related changes, such as increased temperature, shifts in species phenology, and altered resource availability. Interestingly, our mechanistic model suggests that increased temperature and shifts in species phenology can have contrasting effects. Nevertheless, for almost all scenarios considered, we find that the most subordinate ant species suffers most as a result of climate change. More generally, our analysis shows that community composition can respond to climate warming in nonintuitive ways. For example, in the context of a community, it is not necessarily the most heat-sensitive species that are most at risk. Our results demonstrate how models that account for niche partitioning and interspecific trade-offs among species can be used to predict the likely idiosyncratic responses of local communities to climate change. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.1002/ece3.1048 VL - 4 IS - 10 SP - 1804-1819 SN - 2045-7758 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84900867402&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Ant communities KW - climate change KW - differential equations KW - mechanistic models KW - species interactions ER - TY - JOUR TI - Persistence of the Mitochondrial Lineage Responsible for the Irish Potato Famine in Extant New World Phytophthora infestans AU - Martin, Michael D. AU - Ho, Simon Y. W. AU - Wales, Nathan AU - Ristaino, Jean B. AU - Gilbert, M. Thomas P. T2 - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION AB - The plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans emerged in Europe in 1845, triggering the Irish potato famine and massive European potato crop losses that continued until effective fungicides were widely employed in the 20th century. Today the pathogen is ubiquitous, with more aggressive and virulent strains surfacing in recent decades. Recently, complete P. infestans mitogenome sequences from 19th-century herbarium specimens were shown to belong to a unique lineage (HERB-1) predicted to be rare or extinct in modern times. We report 44 additional P. infestans mitogenomes: four from 19th-century Europe, three from 1950s UK, and 37 from modern populations across the New World. We use phylogenetic analyses to identify the HERB-1 lineage in modern populations from both Mexico and South America, and to demonstrate distinct mitochondrial haplotypes were present in 19th-century Europe, with this lineage initially diversifying 75 years before the first reports of potato late blight. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1093/molbev/msu086 VL - 31 IS - 6 SP - 1414-1420 SN - 1537-1719 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84901465752&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - mitogenomics KW - ancient DNA KW - evolutionary biology KW - molecular evolution KW - pathogens KW - potato ER - TY - JOUR TI - Paging Congressional Democrats: It Was the Immorality, Stupid AU - Cobb, Michael D. AU - Taylor, Andrew J. T2 - PS-POLITICAL SCIENCE & POLITICS AB - An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1017/s1049096514000201 VL - 47 IS - 2 SP - 351-356 SN - 1537-5935 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Navigating Controversies in Search of Neutrality: Analyzing Efforts by Public Think Tanks to Inform Climate Change Policy AU - Delborne, J.A. T2 - Culture, Politics, and Climate Change: How Information Shapes our Common Future A2 - Crow, D.A. A2 - Boykoff, M. PY - 2014/// SP - 163–179 PB - Routledge/Earthscan SN - 9780415661485 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Live Attenuated Tetravalent Dengue Virus Host Range Vaccine Is Immunogenic in African Green Monkeys following a Single Vaccination AU - Briggs, Caitlin M. AU - Smith, Katherine M. AU - Piper, Amanda AU - Huitt, Emerson AU - Spears, Carla J. AU - Quiles, Michelle AU - Ribeiro, Mariana AU - Thomas, Malcolm E. AU - Brown, Dennis T. AU - Hernandez, Raquel T2 - JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY AB - ABSTRACT The causative agent of dengue fever, dengue virus (DENV), is transmitted by mosquitoes, and as distribution of these insects has expanded, so has dengue-related disease. DENV is a member of the Flaviviridae family and has 4 distinct serotypes (DENV-1, -2, -3, and -4). No lasting cross protection is afforded to heterologous serotypes following infection by any one of the individual serotypes. The presence of nonneutralizing antibodies to one serotype can facilitate the occurrence of more-severe dengue hemorrhagic fever through immune enhancement upon infection with a second serotype. For this reason, the development of a safe, tetravalent vaccine to produce a balanced immune response to all four serotypes is critical. We have developed a novel approach to produce safe and effective live-attenuated vaccines for DENV and other insect-borne viruses. Host range (HR) mutants of each DENV serotype were created by truncating transmembrane domain 1 of the E protein and selecting for strains of DENV that replicated well in insect cells but not mammalian cells. These vaccine strains were tested for immunogenicity in African green monkeys (AGMs). No vaccine-related adverse events occurred. The vaccine strains were confirmed to be attenuated in vivo by infectious center assay (ICA). Analysis by 50% plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT 50 ) established that by day 62 postvaccination, 100% of animals seroconverted to DENV-1, -2, -3, and -4. Additionally, the DENV HR tetravalent vaccine (HR-Tet) showed a tetravalent anamnestic immune response in 100% (16/16) of AGMs after challenge with wild-type (WT) DENV strains. IMPORTANCE We have generated a live attenuated viral (LAV) vaccine capable of eliciting a strong immune response in African green monkeys (AGMs) in a single dose. This vaccine is delivered by injecting one of four attenuated serotypes into each limb of the animal. 100% of animals given the vaccine generated antibodies against all 4 serotypes, and this response was found to be balanced in nature. This is also one of the first studies of dengue in AGMs, and our study suggests that viremia and antibody response in AGMs may be similar to those seen in DENV infection in humans. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1128/jvi.00541-14 VL - 88 IS - 12 SP - 6729-6742 SN - 1098-5514 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improving Conservation Outcomes with Insights from Local Experts and Bureaucracies AU - Haenn, N. AU - Schmook, B. AU - Martínez, Y.Reyes AU - Calmé, S. T2 - Conservation Biology AB - We describe conservation built on local expertise such that it constitutes a hybrid form of traditional and bureaucratic knowledge. Researchers regularly ask how local knowledge might be applied to programs linked to protected areas. By examining the production of conservation knowledge in southern Mexico, we assert local expertise is already central to conservation. However, bureaucratic norms and social identity differences between lay experts and conservation practitioners prevent the public valuing of traditional knowledge. We make this point by contrasting 2 examples. The first is a master's thesis survey of local experts regarding the biology of the King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) in which data collection took place in communities adjacent to the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve. The second is a workshop sponsored by the same reserve that instructed farmers on how to monitor endangered species, including the King Vulture. In both examples, conservation knowledge would not have existed without traditional knowledge. In both examples, this traditional knowledge is absent from scientific reporting. On the basis of these findings, we suggest conservation outcomes may be improved by recognizing the knowledge contributions local experts already make to conservation programming. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1111/cobi.12265 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 951-958 SN - 1523-1739 KW - environmental governance KW - erasure of knowledge KW - ethnoecology KW - King Vulture KW - Latin America KW - local ecological knowledge KW - Sarcoramphus papa ER - TY - JOUR TI - Greater Sensitivity to Drought Accompanies Maize Yield Increase in the US Midwest AU - Lobell, David B. AU - Roberts, Michael J. AU - Schlenker, Wolfram AU - Braun, Noah AU - Little, Bertis B. AU - Rejesus, Roderick M. AU - Hammer, Graeme L. T2 - SCIENCE AB - Predicting Responses to Drought The U.S. Corn Belt accounts for a sizeable portion of the world's maize growth. Various influences have increased yields over the years. Lobell et al. (p. 516 ; see the Perspective by Ort and Long ) now show that sensitivity to drought has been increasing as well. It seems that as plants have been bred for increased yield under ideal conditions, the plants become more sensitive to non-ideal conditions. A key factor may be the planting density. Although today's maize varieties are more robust to crowding and the farmer can get more plants in per field, this same crowding takes a toll when water resources are limited. DA - 2014/5/2/ PY - 2014/5/2/ DO - 10.1126/science.1251423 VL - 344 IS - 6183 SP - 516-519 SN - 1095-9203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic aspects of auxin biosynthesis and its regulation AU - Brumos, Javier AU - Alonso, Jose M. AU - Stepanova, Anna N. T2 - PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM AB - Auxin is an essential plant hormone that controls nearly every aspect of a plant's life, from embryo development to organ senescence. In the last decade the key genes involved in auxin transport, perception, signaling and response have been identified and characterized, but the elucidation of auxin biosynthesis has proven to be especially challenging. In plants, a significant amount of indole‐3‐acetic acid ( IAA ), the predominant biologically active form of auxin, is synthesized via a simple two‐step route where indole‐3‐pyruvic acid ( IPyA ) produced from l ‐tryptophan by tryptophan aminotransferases ( TAA1 / TAR ) is converted to IAA by the YUC family of flavin monooxygenases. The TAA1 / TAR and YUC gene families constitute the first complete auxin biosynthetic pathway described in plants. Detailed characterization of these genes' expression patterns suggested a key role of local auxin biosynthesis in plant development. This has prompted an active search for the molecular mechanisms that regulate the spatiotemporal activity of the IPyA route. In addition to the TAA1 / TAR and YUC ‐mediated auxin biosynthesis, several alternative routes of IAA production have been postulated to function in plants, but their biological significance is yet to be demonstrated. Herein, we take a genetic perspective to describe the current view of auxin biosynthesis and its regulation in plants, focusing primarily on Arabidopsis. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.1111/ppl.12098 VL - 151 IS - 1 SP - 3-12 SN - 1399-3054 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84898468296&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Elkton: A New Potato Variety with Resistance to Internal Heat Necrosis and Hollow Heart and Suitable for Chipping Directly from the Field in the Southern United States AU - Haynes, K. G. AU - Gergela, D. M. AU - Qu, X. S. AU - Peck, M. W. AU - Yencho, G. C. AU - Clough, M. E. AU - Henninger, M. R. AU - Halseth, D. E. AU - Porter, G. A. AU - Ocaya, P. C. AU - Zotarelli, L. AU - Menasha, S. R. AU - Christ, B. J. AU - Wanner, L. AU - Hutchinson, C. M. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1007/s12230-013-9347-7 VL - 91 IS - 3 SP - 269-276 SN - 1874-9380 KW - Solanum tuberosum KW - Variety KW - Potato breeding KW - Chip processing KW - Internal heat necrosis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cas9 Targeting and the CRISPR Revolution AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe T2 - SCIENCE AB - Uncovering how an RNA-protein molecular scalpel targets DNA will advance our ability to engineer genomes. DA - 2014/5/16/ PY - 2014/5/16/ DO - 10.1126/science.1252964 VL - 344 IS - 6185 SP - 707-708 SN - 1095-9203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CRISPR-Cas Systems: Prokaryotes Upgrade to Adaptive Immunity AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe AU - Marraffini, Luciano A. T2 - MOLECULAR CELL AB - Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), and associated proteins (Cas) comprise the CRISPR-Cas system, which confers adaptive immunity against exogenic elements in many bacteria and most archaea. CRISPR-mediated immunization occurs through the uptake of DNA from invasive genetic elements such as plasmids and viruses, followed by its integration into CRISPR loci. These loci are subsequently transcribed and processed into small interfering RNAs that guide nucleases for specific cleavage of complementary sequences. Conceptually, CRISPR-Cas shares functional features with the mammalian adaptive immune system, while also exhibiting characteristics of Lamarckian evolution. Because immune markers spliced from exogenous agents are integrated iteratively in CRISPR loci, they constitute a genetic record of vaccination events and reflect environmental conditions and changes over time. Cas endonucleases, which can be reprogrammed by small guide RNAs have shown unprecedented potential and flexibility for genome editing and can be repurposed for numerous DNA targeting applications including transcriptional control. DA - 2014/4/24/ PY - 2014/4/24/ DO - 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.03.011 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - 234-244 SN - 1097-4164 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Better the devil you throw: Experience and support for pay-as-you-throw waste charges AU - Brown, Zachary S. AU - Johnstone, Nick T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY AB - Environmental taxes have long been proposed as an efficient means of improving the fiscal solvency of governments, while at the same time correcting for environmental externalities. However, public support for environmental taxes is often low, making the implementation of these instruments politically challenging in some settings. Scholars have explored the reasons for this broad, negative attitude towards environmental taxes, especially since these taxes are by design supposed to be welfare-improving. But previous empirical analysis on this topic is sparse and limited in context. Here, we empirically analyze support for environmental taxes across four countries, using a household survey on environmental attitudes, behaviour and policy exposure conducted by OECD during 2011. The environmental tax we focus on is pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) charges for mixed waste collection. Looking at expressed levels of support for PAYT charges, we find that people who are exposed to such systems tend to be significantly more supportive of them. This indicates that ex ante public resistance to such schemes is likely to dissipate following their introduction, a pattern which is supported by other, anecdotal reports and by lab experiments with generic Pigouvian taxes which we summarize in the literature review. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1016/j.envsci.2013.11.007 VL - 38 SP - 132-142 SN - 1873-6416 KW - Behavioural environmental economics KW - Pay-as-you-throw KW - Pigouvian taxes KW - Political economy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Within-population variability in a moth sex pheromone blend: genetic basis and behavioural consequences AU - Groot, Astrid T. AU - Schoefl, Gerhard AU - Inglis, Ollie AU - Donnerhacke, Susanne AU - Classen, Alice AU - Schmalz, Antje AU - Santangelo, Richard G. AU - Emerson, Jennifer AU - Gould, Fred AU - Schal, Coby AU - Heckel, David G. