TY - JOUR TI - Erratum: “Influence of dielectric-dependent interfacial widths on device performance in top-gate P(NDI2OD-T2) field-effect transistors” [Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 093308 (2012)] AU - Yan, Hongping AU - Schuettfort, Torben AU - Kronemeijer, Auke J. AU - McNeill, Christopher R. AU - Ade, Harald W. T2 - Applied Physics Letters AB - First Page DA - 2012/10/22/ PY - 2012/10/22/ DO - 10.1063/1.4762831 VL - 101 IS - 17 SP - 179901 J2 - Appl. Phys. Lett. LA - en OP - SN - 0003-6951 1077-3118 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4762831 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soft X-ray Imaging of Polymers and Polymer Composites AU - Ade, H. T2 - Microscopy and Microanalysis AB - Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012. DA - 2012/7// PY - 2012/7// DO - 10.1017/S1431927612009919 VL - 18 IS - S2 SP - 1612-1613 J2 - Microsc Microanal LA - en OP - SN - 1431-9276 1435-8115 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1431927612009919 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Solution processed multilayer cadmium-free blue/violet emitting quantum dots light emitting diodes AU - Xiang, Chaoyu AU - Koo, Wonhoe AU - Chen, Song AU - So, Franky AU - Liu, Xiong AU - Kong, Xiangxing AU - Wang, Yunjun T2 - Applied Physics Letters AB - Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Chaoyu Xiang, Wonhoe Koo, Song Chen, Franky So, Xiong Liu, Xiangxing Kong, Yunjun Wang; Solution processed multilayer cadmium-free blue/violet emitting quantum dots light emitting diodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 30 July 2012; 101 (5): 053303. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4738375 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAIP Publishing PortfolioApplied Physics Letters Search Advanced Search |Citation Search DA - 2012/7/30/ PY - 2012/7/30/ DO - 10.1063/1.4738375 VL - 101 IS - 5 SP - 053303 J2 - Appl. Phys. Lett. LA - en OP - SN - 0003-6951 1077-3118 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4738375 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Metal oxides for interface engineering in polymer solar cells AU - Chen, Song AU - Manders, Jesse R. AU - Tsang, Sai-Wing AU - So, Franky T2 - Journal of Materials Chemistry AB - Significant progress in power conversion efficiencies and stabilities of polymer solar cells has been achieved using semiconducting metal oxides as charge extraction interlayers. Both n- and p-type transition metal oxides with good transparency in the visible as well as infrared region make good Ohmic contacts to both donors and acceptors in polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells. Their compatibility with roll-to-roll processing makes them very attractive for low cost manufacturing of polymer solar cells. In this review, we will present the recent results on synthesis and characterization of these metal oxides along with the device performance of the solar cells using these metal oxides as interlayers. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1039/c2jm33838f VL - 22 IS - 46 SP - 24202 J2 - J. Mater. Chem. LA - en OP - SN - 0959-9428 1364-5501 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2jm33838f DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - An isoindigo and dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]silole copolymer for polymer solar cells AU - Stalder, Romain AU - Grand, Caroline AU - Subbiah, Jegadesan AU - So, Franky AU - Reynolds, John R. T2 - Polym. Chem. AB - The conjugated copolymer of isoindigo and dithienosilole was synthesized and studied in bulk heterojunction solar cells with fullerene derivatives. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// DO - 10.1039/c1py00402f VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 89-92 J2 - Polym. Chem. LA - en OP - SN - 1759-9954 1759-9962 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1py00402f DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Synthetic Principles Directing Charge Transport in Low-Band-Gap Dithienosilole–Benzothiadiazole Copolymers AU - Beaujuge, Pierre M. AU - Tsao, Hoi Nok AU - Hansen, Michael Ryan AU - Amb, Chad M. AU - Risko, Chad AU - Subbiah, Jegadesan AU - Choudhury, Kaushik Roy AU - Mavrinskiy, Alexei AU - Pisula, Wojciech AU - Brédas, Jean-Luc AU - So, Franky AU - Müllen, Klaus AU - Reynolds, John R. T2 - Journal of the American Chemical Society AB - Given the fundamental differences in carrier generation and device operation in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) and organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices, the material design principles to apply may be expected to differ. In this respect, designing organic semiconductors that perform effectively in multiple device configurations remains a challenge. Following “donor–acceptor” principles, we designed and synthesized an analogous series of solution-processable π-conjugated polymers that combine the electron-rich dithienosilole (DTS) moiety, unsubstituted thiophene spacers, and the electron-deficient core 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTD). Insights into backbone geometry and wave function delocalization as a function of molecular structure are provided by density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level. Using a combination of X-ray techniques (2D-WAXS and XRD) supported by solid-state NMR (SS-NMR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), we demonstrate fundamental correlations between the polymer repeat-unit structure, molecular weight distribution, nature of the solubilizing side-chains appended to the backbones, and extent of structural order attainable in p-channel OTFTs. In particular, it is shown that the degree of microstructural order achievable in the self-assembled organic semiconductors increases