TY - CONF TI - A probabilistic network modeling approach for nanoparticle risk assessments AU - Money, E.S. AU - Reckhow, K.H. T2 - Society for Risk Analysis Annual Meeting C2 - 2009/// C3 - Society for Risk Analysis Annual Meeting CY - Baltimore, MD, USA DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/12/6/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Nano-risk and Macro-Uncertainty: Using Probability Networks to Model the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology AU - Money, E.S. AU - Robichaud, C.O. AU - Reckhow, K.H. T2 - International Consortium on the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (ICEIN) Annual Meeting C2 - 2009/// C3 - International Consortium on the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (ICEIN) Annual Meeting CY - Washington, DC, USA DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/9/9/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Recommendation-based geovisualization support for reconstitution in critical infrastructure protection AU - Wilson, D.C. AU - Pala, O. AU - Tolone, W.J. AU - Xiang, W.-N. AB - Protecting critical infrastructure systems, such as electrical power grids, has become a primary concern for many governments and organizations across a variety of stakeholder perspectives. Critical infrastructures involve multidimensional, highly complex collections of technologies, processes, and people, and as such, are vulnerable to potentially catastrophic failures on many levels. Moreover, cross-infrastructure dependencies can give rise to cascading effects with escalating impact across multiple infrastructures. Critical infrastructure protection involves both safeguarding against potential disaster scenarios and effective response in the aftermath of infrastructure failure. Our research is developing innovative approaches to modeling critical infrastructures in order to support decision-making during reconstitution efforts in response to infrastructure disruptions. By modeling the impact of infrastructure elements, both within and across infrastructures, we can recommend focus areas for reconstitution resources across different stakeholders in the context of their current goals. An interactive geovisualization interface provides a natural context for this infrastructure analysis support. This paper presents an overview of our approach and the GIS modeling environment under development for decision support in critical infrastructure reconstitution. C2 - 2009/// C3 - Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering DA - 2009/// DO - 10.1117/12.818718 VL - 7346 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79959430603&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Grounding geovisualization interface design: A study of interactive map use AU - Wisniewski, P.K. AU - Wilson, D.C. AU - Pala, O. AU - Lipford, H.R. AB - Building the most effective tools to support user-centered geographic visualization faces a significant challenge: not enough is known about how people interact with maps. Map use research has often focused on higher order use goals or cognitive interpretations of static map representations. In order to address the problem of understanding foundational user-map interaction behavior, we are studying user interactions in complex geovisualizations, with an initial focus on analysis tasks. This paper describes an exploratory user study to examine general interaction issues with complex map visualizations. Our results highlight the need for map tools to improve interactivity and support basic analysis tasks to aid users in decision making. C2 - 2009/// C3 - Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings DA - 2009/// DO - 10.1145/1520340.1520567 SP - 3757-3762 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70349165210&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Overwintering Habitats of the Colorado potato beetle in Wisconsin's Central Sands Production Area AU - Huseth, A.S. AU - Groves, R.L. T2 - Wisconsin Potato and Vegetable Growers Association, Grower Education Conference C2 - 2009/// C3 - Proceedings of the Wisconsin Potato and Vegetable Growers Association, Grower Education Conference CY - Stevens Point, WI DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/2/3/ VL - 22 SP - 31-36 ER - TY - CONF TI - PARTICIPATORY SIMULATION AS A TOOL FOR AGENT-BASED SIMULATION C2 - 2009/// C3 - International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence (ICAART) DA - 2009/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/56056148/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Geology of the Höh Serh Range, Mongolian Altai AU - Bader, N.E. AU - Bayasgalan, A. AU - Carson, R.J. AU - Frankel, K.L. AU - Wegmann, K.W. A2 - Wet, A. C2 - 2009/// C3 - Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Keck Research Symposium in Geology: Lancaster, Keck Geology Consortium DA - 2009/// SP - 219–225 UR - https://keckgeology.org/files/pdf/symvol/22nd/mongolia/Bader_et_al219-225.pdf ER - TY - BLOG TI - AOU Thursday: Hope for Solving Bird Collisions AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - Round Robin DA - 2009/8/14/ PY - 2009/8/14/ UR - https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/aou-thursday-hope-for-solving-bird-collisions/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - A genetic algorithm-based procedure for 3D source identification at the Borden emplacement site AU - Jin, Xin AU - Mahinthakumar, G. (Kumar) AU - Zechman, Emily M. AU - Ranjithan, Ranji S. T2 - Journal of Hydroinformatics AB - Finding the location and concentration of groundwater contaminant sources typically requires the solution of an inverse problem. A parallel hybrid optimization framework that uses genetic algorithms (GA) coupled with local search approaches (GA-LS) has been developed previously to solve groundwater inverse problems. In this study, the identification of an emplaced source at the Borden site is carried out as a test problem using this optimization framework by using a Real Genetic Algorithm (RGA) as the GA approach and a Nelder–Mead simplex as the LS approach. The RGA results showed that the minimum objective function did not always correspond to the minimum solution error, indicating a possible non-uniqueness issue. To address this problem, a procedure to identify maximally different starting points for LS is introduced. When measurement or model errors are non-existent or minimal it is shown that one of these starting points leads to the true solution. When these errors are significant, this procedure leads to multiple possible solutions that could be used as a basis for further investigation. Metrics of mean and standard deviation of objective function values was adopted to evaluate the possible solutions. A new selection criterion based on these metrics is suggested to find the best alternative. This suggests that this alternative generation procedure could be used to address the non-uniqueness of similar inverse problems. A potential limitation of this approach is the application to a wide class of problems, as verification has not been performed with a large number of test cases or other inverse problems. This remains a topic for future work. DA - 2009/1// PY - 2009/1// DO - 10.2166/hydro.2009.002 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 51-64 LA - en OP - SN - 1464-7141 1465-1734 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2009.002 DB - Crossref KW - environmental forensics KW - evolutionary computation KW - groundwater source identification KW - inverse problems ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evolutionary Computation-Based Methods for Characterizing Contaminant Sources in a Water Distribution System AU - Zechman, Emily M. AU - Ranjithan, S. Ranji T2 - Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management AB - The area of systematic identification of contamination sources in water distribution systems is in its infancy and is rapidly growing. The real water distribution network problem poses many challenges that current methods usually assume away to facilitate manageable method development and testing. Current methods may not readily and efficiently address issues, such as multiple sources, unknown contamination types with different reaction kinetics, use of different types of sensors with varying degree of resolution, dynamically varying demand and sensor information, and uncertainty and errors in the data and measurements. With the aim of addressing these imminent challenges, this paper reports the findings of an ongoing research investigation that develops and tests an evolutionary algorithm-based flexible and generic procedure, which is structured within a simulation-optimization paradigm. This paper describes the specific implementation of the method using evolution strategies (ESs), a population-based heuristic global search algorithm. A key component of designing this source characterization method is to define a compact, but comprehensive, solution encoding structure. The new method is constructed using a tree-based encoding design to enable the representation of variable-length decision vectors and a set of associated genetic operators that enable an efficient search. This algorithm is successfully tested and demonstrated to have consistently good performance for several instances of an illustrative water distribution contamination case study. As the ES-based algorithm conducts a probabilistic search, its robustness is tested using multiple random trials, and the method is shown to exhibit a robust behavior. DA - 2009/9// PY - 2009/9// DO - 10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2009)135:5(334) VL - 135 IS - 5 SP - 334-343 J2 - J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. LA - en OP - SN - 0733-9496 1943-5452 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2009)135:5(334) DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - A parallel evolutionary strategy based simulation–optimization approach for solving groundwater source identification problems AU - Mirghani, Baha Y. AU - Mahinthakumar, Kumar G. AU - Tryby, Michael E. AU - Ranjithan, Ranji S. AU - Zechman, Emily M. T2 - Advances in Water Resources AB - Groundwater characterization involves the resolution of unknown system characteristics from observation data, and is often classified as an inverse problem. Inverse problems are difficult to solve due to natural ill-posedness and computational intractability. Here we adopt the use of a simulation–optimization approach that couples a numerical pollutant-transport simulation model with evolutionary search algorithms for solution of the inverse problem. In this approach, the numerical transport model is solved iteratively during the evolutionary search. This process can be computationally intensive since several hundreds to thousands of forward model evaluations are typically required for solution. Given the potential computational intractability of such a simulation–optimization approach, parallel computation is employed to ease and enable the solution of such problems. In this paper, several variations of a groundwater source identification problem is examined in terms of solution quality and computational performance. The