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - Evolutionary diversification of sexual communication systems in moths is perplexing because signal and response are under stabilizing selection in many species, and this is expected to constrain evolutionary change. In the moth Heliothis virescens, we consistently found high phenotypic variability in the female sex pheromone blend within each of four geographically distant populations. Here, we assess the heritability, genetic basis and behavioural consequences of this variation. Artificial selection with field-collected moths dramatically increased the relative amount of the saturated compound 16:Ald and decreased its unsaturated counterpart Z11-16:Ald, the major sex pheromone component (high line). In a cross between the high- and low-selected lines, one quantitative trait locus (QTL) explained 11-21% of the phenotypic variance in the 16:Ald/Z11-16:Ald ratio. Because changes in activity of desaturase enzymes could affect this ratio, we measured their expression levels in pheromone glands and mapped desaturase genes onto our linkage map. A delta-11-desaturase had lower expression in females producing less Z11-16:Ald; however, this gene mapped to a different chromosome than the QTL. A model in which the QTL is a trans-acting repressor of delta-11 desaturase expression explains many features of the data. Selection favouring heterozygotes which produce more unsaturated components could maintain a polymorphism at this locus. DA - 2014/3/22/ PY - 2014/3/22/ DO - 10.1098/rspb.2013.3054 VL - 281 IS - 1779 SP - SN - 1471-2954 KW - Lepidoptera KW - Heliothis virescens KW - quantitative trait locus analysis KW - delta-11-desaturase KW - balancing selection KW - heterozygote advantage ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using Historical and Experimental Data to Reveal Warming Effects on Ant Assemblages AU - Resasco, Julian AU - Pelini, Shannon L. AU - Stuble, Katharine L. AU - Sanders, Nathan J. AU - Dunn, Robert R. AU - Diamond, Sarah E. AU - Ellison, Aaron M. AU - Gotelli, Nicholas J. AU - Levey, Douglas J. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Historical records of species are compared with current records to elucidate effects of recent climate change. However, confounding variables such as succession, land-use change, and species invasions make it difficult to demonstrate a causal link between changes in biota and changes in climate. Experiments that manipulate temperature can overcome this issue of attribution, but long-term impacts of warming are difficult to test directly. Here we combine historical and experimental data to explore effects of warming on ant assemblages in southeastern US. Observational data span a 35-year period (1976-2011), during which mean annual temperatures had an increasing trend. Mean summer temperatures in 2010-2011 were ∼ 2.7 °C warmer than in 1976. Experimental data come from an ongoing study in the same region, for which temperatures have been increased ∼ 1.5-5.5 °C above ambient from 2010 to 2012. Ant species richness and evenness decreased with warming under natural but not experimental warming. These discrepancies could have resulted from differences in timescales of warming, abiotic or biotic factors, or initial species pools. Species turnover tended to increase with temperature in observational and experimental datasets. At the species level, the observational and experimental datasets had four species in common, two of which exhibited consistent patterns between datasets. With natural and experimental warming, collections of the numerically dominant, thermophilic species, Crematogaster lineolata, increased roughly two-fold. Myrmecina americana, a relatively heat intolerant species, decreased with temperature in natural and experimental warming. In contrast, species in the Solenopsis molesta group did not show consistent responses to warming, and Temenothorax pergandei was rare across temperatures. Our results highlight the difficulty of interpreting community responses to warming based on historical records or experiments alone. Because some species showed consistent responses to warming based on thermal tolerances, understanding functional traits may prove useful in explaining responses of species to warming. DA - 2014/2/4/ PY - 2014/2/4/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0088029 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84895171517&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sex Determination Mechanisms in the Calliphoridae (Blow Flies) AU - Scott, M.J. AU - Pimsler, M.L. AU - Tarone, A.M. T2 - Sexual Development AB - The Calliphoridae or blow flies are a family of insects that occupy diverse habitats and perform important ecological roles, particularly the decomposition of animal remains. Some Calliphoridae species are also important in the forensic sciences, in agriculture (e.g. as livestock pests) and in medicine (e.g. maggot therapy). Calliphoridae provide striking examples in support of the hypothesis that sex determination regulatory gene hierarchies evolve in the reverse order, with the gene at the top being the most recently added. Unlike the model fly <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, where sex is determined by the number of X chromosomes, in the Australian sheep blow fly <i>(Lucilia cuprina)</i> sex is determined by a Y-linked male-determining gene <i>(M)</i>. A different regulatory system appears to operate in the hairy maggot blow fly <i>(Chrysomya rufifacies)</i> where the maternal genotype determines sex. It is hypothesized that females heterozygous for a dominant female-determining factor <i>(F/f)</i> produce only female offspring and homozygous<i> f/f</i> females produce only sons. The bottom of the regulatory hierarchy appears to be the same in <i>D. melanogaster</i> and <i>L. cuprina</i>, with sex-specific splicing of <i>doublesex</i> transcripts being controlled by the female-specific Transformer (TRA) protein. We discuss a model that has been proposed for how <i>tra</i> transcripts are sex-specifically spliced in calliphorids, which is very different from <i>D. melanogaster.</i> DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1159/000357132 VL - 8 IS - 1-3 SP - 29–37 SN - 1661-5425 1661-5433 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000357132 KW - Calliphoridae KW - Chrysomya rufifacies KW - Cochliomyia hominivorax KW - doublesex KW - Lucilia cuprina KW - Sex determination KW - transformer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recasting the theory of mosquito-borne pathogen transmission dynamics and control AU - Smith, D. L. AU - Perkins, T. A. AU - Reiner, R. C. AU - Barker, C. M. AU - Niu, T. AU - Chaves, L. F. AU - Ellis, A. M. AU - George, D. B. AU - Le Menach, A. AU - Pulliam, J. R. C. AU - Bisanzio, D. AU - Buckee, C. AU - Chiyaka, C. AU - Cummings, D. A. T. AU - Garcia, A. J. AU - Gatton, M. L. AU - Gething, P. W. AU - Hartley, D. M. AU - Johnston, G. AU - Klein, E. Y. AU - Michael, E. AU - Lloyd, A. L. AU - Pigott, D. M. AU - Reisen, W. K. AU - Ruktanonchai, N. AU - Singh, B. K. AU - Stoller, J. AU - Tatem, A. J. AU - Kitron, U. AU - Godfray, H. C. J. AU - Cohen, J. M. AU - Hay, S. I. AU - Scott, T. W. T2 - Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene AB - Mosquito-borne diseases pose some of the greatest challenges in public health, especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Efforts to control these diseases have been underpinned by a theoretical framework developed for malaria by Ross and Macdonald, including models, metrics for measuring transmission, and theory of control that identifies key vulnerabilities in the transmission cycle. That framework, especially Macdonald's formula for R0 and its entomological derivative, vectorial capacity, are now used to study dynamics and design interventions for many mosquito-borne diseases. A systematic review of 388 models published between 1970 and 2010 found that the vast majority adopted the Ross-Macdonald assumption of homogeneous transmission in a well-mixed population. Studies comparing models and data question these assumptions and point to the capacity to model heterogeneous, focal transmission as the most important but relatively unexplored component in current theory. Fine-scale heterogeneity causes transmission dynamics to be nonlinear, and poses problems for modeling, epidemiology and measurement. Novel mathematical approaches show how heterogeneity arises from the biology and the landscape on which the processes of mosquito biting and pathogen transmission unfold. Emerging theory focuses attention on the ecological and social context for mosquito blood feeding, the movement of both hosts and mosquitoes, and the relevant spatial scales for measuring transmission and for modeling dynamics and control. DA - 2014/3/3/ PY - 2014/3/3/ DO - 10.1093/trstmh/tru026 VL - 108 IS - 4 SP - 185-197 J2 - Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene LA - en OP - SN - 0035-9203 1878-3503 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/tru026 DB - Crossref KW - Dengue KW - Filariasis KW - Malaria KW - Mosquito-borne pathogen transmission KW - Vector control KW - West Nile virus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Psychological Sense of Community: A New Construct for the Field of Management AU - Boyd, Neil M. AU - Nowell, Branda T2 - JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT INQUIRY AB - This article introduces a new construct to the field of management called Psychological Sense of Community (PSOC). This is important because management scholars are calling for the creation of communities in organizations in an environment that lacks appropriate construct development. The aims of this article are threefold: (a) develop a working definition of PSOC via a review of the extant literature on PSOC from other disciplines with the goal of translating it into the domain of management, (b) synthesize findings from parallel literatures on the outcomes of PSOC with an eye toward exploring the relevance of such outcomes in management contexts, and (c) assess the value of PSOC as it relates to its uniqueness in relation to other prominent management constructs and its scope of applicability in a variety of management inquiry areas. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1177/1056492613491433 VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 107-122 SN - 1552-6542 KW - corporate social responsibility KW - corporate culture KW - perceived organizational support KW - sense of community KW - community ER - TY - JOUR TI - Proportional Accumulation of Yolk Proteins Derived From Multiple Vitellogenins is Precisely Regulated During Vitellogenesis in Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) AU - Williams, Valerie N. AU - Reading, Benjamin J. AU - Amano, Haruna AU - Hiramatsu, Naoshi AU - Schilling, Justin AU - Salger, Scott A. AU - Williams, Taufika Islam AU - Gross, Kevin AU - Sullivan, Craig V. T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART A-ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT We quantified three vitellogenins (VtgAa, VtgAb, VtgC) or their derived yolk proteins (YPs) in the liver, plasma, and ovary during pre‐vitellogenic (PreVG), mid‐vitellogenic (MVG), and late‐vitellogenic (LVG) oocyte growth and during post‐vitellogenesis (PostVG) in the striped bass ( Morone saxatilis ) using label‐free quantitative mass spectrometry (MS). Western blotting of the samples using antisera raised against gray mullet ( Mugil cephalus ) lipovitellins derived from VtgAa, VtgAb, and VtgC confirmed the MS results. Semi‐quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) revealed liver as the primary site of expression for all three Vtgs, with extra‐hepatic transcription weakly detected in ovary, foregut, adipose tissue, and brain. Quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR confirmed vtgAb to be primarily expressed in liver and VtgAb proteins were predominant in liver and plasma from MVG to PostVG. However, the primary period of deposition into oocytes of VtgAb occurred up until MVG, whereas VtgAa was primarily deposited from MVG to LVG. The VtgC was gradually taken up by oocytes throughout vitellogenesis and was detected at trace levels in plasma. The ratio of yolk proteins derived from VtgAa, VtgAb, VtgC (YPAa/YPAb/YPC) in PostVG ovary is 1.4:1.4:1, which differs from ratios previously reported for other fish species in that YPC comprises a greater proportion of the egg yolk. Our results indicate that proportional accumulation of multiple Vtgs in the yolk may depend both on the precise rates of their hepatic secretion and specific uptake by oocytes. Furthermore, composition of the Vtg‐derived yolk may vary among Acanthomorph fishes, perhaps reflecting their different early life histories and reproductive strategies. J. Exp. Zool. 321A: 301–315, 2014 . © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. DA - 2014/7// PY - 2014/7// DO - 10.1002/jez.1859 VL - 321 IS - 6 SP - 301-315 SN - 2471-5646 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular traces of alternative social organization in a termite genome AU - Terrapon, N. AU - Li, C. AU - Robertson, H. M. AU - Ji, L. AU - Meng, X. H. AU - Booth, W. AU - Chen, Z. S. AU - Childers, C. P. AU - Glastad, K. M. AU - Gokhale, K. AU - Gowin, J. AU - Gronenberg, W. AU - Hermansen, R. A. AU - Hu, H. F. AU - Hunt, B. G. AU - Huylmans, A. K. AU - Khalil, S. M. S. AU - Mitchell, R. D. T2 - Nature Communications DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isolation of Paenibacillus glucanolyticus from pulp mill sources with potential to deconstruct pulping waste AU - Mathews, Stephanie L. AU - Pawlak, Joel J. AU - Grunden, Amy M. T2 - BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY AB - Black liquor is a pulping waste generated by the kraft process that has potential for downstream bioconversion. A microorganism was isolated from a black liquor sample collected from the Department of Forest Biomaterials at North Carolina State University. The organism was identified as Paenibacillus glucanolyticus using 16S rRNA sequence analysis and was shown to be capable of growth on black liquor as the sole carbon source based on minimal media growth studies. Minimal media growth curves demonstrated that this facultative anaerobic microorganism can degrade black liquor as well as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify products generated by P. glucanolyticus when it was grown anaerobically on black liquor. Fermentation products which could be converted into high-value chemicals such as succinic, propanoic, lactic, and malonic acids were detected. DA - 2014/7// PY - 2014/7// DO - 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.093 VL - 164 SP - 100-105 SN - 1873-2976 KW - Biodegradation (bacterial degradation) KW - Pulp mill waste KW - Black liquor KW - Lignin KW - Paenibacillus glucanolyticus ER - TY - JOUR TI - How many and which ant species are being accidentally moved around the world? (Retraction of vol 9, 20130540, 2013) AU - Miravete, Veronica AU - Roura-Pascual, Nuria AU - Dunn, Robert R. AU - Gomez, Crisanto T2 - BIOLOGY LETTERS AB - You have accessMoreSectionsView PDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Cite this article Miravete Verónica, Roura-Pascual Núria, Dunn Robert R. and Gómez Crisanto 2014How many and which ant species are being accidentally moved around the world?Biol. Lett.102014050420140504http://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0504SectionYou have accessRetractionsHow many and which ant species are being accidentally moved around the world? Verónica Miravete Verónica Miravete Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , Núria Roura-Pascual Núria Roura-Pascual Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , Robert R. Dunn Robert R. Dunn Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author and Crisanto Gómez Crisanto Gómez Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author Verónica Miravete Verónica Miravete Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , Núria Roura-Pascual Núria Roura-Pascual Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , Robert R. Dunn Robert R. Dunn Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author and Crisanto Gómez Crisanto Gómez Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author Published:01 July 2014https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0504This article retracts the followingResearch ArticleHow many and which ant species are being accidentally moved around the world?https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0540 Verónica Miravete, Núria Roura-Pascual, Robert R. Dunn and Crisanto Gómez volume 9issue 5Biology Letters23 October 2013Biol. Lett.9, 20130540 (Published 14 August 2013). (doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0540)Herewith, we retract our paper ‘How many and which ant species are being accidentally moved around the world?’ by Verónica Miravete et al., published online on 23 October 2013 (Biol. Lett.9, 20130540; doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0540). After careful examination of the original data on introduced and established ants on regions worldwide, we realized that we used a wrong list of species and omitted to include a reference (Sarnat E. (2012) North America checklist. Antkey . Extracted 3 June 2014) in the paper. Although the main arguments and conclusions remain the same after correcting these errors, the use of the wrong version of the data affected the magnitude of the analyses conducted at the country level (in the electronic supplementary material) and, to a lesser extent, when all countries were considered together (in the main text). Therefore, we wish to retract the article. We deeply apologize for any inconvenience this publication might have caused to the readers of Biology Letters.Verónica MiraveteFacultat de Ciències, Departament de Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spaine-mail: [email protected]Núria Roura-PascualFacultat de Ciències, Departament de Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spaine-mail: [email protected]Robert R. DunnDepartment of Biology, The W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USAe-mail: [email protected]Crisanto GómezFacultat de Ciències, Departament de Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spaine-mail: [email protected] Previous Article VIEW FULL TEXT DOWNLOAD PDF FiguresRelatedReferencesDetailsCited by Bertelsmeier C (2021) Globalization and the anthropogenic spread of invasive social insects, Current Opinion in Insect Science, 10.1016/j.cois.2021.01.006, 46, (16-23), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2021. Related articlesHow many and which ant species are being accidentally moved around the world?23 October 2013Biology Letters This IssueJuly 2014Volume 10Issue 7 Article InformationDOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0504PubMed:24994906Published by:Royal SocietyOnline ISSN:1744-957XHistory: Published online01/07/2014Published in print31/07/2014 License:© 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved. Citations and impact Large datasets are available through Biology Letters' partnership with Dryad DA - 2014/7// PY - 2014/7// DO - 10.1098/rsbl.2014.0504 VL - 10 IS - 7 SP - SN - 1744-957X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84906071049&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - How fragmentation and corridors affect wind dynamics and seed dispersal in open habitats AU - Damschen, Ellen I. AU - Baker, Dirk V. AU - Bohrer, Gil AU - Nathan, Ran AU - Orrock, John L. AU - Turner, Jay R. AU - Brudvig, Lars A. AU - Haddad, Nick M. AU - Levey, Douglas J. AU - Tewksbury, Joshua J. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Significance Understanding how widespread human-induced global changes are affecting the movement and dispersal of organisms is critical for maintaining species diversity and making sound land management decisions. In contrast with animal-dispersed species, little is known about how wind-dispersed species are affected by conservation strategies such as corridors. We use a combination of mechanistic models and field data to show that habitat corridors alter wind dynamics in a way that promotes seed dispersal and appears to increase plant diversity. Wind direction also interacts with landscape orientation to determine when corridors can provide connectivity. DA - 2014/3/4/ PY - 2014/3/4/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.1308968111 VL - 111 IS - 9 SP - 3484-3489 SN - 0027-8424 KW - diversity KW - plant community KW - habitat structure KW - reserve design KW - long-distance dispersal ER - TY - JOUR TI - Geographic Variation in Sexual Attraction of Spodoptera frugiperda Corn- and Rice-Strain Males to Pheromone Lures AU - Unbehend, Melanie AU - Haenniger, Sabine AU - Vasquez, Gissella M. AU - Laura Juarez, Maria AU - Reisig, Dominic AU - McNeil, Jeremy N. AU - Meagher, Robert L. AU - Jenkins, David A. AU - Heckel, David G. AU - Groot, Astrid T. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - The corn- and rice-strains of Spodoptera frugiperda exhibit several genetic and behavioral differences and appear to be undergoing ecological speciation in sympatry. Previous studies reported conflicting results when investigating male attraction to pheromone lures in different regions, but this could have been due to inter-strain and/or geographic differences. Therefore, we investigated whether corn- and rice-strain males differed in their response to different synthetic pheromone blends in different regions in North America, the Caribbean and South America. All trapped males were strain-typed by two strain-specific mitochondrial DNA markers. In the first experiment, we found a nearly similar response of corn- and rice-strain males to two different 4-component blends, resembling the corn- and rice-strain female blend we previously described from females in Florida. This response showed some geographic variation in fields in Canada, North Carolina, Florida, Puerto Rico, and South America (Peru, Argentina). In dose-response experiments with the critical secondary sex pheromone component (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:OAc), we found some strain-specific differences in male attraction. While the response to Z7-12:OAc varied geographically in the corn-strain, rice-strain males showed almost no variation. We also found that the minor compound (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:OAc) did not increase attraction of both strains in Florida and of corn-strain males in Peru. In a fourth experiment, where we added the stereo-isomer of the critical sex pheromone component, (E)-7-dodecenyl acetate, to the major pheromone component (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:OAc), we found that this compound was attractive to males in North Carolina, but not to males in Peru. Overall, our results suggest that both strains show rather geographic than strain-specific differences in their response to pheromone lures, and that regional sexual communication differences might cause geographic differentiation between populations. DA - 2014/2/19/ PY - 2014/2/19/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0089255 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic control of invasive fish: technological options and its role in integrated pest management AU - Thresher, Ronald E. AU - Hayes, Keith AU - Bax, Nicholas J. AU - Teem, John AU - Benfey, Tillmann J. AU - Gould, Fred T2 - BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1007/s10530-013-0477-0 VL - 16 IS - 6 SP - 1201-1216 SN - 1573-1464 KW - Biological control KW - Daughterless KW - Genetic control KW - Insect KW - Recombinant KW - Triploidy KW - Trojan Y ER - TY - JOUR TI - Electrical penetration graph studies to investigate the effects of cyantraniliprole on feeding behavior of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Capsicum annuum AU - Jacobson, Alana L. AU - Kennedy, George G. T2 - PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AB - The anthranilic diamide insecticide cyantraniliprole has been shown to suppress aphid and whitefly populations as well as reduce transmission of plant viruses by thrips and whiteflies when taken up systemically by the plant. In this study, electrical penetration graphing (EPG) was used to compare effects of cyantraniliprole on feeding behavior of Myzus persicae with those of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid applied as a soil drench to pepper plants two-, six-, and ten-days post-treatment.Significant reductions in the total amount of time spent probing, mean number of phloem feeding events, and mean number of intracellular punctures were observed on both cyantraniliprole- and imidacloprid-treated plants, compared to aphids that fed on plants treated only with water. Imidacloprid treatment also caused a significant reduction in the total number of probes relative to the water treated control. The effects of cyantraniliprole were statistically significant only in assays conducted at ten-days post-treatment, whereas the effects of imidacloprid on aphid feeding were significant in assays conducted at two-, six-, and ten-days post-treatment.These findings document significant effects of cyantraniliprole on feeding by Myzus persicae. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.1002/ps.3626 VL - 70 IS - 5 SP - 836-840 SN - 1526-4998 KW - Myzus persicae KW - electrical penetration graph KW - feeding behavior KW - anthranilic diamide KW - cyantraniliprole ER - TY - JOUR TI - Do lower yielding farmers benefit from Bt corn? Evidence from instrumental variable quantile regressions AU - Sanglestsawai, Santi AU - Rejesus, Roderick M. AU - Yorobe, Jose M. T2 - FOOD POLICY AB - There have been serious questions about whether lower-yielding farmers in developing countries, who are typically poor smallholders, benefit from genetically-modified crops like Bacillus thuringensis (Bt) corn. This article examines this issue by estimating the heterogeneous impacts of Bt corn adoption at different points of the yield distribution using farm-level survey data from the Philippines. A recently developed estimation technique called instrumental variable quantile regression (IVQR) is used to assess the heterogeneous yield effects of Bt corn adoption and at the same time address potential selection bias that usually plague impact assessment of agricultural technologies. We find that the positive yield impact of Bt corn in the Philippines tend to be more strongly felt by farmers at the lower end of the yield distribution. This result suggests that Bt corn could be a “pro-poor” technology since most of the lower-yielding farmers in the Philippines are poor smallholders with low incomes. DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// DO - 10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.09.011 VL - 44 SP - 285-296 SN - 1873-5657 KW - Quantile regression KW - Instrumental variables KW - GM crop KW - Bt corn KW - Selection bias KW - Yield impact KW - The Philippines ER - TY - JOUR TI - Deletion of acetyl-CoA synthetases I and II increases production of 3-hydroxypropionate by the metabolically-engineered hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus AU - Thorgersen, Michael P. AU - Lipscomb, Gina L. AU - Schut, Gerrit J. AU - Kelly, Robert M. AU - Adams, Michael W. W. T2 - METABOLIC ENGINEERING AB - The heterotrophic, hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus is a new addition to the growing list of genetically-tractable microorganisms suitable for metabolic engineering to produce liquid fuels and industrial chemicals. P. furiosus was recently engineered to generate 3-hydroxypropionate (3-HP) from CO₂ and acetyl-CoA by the heterologous-expression of three enzymes from the CO₂ fixation cycle of the thermoacidophilic archaeon Metallosphaera sedula using a thermally-triggered induction system. The acetyl-CoA for this pathway is generated from glucose catabolism that in wild-type P. furiosus is converted to acetate with concurrent ATP production by the heterotetrameric (α₂β₂) acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS). Hence ACS in the engineered 3-HP production strain (MW56) competes with the heterologous pathway for acetyl-CoA. Herein we show that strains of MW56 lacking the α-subunit of either of the two ACSs previously characterized from P. furiosus (ACSI and ACSII) exhibit a three-fold increase in specific 3-HP production. The ΔACSIα strain displayed only a minor defect in growth on either maltose or peptides, while no growth defect on these substrates was observed with the ΔACSIIα strain. Deletion of individual and multiple ACS subunits was also shown to decrease CoA release activity for several different CoA ester substrates in addition to acetyl-CoA, information that will be extremely useful for future metabolic engineering endeavors in P. furiosus. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.12.006 VL - 22 SP - 83-88 SN - 1096-7184 KW - Electrofuels KW - Metallosphaera sedula KW - Acetyl-CoA synthetase KW - 3-Hydroxypropionate ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conversion of 4-Hydroxybutyrate to Acetyl Coenzyme A and Its Anapleurosis in the Metallosphaera sedula 3-Hydroxypropionate/4-Hydroxybutyrate Carbon Fixation Pathway AU - Hawkins, Aaron B. AU - Adams, Michael W. W. AU - Kelly, Robert M. T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - The extremely thermoacidophilic archaeon Metallosphaera sedula (optimum growth temperature, 73°C, pH 2.0) grows chemolithoautotrophically on metal sulfides or molecular hydrogen by employing the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate (3HP/4HB) carbon fixation cycle. This cycle adds two CO2 molecules to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) to generate 4HB, which is then rearranged and cleaved to form two acetyl-CoA molecules. Previous metabolic flux analysis showed that two-thirds of central carbon precursor molecules are derived from succinyl-CoA, which is oxidized to malate and oxaloacetate. The remaining one-third is apparently derived from acetyl-CoA. As such, the steps beyond succinyl-CoA are essential for completing the carbon fixation cycle and for anapleurosis of acetyl-CoA. Here, the final four enzymes of the 3HP/4HB cycle, 4-hydroxybutyrate-CoA ligase (AMP forming) (Msed_0406), 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase (Msed_1321), crotonyl-CoA hydratase/(S)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (Msed_0399), and acetoacetyl-CoA β-ketothiolase (Msed_0656), were produced recombinantly in Escherichia coli, combined in vitro, and shown to convert 4HB to acetyl-CoA. Metabolic pathways connecting CO2 fixation and central metabolism were examined using a gas-intensive bioreactor system in which M. sedula was grown under autotrophic (CO2-limited) and heterotrophic conditions. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the importance of the 3HP/4HB pathway in supplying acetyl-CoA to anabolic pathways generating intermediates in M. sedula metabolism. The results indicated that flux between the succinate and acetyl-CoA branches in the 3HP/4HB pathway is governed by 4-hydroxybutyrate-CoA ligase, possibly regulated posttranslationally by the protein acetyltransferase (Pat)/Sir2-dependent system. Taken together, this work confirms the final four steps of the 3HP/4HB pathway, thereby providing the framework for examining connections between CO2 fixation and central metabolism in M. sedula. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1128/aem.04146-13 VL - 80 IS - 8 SP - 2536-2545 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biotechnological applications of halophilic lipases and thioesterases AU - Schreck, Steven D. AU - Grunden, Amy M. T2 - APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// DO - 10.1007/s00253-013-5417-5 VL - 98 IS - 3 SP - 1011-1021 SN - 1432-0614 KW - Lipase KW - Thioesterase KW - Halophilic KW - Halotolerant KW - Biofuel KW - Algae KW - Dunaliella ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bad habit or considered decision? The need for a closer examination of prospective parents’ views AU - Harwood, Karey T2 - IJFAB: International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.3138/ijfab.7.1.46 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 46–50 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ijfab.7.1.46 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance P uptake and alter plant morphology in the invasive plant Microstegium vimineum AU - Lee, Marissa R. AU - Tu, Cong AU - Chen, Xin AU - Hu, Shuijin T2 - BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.1007/s10530-013-0562-4 VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - 1083-1093 SN - 1573-1464 KW - Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi KW - Invasion KW - Japanese stiltgrass KW - Phosphorus uptake KW - Plant morphology ER - TY - JOUR TI - A global assembly of adult female mosquito mark-release-recapture data to inform the control of mosquito-borne pathogens AU - Guerra, Carlos A AU - Reiner, Robert C AU - Perkins, T AU - Lindsay, Steve W AU - Midega, Janet T AU - Brady, Oliver J AU - Barker, Christopher M AU - Reisen, William K AU - Harrington, Laura C AU - Takken, Willem AU - Kitron, Uriel AU - Lloyd, Alun L AU - Hay, Simon I AU - Scott, Thomas W AU - Smith, David L T2 - Parasites & Vectors AB - Pathogen transmission by mosquitos is known to be highly sensitive to mosquito bionomic parameters. Mosquito mark-release-recapture (MMRR) experiments are a standard method for estimating such parameters including dispersal, population size and density, survival, blood feeding frequency and blood meal host preferences. We assembled a comprehensive database describing adult female MMRR experiments. Bibliographic searches were used to build a digital library of MMRR studies and selected data describing the reported outcomes were extracted. The resulting database contained 774 unique adult female MMRR experiments involving 58 vector mosquito species from the three main genera of importance to human health: Aedes, Anopheles and Culex. Crude examination of these data revealed patterns associated with geography as well as mosquito genus, consistent with bionomics varying by species-specific life history and ecological context. Recapture success varied considerably and was significantly different amongst genera, with 8, 4 and 1% of adult females recaptured for Aedes, Anopheles and Culex species, respectively. A large proportion of experiments (59%) investigated dispersal and survival and many allowed disaggregation of the release and recapture data. Geographic coverage was limited to just 143 localities around the world. This MMRR database is a substantial contribution to the compilation of global data that can be used to better inform basic research and public health interventions, to identify and fill knowledge gaps and to enrich theory and evidence-based ecological and epidemiological studies of mosquito vectors, pathogen transmission and disease prevention. The database revealed limited geographic coverage and a relative scarcity of information for vector species of substantial public health relevance. It represents, however, a wealth of entomological information not previously compiled and of particular interest for mosquito-borne pathogen transmission models. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1186/1756-3305-7-276 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 276 J2 - Parasites & Vectors LA - en OP - SN - 1756-3305 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-276 DB - Crossref KW - Mosquito KW - Vector KW - Mark-release-recapture KW - Database KW - Pathogen transmission models ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Genetic Architecture Of Maize Height AU - Peiffer, Jason A. AU - Romay, Maria C. AU - Gore, Michael A. AU - Flint-Garcia, Sherry A. AU - Zhang, Zhiwu AU - Millard, Mark J. AU - Gardner, Candice A. C. AU - McMullen, Michael D. AU - Holland, James B. AU - Bradbury, Peter J. AU - Buckler, Edward S. T2 - GENETICS AB - Abstract Height is one of the most heritable and easily measured traits in maize (Zea mays L.). Given a pedigree or estimates of the genomic identity-by-state among related plants, height is also accurately predictable. But, mapping alleles explaining natural variation in maize height remains a formidable challenge. To address this challenge, we measured the plant height, ear height, flowering time, and node counts of plants grown in &gt;64,500 plots across 13 environments. These plots contained &gt;7300 inbreds representing most publically available maize inbreds in the United States and families of the maize Nested Association Mapping (NAM) panel. Joint-linkage mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL), fine mapping in near isogenic lines (NILs), genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) were performed. The heritability of maize height was estimated to be &gt;90%. Mapping NAM family-nested QTL revealed the largest explained 2.1 ± 0.9% of height variation. The effects of two tropical alleles at this QTL were independently validated by fine mapping in NIL families. Several significant associations found by GWAS colocalized with established height loci, including brassinosteroid-deficient dwarf1, dwarf plant1, and semi-dwarf2. GBLUP explained &gt;80% of height variation in the panels and outperformed bootstrap aggregation of family-nested QTL models in evaluations of prediction accuracy. These results revealed maize height was under strong genetic control and had a highly polygenic genetic architecture. They also showed that multiple models of genetic architecture differing in polygenicity and effect sizes can plausibly explain a population’s variation in maize height, but they may vary in predictive efficacy. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1534/genetics.113.159152 VL - 196 IS - 4 SP - 1337-+ SN - 1943-2631 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84901312138&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - GBLUP KW - height KW - maize KW - plant ER - TY - JOUR TI - Systems analysis of auxin transport in the arabidopsis root apex AU - Band, L. R. AU - Wells, D. M. AU - Fozard, J. A. AU - Ghetiu, T. AU - French, A. P. AU - Pound, M. P. AU - Wilson, M. H. AU - Yu, L. AU - Li, W. D. AU - Hijazi, H. I. AU - Oh, J. AU - Pearce, S. P. AU - Perez-Amador, M. A. AU - Yun, J. AU - Kramer, E. AU - Alonso, J. M. AU - Godin, C. AU - Vernoux, T. AU - Hodgman, T. C. T2 - Plant Cell DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 862-875 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Systems Biology of Lignin Biosynthesis in Populus trichocarpa: Heteromeric 4-Coumaric Acid: Coenzyme A Ligase Protein Complex Formation, Regulation, and Numerical Modeling AU - Chen, Hsi-Chuan AU - Song, Jina AU - Wang, Jack P. AU - Lin, Ying-Chung AU - Ducoste, Joel AU - Shuford, Christopher M. AU - Liu, Jie AU - Li, Quanzi AU - Shi, Rui AU - Nepomuceno, Angelito AU - Isik, Fikret AU - Muddiman, David C. AU - Williams, Cranos AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - PLANT CELL AB - As a step toward predictive modeling of flux through the pathway of monolignol biosynthesis in stem differentiating xylem of Populus trichocarpa, we discovered that the two 4-coumaric acid:CoA ligase (4CL) isoforms, 4CL3 and 4CL5, interact in vivo and in vitro to form a heterotetrameric protein complex. This conclusion is based on laser microdissection, coimmunoprecipitation, chemical cross-linking, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and mass spectrometry. The tetramer is composed of three subunits of 4CL3 and one of 4CL5. 4CL5 appears to have a regulatory role. This protein–protein interaction affects the direction and rate of metabolic flux for monolignol biosynthesis in P. trichocarpa. A mathematical model was developed for the behavior of 4CL3 and 4CL5 individually and in mixtures that form the enzyme complex. The model incorporates effects of mixtures of multiple hydroxycinnamic acid substrates, competitive inhibition, uncompetitive inhibition, and self-inhibition, along with characteristic of the substrates, the enzyme isoforms, and the tetrameric complex. Kinetic analysis of different ratios of the enzyme isoforms shows both inhibition and activation components, which are explained by the mathematical model and provide insight into the regulation of metabolic flux for monolignol biosynthesis by protein complex formation. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1105/tpc.113.119685 VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 876-893 SN - 1532-298X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Status and access to the Collaborative Cross population (vol 23, pg 706, 2012) AU - Welsh, Catherine E. AU - Miller, Darla R. AU - Manly, Kenneth F. AU - Wang, Jeremy AU - McMillan, Leonard AU - Morahan, Grant AU - Mott, Richard AU - Iraqi, Fuad A. AU - Threadgill, David W. AU - Villena, Fernando Pardo-Manuel T2 - MAMMALIAN GENOME AB - The online version of the original article can be found under doi:10.1007/s00335-012-9410-6. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1007/s00335-014-9501-7 VL - 25 IS - 3-4 SP - 192-192 SN - 1432-1777 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil biological properties, soil losses and corn yield in long-term organic and conventional farming systems AU - Larsen, Erika AU - Grossman, Julie AU - Edgell, Joshua AU - Hoyt, Greg AU - Osmond, Deanna AU - Hu, Shuijin T2 - SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH AB - Topsoil losses through surface runoff have severe implications for farmers, as well as surrounding ecosystems and waterbodies. However, integrating management systems that enhance soil organic matter (SOM) can stabilize the soil surface from erosion. Little is known about how differences in both tillage and cropping system management affect carbon and subsequent sediment losses in horticultural fields, particularly in the humid climate of the southeast. Research was conducted in the Appalachian Mountains in Mills River, NC on a fine-sandy loam Acrisol from 2010 to 2012 on long-term plots established in 1994. Project objectives included to: (1) quantify labile and total organic matter based on tillage and cropping system practices, (2) determine if relationships exist between SOC ad sediment losses, and (3) determine long-term management and tillage impacts on total organic matter lost via runoff. We hypothesized that organic management and reduced tillage would lead to increased soil carbon, which subsequently reduce losses as soil is stabilized. Organic no tillage and conventional till treatments contained on average 14.34 and 6.80 g kg−1 total carbon (TC) respectively, with the organic no till treatments containing twice the quantity of TC and light fraction particulate organic matter (LPOM) in the upper 15 cm as compared with the conventionally tilled treatments, and four times the quantity of microbial biomass carbon (MBC). LPOM and HPOM, the heavier fraction of POM, did not differ in the organic till and conventional no till treatments.Data support our hypothesis that organic production in combination with no tillage increases C pools (both total and labile) as compared with tilled conventional plots. However, organic no till treatments produced sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata) yields less than 50% of that of conventional treatments, attributed to weed competition and lack of available N. No tillage treatments lost two to four times less soil C via surface runoff than tilled systems. Additionally, we found that as total soil C increased, suspended solids lost through surface runoff decreased. Overall, our results indicate tillage to be an important factor in enhancing soil C and decreasing soil loss through surface runoff. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1016/j.still.2014.02.002 VL - 139 SP - 37-45 SN - 1879-3444 KW - Particulate organic matter KW - Sediment loss KW - No tillage KW - Carbon loss KW - Organic agriculture KW - Microbial biomass ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sex-specific Esr2 mRNA expression in the rat hypothalamus and amygdala is altered by neonatal bisphenol A exposure AU - Cao, Jinyan AU - Joyner, Linwood AU - Mickens, Jillian A. AU - Leyrer, Stephanie M. AU - Patisaul, Heather B. T2 - REPRODUCTION AB - Perinatal life is a critical window for sexually dimorphic brain organization, and profoundly influenced by steroid hormones. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds may disrupt this process, resulting in compromised reproductive physiology and behavior. To test the hypothesis that neonatal bisphenol A (BPA) exposure can alter sex-specific postnatal Esr2 ( Erβ ) expression in brain regions fundamental to sociosexual behavior, we mapped Esr2 mRNA levels in the principal nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTp), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), anterior portion of the medial amygdaloid nucleus (MeA), super optic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, and lateral habenula across postnatal days (PNDs) 0–19. Next, rat pups of both sexes were subcutaneously injected with 10 μg estradiol benzoate (EB), 50 μg/kg BPA (LBPA), or 50 mg/kg BPA (HBPA) over the first 3 days of life and Esr2 levels were quantified in each region of interest (ROI) on PNDs 4 and 10. EB exposure decreased Esr2 signal in most female ROIs and in the male PVN. In the BNSTp, Esr2 expression decreased in LBPA males and HBPA females on PND 10, thereby reversing the sex difference in expression. In the PVN, Esr2 mRNA levels were elevated in LBPA females, also resulting in a reversal of sexually dimorphic expression. In the MeA, BPA decreased Esr2 expression on PND 4. Collectively, these data demonstrate that region- and sex-specific Esr2 expression is vulnerable to neonatal BPA exposure in regions of the developing brain critical to sociosexual behavior in rat. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1530/rep-13-0501 VL - 147 IS - 4 SP - 537-554 SN - 1470-1626 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Obesity and the cardiovascular health effects of fine particulate air pollution AU - Weichenthal, Scott AU - Hoppin, Jane A. AU - Reeves, Francois T2 - Obesity AB - Objective This review examines evidence related to the potential impact of obesity on the cardiovascular health effects of fine particulate air pollution (PM 2.5 ). Methods A PubMed search was conducted in December, 2013 and studies were included if they examined the relationship between PM 2.5 and cardiovascular health as well as effect modification by obesity. Results One hundred twenty‐one citations were reviewed; three large prospective cohort studies and 14 panel studies with short‐term follow‐up met the above criteria. All three cohort studies reported stronger associations between PM 2.5 and cardiovascular mortality among obese subjects and one reported a significant trend of increased risk with increased body mass index. Similarly, 11 of 14 panel studies reported stronger associations between PM 2.5 and acute changes in physiological measures of cardiovascular health among obese subjects including outcomes such as blood pressure and arrhythmia. Although interactions were not always statistically significant, the consistent pattern of stronger associations among obese subjects suggests that obesity may modify the impact of PM 2.5 on cardiovascular health. Conclusions Epidemiological evidence suggests that obesity may increase susceptibility to the cardiovascular health effects of PM 2.5 . This an important area of research as the public health impacts of air pollution could increase with increasing prevalence of obesity. DA - 2014/3/27/ PY - 2014/3/27/ DO - 10.1002/oby.20748 VL - 22 IS - 7 SP - 1580-1589 J2 - Obesity LA - en OP - SN - 1930-7381 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oby.20748 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Natural variation in genome architecture among 205 Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel lines AU - Huang, W. AU - Massouras, A. AU - Inoue, Y. AU - Peiffer, J. AU - Ramia, M. AU - Tarone, A. M. AU - Turlapati, L. AU - Zichner, T. AU - Zhu, D. H. AU - Lyman, R. F. AU - Magwire, M. M. AU - Blankenburg, K. AU - Carbone, M. A. AU - Chang, K. AU - Ellis, L. L. AU - Fernandez, S. AU - Han, Y. AU - Highnam, G. T2 - Genome Research DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 24 IS - 7 SP - 1193-1208 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-lasting Permethrin Impregnated Uniforms A Randomized-Controlled Trial for Tick Bite Prevention AU - Vaughn, Meagan F. AU - Funkhouser, Sheana Whelan AU - Lin, Feng-Chang AU - Fine, Jason AU - Juliano, Jonathan J. AU - Apperson, Charles S. AU - Meshnick, Steven R. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AB - BackgroundBecause of frequent exposure to tick habitats, outdoor workers are at high risk for tick-borne diseases. Adherence to National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health−recommended tick bite prevention methods is poor. A factory-based method for permethrin impregnation of clothing that provides long-lasting insecticidal and repellent activity is commercially available, and studies are needed to assess the long-term effectiveness of this clothing under field conditions.PurposeTo evaluate the protective effectiveness of long-lasting permethrin impregnated uniforms among a cohort of North Carolina outdoor workers.Design, setting, and participantsA double-blind RCT was conducted between March 2011 and September 2012. Subjects included outdoor workers from North Carolina State Divisions of Forestry, Parks and Recreation, and Wildlife who worked in eastern or central North Carolina. A total of 159 volunteer subjects were randomized, and 127 and 101 subjects completed the first and second years of follow-up, respectively.InterventionUniforms of participants in the treatment group were factory-impregnated with long-lasting permethrin whereas control group uniforms received a sham treatment. Participants continued to engage in their usual tick bite prevention activities.Main outcome measuresIncidence of work-related tick bites reported on weekly tick bite logs.ResultsStudy subjects reported 1,045 work-related tick bites over 5,251 person-weeks of follow-up. The mean number of reported tick bites in the year prior to enrollment was similar for both the treatment and control groups, but markedly different during the study period. In our analysis conducted in 2013, the effectiveness of long-lasting permethrin impregnated uniforms for the prevention of work-related tick bites was 0.82 (95% CI=0.66, 0.91) and 0.34 (95% CI=−0.67, 0.74) for the first and second years of follow-up.ConclusionsThese results indicate that long-lasting permethrin impregnated uniforms are highly effective for at least 1 year in deterring tick bites in the context of typical tick bite prevention measures employed by outdoor workers. Because of frequent exposure to tick habitats, outdoor workers are at high risk for tick-borne diseases. Adherence to National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health−recommended tick bite prevention methods is poor. A factory-based method for permethrin impregnation of clothing that provides long-lasting insecticidal and repellent activity is commercially available, and studies are needed to assess the long-term effectiveness of this clothing under field conditions. To evaluate the protective effectiveness of long-lasting permethrin impregnated uniforms among a cohort of North Carolina outdoor workers. A double-blind RCT was conducted between March 2011 and September 2012. Subjects included outdoor workers from North Carolina State Divisions of Forestry, Parks and Recreation, and Wildlife who worked in eastern or central North Carolina. A total of 159 volunteer subjects were randomized, and 127 and 101 subjects completed the first and second years of follow-up, respectively. Uniforms of participants in the treatment group were factory-impregnated with long-lasting permethrin whereas control group uniforms received a sham treatment. Participants continued to engage in their usual tick bite prevention activities. Incidence of work-related tick bites reported on weekly tick bite logs. Study subjects reported 1,045 work-related tick bites over 5,251 person-weeks of follow-up. The mean number of reported tick bites in the year prior to enrollment was similar for both the treatment and control groups, but markedly different during the study period. In our analysis conducted in 2013, the effectiveness of long-lasting permethrin impregnated uniforms for the prevention of work-related tick bites was 0.82 (95% CI=0.66, 0.91) and 0.34 (95% CI=−0.67, 0.74) for the first and second years of follow-up. These results indicate that long-lasting permethrin impregnated uniforms are highly effective for at least 1 year in deterring tick bites in the context of typical tick bite prevention measures employed by outdoor workers. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.01.008 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 473-480 SN - 1873-2607 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interactions in a warmer world: effects of experimental warming, conspecific density, and herbivory on seedling dynamics AU - Burt, Melissa A. AU - Dunn, Robert R. AU - Nichols, Lauren M. AU - Sanders, Nathan J. T2 - ECOSPHERE AB - Many effects of a changing climate for organisms, populations, and ecosystems are already apparent. Less studied are the effects of increases in temperature on species interactions. While warming may potentially alter interactions among species, species interactions may also mediate individual species responses to ongoing climatic change. In this experiment we manipulated temperature in field‐based, open‐top chambers for three years to examine the relationship between biotic interactions and climatic warming on the population dynamics of seedlings of Quercus alba . We investigated the effect of warming on rates of insect herbivory on Q. alba seedlings. Additionally, we assessed the relative effects of increasing temperature, insect herbivory, and conspecific density on seedling survival. We found two unexpected results. First, we observed a negative relationship between temperature and levels of insect herbivory during each year of the experiment. Second, higher levels of herbivory were associated with higher rates of survival to the second year of the study. Although we never detected a direct effect of conspecific density on seedling survival, herbivory and conspecific seedling density did interact to influence Q. alba seedling survival early in the experiment. Taken together, our results indicate species responses to climatic warming may be contingent on intra‐ and interspecific interactions, sometimes in complicated and counter‐intuitive ways. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1890/es13-00198.1 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2150-8925 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84900003628&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - active warming KW - climatic warming KW - insect herbivory KW - interspecific interaction KW - intraspecific interaction KW - Quercus alba KW - warming experiment KW - white oak ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vitro assessment of human nuclear hormone receptor activity and cytotoxicity of the flame retardant mixture FM 550 and its triarylphosphate and brominated components AU - Belcher, Scott M. AU - Cookman, Clifford J. AU - Patisaul, Heather B. AU - Stapleton, Heather M. T2 - TOXICOLOGY LETTERS AB - Firemaster® 550 (FM 550) is a mixture of brominated and triarylphosphate flame retardants used in polyurethane foam-based products. The primary components are also used in numerous other applications and are thus common household and industrial contaminants. Our previous animal studies suggested that FM 550 exposure may alter metabolism and cause weight gain. Employing human nuclear receptor (NR) luciferase reporter assays, the goal of this study was to evaluate the agonist actions of FM 550 and its constituent compounds at NRs with known roles in establishing or regulating energy balance. FM 550 was found to have significant agonist activity only at the master regulator of adipocyte differentiation PPARγ. As a result, the concentration response relationships and relative activities of FM 550 at PPARγ were investigated in more detail with the contribution of each chemical component defined and compared to the activities of the prototypical PPARγ environmental ligands triphenyltin and tributyltin. The resulting data indicated that the primary metabolic disruptive effects of FM 550 were likely mediated by the activity of the triarylphosphates at PPARγ, and have identified TPP as a candidate metabolic disruptor that also acts as a cytotoxicant. DA - 2014/7/15/ PY - 2014/7/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.04.017 VL - 228 IS - 2 SP - 93-102 SN - 1879-3169 KW - Apoptosis Endocrine disruptor KW - Flame retardant KW - Nuclear receptors KW - Obesity KW - Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome sequence of the tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans): vector of African trypanosomiasis AU - Watanabe, J. AU - Hattori, M. AU - Berriman, M. AU - Lehane, M. J. AU - Hall, N. AU - Solano, P. AU - Aksoy, S. AU - Hide, W. AU - Toure, Y. AU - Attardo, G. M. AU - Darby, A. C. AU - Toyoda, A. AU - Hertz-Fowler, C. AU - Larkin, D. M. AU - Cotton, J. A. AU - Watanabe, J. AU - Sanders, M. J. AU - Swain, M. T. T2 - Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 344 IS - 6182 SP - 380-386 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Epidermal growth factor receptor plays a role in the regulation of liver and plasma lipid levels in adult male mice AU - Scheving, Lawrence A. AU - Zhang, Xiuqi AU - Garcia, Oscar A. AU - Wang, Rebecca F. AU - Stevenson, Mary C. AU - Threadgill, David W. AU - Russell, William E. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY AB - Dsk5 mice have a gain of function in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), caused by a point mutation in the kinase domain. We analyzed the effect of this mutation on liver size, histology, and composition. We found that the livers of 12-wk-old male Dsk5 heterozygotes (+/Dsk5) were 62% heavier compared with those of wild-type controls (+/+). The livers of the +/Dsk5 mice compared with +/+ mice had larger hepatocytes with prominent, polyploid nuclei and showed modestly increased cell proliferation indices in both hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells. An analysis of total protein, DNA, and RNA (expressed relative to liver weight) revealed no differences between the mutant and wild-type mice. However, the livers of the +/Dsk5 mice had more cholesterol but less phospholipid and fatty acid. Circulating cholesterol levels were twice as high in adult male +/Dsk5 mice but not in postweaned young male or female mice. The elevated total plasma cholesterol resulted mainly from an increase in low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The +/Dsk5 adult mouse liver expressed markedly reduced protein levels of LDL receptor, no change in proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, and a markedly increased fatty acid synthase and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase. Increased expression of transcription factors associated with enhanced cholesterol synthesis was also observed. Together, these findings suggest that the EGFR may play a regulatory role in hepatocyte proliferation and lipid metabolism in adult male mice, explaining why elevated levels of EGF or EGF-like peptides have been positively correlated to increased cholesterol levels in human studies. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1152/ajpgi.00116.2013 VL - 306 IS - 5 SP - G370-G381 SN - 1522-1547 KW - liver KW - epidermal growth factor KW - Dsk5 KW - cholesterol KW - hepatomegaly KW - low-density lipoprotein receptor ER - TY - JOUR TI - Decoupling of soil microbes and plants with increasing anthropogenic nitrogen inputs in a temperate steppe AU - Liu, W. X. AU - Jiang, L. AU - Hu, Shuijin AU - Li, L. H. AU - Liu, L. L. AU - Wan, S. Q. T2 - Soil Biology & Biochemistry AB - Plant growth and soil microbial activity are intrinsically correlated. Numerous evidence shows that nitrogen (N) deposition can greatly alter both processes. However, it is unknown whether such changes caused by N deposition can create new dynamics between plants and soil microbes. This study was conducted with an attempt to examine the plant–microbe relationship along an N addition gradient. Eight levels of N addition (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 g N m−2) were applied annually in a temperate steppe in northern China since 2003. Plant and soil samples were collected from 2005 to 2007. We found that N addition acidified soil significantly. Both plant aboveground biomass and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) increased with increasing N input. However, soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and (soil) microbial respiration showed nonlinear responses to N input. Low levels of N inputs stimulated MBC, MBN and microbial respiration, whereas high levels of N input suppressed them. Although MBC and MBN were both positively correlated with aboveground biomass at each level of N treatments, the dependence of such biomass on MBC and MBN declined with the increase in N addition, as indicated by the exponential decreases in the regression coefficients. The weakened linkage between aboveground biomass and MBC was mostly attributed to soil acidification. The decrease in soil pH caused by elevated N inputs reduced soil microbial activities, but not plant growth. Overall, our results revealed a trend of shifting plant–microbe relationship from coupling to decoupling with the increase of N input. The divergent responses of plants and soil microbial activities under intensified N addition could have consequent impacts on ecosystem function and services. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.01.022 VL - 72 SP - 116–122 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conservation implications of the evolutionary history and genetic diversity hotspots of the snowshoe hare AU - Cheng, Ellen AU - Hodges, Karen E. AU - Melo-Ferreira, Jose AU - Alves, Paulo C. AU - Mills, L. Scott T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - Abstract With climate warming, the ranges of many boreal species are expected to shift northward and to fragment in southern peripheral ranges. To understand the conservation implications of losing southern populations, we examined range‐wide genetic diversity of the snowshoe hare ( Lepus americanus ), an important prey species that drives boreal ecosystem dynamics. We analysed microsatellite (8 loci) and mitochondrial DNA sequence (cytochrome b and control region) variation in almost 1000 snowshoe hares. A hierarchical structure analysis of the microsatellite data suggests initial subdivision in two groups, Boreal and southwestern. The southwestern group further splits into Greater Pacific Northwest and U.S. Rockies. The genealogical information retrieved from mt DNA is congruent with the three highly differentiated and divergent groups of snowshoe hares. These groups can correspond with evolutionarily significant units that might have evolved in separate refugia south and east of the Pleistocene ice sheets. Genetic diversity was highest at mid‐latitudes of the species' range, and genetic uniqueness was greatest in southern populations, consistent with substructuring inferred from both mt DNA and microsatellite analyses at finer levels of analysis. Surprisingly, snowshoe hares in the Greater Pacific Northwest mt DNA lineage were more closely related to black‐tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus ) than to other snowshoe hares, which may result from secondary introgression or shared ancestral polymorphism. Given the genetic distinctiveness of southern populations and minimal gene flow with their northern neighbours, fragmentation and loss of southern boreal habitats could mean loss of many unique alleles and reduced evolutionary potential. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1111/mec.12790 VL - 23 IS - 12 SP - 2929-2942 SN - 1365-294X KW - climate change KW - core-periphery KW - evolutionarily significant units KW - landscape genetics KW - Lepus americanus KW - phylogeography ER - TY - JOUR TI - Capacity building in stakeholders around Detroit River fish consumption advisory issues AU - Kashian, Donna R. AU - Krause, Ann E. AU - Sano, Larissa AU - Nowell, Branda AU - Drouillard, Ken G. T2 - FRESHWATER SCIENCE AB - The Detroit River is an international water body that has several fish consumption advisories for contaminants that affect human health and economic revenue for the USA and Canada. Despite the importance of these advisories, little progress has been made in developing effective management strategies or coordinating monitoring, research, and policy efforts between the 2 nations. We engaged 44 stakeholder organizations to increase community capacity on these issues for the Detroit River. We assessed capacity with key informant interviews and a network survey. Our analysis identified weak ties in information sharing and collaboration between countries. We used this information to improve stakeholder capacity, which included forming working groups that focused on system analysis, identification of priority issues, and definitions of organizational roles. Outcomes included outreach materials addressing environmental-justice issues and risk-analysis models of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) body burdens in fish. Our assessment of workshop participants with a longitudinal survey indicated that we increased network capacity and issue awareness in our stakeholders by providing new ways for them to work together. The engagement of stakeholders also improved research outcomes. By identifying stakeholder concerns related to scientific questions about consumption advisories early in the process, researchers were able to direct their efforts to generating translational research that better addressed stakeholder needs. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1086/675782 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 674-678 SN - 2161-9565 KW - capacity KW - fish consumption advisory KW - stakeholders KW - PCBs KW - management KW - contaminants ER - TY - JOUR TI - Association of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) Elements with Specific Serotypes and Virulence Potential of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli AU - Toro, Magaly AU - Cao, Guojie AU - Ju, Wenting AU - Allard, Marc AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe AU - Zhao, Shaohua AU - Brown, Eric AU - Meng, Jianghong T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains ( n = 194) representing 43 serotypes and E. coli K-12 were examined for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) arrays to study genetic relatedness among STEC serotypes. A subset of the strains ( n = 81) was further analyzed for subtype I-E cas and virulence genes to determine a possible association of CRISPR elements with potential virulence. Four types of CRISPR arrays were identified. CRISPR1 and CRISPR2 were present in all strains tested; 1 strain also had both CRISPR3 and CRISPR4, whereas 193 strains displayed a short, combined array, CRISPR3-4. A total of 3,353 spacers were identified, representing 528 distinct spacers. The average length of a spacer was 32 bp. Approximately one-half of the spacers (54%) were unique and found mostly in strains of less common serotypes. Overall, CRISPR spacer contents correlated well with STEC serotypes, and identical arrays were shared between strains with the same H type (O26:H11, O103:H11, and O111:H11). There was no association identified between the presence of subtype I-E cas and virulence genes, but the total number of spacers had a negative correlation with potential pathogenicity ( P < 0.05). Fewer spacers were found in strains that had a greater probability of causing outbreaks and disease than in those with lower virulence potential ( P < 0.05). The relationship between the CRISPR- cas system and potential virulence needs to be determined on a broader scale, and the biological link will need to be established. DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// DO - 10.1128/aem.03018-13 VL - 80 IS - 4 SP - 1411-1420 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Mixed-Methods Observational Study of Human Milk Sharing Communities on Facebook AU - Perrin, Maryanne Tigchelaar AU - Goodell, L. Suzanne AU - Allen, Jonathan C. AU - Fogleman, April T2 - BREASTFEEDING MEDICINE AB - Objectives: The Food and Drug Administration discourages the casual sharing of human milk because of the risk of pathogen transmission. No information is currently available on the prevalence of this practice. The purpose of this mixed-methods observational study is to describe the size and activity of online milk sharing communities. Materials and Methods: Data for 3 months were extracted from nine public Facebook pages that facilitate the exchange of human milk. The numbers of participants, interactions, and comments were analyzed. Results: We observed 954 individuals participating in milk sharing. The number of interactions per individual ranged from none to 16 (mean, 1.74±1.65). Top reasons that participants requested milk included “lactation problems” (69.4%) and “child health problems” (48.5%). Nearly half of donors were offering 100 ounces or more, which is the minimum to be eligible to donate to nonprofit milk banks. Conclusions: Milk sharing networks in the United States are active, with thousands of individuals participating in the direct exchange of raw human milk. Public health issues include increasing the supply of pasteurized donor milk for fragile infants, increasing breastfeeding support, and helping milk sharing families appropriately manage risks. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1089/bfm.2013.0114 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 128-134 SN - 1556-8342 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Who's Who in Research: Film Studies; Media Studies; Visual Arts; Performing Arts; Cultural Studies AU - Orcutt, D. T2 - Choice DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 51 IS - 4 SP - 604-605 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using the emerging Collaborative Cross to probe the immune system AU - Phillippi, J. AU - Xie, Y. AU - Miller, D. R. AU - Bell, T. A. AU - Zhang, Z. AU - Lenarcic, A. B. AU - Aylor, D. L. AU - Krovi, S. H. AU - Threadgill, D. W. AU - Villena, F. Pardo-Manuel AU - Wang, W. AU - Valdar, W. AU - Frelinger, J. A. T2 - GENES AND IMMUNITY AB - The Collaborative Cross (CC) is an emerging panel of recombinant inbred (RI) mouse strains. Each strain is genetically distinct but all descended from the same eight inbred founders. In 66 strains from incipient lines of the CC (pre-CC), as well as the 8 CC founders and some of their F1 offspring, we examined subsets of lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. We found significant variation among the founders, with even greater diversity in the pre-CC. Genome-wide association using inferred haplotypes detected highly significant loci controlling B-to-T cell ratio, CD8 T-cell numbers, CD11c and CD23 expression. Comparison of overall strain effects in the CC founders with strain effects at QTL in the pre-CC revealed sharp contrasts in the genetic architecture of two traits with significant loci: variation in CD23 can be explained largely by additive genetics at one locus, whereas variation in B-to-T ratio has a more complex etiology. For CD23, we found a strong QTL whose confidence interval contained the CD23 structural gene Fcer2a. Our data on the pre-CC demonstrate the utility of the CC for studying immunophenotypes and the value of integrating founder, CC and F1 data. The extreme immunophenotypes observed could have pleiotropic effects in other CC experiments. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1038/gene.2013.59 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 38-46 SN - 1476-5470 KW - Collaborative Cross KW - Fc epsilon R KW - QTL ER - TY - JOUR TI - Timing of precision agriculture technology adoption in US cotton production AU - Watcharaanantapong, Pattarawan AU - Roberts, Roland K. AU - Lambert, Dayton M. AU - Larson, James A. AU - Velandia, Margarita AU - English, Burton C. AU - Rejesus, Roderick M. AU - Wang, Chenggang T2 - PRECISION AGRICULTURE DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1007/s11119-013-9338-1 VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - 427-446 SN - 1573-1618 KW - Precision agriculture KW - Yield monitors KW - Remote sensing KW - Grid soil sampling KW - Timing of adoption KW - Multivariate Tobit ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thermophilic lignocellulose deconstruction AU - Blumer-Schuette, Sara E. AU - Brown, Steven D. AU - Sander, Kyle B. AU - Bayer, Edward A. AU - Kataeva, Irina AU - Zurawski, Jeffrey V. AU - Conway, Jonathan M. AU - Adams, Michael W. W. AU - Kelly, Robert M. T2 - FEMS MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS AB - Thermophilic microorganisms are attractive candidates for conversion of lignocellulose to biofuels because they produce robust, effective, carbohydrate-degrading enzymes and survive under harsh bioprocessing conditions that reflect their natural biotopes. However, no naturally occurring thermophile is known that can convert plant biomass into a liquid biofuel at rates, yields and titers that meet current bioprocessing and economic targets. Meeting those targets requires either metabolically engineering solventogenic thermophiles with additional biomass-deconstruction enzymes or engineering plant biomass degraders to produce a liquid biofuel. Thermostable enzymes from microorganisms isolated from diverse environments can serve as genetic reservoirs for both efforts. Because of the sheer number of enzymes that are required to hydrolyze plant biomass to fermentable oligosaccharides, the latter strategy appears to be the preferred route and thus has received the most attention to date. Thermophilic plant biomass degraders fall into one of two categories: cellulosomal (i.e. multienzyme complexes) and noncellulosomal (i.e. ‘free’ enzyme systems). Plant-biomass-deconstructing thermophilic bacteria from the genera Clostridium (cellulosomal) and Caldicellulosiruptor (noncellulosomal), which have potential as metabolic engineering platforms for producing biofuels, are compared and contrasted from a systems biology perspective. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.1111/1574-6976.12044 VL - 38 IS - 3 SP - 393-448 SN - 1574-6976 KW - thermophilic microorganisms KW - cellulosome KW - lignocellulose deconstruction KW - carbohydrate-active enzymes KW - systems biology KW - bioenergy ER - TY - JOUR TI - The spectrum of cognition in The Walking Dead AU - Orcutt, D. T2 - Media Res: A MediaCommons Project DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Praeger Handbook of Media Literacy AU - Orcutt, Darby T2 - Choice AB - This groundbreaking two-volume set provides readers with the information they need to grasp new developments in the swiftly evolving field of media literacy. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.5860/choice.51-4774 VL - 51 IS - 9 SP - 1566 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Book Publishing Industry, 3rd edition AU - Orcutt, Darby T2 - Choice DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.5860/choice.51-2970 VL - 51 IS - 6 SP - 973 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Overcompensation of circulating and local insulin-like growth factor-1 during catch-up growth in hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops Chi Morone saxatilis) following temperature and feeding manipulations AU - Picha, Matthew E. AU - Biga, Peggy R. AU - Galt, Nicholas AU - McGinty, Andy S. AU - Gross, Kevin AU - Hedgpeth, Vickie S. AU - Siopes, Thomas D. AU - Borski, Russell J. T2 - AQUACULTURE AB - Teleosts and other aquatic ectotherms have the ability to withstand prolonged periods of low water temperatures (cold-acclimation) and fasting, and can often respond with phases of accelerated (compensatory) growth when favorable conditions are restored. We assessed whether complete feed restriction prior to (24 °C, days 0–23) and/or during (14 °C, days 24–114) a simulated period of cold-acclimation could elicit episodes of compensatory growth (CG) and catch-up growth upon warm-up to 24 °C and satiation feeding (days 115–148). Control hybrid striped bass (HSB: Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis) were fed to satiation throughout the entire experiment under these temperature fluctuations. Compensatory growth and ultimately catch-up growth were achieved in groups of HSB that were deprived of feed during either the initial period at 24 °C (days 0–23), during the cold-acclimation period (14 °C, days 24–114), or during both of these periods (days 0–114). Further, it appears that HSB are better able to compensate for weight loss when skeletal length is not significantly compromised during the treatment period, which occurred in HSB feed restricted during cold-acclimation only. The most dramatic CG responses were defined by specific growth rates (SGRs) up to 4.2 times that of controls and were accompanied by hyperphagia and improvements in temporal and overall feed conversion. Levels of plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and muscle IGF-1 mRNA were significantly correlated to growth rate for all groups throughout the experiment (R2 = 0.40, 0.23, respectively), with an overcompensation of both observed in HSB with the most elevated SGRs during the CG response. Interestingly, opposing trends were observed between muscle mRNA expression of growth hormone receptor (GHR)-1 and -2, with fasting at 24 °C and 14 °C resulting in depressed levels of GHR-1 and elevated levels of GHR-2 relative to controls. Levels of muscle myostatin (MSTN)-1 mRNA were significantly depressed in HSB fasted at 24 °C and/or 14 °C while MSTN-2 mRNA was lower following initial feed restriction at 24 °C. Likewise, levels of unprocessed pro-MSTN (precursor) and mature MSTN protein were both depressed in fasted fish at 24 °C. This study demonstrates that a previous period of feed restriction