largely with (i) increasing molecular weight and (ii) appropriate solubilizing-group substitution. The corresponding field-effect hole mobilities are enhanced by several orders of magnitude, reaching up to 0.1 cm2 V–1 s–1 with the highest molecular weight fraction of the branched alkyl-substituted polymer derivative in this series. This trend is reflected in conventional bulk-heterojunction OPV devices using PC71BM, whereby the active layers exhibit space-charge-limited (SCL) hole mobilities approaching 10–3 cm2 V–1 s–1, and yield improved power conversion efficiencies on the order of 4.6% under AM1.5G solar illumination. Beyond structure–performance correlations, we observe a large dependence of the ionization potentials of the polymers estimated by electrochemical methods on polymer packing, and expect that these empirical results may have important consequences on future material study and device applications. DA - 2012/5/18/ PY - 2012/5/18/ DO - 10.1021/ja301898h VL - 134 IS - 21 SP - 8944-8957 J2 - J. Am. Chem. Soc. LA - en OP - SN - 0002-7863 1520-5126 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja301898h DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aesthetically Pleasing Conjugated Polymer:Fullerene Blends for Blue-Green Solar Cells Via Roll-to-Roll Processing AU - Amb, Chad M. AU - Craig, Michael R. AU - Koldemir, Unsal AU - Subbiah, Jegadesan AU - Choudhury, Kaushik Roy AU - Gevorgyan, Suren A. AU - Jørgensen, Mikkel AU - Krebs, Frederik C. AU - So, Franky AU - Reynolds, John R. T2 - ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces AB - The practical application of organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells requires high throughput printing techniques in order to attain cells with an area large enough to provide useful amounts of power. However, in the laboratory screening of new materials for OPVs, spin-coating is used almost exclusively as a thin-film deposition technique due its convenience. We report on the significant differences between the spin-coating of laboratory solar cells and slot-die coating of a blue-green colored, low bandgap polymer (PGREEN). This is one of the first demonstrations of slot-die-coated polymer solar cells OPVs not utilizing poly(3-hexylthiophene):(6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blends as a light absorbing layer. Through synthetic optimization, we show that strict protocols are necessary to yield polymers which achieve consistent photovoltaic behavior. We fabricated spin-coated laboratory scale OPV devices with PGREEN: PCBM blends as active light absorbing layers, and compare performance to slot die-coated individual solar cells, and slot-die-coated solar modules consisting of many cells connected in series. We find that the optimum ratio of polymer to PCBM varies significantly when changing from spin-coating of thinner active layer films to slot-die coating, which requires somewhat thicker films. We also demonstrate the detrimental impacts on power conversion efficiency of high series resistance imparted by large electrodes, illustrating the need for higher conductivity contacts, transparent electrodes, and high mobility active layer materials for large-area solar cell modules. DA - 2012/2/21/ PY - 2012/2/21/ DO - 10.1021/am300156p VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 1847-1853 J2 - ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces LA - en OP - SN - 1944-8244 1944-8252 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am300156p DB - Crossref KW - polymer solar cells KW - roll-to-roll printing/coating KW - slot-die coating KW - low band gap polymers ER - TY - JOUR TI - High-Efficiency Inverted Polymer Solar Cells with Double Interlayer AU - Subbiah, Jegadesan AU - Amb, Chad M. AU - Irfan, Irfan AU - Gao, Yongli AU - Reynolds, John R. AU - So, Franky T2 - ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces AB - We have studied the performance of normal and inverted bulk-heterojunction solar cells with an active layer composed of a blend of poly[(4,4'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]silole)-2,6-diyl-alt-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)-4,7-diyl] (PDTS-BTD) and {6,6}-phenyl-C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC(71)BM). For inverted cells, a thin layer of ZnO nanoparticles and MoO(3) were used as interlayers for the bottom cathode and the top anode respectively. To enhance the device performance, a thin film of 4,4',4″-tris[N-(3-methylphenyl)-N-phenylamino]triphenylamine (MTDATA) was used along with MoO(3) as an anode interlayer to improve the hole extraction from the photoactive layer to the anode. The inverted polymer solar cells with double interlayer exhibit a higher power conversion efficiency of 6.45% compared to the conventional cell of 4.91% due to efficient charge extraction and favorable vertical morphology of active layer blend. Our ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy results indicate that the formation of band bending due to interlayer leads to the enhancement in hole extraction. DA - 2012/1/30/ PY - 2012/1/30/ DO - 10.1021/am201537p VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 866-870 J2 - ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces LA - en OP - SN - 1944-8244 1944-8252 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am201537p DB - Crossref KW - inverted solar cell KW - photovoltaic KW - donor-acceptor KW - bulk heterojunction KW - conjugated polymers KW - low bandgap KW - silole polymer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of vertical morphology on the performance of silole-containing low-bandgap inverted polymer solar cells AU - Subbiah, Jegadesan AU - Amb, Chad M. AU - Reynolds, John R. AU - So, Franky T2 - Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells AB - The vertical distribution of