computational experiments were performed on the TeraGrid cluster available at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications. The results demonstrate the performance of the parallel simulation–optimization approach in terms of solution quality and computational performance. DA - 2009/9// PY - 2009/9// DO - 10.1016/j.advwatres.2009.06.001 VL - 32 IS - 9 SP - 1373-1385 J2 - Advances in Water Resources LA - en OP - SN - 0309-1708 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2009.06.001 DB - Crossref KW - Evolutionary algorithms KW - Inverse problems KW - Parallel simulation-optimization framework KW - Groundwater source identification problem KW - High performance computing ER - TY - CONF TI - A Multi-Objective Evolutionary Computation Approach to Hazards Mitigation Design for Water Distribution Systems AU - Kanta, Lufthansa AU - Brumbelow, Kelly AU - Zechman, Emily T2 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 AB - One of the critical public safety roles for water distribution systems (WDS) is suppression of urban fire events. Previous studies have investigated WDS rehabilitation for mitigation of potential fire events with a major focus on improving fire flows by pipe enlargement. However, pipe enlargement can cause water quality problems and place public health at risk during normal operational periods. Thus a novel approach is required to effectively address the conflicting goals of the WDS: reliable delivery of water during normal as well as emergency conditions, meeting water quality standards, and finding cost-effective design and rehabilitation options. In this study an evolutionary computation-based multi-objective optimization-simulation framework is developed to design effective mitigation strategies for urban fire events for water distribution systems with three objectives: (1) minimizing fire damages, (2) minimizing water quality deficiencies, and (3) minimizing the cost of mitigation. An elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is modified by incorporating an evolution strategy (ES) to address difficulties for heuristic algorithms posed by WDS problems. Implementation of this methodology generates Pareto-optimal solution surfaces that express the trade-off relationship between fire damage, water quality, and least cost objectives. Thus, the method provides decision makers with the flexibility to choose a mitigation plan for urban fire events best suited for their circumstances. Each Pareto-optimal solution comprises a set of pipes to be enlarged to achieve increased fire flow and the corresponding diameters of these pipes. The algorithm is illustrated with several test functions. The Micropolis virtual city is then used to demonstrate the application of the proposed methodology to a complex WDS. C2 - 2009/5/12/ C3 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 DA - 2009/5/12/ DO - 10.1061/41036(342)43 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 9780784410363 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)43 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Improving Hydrologic Sustainability of Texas A&M University Campus AU - Khedun, Prakash AU - Damodaram, Chandana AU - Giacomoni, Marcio AU - Ryan, Andrea AU - Holmes, Hillary AU - Klein, Ross AU - Saour, William AU - Hollingsworth, Michelle AU - Berthold, Troy AU - Davis, Meg AU - Bullock, Philip AU - Ravikumar, Neetha AU - Zechman, Emily AU - Moore, Georgianne AU - Boulanger, Bryan AU - Stoleru, Radu T2 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 AB - This research investigates the hydrologic sustainability of urban development and stormwater management for a watershed on the Texas A&M campus. The main Texas A&M campus has become increasingly urbanized, resulting in areas of imperviousness that generate higher rates of runoff. This growth has proceeded unchecked, and significant growth and development are planned for the future. Both increased rates of runoff from previous development and the impact of anticipated development should be addressed through mitigation efforts. This research provides a means to assess watershed health through biological indicators, water quality indicators, riparian ecosystems, the floodplain footprint, and the long term flow regime. A modeling framework is implemented to couple hydrologic and hydraulics models to simulate a set of watershed management plans that employ alternative best management practices. Development plans will be evaluated based on a set of comprehensive metrics that synthesize ecological, hydrologic, and environmental aspects of watershed health. The selection of management plans based on these metrics will enhance the environmental sustainability of further campus development. C2 - 2009/5/12/ C3 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 DA - 2009/5/12/ DO - 10.1061/41036(342)122 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 9780784410363 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)122 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Hydrologic Footprint Residence: A New Metric to Assess Hydrological Alterations Due to Urbanization AU - Giacomoni, M. H. AU - Zechman, E. M. T2 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 AB - Urbanization modifies hydrological processes in a watershed as surface alterations, such as the use of impervious cover, increase runoff volumes and modify the temporal patterns of the hydrograph. Higher peak flows and increased flood duration often lead to erosion and degradation of ecosystems. Typically, the peak flow for a design storm is used to assess the impact of land use change on the hydrological cycle. This approach, however, does not capture the extent of hydrologic change and impact on downstream communities. Floodplains have an important function in controlling downstream floods and sustaining sensitive ecosystems. This research proposes a new metric to quantify the effects of development based on the change in floodplain areas. The Hydrologic Footprint Residence (HFR) is proposed to evaluate the modification of floodplain areas and duration of a flood's residence. HFR can be used to analyze hydrological changes, gauge riparian ecosystem health, and develop watershed management plans. The use of HFR is demonstrated for a case study located on the Texas A&M University campus to evaluate the hydrologic impact of watershed development. C2 - 2009/5/12/ C3 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 DA - 2009/5/12/ DO - 10.1061/41036(342)119 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 9780784410363 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)119 DB - Crossref ER - TY - SOUND TI - Misconceptions about Climate Change and the Importance of Public Science Literacy AU - Cooper, C.B. DA - 2009/10// PY - 2009/10// ER - TY - JOUR TI - City structure, obesity, and environmental justice: An integrated analysis of physical and social barriers to walkable streets and park access AU - Cutts, Bethany B. AU - Darby, Kate J. AU - Boone, Christopher G. AU - Brewis, Alexandra T2 - Social Science & Medicine AB - Local parks and walkable neighborhoods are commonly cited as elements of the urban environment that promote physical activity and reduce obesity risk. When those vulnerable to obesity-related diseases live in neighborhoods without these qualities, it works against environmental justice goals that aim for a fair distribution of amenities. We use geographic information systems (GIS) to evaluate the relationship between the distribution of populations vulnerable to obesity and proximity to parks and walkable street networks in Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Though previous studies have used GIS to assess the distribution of access to opportunities for physical activity, none have analyzed access to both parks and walkable resources at once. Neither have they included data that reflects findings on a smaller scale indicating that perceptions of resource quality, safety, and cultural relevance also affect physical activity levels. We include these safety and quality factors in our study through statistical data on traffic fatalities, crime rates and park size. We find that, counter to predictions, subpopulations generally considered vulnerable to obesity (and environmental injustices more generally) are more likely to live in walkable neighborhoods and have better walking access to neighborhood parks than other groups in Phoenix. However, crime is highest in walkable neighborhoods with large Latino/a and African-American populations and parks are smaller in areas populated by Latino/as. Given the higher prevalence of obesity and related diseases in lower income and minority populations in Phoenix, the results suggest that benefits of built environments may be offset by social characteristics. Our most consistent finding indicates a strong negative relationship between the percentage of the population under 18 years of age living in an area and the likelihood that the structure of the built environment supports physical activity. Children under 18 are significantly underrepresented in regions deemed highly walkable and those with access to parks. DA - 2009/11// PY - 2009/11// DO - 10.1016/S9999-9994(09)20424-7 VL - 69 IS - 9 SP - 1314-1322 SN - 0277-9536 ER - TY - CONF TI - Climate-informed Uncertainty Analyses for Integrated River Basin Management AU - Arumugam, S. T2 - US-Korea Conference C2 - 2009/7/19/ CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2009/7/19/ PY - 2009/7/19/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Role of Climate Variability and Change in Improving River Basin Management AU - Arumugam, S. DA - 2009/12/23/ PY - 2009/12/23/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extended Laying Interval of Ultimate Eggs of the Eastern Bluebird AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Voss, M. A. AU - Zivkovic, Bora T2 - The Condor AB - Proximately, clutch size is determined by the termination of the sequential pattern of egg formation and laying. Egg laying is difficult to study, and documentation of detailed patterns is scarce. We used archived video recordings of the Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis) to contrast the times of day of laying with variability in egg-laying intervals. Ultimate eggs were laid over a significantly longer interval than previous eggs. The extended interval over which the ultimate egg is laid could be a symptom of physiological constraints in the formation of the ultimate egg, extra resources provided to compensate the ultimate egg, and/or a late egg may become the ultimate egg because being late prevents further ovulation. DA - 2009/11// PY - 2009/11// DO - 10.1525/cond.2009.090061 VL - 111 IS - 4 SP - 752-755 J2 - Condor LA - en OP - SN - 0010-5422 1938-5129 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cond.2009.090061 DB - Crossref KW - clutch size KW - Eastern Bluebird KW - egg formation KW - egg-laying interval KW - ovulation KW - photoperiod KW - Sialia sialis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extinction debt or habitat change? – Ongoing losses of woodland birds in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia AU - Ford, Hugh A. AU - Walters, Jeffrey R. AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Debus, Stephen J.S. AU - Doerr, Veronica A.J. T2 - Biological Conservation AB - The loss, fragmentation and degradation of native vegetation are major causes of loss of biodiversity globally. Extinction debt is the term used to describe the ongoing loss of species from fragmented landscapes long after the original loss and fragmentation of habitat. However, losses may also result from habitat changes that are unrelated to fragmentation, which reduce breeding success and recruitment. Many woodland birds have declined in fragmented landscapes in Australia, probably due to loss of small, isolated populations, though the ecological processes are poorly understood. We record the progressive regional loss of two ground-foraging, woodland birds, the Brown Treecreeper Climacteris picumnus and Hooded Robin Melanodryas cucullata, in northern New South Wales, over 30 years. This has happened despite most habitat loss occurring over 100 years ago, suggesting the payment of an extinction debt. Our observations suggest that several ecological processes, caused by habitat loss, fragmentation or degradation, and operating over different time scales, have led to both species’ declines. Female Brown Treecreepers disperse poorly among vegetation remnants, leaving only males in isolated populations, which then go extinct. In contrast, Hooded Robins suffer high nest predation in fragmented landscapes, producing too few recruits to replace adult mortality. Foraging by both species may also be affected by regrowth of ground vegetation and shrubs. We found little support for a major role played by drought, climate change or aggressive Noisy Miners Manorina melanocephala. We propose that both extinction debt in the classical sense and ongoing habitat change frequently contribute to species’ decline in modified landscapes. Management to arrest and reverse such declines needs to consider these multiple causes of decline. For instance, reconnecting isolated populations may be inadequate alone, and activities such as appropriate grazing, fires and the addition of woody debris may also be required. DA - 2009/12// PY - 2009/12// DO - 10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.022 VL - 142 IS - 12 SP - 3182-3190 J2 - Biological Conservation LA - en OP - SN - 0006-3207 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.022 DB - Crossref KW - Habitat fragmentation KW - Brown Treecreeper Hooded Robin KW - Eucalypt woodland KW - Habitat change KW - Dispersal ER - TY - JOUR TI - Management of ecological thresholds to re-establish disturbance-maintained herbaceous wetlands of the south-eastern USA AU - Martin, Katherine L. AU - Kirkman, L. Katherine T2 - Journal of Applied Ecology AB - Summary 1. The restoration of disturbance‐maintained ecosystems may require management to overcome ecological thresholds and re‐establish feedbacks that perpetuate an alternative community. We use hardwood‐dominated depression wetlands (locally known as oak domes) embedded in the fire‐maintained longleaf pine–wiregrass Pinus palustris – Aristida stricta ecosystem as an example where concepts developed from alternative state theory are applied to practical restoration. 2. As extant communities were not available as reference sites, we based our restoration objectives on knowledge of vegetation dynamics, land‐use history and historical data. We quantified a hardwood encroachment pattern beginning with the establishment of central nuclei during fire‐free periods. Expansion of this core of hardwoods is positively reinforced by the accumulation of fuels that impede the spread of fire. 3. In order to examine the feasibility of re‐establishing herbaceous communities, we selected 10 depression wetlands in 2000 and randomly assigned a hardwood removal treatment to half of them. During the transition period of fine fuel accumulation, we adapted the management regime as necessary for control of hardwood re‐sprouts and to promote the development of a fire‐maintained community. 4. After 5 years, hardwood removal communities had shifted toward herbaceous dominance, characterized by multi‐layered, species‐rich, native, wetland‐specific ground flora. The rapid recovery of herbaceous species was probably possible because of initial seedling recruitment from a persistent wetland soil seed bank. This immediate recruitment of herbaceous vegetation produced fine fuels, allowing for the reintroduction of frequent prescribed fire and, thus, the re‐establishment of the herbaceous community‐fire feedback mechanism necessary to maintain the community state. 5. Synthesis and applications . Our findings confirm that it is possible to re‐establish a rare alternative community state in a fire‐maintained ecosystem. Establishment of a desired transition trajectory required decoupling ecological feedbacks that inhibit reintroduction of fire while facilitating positive feedbacks to promote fire. Our approach incorporating ecological thresholds and biotic legacies, such as a persistent seed bank, can serve as a model to inform restoration strategies for other disturbance‐maintained ecosystems. DA - 2009/8// PY - 2009/8// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01659.x VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - 906–914 SN - 0021-8901 1365-2664 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01659.x KW - adaptive management KW - alternative community state KW - coastal plain KW - depression wetland KW - ecological threshold KW - fire KW - hardwood removal KW - longleaf pine ecosystem KW - restoration KW - seed bank ER - TY - CHAP TI - The use of seasonal climate forecasts within a shared reservoir system: The case of Angat reservoir, the Philippines AU - Brown, C. AU - Conrad, E. AU - Sankarasubramanian, A. AU - Someshwar, S. AU - Elazegui, Dulze T2 - Climate Change Adaptation in the Water Sector A2 - Ludwig, F. A2 - Kabat, P. A2 - van Schaik, H. A2 - van der Valk, M. PY - 2009/// PB - Earthscan ER - TY - CHAP TI - Incremental Clustering Algorithm for Earth Science Data Mining AU - Vatsavai, Ranga Raju T2 - Computational Science – ICCS 2009 A2 - Allen, G. A2 - Nabrzyski, J. A2 - Seidel, E. A2 - van Albada, G. D. A2 - Dongarra, J. A2 - Sloot, P.M.A. T3 - Lecture Notes in Computer Science AB - Remote sensing data plays a key role in understanding the complex geographic phenomena. Clustering is a useful tool in discovering interesting patterns and structures within the multivariate geospatial data. One of the key issues in clustering is the specification of appropriate number of clusters, which is not obvious in many practical situations. In this paper we provide an extension of G-means algorithm which automatically learns the number of clusters present in the data and avoids over estimation of the number of clusters. Experimental evaluation on simulated and remotely sensed image data shows the effectiveness of our algorithm. PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-642-01973-9_42 SP - 375–384 PB - Springer Berlin Heidelberg SN - 9783642019722 9783642019739 SV - 5545 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01973-9_42 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Carbon Finance: The Financial Implications of Climate Change, Sonia Labatt and Rodney R. White AU - Baker, J.S. AU - Labatt, Sonia AU - White, Rodney R. AB - Book Review| April 01 2009 Frontiers in Resource and Rural Economics: Human-Nature, Rural-Urban Interdependencies, The Governance of Western Public Lands: Mapping Its Present and Future and Carbon Finance: The Financial Implications of Climate Change Frontiers in Resource and Rural Economics: Human-Nature, Rural-Urban Interdependencies, Wu, JunJie, Barkley, Paul, and Weber, Bruce (eds.), Resources for the Future Press, 2008. xv + 251 pp., US$85 (hardcover), ISBN 978-1-933-11564-1The Governance of Western Public Lands: Mapping Its Present and Future, Nie, Martin, Kansas University Press, 2008. xii+368 pp., US$39.95 (hardcover), ISBN 978-0-700-61558-2Carbon Finance: The Financial Implications of Climate Change, Labatt, Sonia and Rodney R. White, John Wiley and Sons, 2007. xx+268 pp., US$85.00 (hardcover), ISBN 978-0-471-79467-7 Robert Hearne; Robert Hearne North Dakota State University Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Brian Petersen; Brian Petersen University of California, Santa Cruz Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Justin S. Baker Justin S. Baker Duke University Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research (2009) 1 (2): 205–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390450902783955 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Robert Hearne, Brian Petersen, Justin S. Baker; Frontiers in Resource and Rural Economics: Human-Nature, Rural-Urban Interdependencies, The Governance of Western Public Lands: Mapping Its Present and Future and Carbon Finance: The Financial Implications of Climate Change. Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research 1 April 2009; 1 (2): 205–209. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19390450902783955 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectivePenn State University PressJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright © 2009 The Pennsylvania State University2009The Pennsylvania State University Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1080/19390450902783955 VL - 1 SE - 205–209 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Explaining Subjective Risks of Hurricanes and the Role of Risks in Intended Moving and Location Choice Models AU - Baker, Justin AU - Shaw, W. Douglass AU - Bell, David AU - Brody, Sam AU - Riddel, Mary AU - Woodward, Richard T. AU - Neilson, William T2 - Natural Hazards Review AB - Using stated choice survey data we report on subjects’ perceptions of the risks of hurricanes and intended relocation decisions when faced with such risks. All of the subjects were displaced by either Hurricane Katrina or Rita, in New Orleans and other Gulf Coast areas in 2005. Results here suggest that subjective perceptions of risk are quite high as compared to scientific estimates of risk, and relocation decisions revealed from a discrete choice experiment are significantly determined by levels of hurricane strike risks. DA - 2009/8// PY - 2009/8// DO - 10.1061/(asce)1527-6988(2009)10:3(102) VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 102-112 J2 - Nat. Hazards Rev. LA - en OP - SN - 1527-6988 1527-6996 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1527-6988(2009)10:3(102) DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in subjective risks of hurricanes as time passes: analysis of a sample of Katrina evacuees AU - Baker, Justin AU - Shaw, W. Douglass AU - Riddel, Mary AU - Woodward, Richard T. T2 - Journal of Risk Research AB - Using a quasi‐field experiment, we report on subjects' perceptions of the risks of hurricanes. All experimental subjects were displaced by either Hurricane Katrina or Rita, in New Orleans and other Gulf Coast areas, except for a small control group consisting of people who live in central Texas. We examine their perceptions of risks just after the hurricanes occurred, and over one year later to evaluate the change in subjective risk perceptions