and cold-acclimation followed by realimentation at more favorable water temperatures produces a strong CG response and catch-up growth in fish. These studies also suggest that an overcompensation of circulating and local IGF-1 along with changes in MSTN mRNA and protein expression may contribute to accelerated growth rates characteristic of CG. Furthermore, our studies indicate that overall feed conversion can improve by as much as 30% with CG induced through temperature and feeding manipulations with no adverse effects on growth of HSB. This raises the possibility that CG protocols can improve production efficiency of HSB and other temperate teleosts in pond or tank culture. DA - 2014/5/20/ PY - 2014/5/20/ DO - 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.02.028 VL - 428 SP - 174-183 SN - 1873-5622 KW - Hybrid striped bass KW - Compensatory growth KW - Catch-up growth KW - Insulin-like growth factor KW - Growth hormone receptor KW - Myostatin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimal two-phase vaccine allocation to geographically different regions under uncertainty AU - Yarmand, Hamed AU - Ivy, Julie S. AU - Denton, Brian AU - Lloyd, Alun L. T2 - EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH AB - In this article, we consider a decision process in which vaccination is performed in two phases to contain the outbreak of an infectious disease in a set of geographic regions. In the first phase, a limited number of vaccine doses are allocated to each region; in the second phase, additional doses may be allocated to regions in which the epidemic has not been contained. We develop a simulation model to capture the epidemic dynamics in each region for different vaccination levels. We formulate the vaccine allocation problem as a two-stage stochastic linear program (2-SLP) and use the special problem structure to reduce it to a linear program with a similar size to that of the first stage problem. We also present a Newsvendor model formulation of the problem which provides a closed form solution for the optimal allocation. We construct test cases motivated by vaccine planning for seasonal influenza in the state of North Carolina. Using the 2-SLP formulation, we estimate the value of the stochastic solution and the expected value of perfect information. We also propose and test an easy to implement heuristic for vaccine allocation. We show that our proposed two-phase vaccination policy potentially results in a lower attack rate and a considerable saving in vaccine production and administration cost. DA - 2014/2/16/ PY - 2014/2/16/ DO - 10.1016/j.ejor.2013.08.027 VL - 233 IS - 1 SP - 208-219 SN - 1872-6860 KW - OR in health services KW - Epidemic control KW - Two-phase vaccine allocation KW - Stochastic linear program KW - Newsvendor model KW - Value of stochastic solution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Members of the Meloidogyne Avirulence Protein Family Contain Multiple Plant Ligand-Like Motifs AU - Rutter, William B. AU - Hewezi, Tarek AU - Maier, Tom R. AU - Mitchum, Melissa G. AU - Davis, Eric L. AU - Hussey, Richard S. AU - Baum, Thomas J. T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - Sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes engage in complex interactions with their host plants by secreting effector proteins. Some effectors of both root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and cyst nematodes (Heterodera and Globodera spp.) mimic plant ligand proteins. Most prominently, cyst nematodes secrete effectors that mimic plant CLAVATA3/ESR-related (CLE) ligand proteins. However, only cyst nematodes have been shown to secrete such effectors and to utilize CLE ligand mimicry in their interactions with host plants. Here, we document the presence of ligand-like motifs in bona fide root-knot nematode effectors that are most similar to CLE peptides from plants and cyst nematodes. We have identified multiple tandem CLE-like motifs conserved within the previously identified Meloidogyne avirulence protein (MAP) family that are secreted from root-knot nematodes and have been shown to function in planta. By searching all 12 MAP family members from multiple Meloidogyne spp., we identified 43 repetitive CLE-like motifs composing 14 unique variants. At least one CLE-like motif was conserved in each MAP family member. Furthermore, we documented the presence of other conserved sequences that resemble the variable domains described in Heterodera and Globodera CLE effectors. These findings document that root-knot nematodes appear to use CLE ligand mimicry and point toward a common host node targeted by two evolutionarily diverse groups of nematodes. As a consequence, it is likely that CLE signaling pathways are important in other phytonematode pathosystems as well. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1094/phyto-11-13-0326-r VL - 104 IS - 8 SP - 879-885 SN - 1943-7684 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inference for finite-sample trajectories in dynamic multi-state site-occupancy models using hidden Markov model smoothing AU - Fiske, Ian J. AU - Royle, J. Andrew AU - Gross, Kevin T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1007/s10651-013-0256-1 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 313-328 SN - 1573-3009 KW - Amphibians KW - Finite-sample trajectory KW - Hidden Markov model KW - Occupancy KW - Trend estimation KW - Wildlife ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of Corn Earworm Injury on Yield of Transgenic Corn Producing Bt Toxins in the Carolinas AU - Reay-Jones, Francis P. F. AU - Reisig, Dominic D. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Transgenic corn, Zea mays L., hybrids expressing insecticidal Cry proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and insecticide applications to suppress injury from Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) were evaluated in Florence, SC, and in Plymouth, NC, in 2012 and 2013. Based on kernel area injured, insecticide applications (chlorantraniliprole) every 3–4 d from R1 until H. zea had cycled out of corn reduced injury by 80–93% in Florence and 94–95% in Plymouth. Despite intensive applications of insecticide (13–18 per trial), limited injury still occurred in all treated plots in 2012, except in DKC 68-03 (Genuity VT Double PRO), based on kernels injured (both locations) and proportion of injured ears (Florence only). In 2013, ear injury was low in Plymouth, with no kernel injury in any insecticide-treated plots, except P1498R (non-Bt) and P1498YHR (Optimum Intrasect). Injury in Florence in 2013 did not occur in treated plots of DKC 68-04 (non-Bt), DKC 68-03 (Genuity VT Double PRO), and N785-3111 (Agrisure Viptera). Yields were not significantly affected by insecticide treatment and were not statistically different among near-isolines with and without Bt traits. Yields were not significantly associated with kernel injury based on regression analyses. The value of using Bt corn hybrids to manage H. zea is discussed. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1603/ec13516 VL - 107 IS - 3 SP - 1101-1109 SN - 1938-291X KW - Helicoverpa zea KW - transgenic crop KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - maize ER - TY - JOUR TI - Engineering Hydrogen Gas Production from Formate in a Hyperthermophile by Heterologous Production of an 18-Subunit Membrane-bound Complex AU - Lipscomb, Gina L. AU - Schut, Gerrit J. AU - Thorgersen, Michael P. AU - Nixon, William J. AU - Kelly, Robert M. AU - Adams, Michael W. W. T2 - JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AB - Biohydrogen gas has enormous potential as a source of reductant for the microbial production of biofuels, but its low solubility and poor gas mass transfer rates are limiting factors. These limitations could be circumvented by engineering biofuel production in microorganisms that are also capable of generating H2 from highly soluble chemicals such as formate, which can function as an electron donor. Herein, the model hyperthermophile, Pyrococcus furiosus, which grows optimally near 100 °C by fermenting sugars to produce H2, has been engineered to also efficiently convert formate to H2. Using a bacterial artificial chromosome vector, the 16.9-kb 18-gene cluster encoding the membrane-bound, respiratory formate hydrogen lyase complex of Thermococcus onnurineus was inserted into the P. furiosus chromosome and expressed as a functional unit. This enabled P. furiosus to utilize formate as well as sugars as an H2 source and to do so at both 80° and 95 °C, near the optimum growth temperature of the donor (T. onnurineus) and engineered host (P. furiosus), respectively. This accomplishment also demonstrates the versatility of P. furiosus for metabolic engineering applications. DA - 2014/1/31/ PY - 2014/1/31/ DO - 10.1074/jbc.m113.530725 VL - 289 IS - 5 SP - 2873-2879 SN - 1083-351X KW - Archaea KW - Enzymes KW - Genetics KW - Metabolic Engineering KW - Microbiology KW - Hydrogen KW - Hyperthermophiles ER - TY - JOUR TI - Species Richness and the Temporal Stability of Biomass Production: A New Analysis of Recent Biodiversity Experiments AU - Gross, Kevin AU - Cardinale, Bradley J. AU - Fox, Jeremy W. AU - Gonzalez, Andrew AU - Loreau, Michel AU - Polley, H. Wayne AU - Reich, Peter B. AU - Ruijven, Jasper T2 - AMERICAN NATURALIST AB - The relationship between biological diversity and ecological stability has fascinated ecologists for decades. Determining the generality of this relationship, and discovering the mechanisms that underlie it, are vitally important for ecosystem management. Here, we investigate how species richness affects the temporal stability of biomass production by reanalyzing 27 recent biodiversity experiments conducted with primary producers. We find that, in grasslands, increasing species richness stabilizes whole-community biomass but destabilizes the dynamics of constituent populations. Community biomass is stabilized because species richness impacts mean biomass more strongly than its variance. In algal communities, species richness has a minimal effect on community stability because richness affects the mean and variance of biomass nearly equally. Using a new measure of synchrony among species, we find that for both grasslands and algae, temporal correlations in species biomass are lower when species are grown together in polyculture than when grown alone in monoculture. These results suggest that interspecific interactions tend to stabilize community biomass in diverse communities. Contrary to prevailing theory, we found no evidence that species’ responses to environmental variation in monoculture predicted the strength of diversity’s stabilizing effect. Together, these results deepen our understanding of when and why increasing species richness stabilizes community biomass. DA - 2014/1/1/ PY - 2014/1/1/ DO - 10.1086/673915 VL - 183 IS - 1 SP - 1-12 SN - 1537-5323 KW - biodiversity KW - competition KW - species richness KW - primary productivity KW - stability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Population Genomic Analysis Reveals No Evidence for GC-Biased Gene Conversion in Drosophila melanogaster AU - Robinson, Matthew C. AU - Stone, Eric A. AU - Singh, Nadia D. T2 - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION AB - Gene conversion is the nonreciprocal exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. Multiple lines of evidence from a variety of taxa strongly suggest that gene conversion events are biased toward GC-bearing alleles. However, in Drosophila, the data have largely been indirect and unclear, with some studies supporting the predictions of a GC-biased gene conversion model and other data showing contradictory findings. Here, we test whether gene conversion events are GC-biased in Drosophila melanogaster using whole-genome polymorphism and divergence data. Our results provide no support for GC-biased gene conversion and thus suggest that this process is unlikely to significantly contribute to patterns of polymorphism and divergence in this system. DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// DO - 10.1093/molbev/mst220 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 425-433 SN - 1537-1719 KW - GC-biased gene conversion KW - Drosophila melanogaster KW - whole genome KW - polymorphism and divergence data ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification and Characterization of an Invasion Antigen B Gene from the Oral Pathogen Campylobacter rectus AU - LaGier, Michael J. AU - Threadgill, Deborah S. T2 - INDIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AB - The oral bacterium, Campylobacter rectus, is an etiological agent of periodontitis. The virulence genes of C. rectus are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to query C. rectus for the presence of an invasion antigen B (ciaB) gene, which is needed for cell invasion by the related species Campylobacter jejuni. PCR and PCR-walking identified a ciaB from C. rectus. In silico analyses of C. rectus 314 ciaB (Cr-ciaB) revealed an ORF of 1,830 base pairs. The Cr-CiaB protein shared significant sequence identity (BLASTx and phylogeny) with CiaB from related campylobacters. Cr-CiaB is predicted to lack membrane helices, signal peptides, and localizes to the cytoplasm; which are consistent with CiaB proteins. Expression of Cr-ciaB was confirmed with RT-PCR; and potential ciaB genes were detected in eight additional strains of C. rectus. Cr-ciaB is the first CiaB identified from the oral campylobacters. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1007/s12088-013-0406-z VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - 33-40 SN - 0973-7715 KW - Campylobacter rectus KW - Periodontitis KW - Invasion antigen B KW - Virulence factor ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diversity of Rickettsiales in the Microbiome of the Lone Star Tick, Amblyomma americanum AU - Ponnusamy, Loganathan AU - Gonzalez, Antonio AU - Van Treuren, Will AU - Weiss, Sophie AU - Parobek, Christian M. AU - Juliano, Jonathan J. AU - Knight, Rob AU - Roe, R. Michael AU - Apperson, Charles S. AU - Meshnickh, Steven R. T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Ticks are important vectors for many emerging pathogens. However, they are also infected with many symbionts and commensals, often competing for the same niches. In this paper, we characterize the microbiome of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae), the lone star tick, in order to better understand the evolutionary relationships between pathogens and nonpathogens. Multitag pyrosequencing of prokaryotic 16S rRNA genes (16S rRNA) was performed on 20 lone star ticks (including males, females, and nymphs). Pyrosequencing of the rickettsial sca0 gene (also known as ompA or rompA ) was performed on six ticks. Female ticks had less diverse microbiomes than males and nymphs, with greater population densities of Rickettsiales . The most common members of Rickettsiales were “ Candidatus Rickettsia amblyommii” and “ Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii.” “ Ca . Rickettsia amblyommii” was 2.6-fold more common in females than males, and there was no sequence diversity in the sca0 gene. These results are consistent with a predominantly vertical transmission pattern for “ Ca . Rickettsia amblyommii.” DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1128/aem.02987-13 VL - 80 IS - 1 SP - 354-359 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phytochemical changes in phenolics, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids associated with sweetpotato storage and impacts on bioactive properties AU - Grace, Mary H. AU - Yousef, Gad G. AU - Gustafson, Sally J. AU - Truong, Van-Den AU - Yencho, G. Craig AU - Lila, Mary Ann T2 - FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - Sweetpotato phytochemical content was evaluated in four genotypes (NCPUR06-020, Covington, Yellow Covington, and NC07-847) at harvest and after curing/storage for 4 or 8 months. Curing and storage for up to 8 months did not significantly affect total phenolic content in Covington, Yellow Covington, and NC07-847, however for NCPUR06-020, a purple-fleshed selection, total phenolic content declined mainly due to anthocyanin degradation during storage. Covington had the highest carotenoid content at harvest time (281.9 μg/g DM), followed by NC07-847 (26.2 μg/g DM), and after 8 months, total carotenoids had increased by 25% and 50%, respectively. Antioxidant activity gradually declined during storage, and freshly harvested sweetpotatoes also demonstrated higher anti-inflammatory capacity as gauged by inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in SH-SY5Y cells. Gradual changes in sweetpotato phytochemical content and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity were noted during normal long-term storage, but the specific effects were genotype-dependent. DA - 2014/2/15/ PY - 2014/2/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.107 VL - 145 SP - 717-724 SN - 1873-7072 KW - Sweetpotato KW - Phenolics KW - Carotenoids KW - Antioxidant activity KW - Storage KW - Postharvest ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pesticides and respiratory health: where do we go from here? AU - Hoppin, Jane A. T2 - OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE AB - For centuries, researchers have focused on exposures to hays, grains and animals as primary contributors to poor respiratory outcomes in farmers and agricultural workers.1 ,2 However, growing evidence suggests that other agricultural exposures, namely pesticides, may also adversely impact respiratory health. Recent studies from around the world have suggested that pesticides may be associated with respiratory symptoms and disease, particularly asthma.3–6 However, these studies have been based on self-reported outcomes and there have been few studies using objective measures of pulmonary function.2 ,7 De Jong et al 8 report that occupational pesticide exposure is associated with poorer pulmonary function consistent with airway obstruction as measured by spirometry in two Dutch general population cohorts. These associations with pesticides were seen in both men and women and smokers and non-smokers; some associations were stronger in smokers, but not consistently so. … DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// DO - 10.1136/oemed-2013-101876 VL - 71 IS - 2 SP - 80-80 SN - 1470-7926 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84892820361&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lactobacillus buchneri Genotyping on the Basis of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) Locus Diversity AU - Briner, Alexandra E. AU - Barrangou, Rodolphe T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) in combination with associated sequences (cas) constitute the CRISPR-Cas immune system, which uptakes DNA from invasive genetic elements as novel "spacers" that provide a genetic record of immunization events. We investigated the potential of CRISPR-based genotyping of Lactobacillus buchneri, a species relevant for commercial silage, bioethanol, and vegetable fermentations. Upon investigating the occurrence and diversity of CRISPR-Cas systems in Lactobacillus buchneri genomes, we observed a ubiquitous occurrence of CRISPR arrays containing a 36-nucleotide (nt) type II-A CRISPR locus adjacent to four cas genes, including the universal cas1 and cas2 genes and the type II signature gene cas9. Comparative analysis of CRISPR spacer content in 26 L. buchneri pickle fermentation isolates associated with spoilage revealed 10 unique locus genotypes that contained between 9 and 29 variable spacers. We observed a set of conserved spacers at the ancestral end, reflecting a common origin, as well as leader-end polymorphisms, reflecting recent divergence. Some of these spacers showed perfect identity with phage sequences, and many spacers showed homology to Lactobacillus plasmid sequences. Following a comparative analysis of sequences immediately flanking protospacers that matched CRISPR spacers, we identified a novel putative protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM), 5'-AAAA-3'. Overall, these findings suggest that type II-A CRISPR-Cas systems are valuable for genotyping of L. buchneri. DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// DO - 10.1128/aem.03015-13 VL - 80 IS - 3 SP - 994-1001 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - From "ES-like" cells to induced pluripotent stem cells: A historical perspective in domestic animals AU - Koh, Sehwon AU - Piedrahita, Jorge A. T2 - THERIOGENOLOGY AB - Pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide great potential as cell sources for gene editing to generate genetically modified animals, as well as in the field of regenerative medicine. Stable, long-term ESCs have been established in laboratory mouse and rat; however, isolation of true pluripotent ESCs in domesticated animals such as pigs and dogs have been less successful. Initially, domesticated animal pluripotent cell lines were referred to as “embryonic stem-like” cells owing to their similar morphologic characteristics to mouse ESCs, but accompanied by a limited ability to proliferate in vitro in an undifferentiated state. That is, they shared some but not all the characteristics of true ESCs. More recently, advances in reprogramming using exogenous transcription factors, combined with the utilization of small chemical inhibitors of key biochemical pathways, have led to the isolation of iPSCs. In this review, we provide a historical perspective of the isolation of various types of pluripotent stem cells in domesticated animals. In addition, we summarize the latest progress and limitations in the derivation and application of iPSCs. DA - 2014/1/1/ PY - 2014/1/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.09.009 VL - 81 IS - 1 SP - 103-111 SN - 1879-3231 KW - Pluripotent stem cells KW - Reprogramming KW - Large animals KW - Induced pluripotent stem cells ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ammonia Fate and Transport Mechanisms in Broiler Litter AU - Liang, Wei-zhen AU - Classen, John J. AU - Shah, Sanjay B. AU - Sharma-Shivappa, Ratna T2 - WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1007/s11270-013-1812-x VL - 225 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1573-2932 KW - Poultry litter KW - Ammonia sorption KW - Dissociation constant KW - Henry's Law constant ER - TY - JOUR TI - effect of conservation priority areas on bidding behavior in the conservation reserve program AU - Jacobs, K. L. AU - Thurman, W. N. AU - Marra, M. C. T2 - Land Economics AB - We explore how a landowner’s bid to enroll in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) is influenced by his parcel’s designation as a Conservation Priority Area (CPA). A theoretical model of a landowner’s optimal bid is presented, and we demonstrate the ambiguity in a landowner’s optimal bid response to CPA designations. The bid choice is analyzed using a data set of accepted and unaccepted offers during three CRP sign-up periods. We focus empirically on a subset of offers from the Prairie Pothole CPA to identify whether bid responses to exogenous location factors differ across landowners with varying opportunity costs to enrollment. (JEL Q15, Q18) DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.3368/le.90.1.1 VL - 90 IS - 1 SP - 1-25 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Postembryonic control of root meristem growth and development AU - Sozzani, Rosangela AU - Iyer-Pascuzzi, Anjali T2 - CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY AB - Organ development in multicellular organisms is dependent on the proper balance between cell proliferation and differentiation. In the Arabidopsis root apical meristem, meristem growth is the result of cell divisions in the proximal meristem and cell differentiation in the elongation and differentiation zones. Hormones, transcription factors and small peptides underpin the molecular mechanisms governing these processes. Computer modeling has aided our understanding of the dynamic interactions involved in stem cell maintenance and meristem activity. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of postembryonic root stem cell maintenance and control of meristem size. DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// DO - 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.10.005 VL - 17 SP - 7-12 SN - 1879-0356 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mapping the emerging field of genome editing AU - Kuzhabekova, Aliya AU - Kuzma, Jennifer T2 - TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS & STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AB - Targeted genetic modification (TagMo) technologies are being used for new approaches to genetic engineering often called ‘genome editing’. These approaches are in the early stages of development, and basic understandings of what TagMo is, of its likely future, and how it should be governed are still being established. In order to inform these discussions and increase their transparency, we map the scientific landscape of TagMo using advances in tech mining and bibliometrics and in consultation with experts in the field. We assess the sub-topics and disciplines associated with TagMo research, and the actors, institutions, and nations involved, while making observations about the funding of research and the collaborative patterns among actors. The technology assessment approach used in this article has important implications for anticipatory governance of TagMo plant products. It is designed to help scientists, managers, and policy-makers understand trends in TagMo technological development in order to prepare for future governance. DA - 2014/3/16/ PY - 2014/3/16/ DO - 10.1080/09537325.2013.850657 VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 321-352 SN - 1465-3990 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84893932064&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - targeted genetic modification KW - biotechnology KW - governance KW - bibliometrics KW - genome editing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Components of hybrid vigor in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and their relationship with environment AU - Tyagi, Priyanka AU - Bowman, Daryl T. AU - Bourland, Fred M. AU - Edmisten, Keith AU - Campbell, B. Todd AU - Fraser, Dawn E. AU - Wallace, Ted AU - Kuraparthy, Vasu T2 - EUPHYTICA DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1007/s10681-013-0987-y VL - 195 IS - 1 SP - 117-127 SN - 1573-5060 KW - Cotton KW - Breeding KW - Heterosis KW - Lint yield KW - Yield components ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in ant community composition caused by 20 years of experimental warming vs. 13 years of natural climate shift AU - Menke, Sean B. AU - Harte, John AU - Dunn, Robert R. T2 - ECOSPHERE AB - Predicting the effects of climate change on community composition is hampered by the lack of integration between long term data sets tracking the effects of natural climate change and the results of experimental climate manipulations. Here we compare the effects of change in climate through time to experimental warming on the composition of high elevation ant communities at the Rocky Mountain Biological Station in Gothic Colorado. We take advantage of a 20‐year continuously running warming experiment which has increased soil temperature by 1.5°C and advanced snowmelt by 10 days and compare the effects of this experimental warming to natural changes in climate over the past 13 years across three sites spread along a 420‐m elevation gradient representing a roughly 1°C difference in average annual soil temperature and average advanced snowmelt of 2 weeks. We compared ant community data collected at all four sites in 1997 to collections made at the same sites in 2010. From 1997 to 2010 there was a community wide shift in ant composition along the natural climate gradient with ant communities shifting to higher elevations. Ant communities in the experimental warming site also changed, but they shifted orthogonally to those along the gradient. Interestingly, after 20 years of experimental warming, there is little discernible effect on ant communities in experimentally warmed plots compared to control plots. This discrepancy between the climate manipulation and elevation gradient is probably an effect of the spatial scale of the experimental warming. Ants respond to experimental warming in complex ways due to the physical location of their nests and their foraging area. This is a concern for warming experiments, but one that is hard to address for species that cover even modest areas in their foraging. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1890/es13-00234.1 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2150-8925 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84900011363&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - climate change KW - community composition KW - elevation gradient KW - Formicidae KW - Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory KW - warming experiment ER - TY - JOUR TI - SOIL MICROBIAL RESPONSES TO ELEVATED CO2 AND O-3 IN A NITROGEN-AGGRADING AGROECOSYSTEM AU - Cheng, Lei AU - Booker, Fitzgerald L. AU - Burkey, Kent O. AU - Tu, Cong AU - Shew, H. David AU - Rufty, Thomas W. AU - Fiscus, Edwin L. AU - Deforest, Jared L. AU - Hu, Shuijin T2 - CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE: CO2 MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES AB - Climate change factors such as elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) and ozone (O₃) can exert significant impacts on soil microbes and the ecosystem level processes they mediate. However, the underlying mechanisms by which soil microbes respond to these environmental changes remain poorly understood. The prevailing hypothesis, which states that CO₂- or O₃-induced changes in carbon (C) availability dominate microbial responses, is primarily based on results from nitrogen (N)-limiting forests and grasslands. It remains largely unexplored how soil microbes respond to elevated CO₂ and O₃ in N-rich or N-aggrading systems, which severely hinders our ability to predict the long-term soil C dynamics in agroecosystems. Using a long-term field study conducted in a no-till wheat-soybean rotation system with open-top chambers, we showed that elevated CO₂ but not O₃ had a potent influence on soil microbes. Elevated CO₂(1.5×ambient) significantly increased, while O₃ (1.4×ambient) reduced, aboveground (and presumably belowground) plant residue C and N inputs to soil. However, only elevated CO₂ significantly affected soil microbial biomass, activities (namely heterotrophic respiration) and community composition. The enhancement of microbial biomass and activities by elevated CO₂ largely occurred in the third and fourth years of the experiment and coincided with increased soil N availability, likely due to CO₂-stimulation of symbiotic N₂ fixation in soybean. Fungal biomass and the fungi∶bacteria ratio decreased under both ambient and elevated CO₂ by the third year and also coincided with increased soil N availability; but they were significantly higher under elevated than ambient CO₂. These results suggest that more attention should be directed towards assessing the impact of N availability on microbial activities and decomposition in projections of soil organic C balance in N-rich systems under future CO₂ scenarios. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0021377 SP - 277-307 ER -