blended components in the active layer of a bulk heterojunction solar cell composed of poly[(4,4′-bis(2-ethylhexyl)dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]silole)-2,6-diyl-alt-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)-4,7-diyl] (PDTS-BTD) and [6,6]-phenyl-C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) was studied using X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) depth profile. We found that the vertical profile of the PDTS-BTD:PC71BM thin films varies, with a PC71BM rich region near the bottom surface and a polymer rich on the top surface. This suggests that the inverted device geometry may be superior to the conventional device geometry for the fabrication of efficient polymer solar cells. Significant enhancement in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of an inverted polymer solar cell was observed compared to the conventional cell. The enhancement in device performance is attributed to the efficient charge extraction due to the exploitation of vertical morphology of the active layer using the inverted device geometry. DA - 2012/2// PY - 2012/2// DO - 10.1016/j.solmat.2011.09.028 VL - 97 SP - 97-101 J2 - Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells LA - en OP - SN - 0927-0248 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2011.09.028 DB - Crossref KW - Polymer solar cell KW - Vertical phase separation KW - Inverted solar cell KW - X-ray photoemission spectroscopy KW - Morphology KW - Auger spectroscopy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interplay of cleaning and de-doping in oxygen plasma treated high work function indium tin oxide (ITO) AU - Irfan, Irfan AU - Graber, Sachiko AU - So, Franky AU - Gao, Yongli T2 - Organic Electronics AB - Indium tin oxide (ITO) is extensively used as a transparent electrode in photovoltaic cells and organic light emitting diodes. High surface work function (WF) of ITO is a crucial parameter for enhanced device performance. The ITO WF is usually around 4.3 eV without any surface treatment. With surface treatments ITO WF, as high as 5.4 eV has been reported. We designed a surface treatment method with which we achieved substantially high ITO surface work function of over 6.1 eV. We observed changes in valence electronic structure and core levels, apart from surface cleaning. We also investigated interface formation of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) on the high WF ITO. In the proximity of the interface the highest occupied energy level of CuPc was observed to be almost pinned to the Fermi level. We fabricated three simple devices with no to high treatment. The device results were observed to be consistent with the findings of electronic energy level alignment. DA - 2012/10// PY - 2012/10// DO - 10.1016/j.orgel.2012.05.036 VL - 13 IS - 10 SP - 2028-2034 J2 - Organic Electronics LA - en OP - SN - 1566-1199 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2012.05.036 DB - Crossref KW - Indium tin oxide (ITO) KW - Organic photovoltaic KW - Organic light-emitting diode KW - Photo-emission spectroscopy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Charge injection and transport studies of poly(2,7-carbazole) copolymer PCDTBT and their relationship to solar cell performance AU - Chan, Kevin K.H. AU - Tsang, S.W. AU - Lee, Harrison K.H. AU - So, Franky AU - So, S.K. T2 - Organic Electronics AB - The charge injection and transport properties of a high performance semiconducting polymer for organic photovoltaic (OPV) applications, poly[N-9″-hepta-decanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT), are investigated by time-of-flight (TOF) and dark-injection space-charge-limited current (DI-SCLC) techniques. OPV cells employing PCDTBT are known to possess power conversion efficiency (PCE) exceeding 6% [1], [2]. While TOF probes only the hole mobilities of a thick film, DI-SCLC is shown to be useful down to a sample thickness of ∼200 nm, which is comparable to thicknesses used in OPV cells. We show that for pristine PCDTBT, the hole mobilities for both thick used in TOF and thin films for DI-SCLC are essentially the same, and they are in the range of 0.4–3.0 × 10−4 cm2/Vs at room temperature. Both poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythioplene) doped with poly(strenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and molybdenum (VI) oxide (MoO3) form quasi-Ohmic contacts to PCDTBT with better hole injection from MoO3. Furthermore, the Gaussian Disorder Model (GDM) was employed to analyze the hopping transport of PCDTBT thin films. We show that PCDTBT possesses a relatively large energetic disorder (σ) of ∼129 meV, which is significantly higher than the σ of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) processed under similar conditions. The correlation between σ and OPV device performance is addressed. DA - 2012/5// PY - 2012/5// DO - 10.1016/j.orgel.2012.01.030 VL - 13 IS - 5 SP - 850-855 J2 - Organic Electronics LA - en OP - SN - 1566-1199 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2012.01.030 DB - Crossref KW - PCDTBT KW - Charge transport properties KW - Dark-injection space-charge-limited current KW - Carrier mobility KW - Energetic disorder ER - TY - JOUR TI - P-110: Light extraction of Phosphorescent OLEDs by Defective Hexagonal-Close-Packed Array AU - Koo, Wonhoe AU - Yun, Wooram AU - Zhu, Peifen AU - Li, Xiao-Hang AU - Tansu, Nelson AU - So, Franky T2 - SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers AB - Abstract Defective silica sphere arrays having locally hexagonal‐closed‐packed structure but lack of long range ordering were incorporated into phosphorescent organic light emitting diode devices as grating to extract the waveguided modes. With a 0.5 μm grating, the current and power efficiency were enhanced by 55% and 110% without spectral changes and directionality. DA - 2012/6// PY - 2012/6// DO - 10.1002/j.2168-0159.2012.tb06089.x VL - 43 IS - 1 SP - 1474-1476 LA - en OP - SN - 0097-966X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-0159.2012.tb06089.