over time. A latent risk model is estimated in which subjective probabilities of hurricane strike risk are represented as a function of respondents' demographic characteristics and experiences following the storms. DA - 2009/1// PY - 2009/1// DO - 10.1080/13669870802452798 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 59-74 J2 - Journal of Risk Research LA - en OP - SN - 1366-9877 1466-4461 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13669870802452798 DB - Crossref KW - subjective risk KW - Hurricane Katrina KW - Rita KW - ambiguity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Set-asides can be better climate investment than corn ethanol AU - Piñeiro, Gervasio AU - Jobbágy, Esteban G. AU - Baker, Justin AU - Murray, Brian C. AU - Jackson, Robert B. T2 - Ecological Applications AB - Although various studies have shown that corn ethanol reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by displacing fossil fuel use, many of these studies fail to include how land-use history affects the net carbon balance through changes in soil carbon content. We evaluated the effectiveness and economic value of corn and cellulosic ethanol production for reducing net GHG emissions when produced on lands with different land-use histories, comparing these strategies with reductions achieved by set-aside programs such as the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). Depending on prior land use, our analysis shows that C releases from the soil after planting corn for ethanol may in some cases completely offset C gains attributed to biofuel generation for at least 50 years. More surprisingly, based on our comprehensive analysis of 142 soil studies, soil C sequestered by setting aside former agricultural land was greater than the C credits generated by planting corn for ethanol on the same land for 40 years and had equal or greater economic net present value. Once commercially available, cellulosic ethanol produced in set-aside grasslands should provide the most efficient tool for GHG reduction of any scenario we examined. Our results suggest that conversion of CRP lands or other set-aside programs to corn ethanol production should not be encouraged through greenhouse gas policies. DA - 2009/3// PY - 2009/3// DO - 10.1890/08-0645.1 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 277-282 J2 - Ecological Applications LA - en OP - SN - 1051-0761 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/08-0645.1 DB - Crossref KW - biofuel KW - CO2 KW - Conservation Reserve Program, CRP KW - corn ethanol KW - greenhouse gases KW - land-use change KW - renewable energy KW - soil carbon storage ER - TY - CONF TI - Ecological context of restorative environments AU - Hipp, J.A. T2 - EDRA C2 - 2009/// C3 - Proceedings of the annual conference of the Environmental Design Research Association CY - Kansas City, MO DA - 2009/// PY - 2008/12// VL - 40 PB - Environmental Design Research Association ER - TY - JOUR TI - Citizen Science: A Developing Tool for Expanding Science Knowledge and Scientific Literacy AU - Bonney, Rick AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Dickinson, Janis AU - Kelling, Steve AU - Phillips, Tina AU - Rosenberg, Kenneth V. AU - Shirk, Jennifer T2 - BioScience AB - Citizen science enlists the public in collecting large quantities of data across an array of habitats and locations over long spans of time. Citizen science projects have been remarkably successful in advancing scientific knowledge, and contributions from citizen scientists now provide a vast quantity of data about species occurrence and distribution around the world. Most citizen science projects also strive to help participants learn about the organisms they are observing and to experience the process by which scientific investigations are conducted. Developing and implementing public data-collection projects that yield both scientific and educational outcomes requires significant effort. This article describes the model for building and operating citizen science projects that has evolved at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology over the past two decades. We hope that our model will inform the fields of biodiversity monitoring, biological research, and science education while providing a window into the cultur... DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1525/bio.2009.59.11.9 VL - 59 IS - 11 SP - 977-984 KW - citizen science KW - public participation in research KW - public scientific literacy ER - TY - CHAP TI - Sources of Measurement Error, Misclassification Error, and Bias in Auditory Avian Point Count Data AU - Simons, Theodore R. AU - Pollock, Kenneth H. AU - Wettroth, John M. AU - Alldredge, Mathew W. AU - Pacifici, Krishna AU - Brewster, Jerome T2 - Modeling Demographic Processes In Marked Populations PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1007/978-0-387-78151-8_10 SP - 237-254 OP - PB - Springer US SN - 9780387781501 9780387781518 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78151-8_10 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The emergence of zoning policy games in exurban jurisdictions: Informing collective action theory AU - Zellner, Moira L. AU - Page, Scott E. AU - Rand, William AU - Brown, Daniel G. AU - Robinson, Derek T. AU - Nassauer, Joan AU - Low, Bobbi T2 - Land Use Policy AB - Theoretical urban policy literature predicts the likelihood of free riding in the management of common goods such as forested open space; such outcome is often characterized as a Prisoner's Dilemma game. Numerous cases exist in which neighboring jurisdictions cooperate to maintain public goods, challenging the expected results, yet theoretical explanations of these cases have not been fully developed. In this paper, we use an agent-based model to explore how underlying micro-behaviors affect the payoffs obtained by two neighboring municipalities in a hypothetical exurban area. Payoffs are measured in terms of regional forested space and of local tax revenue at the end of the agent-based simulations; the municipalities affect these payoffs through their choice of residential zoning policies and the spillover effect between the neighboring jurisdictions. Zoning restrictions influence the conversion of farmland into residential subdivisions of different types, and consequently the location of heterogeneous residential households in the region. Developers and residents respond to the changing landscape characteristics, thus establishing a feedback between early and future land-use patterns. The structure of the simulated payoffs is analyzed using standard game theory. Our analysis shows that a variety of games, in addition to Prisoner's Dilemma, can emerge between the neighboring jurisdictions. Other games encourage coordination or subsidization, offering some explanations for the unexpected observations. The game realized in any given context depends on the initial characteristics of the landscape, the value given to the objectives each township seeks to maximize, and the income distribution of the population. DA - 2009/4// PY - 2009/4// DO - 10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.04.004 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 356-367 J2 - Land Use Policy LA - en OP - SN - 0264-8377 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.04.004 DB - Crossref KW - Land-use policy KW - Scale interaction KW - Local government cooperation KW - Game theory KW - Agent-based modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multivariate Spatial-Temporal Modeling and Prediction of Speciated Fine Particles AU - Choi, Jungsoon AU - Reich, Brian J. AU - Fuentes, Montserrat AU - Davis, Jerry M. T2 - Journal of Statistical Theory and Practice AB - Fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) is an atmospheric pollutant that has been linked to serious health problems, including mortality. PM(2.5) is a mixture of pollutants, and it has five main components: sulfate, nitrate, total carbonaceous mass, ammonium, and crustal material. These components have complex spatial-temporal dependency and cross dependency structures. It is important to gain insight and better understanding about the spatial-temporal distribution of each component of the total PM(2.5) mass, and also to estimate how the composition of PM(2.5) might change with space and time, by spatially interpolating speciated PM(2.5). This type of analysis is needed to conduct spatial-temporal epidemiological studies of the association of these pollutants and adverse health effect.We introduce a multivariate spatial-temporal model for speciated PM(2.5). We propose a Bayesian hierarchical framework with spatiotemporally varying coefficients. In addition, a linear model of coregionalization is developed to account for spatial and temporal dependency structures for each component as well as the associations among the components. We also introduce a statistical framework to combine different sources of data, which accounts for bias and measurement error. We apply our framework to speciated PM(2.5) data in the United States for the year 2004. Our study shows that sulfate concentrations are the highest during the summer while nitrate concentrations are the highest during the winter. The results also show total carbonaceous mass. DA - 2009/6// PY - 2009/6// DO - 10.1080/15598608.2009.10411933 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 407-418 J2 - Journal of Statistical Theory and Practice LA - en OP - SN - 1559-8608 1559-8616 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15598608.2009.10411933 DB - Crossref KW - Air pollution KW - Bayesian inference KW - Linear coregionalization model KW - Multivariate spatiotemporal processes KW - Speciated particulate matter ER - TY - JOUR TI - The geometry of volcano flank terraces on Mars AU - Byrne, Paul K. AU - van Wyk de Vries, Benjamin AU - Murray, John B. AU - Troll, Valentin R. T2 - Earth and Planetary Science Letters AB - Flank terraces are subtle, expansive structures on the slopes of many large Martian shield volcanoes. Several terrace formation hypotheses — including self-loading, lithospheric flexure, magma chamber tumescence, volcano spreading, and shallow gravitational slumping — have been suggested. Terraces are not readily visible on photogeological data; consequently, terrace geometry has not yet been comprehensively described. Terrace provenance, therefore, is poorly understood. We used three-dimensional Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data to characterise the geometry of these elusive structures, with a view to understanding better the role that flank terraces play in the tectonic evolution of volcanoes on Mars. Terraces have a broad, convex-upward profile in section, and a systematic “fish scale” imbricate stacking pattern in plan. They are visible at all elevations, on at least nine disparate Martian volcanoes. Terrace-like features also occur on three shield volcanoes on Earth, an observation not recorded before. Analysis of a suite of morphometric parameters for flank terraces showed that they are scale-invariant, with similar proportions to thrust faults on Earth. We compared predicted formation geometries to our terrace observations, and found that only