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Solar Cells: Inverted Polymer Solar Cells with Reduced Interface Recombination (Adv. Energy Mater. 11/2012) AU - Chen, Song AU - Small, Cephas E. AU - Amb, Chad M. AU - Subbiah, Jegadesan AU - Lai, Tzung-han AU - Tsang, Sai-Wing AU - Manders, Jesse R. AU - Reynolds, John R. AU - So, Franky T2 - Advanced Energy Materials AB - Due to intrinsic defects, zinc oxide nanoparticles may induce interfacial recombination when used as the electron extraction layer in an inverted polymer solar cell. On page 1333, Franky So, John R. Reynolds, and co-workers demonstrate that UV-ozone treatment is an effective way to passivate defects in ZnO NPs and reduce interface recombination in a polymer solar cell. As a result, the power conversion efficiency of inverted PDTGTPD: PC71BM cells is improved to 8.1%. DA - 2012/11// PY - 2012/11// DO - 10.1002/aenm.201290053 VL - 2 IS - 11 SP - 1281-1281 J2 - Adv. Energy Mater. LA - en OP - SN - 1614-6832 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201290053 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inverted Polymer Solar Cells with Reduced Interface Recombination AU - Chen, Song AU - Small, Cephas E. AU - Amb, Chad M. AU - Subbiah, Jegadesan AU - Lai, Tzung-han AU - Tsang, Sai-Wing AU - Manders, Jesse R. AU - Reynolds, John R. AU - So, Franky T2 - Advanced Energy Materials AB - Interface recombination induced by the defect states in zinc-oxide-nanoparticle-based electron extraction layer is reported as a significant loss-mechanism of photocurrent collection. By choosing appropriate UV–ozone treatment conditions on the zinc oxide layer, inverted polymer solar cells show reduced interface recombination and thus improved power conversion efficiencies of up to 8.1%. DA - 2012/5/31/ PY - 2012/5/31/ DO - 10.1002/aenm.201200184 VL - 2 IS - 11 SP - 1333-1337 J2 - Adv. Energy Mater. LA - en OP - SN - 1614-6832 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201200184 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Light Extraction: Light Extraction of Organic Light Emitting Diodes by Defective Hexagonal-Close-Packed Array (Adv. Funct. Mater. 16/2012) AU - Koo, Won Hoe AU - Youn, Wooram AU - Zhu, Peifen AU - Li, Xiao-Hang AU - Tansu, Nelson AU - So, Franky T2 - Advanced Functional Materials AB - On page 3454, Franky So and co-workers report the preparation of defective hexagonal-close-packed arrays to extract the waveguide modes trapped in an organic light-emitting diode. The broadening of the periodicity and the lack of long-range ordering in the defective array pattern allow effective extraction of the waveguide modes over all emission wavelengths and angles, resulting in non-directional light emission with insignificant spectral changes. DA - 2012/8/15/ PY - 2012/8/15/ DO - 10.1002/adfm.201290095 VL - 22 IS - 16 SP - 3453-3453 J2 - Adv. Funct. Mater. LA - en OP - SN - 1616-301X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201290095 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Light Extraction of Organic Light Emitting Diodes by Defective Hexagonal-Close-Packed Array AU - Koo, Won Hoe AU - Youn, Wooram AU - Zhu, Peifen AU - Li, Xiao-Hang AU - Tansu, Nelson AU - So, Franky T2 - Advanced Functional Materials AB - Abstract Defective silica sphere arrays having locally hexagonal‐closed‐packed structure but lack of long range ordering were incorporated into organic light emitting diodes as grating to extract the waveguided light trapped in the indium tin oxide/organic layers and the glass substrate. Using these defective hexagonal‐closed‐packed gratings for light extraction, broad band lambertian emitters are obtained due to the periodicity broadening and the random orientation in the gratings, resulting in enhancements in current and power efficiencies by a factor of 1.7 and 1.9, respectively. DA - 2012/5/10/ PY - 2012/5/10/ DO - 10.1002/adfm.201200876 VL - 22 IS - 16 SP - 3454-3459 J2 - Adv. Funct. Mater. LA - en OP - SN - 1616-301X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201200876 DB - Crossref KW - OLED KW - waveguide KW - extraction KW - defective hexagonal-close-packed array ER - TY - JOUR TI - Origin of Enhanced Hole Injection in Inverted Organic Devices with Electron Accepting Interlayer AU - Small, Cephas E. AU - Tsang, Sai-Wing AU - Kido, Junji AU - So, Shu Kong AU - So, Franky T2 - Advanced Functional Materials AB - Abstract Conventional organic light emitting devices have a bottom buffer interlayer placed underneath the hole transporting layer (HTL) to improve hole injection from the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. In this work, a substantial enhancement in hole injection efficiency is demonstrated when an electron accepting interlayer is evaporated on top of the HTL in an inverted device along with a top hole injection anode compared with the conventional device with a bottom hole injection anode. Current–voltage and space‐charge‐limited dark injection (DI‐SCLC) measurements were used to characterize the conventional and inverted N , N′ ‐diphenyl‐ N , N′ ‐bis(1‐naphthyl)(1,1 ′ biphenyl)‐4,4 ′ diamine (NPB) hole‐only devices with either molybdenum trioxide (MoO 3 ) or 1,4,5,8,9,11‐hexaazatriphenylene hexacarbonitrile (HAT‐CN) as the interlayer. Both normal and inverted devices with HAT‐CN showed significantly higher injection efficiencies compared to similar devices with MoO 3 , with the inverted device with HAT‐CN as the interlayer showing a hole injection efficiency close to 100% . The results from doping NPB with MoO 3 or HAT‐CN confirmed that the injection efficiency enhancements in the inverted devices were due to the enhanced charge transfer at the electron acceptor/NPB interface. DA - 2012/4/24/ PY - 2012/4/24/ DO - 10.1002/adfm.201200185 VL - 22 IS - 15 SP - 3261-3266 J2 - Adv. Funct. Mater. LA - en OP - SN - 1616-301X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201200185 DB - Crossref KW - charge injection KW - inverted KW - organic electronics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improved Performance of Molecular Bulk-Heterojunction Photovoltaic Cells through Predictable Selection of Solvent Additives AU - Graham, Kenneth R. AU - Wieruszewski, Patrick M. AU - Stalder, Romain AU - Hartel, Michael J. AU - Mei, Jianguo AU - So, Franky AU - Reynolds, John R. T2 - Advanced Functional Materials AB - Abstract Solvent additives provide an effective means to alter the morphology and thereby improve the performance of organic bulk‐heterojunction photovoltaics, although guidelines for selecting an appropriate solvent additive remain relatively unclear. Here, a family of solvent additives spanning a wide range of Hansen solubility parameters is applied to a molecular bulk‐heterojunction system consisting of an isoindigo and thiophene containing oligomer as the electron donor and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C 61 ‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC 61 BM) as the electron acceptor. Hansen solubility parameters are calculated using the group contribution method and compared with the measured solubilities for use as a screening method in solvent additive selection. The additives are shown to alter the morphologies in a semipredictable manner, with the poorer solvents generally resulting in decreased domain sizes, increased hole mobilities, and improved photovoltaic performance. The additives with larger hydrogen bonding parameters, namely triethylene glycol (TEG) and N‐ methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP), are demonstrated to increase the open circuit voltage by ~0.2 V. Combining a solvent additive observed to increase short circuit current, poly(dimethylsiloxane), with TEG results in an increase in power conversion efficiency from 1.4 to 3.3%. DA - 2012/7/3/ PY - 2012/7/3/ DO - 10.1002/adfm.201102456 VL - 22 IS - 22 SP - 4801-4813 J2 - Adv. Funct. Mater. LA - en OP - SN - 1616-301X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201102456 DB - Crossref KW - solvent additive processing KW - organic photovoltaic devices KW - organic solar cells KW - morphology KW - molecular bulk-heterojunction ER - TY - JOUR TI - 2011 ALS User Meeting and Workshops AU - Kanel, Shauna AU - Ade, Harald AU - Delongchamp, Dean AU - Chabinyc, Michael AU - Wang, Cheng AU - Guo, Jinghua AU - Snell, Gyorgy AU - Ralston, Corie T2 - Synchrotron Radiation News AB - A record 461 people registered for this year's ALS User Meeting, packing the plenary sessions, workshops, and meals that took place from October 3–5, 2011. Berkeley Lab Deputy Director Horst Simon welcomed guests to the meeting, touching on the looming challenge of data storage and processing. ALS Director Roger Falcone gave an in-depth overview of ALS progress and prospects, highlighting the new AMBER beamline, a controls upgrade, and a new user processing system as the top priorities for the coming year. DA - 2012/1// PY - 2012/1// DO - 10.1080/08940886.2012.645416 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 4-8 J2 - Synchrotron Radiation News LA - en OP - SN - 0894-0886 1931-7344 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08940886.2012.645416 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - NEXAFS imaging of synthetic organic materials AU - Watts, Ben AU - Ade, Harald T2 - Materials Today AB - The utilization of near edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) in achieving strong, novel contrast for soft x-ray microscopy and scattering methods has been afforded significant success in elucidating outstanding issues in organic materials systems due to the unique combination of high sensitivity to chemical functionality and thus composition, moderately high spatial resolution and moderate radiation damage. We illustrate the basic operating principles of NEXAFS spectroscopy, scanning transmission x-ray microscopy, and resonant soft x-ray scattering, and exemplify the impact by discussing a few recent applications. The focus of this perspective will be the characterization of synthetic organic materials, with a further emphasis on applications involving semi-conducting polymers. We also provide a brief perspective of future instrument and method developments. DA - 2012/4// PY - 2012/4// DO - 10.1016/S1369-7021(12)70068-8 VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - 148-157 J2 - Materials Today LA - en OP - SN - 1369-7021 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(12)70068-8 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polarized X-ray scattering reveals non-crystalline orientational ordering in organic films AU - Collins, B. A. AU - Cochran, J. E. AU - Yan, H. AU - Gann, E. AU - Hub, C. AU - Fink, R. AU - Wang, C. AU - Schuettfort, T. AU - McNeill, C. R. AU - Chabinyc, M. L. AU - Ade, H. T2 - Nature Materials DA - 2012/4/15/ PY - 2012/4/15/ DO - 10.1038/nmat3310 VL - 11 IS - 6 SP - 536-543 J2 - Nature Mater LA - en OP - SN - 1476-1122 1476-4660 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat3310 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Absolute Measurement of Domain Composition and Nanoscale Size Distribution Explains Performance in PTB7:PC71BM Solar Cells AU - Collins, Brian A. AU - Li, Zhe AU - Tumbleston, John R. AU - Gann, Eliot AU - McNeill, Christopher R. AU - Ade, Harald T2 - Advanced Energy Materials AB - Abstract The importance of morphology to organic solar cell performance is well known, but to date, the lack of quantitative, nanoscale and statistical morphological information has hindered obtaining direct links to device function. Here resonant X‐ray scattering and microscopy are combined to quantitatively measure the nanoscale domain size, distribution and composition in high efficiency solar cells based on PTB7 and PC 71 BM. The results show that the solvent additive diiodooctane dramatically shrinks the domain size of pure fullerene agglomerates that are embedded in a polymer‐rich 70/30 wt.