lithospheric flexure can fully account for the morphology, distribution, and timing of terraces. As a volcano flexes into the lithosphere beneath it, its upper surface will experience a net reduction in area, resulting in the formation of outward verging thrusts. We conclude, therefore, that flank terraces are fundamental volcanotectonic structures, that they are the surface expressions of thrust faults, probably formed by lithospheric flexure, and that they are not restricted to Mars. DA - 2009/4// PY - 2009/4// DO - 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.043 VL - 281 IS - 1-2 SP - 1-13 J2 - Earth and Planetary Science Letters LA - en OP - SN - 0012-821X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.043 DB - Crossref KW - volcano KW - flank KW - terrace KW - volcanotectonic KW - Mars KW - Earth ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterizing Spatial Pattern and Heterogeneity of Pine Forests in North Carolina’s Coastal Plain using LiDAR AU - Smart, Lindsey DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// UR - http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.582.1464 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Overview of the Brooklyn Traffic Real-Time Ambient Pollutant Penetration and Environmental Dispersion (B-TRAPPED) study in a near-highway urban residential neighborhood AU - Hahn, I. AU - Wiener, R.W. AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. AU - Brixey, L.A. AU - Henkle, S.W. T2 - Journal of Environmental Monitoring DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 11 SP - 2115–2121 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Desalination technology waste streams: Effect of pH and salinity on metabolism of marine microbial assemblages AU - Montgomery, M.T. AU - Boyd, T.J. AU - Osburn, C.L. AU - Plummer, R.E. AU - Masutani, S.M. AU - Coffin, R.B. T2 - Desalination AB - Effluents from desalination technologies may influence natural bacterial assemblages due to changes in salinity, pH, dissolved organic carbon concentration (DOC), DOC quality and cellular hydrostatic pressure. Salinity, pH, and pressure change effects on heterotrophic bacterial production (as measured by leucine incorporation) were examined in experiments with surface water from the Delaware Bay, Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean. Bacterial production decreased by 57–67% when salinity of Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay surface water samples were increased from ambient to 60 PSU. Decreasing ambient seawater pH from 8.0 to below 5.0 with CO2 gas reduced production by 96–100%. Decreasing seawater pH by 1.5 units at 33 PSU caused equivalent inhibition to increasing salinity by 27 PSU (pH 8.0). Bacterial production in Pacific Ocean surface water pressurized for 72 h was decreased 40% by increasing salinity, when measured 1 h after decompression. However, production increased 43% with increasing salinity when measured 24 h after decompression. One explanation for these divergent effects between the 1- and 24-h sampling at ambient pH may be community adaptation. Strains amongst the natural assemblage that survived the pressurization by saturating their membrane phospholipids would likely be better adapted to compete for available nutrients under elevated salinity. DA - 2009/12// PY - 2009/12// DO - 10.1016/j.desal.2009.03.018 VL - 249 IS - 2 SP - 861-864 J2 - Desalination LA - en OP - SN - 0011-9164 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.03.018 DB - Crossref KW - Hydrates KW - Bacterial production KW - pH KW - Salinity KW - Depressurization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Distribution, origin and cycling of carbon in the Tana River (Kenya): a dry season basin-scale survey from headwaters to the delta AU - Bouillon, S. AU - Abril, G. AU - Borges, A. V. AU - Dehairs, F. AU - Govers, G. AU - Hughes, H. J. AU - Merckx, R. AU - Meysman, F. J. R. AU - Nyunja, J. AU - Osburn, C. AU - Middelburg, J. J. T2 - Biogeosciences AB - Abstract. The Tana River basin (TRB) is the largest in Kenya (~120 000 km2). We conducted a survey during the dry season throughout the TRB, analyzing a broad suite of biogeochemical parameters. Biogeochemical signatures in headwater streams were highly variable. Along the middle and lower river course, total suspended matter (TSM) concentrations increased more than 30-fold despite the absence of tributary inputs, indicating important resuspension events of internally stored sediment. These resuspended sediment inputs were characterized by a lower and 14C-depleted OC content, suggesting selective degradation of more recent material during sediment retention. Masinga Dam (a large reservoir on the upper river) induced a strong nutrient retention (~50% for inorganic N, ~72% for inorganic phosphate, and ~40% for dissolved silicate). Moreover, while DOC pools and δ13C signatures were similar above, in and below the reservoir, the POC pool in Masinga surface waters was dominated by 13C-depleted phytoplankton, which contributed to the riverine POC pool immediately below the dam, but rapidly disappeared further downstream, suggesting rapid remineralization of this labile C pool in the river system. Despite the generally high turbidity, the combination of relatively high oxygen saturation levels, low δ18O signatures of dissolved O2 (all <+24.2‰), and the relatively low pCO2 values suggest that in-stream primary production was significant, even though pigment data suggest that phytoplankton makes only a minor contribution to the total POC pool in the Tana River. DA - 2009/11/5/ PY - 2009/11/5/ DO - 10.5194/bg-6-2475-2009 VL - 6 IS - 11 SP - 2475-2493 J2 - Biogeosciences LA - en OP - SN - 1726-4189 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2475-2009 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phytoplankton productivity across prairie saline lakes of the Great Plains (USA): a step toward deciphering patterns through lake classification models AU - Prairie, Yves AU - Salm, Courtney R. AU - Saros, Jasmine E. AU - Fritz, Sherilyn C. AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Reineke, David M. T2 - Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. AB - We investigated patterns of primary production across prairie saline lakes in the central and northern Great Plains of the United States. Based on comparative lake sampling in 2004, seasonal predictors of algal primary productivity were identified within subsets of similar lakes using a combination of Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) and classification and regression trees (CART). These models indicated complex patterns of nutrient limitation by nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and iron (Fe) within different lake groups. Nutrient enrichment assays (control, + Fe, + N, + P, + N + P) were performed in spring and summer of 2006 to determine if phytoplankton in selected lakes followed predicted patterns of nutrient limitation. Both the comparative lake sampling and experimental results indicated that N limitation was widespread in these prairie lakes, with evidence for secondary P limitation in certain lakes. In the experiments, iron did not stimulate primary production. Our results suggest that given the diverse geochemical nature of these lakes, classification models that separate saline lakes into subsets may be an effective method for improving predictions of algal production. DA - 2009/9// PY - 2009/9// DO - 10.1139/f09-083 VL - 66 IS - 9 SP - 1435-1448 ER - TY - JOUR TI - PAH mineralization and bacterial organotolerance in surface sediments of the Charleston Harbor estuary AU - Montgomery, Michael T. AU - Boyd, Thomas J. AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Smith, David C. T2 - Biodegradation AB - Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in estuarine waters can adversely affect biota but watershed sources can be difficult to identify because these compounds are transient. Natural bacterial assemblages may respond to chronic, episodic exposure to SVOCs through selection of more organotolerant bacterial communities. We measured bacterial production, organotolerance and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) mineralization in Charleston Harbor and compared surface sediment from stations near a known, permitted SVOC outfall (pulp mill effluent) to that from more pristine stations. Naphthalene additions inhibited an average of 77% of bacterial metabolism in sediments from the more pristine site (Wando River). Production in sediments nearest the outfall was only inhibited an average of 9% and in some cases, was actually stimulated. In general, the stations with the highest rates of bacterial production also were among those with the highest rates of PAH mineralization. This suggests that the capacity to mineralize PAH carbon is a common feature amongst the bacterial assemblage in these estuarine sediments and could account for an average of 5.6% of bacterial carbon demand (in terms of production) in the summer, 3.3% in the spring (April) and only 1.2% in winter (December). DA - 2009/9/17/ PY - 2009/9/17/ DO - 10.1007/s10532-009-9298-3 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 257-266 J2 - Biodegradation LA - en OP - SN - 0923-9820 1572-9729 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10532-009-9298-3 DB - Crossref KW - Naphthalene KW - Organotolerance KW - Bacterial production KW - SVOC KW - PAH mineralization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transport of exhaled particulate matter in airborne infection isolation rooms AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. T2 - Building and Environment AB - The goal of this research was to examine the characteristics of the spatial velocity and concentration profiles which might result in health care workers' exposure to a pathogenic agent in an airborne infection isolation room (AIIR). Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed for this purpose. This investigation expanded on the work of Huang and Tsao [The influence of air motion on bacteria removal in negative pressure isolation rooms. HVAC & R Research 2005; 11: 563-85], who studied how ventilation conditions impact dispersion of pathogenic nuclei in an AIIR by investigating the airflow conditions impacting dispersion of infectious agents in the AIIR. The work included a careful quality assurance study of the computed airflow, and final simulations were performed on a fine tetrahedral mesh with approximately 1.3×106 cells. The 1 μm diameter particles were released from a 0.001225 m2 area representing the nose and mouth. Two cases were investigated during the current study: continuous exhalation of pathogen-laden air from the patient and expulsion of pathogenic particles by a single cough or sneeze. Slow decay of particle concentration in the AIIR during the single cough/sneeze simulation and tendency for particle accumulation near the AIIR walls observed in the continuous breathing simulation suggest that unintended exposures are possible despite the ventilation system. Based on these findings, it is recommended that extra care be taken to assure proper functionality of personal protective equipment used in an AIIR. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.01.009 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - 44-55 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-51449094788&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Airborne infection isolation room KW - Aerosol transport KW - Computational fluid dynamics KW - Indoor air quality KW - Particle transport ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of indoor air pollution trends and characterization of infiltration delay time using a cross-correlation method AU - Eisner, A.D. AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. AU - Hahn, I. AU - Drake-Richman, Z.E. AU - Brixey, L.A. AU - Wiener, R.W. AU - Ellenson, W.D. T2 - Journal of Environmental Monitoring AB - High-density housing in close proximity to freeways in conjunction with high concentrations of traffic emissions may contribute to significant degradation of indoor air quality. Densely populated areas may also be targeted for intentional releases of biological or chemical agents because an urban release could result in higher morbidity and mortality from the attack. Since people tend to spend the majority of their time indoors, it is paramount to explore the relationships between outdoor and indoor air quality and, specifically, the time scales that characterize transport of airborne contaminants from outdoors to indoors. In the Brooklyn Traffic Real-Time Ambient Pollutant Penetration and Environmental Dispersion (B-TRAPPED) study, a three-story row house with a flat face and roof and multiple rooms was used to investigate outdoor-to-indoor contaminant time scales. The building was located in the Sunset Park neighborhood of Brooklyn, NY, USA, in the vicinity of a major expressway and a heavily trafficked arterial road. It was found that the building shell has a profound impact on the indoor concentrations. A strong hourly periodicity (see Eisner et al., this issue, DOI: 10.1039/b907132f) in concentration outside the building during the morning “rush hour” was used as evidence to suggest that indoor contaminants originated from outdoor air penetration. Although the indoor concentrations followed a similar pattern, indoor concentrations were found to be more persistent than outdoor concentrations. Stronger persistency is used here to describe the tendency of the indoor concentration to continue to rise even if the outdoor concentration has started to drop, or vice versa. This may be an important factor in assessing negative health risks to inhabitants or first responders. A cross-correlation technique was employed to study the correlation between outdoor and indoor time series. In the high-density housing residential building used in the study, it was found that a long lag time exists (11 min) before indoor and outdoor concentrations reach maximal correlation. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1039/b907144j VL - 11 IS - 12 SP - 2201-2206 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-71849094368&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Time-series analysis to study the impact of an intersection on dispersion along a street canyon AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. AU - Eisner, A.D. AU - Hahn, I. AU - Fortune, C.R. AU - Drake-Richman, Z.E. AU - Brixey, L.A. AU - Talih, M. AU - Wiener, R.W. AU - Ellenson, W.D. T2 - Journal of Environmental Monitoring AB - This paper presents data analysis from the Brooklyn Traffic Real-Time Ambient Pollutant Penetration and Environmental Dispersion (B-TRAPPED) study to assess the transport of ultrafine particulate matter (PM) across urban intersections. Experiments were performed in a street canyon perpendicular to a highway in Brooklyn, NY, USA. Real-time ultrafine PM samplers were positioned on either side of an intersection at multiple locations along a street to collect time-series number concentration data. Meteorology equipment was positioned within the street canyon and at an upstream background site to measure wind speed and direction. Time-series analysis was performed on the PM data to compute a transport velocity along the direction of the street for the cases where background winds were parallel and perpendicular to the street. The data were analyzed for sampler pairs located (1) on opposite sides of the intersection and (2) on the same block. The time-series analysis demonstrated along-street transport, including across the intersection when background winds were parallel to the street canyon and there was minimal transport and no communication across the intersection when background winds were perpendicular to the street canyon. Low but significant values of the cross-correlation function (CCF) underscore the turbulent nature of plume transport along the street canyon. The low correlations suggest that flow switching around corners or traffic-induced turbulence at the intersection may have aided dilution of the PM plume from the highway. This observation supports similar findings in the literature. Furthermore, the time-series analysis methodology applied in this study is introduced as a technique for studying spatiotemporal variation in the urban microscale environment. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1039/b907134m VL - 11 IS - 12 SP - 2153-2162 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-71849110695&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Brooklyn traffic real-time ambient pollutant penetration and environmental dispersion (B-TRAPPED) field study methodology AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. AU - Hahn, I. AU - Fortune, C.R. AU - Rodes, C.E. AU - Portzer, J.W. AU - Lee, S. AU - Wiener, R.W. AU - Smith, L.A. AU - Wheeler, M. AU - Seagraves, J. AU - Stein, M. AU - Eisner, A.D. AU - Brixey, L.A. AU - Drake-Richman, Z.E. AU - Brouwer, L.H. AU - Ellenson, W.D. AU - Baldauf, R. T2 - Journal of Environmental Monitoring AB - The Brooklyn Traffic Real-Time Ambient Pollutant Penetration and Environmental Dispersion (B-TRAPPED) field study examined indoor and outdoor exposure to traffic-generated air pollution by studying the individual processes of generation of traffic emissions, transport and dispersion of air contaminants along a roadway, and infiltration of the contaminants into a residence. Real-time instrumentation was used to obtain highly resolved time-series concentration profiles for a number of air pollutants. The B-TRAPPED field study was conducted in the residential Sunset Park neighborhood of Brooklyn, NY, USA, in May 2005. The neighborhood contained the Gowanus Expressway (Interstate 278), a major arterial road (4th Avenue), and residential side streets running perpendicular to the Gowanus Expressway and 4th Avenue. Synchronized measurements were obtained inside a test house, just outside the test house façade, and along the urban residential street canyon on which the house was located. A trailer containing Federal Reference Method (FRM) and real-time monitors was located next to the Gowanus Expressway to assess the source. Ultrafine particulate matter (PM), PM2.5, nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed and direction were monitored. Different sampling schemes were devised to focus on dispersion along the street canyon or infiltration into the test house. Results were obtained for ultrafine PM, PM2.5, criteria gases, and wind conditions from sampling schemes focused on street canyon dispersion and infiltration. For comparison, the ultrafine PM and PM2.5 results were compared with an existing data set from the Los Angeles area, and the criteria gas data were compared with measurements from a Vancouver epidemiologic study. Measured ultrafine PM and PM2.5 concentration levels along the residential urban street canyon and at the test house façade in Sunset Park were demonstrated to be comparable to traffic levels at an arterial road and slightly higher than those in a residential area of Los Angeles. Indoor ultrafine PM levels were roughly 3–10 times lower than outdoor levels, depending on the monitor location. CO, NO2, and SO2 levels were shown to be similar to values that produced increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalizations in the Vancouver studies. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1039/b907126c VL - 11 IS - 12 SP - 2122-2135 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-71849089200&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Establishing a link between vehicular PM sources and PM measurements in urban street canyons AU - Eisner, A.D. AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. AU - Wiener, R.W. AU - Hahn, I. AU - Drake-Richman, Z.E. AU - Ellenson, W.D. T2 - Journal of Environmental Monitoring AB - The Brooklyn Traffic Real-Time Ambient Pollutant Penetration and Environmental Dispersion (B-TRAPPED) study, conducted in Brooklyn, NY, USA, in 2005, was designed with multiple goals in mind, two of which were contaminant source characterization and street canyon transport and dispersion monitoring. In the portion of the study described here, synchronized wind velocity and azimuth as well as particulate matter (PM) concentrations at multiple locations along 33rd Street were used to determine the feasibility of using traffic emissions in a complex urban topography as a sole tracer for studying urban contaminant transport. We demonstrate in this paper that it is possible to link downwind concentrations of contaminants in an urban street canyon to the vehicular traffic cycle using Eigen-frequency analysis. In addition, multivariable circular histograms are used to establish directional frequency maxima for wind velocity and contaminant concentration. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1039/b907132f VL - 11 IS - 12 SP - 2146-2152 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-71849116120&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Associations of PM2.5 and black carbon concentrations with traffic, idling, background pollution, and meteorology during school dismissals AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. AU - Saganich, C. AU - Bukiewicz, L. AU - Kalin, R. T2 - Science of the Total Environment AB - An air quality study was performed outside a cluster of schools in the East Harlem neighborhood of New York City. PM2.5 and black carbon concentrations were monitored using real-time equipment with a one-minute averaging interval. Monitoring was performed at 1:45–3:30 PM during school days over the period October 31–November 17, 2006. The designated time period was chosen to capture vehicle emissions during end-of-day dismissals from the schools. During the monitoring period, minute-by-minute volume counts of idling and passing school buses, diesel trucks, and automobiles were obtained. These data were transcribed into time series of number of diesel vehicles idling, number of gasoline automobiles idling, number of diesel vehicles passing, and number of automobiles passing along the block adjacent to the school cluster. Multivariate regression models of the log-transform of PM2.5 and black carbon (BC) concentrations in the East Harlem street canyon were developed using the observation data and data from the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation on meteorology and background PM2.5. Analysis of variance was used to test the contribution of each covariate to variability in the log-transformed concentrations as a means to judge the relative contribution of each covariate. The models demonstrated that variability in background PM2.5 contributes 80.9% of the variability in log[PM2.5] and 81.5% of the variability in log[BC]. Local traffic sources were demonstrated to contribute 5.8% of the variability in log[BC] and only 0.43% of the variability in log[PM2.5]. Diesel idling and passing were both significant contributors to variability in log[BC], while diesel passing was a significant contributor to log[PM2.5]. Automobile idling and passing did not contribute significant levels of variability to either concentration. The remainder of variability in each model was explained by temperature, along-canyon wind, and cross-canyon wind, which were all significant in the models. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.01.046 VL - 407 IS - 10 SP - 3357-3364 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-62749205470&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - PM2.5 KW - Black carbon KW - Street canyon KW - Schools KW - Air quality ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of a tall tower on flow and dispersion through a model urban neighborhood: Part 2. Pollutant dispersion AU - Brixey, L.A. AU - Heist, D.K. AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. AU - Bowker, G.E. AU - Perry, S.G. AU - Wiener, R.W. T2 - Journal of Environmental Monitoring AB - This article is the second in a two-paper series presenting results from wind tunnel and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of flow and dispersion in an idealized model urban neighborhood. Pollutant dispersion results are presented and discussed for a model neighborhood that was characterized by regular city blocks of three-story row houses with a single 12-story tower located at the downwind edge of one of these blocks. The tower had three significant effects on pollutant dispersion in the surrounding street canyons: drawing the plume laterally towards the tower, greatly enhancing the vertical dispersion of the plume in the wake of the tower, and significantly decreasing the residence time of pollutants in the wake of the tower. In the wind tunnel, tracer gas released in the avenue lee of the tower, but several blocks away laterally, was pulled towards the tower and lifted in the wake of the tower. The same lateral movement of the pollutant was seen in the next avenue, which was approximately 2.5 tower heights downwind of the tower. The tower also served to ventilate the street canyon directly in its wake more rapidly than the surrounding areas. This was evidenced by CFD simulations of concentration decay where the residence time of pollutants lee of the 12-story tower was found to be less than half the residence time behind a neighboring three-story building. This same phenomenon of rapid vertical dispersion lee of a tower among an array of smaller buildings was also demonstrated in a separate set of wind tunnel experiments using an array of cubical blocks. A similar decrease in the residence time was observed when the height of one block was increased. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1039/b907137g VL - 11 IS - 12 SP - 2171-2179 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-71849088405&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of a tall tower on flow and dispersion through a model urban neighborhood: Part 1. Flow characteristics AU - Heist, D.K. AU - Brixey, L.A. AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. AU - Bowker, G.E. AU - Perry, S.G. AU - Wiener, R.W. T2 - Journal of Environmental Monitoring AB - Wind tunnel experiments were performed to examine the effect of a tall tower on the flow around an otherwise uniform array of buildings. Additionally, preliminary CFD simulations were run to visualize the flow with more resolution. The model used in both the wind tunnel and CFD studies was designed to simulate an area of Brooklyn, NY, USA, where blocks of residential row houses form a neighborhood bordering a major urban highway. This area was the site of a field study that, along with the work reported here, had the goal of improving the understanding of airflow and dispersion patterns within urban microenvironments. Results reveal that a tall tower has a dramatic effect on the flow in the street canyons in the neighboring blocks, enhancing the exchange between the street canyon flow and the freestream flow aloft. In particular, vertical motion down the windward side and up the leeward side of the tower resulted in strong flows in the lateral street canyons and increased winds in the street canyons in the immediate vicinity of the tower. These phenomena were visible in both the wind tunnel and CFD results, although some minor differences in the flow fields were noted. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1039/b907135k VL - 11 IS - 12 SP - 2163-2170 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-71849104461&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Overview of the Brooklyn traffic real-time ambient pollutant penetration and environmental dispersion (B-TRAPPED) study: Theoretical background and model for design of field experiments AU - Hahn, I. AU - Wiener, R.W. AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. AU - Brixey, L.A. AU - Henkle, S.W. T2 - Journal of Environmental Monitoring AB - The Brooklyn traffic real-time ambient pollutant penetration and environmental dispersion (B-TRAPPED) study was a multidisciplinary field research project that investigated the transport, dispersion, and infiltration processes of traffic emission particulate matter (PM) pollutants in a near-highway urban residential area. The urban PM transport, dispersion, and infiltration processes were described mathematically in a theoretical model that was constructed to develop the experimental objectives of the B-TRAPPED study. In the study, simultaneous and continuous time-series PM concentration and meteorological data collected at multiple outdoor and indoor monitoring locations were used to characterize both temporal and spatial patterns of the PM concentration movements within microscale distances (<500 m) from the highway. Objectives of the study included (1) characterizing the temporal and spatial PM concentration fluctuation and distribution patterns in the urban street canyon; (2) investigating the effects of urban structures such as a tall building or an intersection on the transport and dispersion of PM; (3) studying the influence of meteorological variables on the transport, dispersion, and infiltration processes; (4) characterizing the relationships between the building parameters and the infiltration mechanisms; (5) establishing a cause-and-effect relationship between outdoor-released PM and indoor PM concentrations and identifying the dominant mechanisms involved in the infiltration process; (6) evaluating the effectiveness of a shelter-in-place area for protection against outdoor-released PM pollutants; and (7) understanding the predominant airflow and pollutant dispersion patterns within the neighborhood using wind tunnel and CFD simulations. The 10 papers in this first set of papers presenting the results from the B-TRAPPED study address these objectives. This paper describes the theoretical background and models representing the interrelated processes of transport, dispersion, and infiltration. The theoretical solution for the relationship between the time-dependent indoor PM concentration and the initial PM concentration at the outdoor source was obtained. The theoretical models and solutions helped us to identify important parameters in the processes of transport, dispersion, and infiltration. The B-TRAPPED study field experiments were then designed to investigate these parameters in the hope of better understanding urban PM pollutant behaviors. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1039/b907123g VL - 11 IS - 12 SP - 2115-2121 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-71849092157&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - An approach to the study of transport and dispersion of threat agents in a subway station AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. AU - Wittig, A.E. T2 - Journal of Applied Security Research AB - The objective of the proposed research is to assess the exposure of subway riders and workers to threat agents introduced in the subway environment. This article presents the study plan, considerations, and expected outcomes of a novel approach to study this issue. A modular scale model of a subway station has been erected from Metropolitan Transportation Authority of New York design specifications. This model will be used in a series of experiments to analyze airflow and dispersion patterns in the wake of a moving train and in an empty tunnel. Particle image velocimetry will be used to measure transient velocity profiles and concentration profiles. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1080/19361610802210210 VL - 4 IS - 1-2 SP - 68-78 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-75649127657&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Dispersion KW - exposure assessment KW - fluid dynamics KW - New York City KW - particle image velocimetry KW - scale model KW - security KW - subway KW - threat agents ER - TY - JOUR TI - City structure, obesity, and environmental justice: An integrated analysis of physical and social barriers to walkable streets and park access AU - Cutts, Bethany B. AU - Darby, Kate J. AU - Boone, Christopher G. AU - Brewis, Alexandra T2 - Social Science & Medicine AB - Local parks and walkable neighborhoods are commonly cited as elements of the urban environment that promote physical activity and reduce obesity risk. When those vulnerable to obesity-related diseases live in neighborhoods without these qualities, it works against environmental justice goals that aim for a fair distribution of amenities. We use geographic information systems (GIS) to evaluate the relationship between the distribution of populations vulnerable to obesity and proximity to parks and walkable street networks in Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Though previous studies have used GIS to assess the distribution of access to opportunities for physical activity, none have analyzed access to both parks and walkable resources at once. Neither have they included data that reflects findings on a smaller scale indicating that perceptions of resource quality, safety, and cultural relevance also affect physical activity levels. We include these safety and quality factors in our study through statistical data on traffic fatalities, crime rates and park size. We find that, counter to predictions, subpopulations generally considered vulnerable to obesity (and environmental injustices more generally) are more likely to live in walkable neighborhoods and have better walking access to neighborhood parks than other groups in Phoenix. However, crime is highest in walkable neighborhoods with large Latino/a and African-American populations and parks are smaller in areas populated by Latino/as. Given