% molecularly mixed matrix, while preserving the domain composition relative to additive‐free devices. The fundamental miscibility between the species – measured to be equal to the device's matrix composition – is likely the dominant factor behind the overall morphology with the additive affecting the dispersion of excess fullerene. As even the molecular ordering measured by X‐ray diffraction is unchanged between the two processing routes the change in the distribution of domain size and therefore increased domain interface is primarily responsible for the dramatic increase in device performance. While fullerene exciton harvesting is clearly one significant cause of the increase owing to smaller domains, a measured increase in harvesting from the polymer species indicates that the molecular mixing is not the reason for the high efficiency in this system. Rather, excitations in the polymer likely require proximity to a pure fullerene phase for efficient charge separation and transport. Furthermore, in contrast to previous measurements on a PTB7‐based system, a hierarchical morphology was not observed, indicating that it is not necessary for high performance. DA - 2012/10/1/ PY - 2012/10/1/ DO - 10.1002/aenm.201200377 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 65-74 J2 - Adv. Energy Mater. LA - en OP - SN - 1614-6832 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201200377 DB - Crossref KW - component external quantum efficiency KW - exciton dissociation and charge separation KW - PTB7:PC71BM organic solar cells KW - quantitative domain composition and size distribution KW - resonant X-ray scattering KW - spectromicroscopy KW - thermodynamic miscibility ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantitative compositional analysis of organic thin films using transmission NEXAFS spectroscopy in an X-ray microscope AU - Collins, Brian A. AU - Ade, Harald T2 - JOURNAL OF ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY AND RELATED PHENOMENA AB - Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy is well suited for the quantitative determination of the composition of soft matter thin films. Combined with the high spatial resolution of a scanning transmission X-ray microscope, compositional maps of submicron morphologies can be derived and have been used successfully to characterize a number of materials systems. However, multiple sources of known systematic errors limit the accuracy and are frequently not taken into account. We show that these errors can be significant (more than 10%) and demonstrate simple methods to eliminate them. With suitable precautions, a compositional measurement can be made on a thin film sample in a matter of minutes with sub-micron spatial resolution and sub-percent compositional precision. NEXAFS measurements are furthermore known to be sensitive to anisotropic molecular orientation and a strategy to account for that and extract preferential molecular orientation relative to a reference is presented. The spatial resolution of the measurement can be increased to below 100 nm at the expense of compositional precision, depending on the point spread function of the zone plate focusing optics of the microscope. DA - 2012/8// PY - 2012/8// DO - 10.1016/j.elspec.2012.05.002 VL - 185 IS - 5-7 SP - 119-128 SN - 1873-2526 KW - Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) KW - Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) KW - Organic thin films KW - Quantitative analysis and methods KW - Sub-micron compositional measurement KW - X-ray scattering factors and optical constants ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of dielectric-dependent interfacial widths on device performance in top-gate P(NDI2OD-T2) field-effect transistors AU - Yan, Hongping AU - Schuettfort, Torben AU - Kronemeijer, Auke J. AU - McNeill, Christopher R. AU - Ade, Harald W. T2 - APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS AB - Resonant soft x-ray reflectivity (R-SoXR) is employed to determine the interfacial widths of the semiconductor/dielectric interface in P(NDI2OD-T2)-based top-gate organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). It is shown that the deposition of a polymer dielectric on top of a semiconducting polymer layer can affect the interface structure, even when cast from an orthogonal solvent. The observed differences in the interfacial widths for different dielectrics explain the insensitivity of OFET performance to dielectric choice for OFETs fabricated using an identical fabrication protocol. The R-SoXR results demonstrate that differences in the physical interface structure should be taken into account when considering the influence of polymer dielectrics on the performance of all solution-processed OFETs. Specifically, the importance of the choice of solvent for the deposition is highlighted. DA - 2012/8/27/ PY - 2012/8/27/ DO - 10.1063/1.4748976 VL - 101 IS - 9 SP - SN - 1077-3118 ER - TY - JOUR TI - From Binary to Ternary Solvent: Morphology Fine-tuning of D/A Blends in PDPP3T-based Polymer Solar Cells AU - Ye, Long AU - Zhang, Shaoqing AU - Ma, Wei AU - Fan, Benhu AU - Guo, Xia AU - Huang, Ye AU - Ade, Harald AU - Hou, Jianhui T2 - ADVANCED MATERIALS AB - Advanced MaterialsVolume 24, Issue 47 p. 6335-6341 Communication From Binary to Ternary Solvent: Morphology Fine-tuning of D/A Blends in PDPP3T-based Polymer Solar Cells Long Ye, Long Ye State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorShaoqing Zhang, Shaoqing Zhang State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorWei Ma, Corresponding Author Wei Ma wma5@ncsu.edu Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA Wei Ma, Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Jianhui Hou, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorBenhu Fan, Benhu Fan State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorXia Guo, Xia Guo State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYe Huang, Ye Huang State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorHarald Ade, Harald Ade Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USASearch for more papers by this authorJianhui Hou, Corresponding Author Jianhui Hou hjhzlz@iccas.ac.cn State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China Wei Ma, Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Jianhui Hou, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. ChinaSearch for more papers by this author Long Ye, Long Ye State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorShaoqing Zhang, Shaoqing Zhang State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorWei Ma, Corresponding Author Wei Ma wma5@ncsu.edu Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA Wei Ma, Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Jianhui Hou, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorBenhu Fan, Benhu Fan State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorXia Guo, Xia Guo State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYe Huang, Ye Huang State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorHarald Ade, Harald Ade Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USASearch for more papers by this authorJianhui Hou, Corresponding Author Jianhui Hou hjhzlz@iccas.ac.cn State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China Wei Ma, Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Jianhui Hou, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. ChinaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 19 September 2012 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201202855Citations: 278Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract For the PDPP3T/PCBM system investigated here, atomic force microscopy, resonant soft X-ray scattering, and grazing incidence wide angle X-ray scattering are used as an initial set of tools to determine the surface texture, the bulk compositional morphology, and the crystallization behavior, respectively. We find systematic variations and relate them to device performance. A solvent mixture of DCB/CF/DIO = 76:19:5 (v/v/v) yields a PCE of 6.71%. Citing Literature Supporting Information Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Filename Description adma_201202855_sm_suppl.pdf925.8 KB suppl Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. Volume24, Issue47December 11, 2012Pages 6335-6341 RelatedInformation DA - 2012/12/11/ PY - 2012/12/11/ DO - 10.1002/adma.201202855 VL - 24 IS - 47 SP - 6335-6341 SN - 1521-4095 KW - diketopyrrolopyrrole KW - polymer solar cells KW - ternary mixed solvent KW - morphology KW - domain purity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of dielectric-dependent interfacial widths on device performance in top-gate P(NDI2OD-T2) field-effect transistors (vol 101, 093308, 2012) AU - Yan, H. P. AU - Schuettfort, T. AU - Kronemeijer, A. J. AU - McNeill, C. R. AU - Ade, H. W. T2 - Applied Physics Letters DA - 2012/// PY - 2012/// VL - 101 IS - 17 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Engineering biodegradable polymer blends containing flame retardant-coated starch/nanoparticles AU - Pack, Seongchan AU - Bobo, Ezra AU - Muir, Neil AU - Yang, Kai AU - Swaraj, Sufal AU - Ade, Harald AU - Cao, Changhong AU - Korach, Chad S. AU - Kashiwagi, Takashi AU - Rafailovich, Miriam H. T2 - POLYMER AB - We have shown that the addition of resorcinol di(phenyl phosphate) (RDP)-coated starch can improve the compatibility to either Ecoflex or poly(lactic acid) (PLA). The increased compatibilization enhanced the tensile properties such as yield strength and impact toughness. In particular, we examined the effect of addition of RDP-coated starch on thermal responses of a blend of Ecoflex/PLA. We found that the combination of RDP-coated starches with nanoclays could render the blends self-extinguishing since they are formed as a shell-like chars on the exposure surface against heat, which can prevent the melt polymers against dripping. With an examination on the scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) images of the blends, the Ecoflex domains were well dispersed in the PLA matrix, while the domains became smaller when the RDP-coated starch was added. Moreover, we demonstrated that the introduction of either flat-like or tube-like clays could provide an increase of interfacial area on the RDP-coated starch surfaces, where each polymer chain preferentially segregates to either the starch or the clay surface. Thus, large complex in-situ grafts with polymers can be formed at the interfaces. Additionally, the complex in-situ grafts could influence flammability of the blends. We have shown that the addition of RDP-coated clays can decrease the mass loss rate of Ecoflex/Starch blends, while a lot of nanofiber are formed on the chars surface, which are entangled each other with the clay platelets. The mechanical properties of the chars structures were examined by nano-indentation, where a good elastic chars formation could keep the internal pressures built up with decomposed gases from melt polymers as well as ductility of the chars could play an important role on releasing the internal gases through small vents on its surface, steadily where a good elastic and ductile chars formation could require keeping the internal pressures built up with decomposed gases from melt polymers. DA - 2012/9/28/ PY - 2012/9/28/ DO - 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.08.007 VL - 53 IS - 21 SP - 4787-4799 SN - 1873-2291 KW - Biodegradable polymer blends KW - Nanotube KW - Flame retardants ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soft x-ray scattering facility at the Advanced Light Source with real-time data processing and analysis AU - Gann, E. AU - Young, A. T. AU - Collins, B. A. AU - Yan, H. AU - Nasiatka, J. AU - Padmore, H. A. AU - Ade, H. AU - Hexemer, A. AU - Wang, C. T2 - REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS AB - We present the development and characterization of a dedicated resonant soft x-ray scattering facility. Capable of operation over a wide energy range, the beamline and endstation are primarily used for scattering from soft matter systems around the carbon K-edge (∼285 eV). We describe the specialized design of the instrument and characteristics of the beamline. Operational characteristics of immediate interest to users such as polarization control, degree of higher harmonic spectral contamination, and detector noise are delineated. Of special interest is the development of a higher harmonic rejection system that improves the spectral purity of the x-ray beam. Special software and a user-friendly interface have been implemented to allow real-time data processing and preliminary data analysis simultaneous with data acquisition. DA - 2012/4// PY - 2012/4// DO - 10.1063/1.3701831 VL - 83 IS - 4 SP - SN - 1089-7623 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Studying Polymer/Fullerene Intermixing and Miscibility in Laterally Patterned Films with X-Ray Spectromicroscopy AU - He, Xiaoxi AU - Collins, Brian A. AU - Watts, Benjamin AU - Ade, Harald AU - McNeill, Christopher R. T2 - SMALL AB - Films of the fullerene derivatives [6,6]-phenyl-C(61)-butyric acid methyl ester (PC(61) BM) and [6,6]-phenyl-C(71)-butyric acid methyl ester (PC(71) BM) are patterned on silicon nitride membranes using photolithography to study, with X-ray spectromicroscopy, the lateral, solid-state diffusion of fullerene derivatives into conjugated polymer films. After patterning of the fullerene film, a film of conjugated polymer is laminated on top and the structure is annealed in order to study lateral intermixing and facilitate measurement of fullerene miscibility. Lateral intermixing of polymer and fullerene readily occurs for poly(2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PBTTT) and regiorandom poly(3-hexylthiophene) (RRa-P3HT). A 42 wt.% miscibility of PC(61) BM in PBTTT is measured, while miscibilities of 20 and 41 wt.% are measured for PC(61) BM and PC(71) BM, respectively, in RRa-P3HT, thereby demonstrating a significant difference in the miscibilities of these two fullerene derivatives. For regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (RR-P3HT), incomplete lateral intermixing of fullerene and RR-P3HT is observed with PCBM crystallite formation competing with the lateral diffusion of PCBM molecules into the polymer film. DA - 2012/6/25/ PY - 2012/6/25/ DO - 10.1002/smll.201102382 VL - 8 IS - 12 SP - 1920-1927 SN - 1613-6810 KW - fullerenes KW - miscibility KW - polymers KW - thin films KW - X-ray spectromicroscopy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Correlating the Efficiency and Nanomorphology of Polymer Blend Solar Cells Utilizing Resonant Soft X-ray Scattering AU - Yan, Hongping AU - Collins, Brian A. AU - Gann, Eliot AU - Wang, Cheng AU - Ade, Harald AU - McNeill, Christopher R. T2 - ACS NANO AB - Enhanced scattering contrast afforded by resonant soft X-ray scattering (R-SoXS) is used to probe the nanomorphology of all-polymer solar cells based on blends of the donor polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with either the acceptor polymer poly((9,9-dioctylfluorene)-2,7-diyl-alt-[4,7-bis(3-hexylthien-5-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole]-2′,2″-diyl) (F8TBT) or poly([N,N′-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-11-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5′-(2,2′-12-bithiophene)) (P(NDI2OD-T2)). Both P3HT:F8TBT and P3HT:P(NDI2OD-T2) blends processed from chloroform with subsequent annealing exhibit complicated morphologies with a hierarchy of phase separation. A bimodal distribution of domain sizes is observed for P3HT:P(NDI2OD-T2) blends with small domains of size ∼5–10 nm that evolve with annealing and larger domains of size ∼100 nm that are insensitive to annealing. P3HT:F8TBT blends in contrast show a broader distribution of domain size but with the majority of this blend structured on the 10 nm length scale. For both P3HT:P(NDI2OD-T2) and P3HT:F8TBT blends, an evolution in device performance is observed that is correlated with a coarsening and purification of domains on the 5–10 nm length scale. Grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GI-WAXS) is also employed to probe material crystallinity, revealing P(NDI2OD-T2) crystallites 25–40 nm in thickness that are embedded in the larger domains observed by R-SoXS. A higher degree of P3HT crystallinity is also observed in blends with P(NDI2OD-T2) compared to F8TBT with the propensity of the polymers to crystallize in P3HT:P(NDI2OD-T2) blends hindering the structuring of morphology on the sub-10 nm length scale. This work also underscores the complementarity of R-SoXS and GI-WAXS, with R-SoXS measuring the size of compositionally distinguishable domains and GI-WAXS providing information regarding crystallinity and crystallite thickness. DA - 2012/1// PY - 2012/1// DO - 10.1021/nn204150f VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 677-688 SN - 1936-086X KW - bulk heterojunction KW - polymer blends KW - polymer solar cells KW - soft X-rays KW - X-ray scattering ER -