the higher prevalence of obesity and related diseases in lower income and minority populations in Phoenix, the results suggest that benefits of built environments may be offset by social characteristics. Our most consistent finding indicates a strong negative relationship between the percentage of the population under 18 years of age living in an area and the likelihood that the structure of the built environment supports physical activity. Children under 18 are significantly underrepresented in regions deemed highly walkable and those with access to parks. DA - 2009/11// PY - 2009/11// DO - 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.08.020 VL - 69 IS - 9 SP - 1314-1322 J2 - Social Science & Medicine LA - en OP - SN - 0277-9536 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.08.020 DB - Crossref KW - Physical activity KW - Walkability KW - Park access KW - Environmental justice KW - Children KW - Geographic information systems (GIS) KW - Neighborhoods KW - USA KW - Obesity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Psychology in an age of ecological crisis: From personal angst to collective action. AU - Stokols, Daniel AU - Misra, Shalini AU - Runnerstrom, Miryha Gould AU - Hipp, J. Aaron T2 - American Psychologist AB - Recent technological, geophysical, and societal forces have fundamentally altered the structure and functioning of human environments. Prominent among these forces are the rise of the Internet; rapid rates of global environmental change; and widening rifts among different socioeconomic, racial, religious, and ethnic groups. The present article traces the influence of these conditions on individuals' cognition, behavior, and well-being. New theoretical questions are raised and conceptual frameworks proposed to understand how global conditions are restructuring people's relationships with their everyday environments. New directions for psychological research and practice aimed at reducing global threats to personal and societal well-being are discussed. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1037/a0014717 VL - 64 IS - 3 SP - 181-193 J2 - American Psychologist LA - en OP - SN - 1935-990X 0003-066X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014717 DB - Crossref KW - global environmental and social change KW - virtual and place-based settings KW - psychological stress KW - restorative environments ER - TY - JOUR TI - Resistance of F1 segregating populations derived from crosses between wild banana accessions musa acuminata spp. burmannicoides 'calcutta 4' and m. balbisiana 'montpellier' to black leaf streak disease AU - Vroh-Bi, I. AU - Zandjanakou-Tachin, M. AU - M&apos AU - bah, W. AU - Tenkouano, A. AU - Ojiambo, P. AU - Bandyopadhyay, R. T2 - Acta Horticulturae DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 828 SP - 353-358 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70350093172&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recent developments in managing tuber blight of potato (Solanum tuberosum) caused by Phytophthora infestans AU - Olanya, O.M. AU - Ojiambo, P.S. AU - Nyankanga, R.O. AU - Honeycutt, C.W. AU - Kirk, W.W. T2 - Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 280-289 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77955871444&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Permanent genetic resources added to molecular ecology resources database 1 May 2009-31 July 2009 AU - Almany, G.R. AU - De Arruda, M.P. AU - Arthofer, W. AU - Atallah, Z.K. AU - Beissinger, S.R. AU - Berumen, M.L. AU - Bogdanowicz, S.M. AU - Brown, S.D. AU - Bruford, M.W. AU - Burdine, C. AU - Busch, J.W. AU - Campbell, N.R. AU - Carey, D. AU - Carstens, B.C. AU - Chu, K.H. AU - Cubeta, M.A. AU - Cuda, J.P. AU - Cui, Z. AU - Datnoff, L.E. AU - DÁvila, J.A. AU - Davis, E.S. AU - Davis, R.M. AU - Diekmann, O.E. AU - Eizirik, E. AU - Fargallo, J.A. AU - Fernandes, F. AU - Fukuda, H. AU - Gale, L.R. AU - Gallagher, E. AU - Gao, Y. AU - Girard, P. AU - Godhe, A. AU - GonÇalves, E.C. AU - Gouveia, L. AU - Grajczyk, A.M. AU - Grose, M.J. AU - Gu, Z. AU - HalldÉn, C. AU - HÄrnstrÖm, K. AU - Hemmingsen, A.H. AU - Holmes, G. AU - Huang, C.H. AU - Huang, C.-C. AU - Hudman, S.P. AU - Jones, G.P. AU - Kanetis, L. AU - Karunasagar, I. AU - Karunasagar, I. AU - Keyghobadi, N. AU - Klosterman, S.J. AU - Klug, P.E. AU - Koch, J. AU - Koopman, M.M. AU - KÖppler, K. AU - Koshimizu, E. AU - KrumbÖck, S. AU - Kubisiak, T. AU - Landis, J.B. AU - Lasta, M.L. AU - Lee, C.-Y. AU - Li, Q. AU - Li, S.-H. AU - Lin, R.-C. AU - Liu, M. AU - Liu, N. AU - Liu, W.C. AU - Liu, Y. AU - Loiseau, A. AU - Luan, W. AU - Maruthachalam, K.K. AU - McCormick, H.M. AU - Mellick, R. AU - Monnahan, P.J. AU - Morielle-Versute, E. AU - Murray, T.E. AU - Narum, S.R. AU - Neufeld, K. AU - De Nova, P.J.G. AU - Ojiambo, P.S. AU - Okamoto, N. AU - Othman, A.S. AU - Overholt, W.A. AU - Pardini, R. AU - Paterson, I.G. AU - Patty, O.A. AU - Paxton, R.J. AU - Planes, S. AU - Porter, C. AU - Pratchett, M.S. AU - PÜttker, T. AU - Rasic, G. AU - Rasool, B. AU - Rey, O. AU - Riegler, M. AU - Riehl, C. AU - Roberts, J.M.K. AU - Roberts, P.D. AU - Rochel, E. AU - Roe, K.J. AU - Rossetto, M. AU - Ruzzante, D.E. AU - Sakamoto, T. AU - Saravanan, V. AU - Sarturi, C.R. AU - Schmidt, A. AU - Schneider, M.P.C. AU - Schuler, H. AU - Serb, J.M. AU - SerrÃo, E.T.A. AU - Shi, Y. AU - Silva, A. AU - Sin, Y.W. AU - Sommer, S. AU - Stauffer, C. AU - StrÜssmann, C.A. AU - Subbarao, K.V. AU - Syms, C. AU - Tan, F. AU - Tejedor, E.D. AU - Thorrold, S.R. AU - Trigiano, R.N. AU - Trucco, M.I. AU - Tsuchiya-Jerep, M.T.N. AU - Vergara, P. AU - Van De Vliet, M.S. AU - Wadl, P.A. AU - Wang, A. AU - Wang, H. AU - Wang, R.X. AU - Wang, X. AU - Wang, Y. AU - Weeks, A.R. AU - Wei, F. AU - Werner, W.J. AU - Wiley, E.O. AU - Williams, D.A. AU - Wilkins, R.J. AU - Wisely, S.M. AU - With, K.A. AU - Wu, D. AU - Yao, C.-T. AU - Yau, C. AU - Yeap, B.-K. AU - Zhai, B.-P. AU - Zhan, X. AU - Zhang, G.-Y. AU - Zhang, S.Y. AU - Zhao, R. AU - Zhu, L. T2 - Molecular Ecology Resources DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 9 IS - 6 SP - 1460-1466 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70349920666&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - A unifying approach for evaluating the condition of wetland plant communities and identifying related stressors AU - Johnston, Carol A. AU - Zedler, Joy B. AU - Tulbure, Mirela G. AU - Frieswyk, Christin B. AU - Bedford, Barbara L. AU - Vaccaro, Lynn T2 - Ecological Applications AB - Assessment of vegetation is an important part of evaluating wetland condition, but it is complicated by the variety of plant communities that are naturally present in freshwater wetlands. We present an approach to evaluate wetland condition consisting of: (1) a stratified random sample representing the entire range of anthropogenic stress, (2) field data representing a range of water depths within the wetlands sampled, (3) nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS) to determine a biological condition gradient across the wetlands sampled, (4) hierarchical clustering to interpret the condition results relative to recognizable plant communities, (5) classification and regression tree (CART) analysis to relate biological condition to natural and anthropogenic environmental drivers, and (6) mapping the results to display their geographic distribution. We applied this approach to plant species data collected at 90 wetlands of the U.S. Great Lakes coast that support a variety of plant communities, reflecting the diverse physical environment and anthropogenic stressors present within the region. Hierarchical cluster analysis yielded eight plant communities at a minimum similarity of 25%. Wetlands that clustered botanically were often geographically clustered as well, even though location was not an input variable in the analysis. The eight vegetation clusters corresponded well with the MDS configuration of the data, in which the first axis was strongly related (R2 = 0.787, P < 0.001) with floristic quality index (FQI) and the second axis was related to the Great Lake of occurrence. CART models using FQI and the first MDS axis as the response variables explained 75% and 82% of the variance in the data, resulting in 6-7 terminal groups spanning the condition gradient. Initial CART splits divided the region based on growing degree-days and cumulative anthropogenic stress; only after making these broad divisions were wetlands distinguished by more local characteristics. Agricultural and urban development variables were important correlates of wetland biological condition, generating optimal or surrogate splits at every split node of the MDS CART model. Our findings provide a means of using vegetation to evaluate a range of wetland condition across a broad and diverse geographic region. DA - 2009/10// PY - 2009/10// DO - 10.1890/08-1290.1 VL - 19 IS - 7 SP - 1739-1757 J2 - Ecological Applications LA - en OP - SN - 1051-0761 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/08-1290.1 DB - Crossref KW - biological condition KW - classification and regression trees KW - emergent wetland KW - Great Lakes, USA KW - hydrogeomorphic KW - land use KW - marsh KW - vegetation classification KW - watershed ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using river distances in the space/time estimation of dissolved oxygen along two impaired river networks in New Jersey AU - Money, Eric AU - Carter, Gail P. AU - Serre, Marc L. T2 - Water Research AB - Understanding surface water quality is a critical step towards protecting human health and ecological stability. Because of resource deficiencies and the large number of river miles needing assessment, there is a need for a methodology that can accurately depict river water quality where data do not exist. The objective of this research is to implement a methodology that incorporates a river metric into the space/time analysis of dissolved oxygen data for two impaired river basins. An efficient algorithm is developed to calculate river distances within the BMElib statistical package for space/time geostatistics. We find that using a river distance in a space/time context leads to an appreciable 10% reduction in the overall estimation error, and results in maps of DO that are more realistic than those obtained using a Euclidean distance. As a result river distance is used in the subsequent non-attainment assessment of DO for two impaired river basins in New Jersey. DA - 2009/4// PY - 2009/4// DO - 10.1016/j.watres.2009.01.034 VL - 43 IS - 7 SP - 1948-1958 KW - Geostatistics KW - Spatiotemporal KW - River metric KW - Dissolved oxygen KW - Water quality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modern Space/Time Geostatistics Using River Distances: Data Integration of Turbidity andE. coliMeasurements to Assess Fecal Contamination Along the Raritan River in New Jersey AU - Money, Eric S. AU - Carter, Gail P. AU - Serre, Marc L. T2 - Environmental Science & Technology AB - Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a widely used indicator of fecal contamination in water bodies. External contact and subsequent ingestion of bacteria coming from fecal contamination can lead to harmful health effects. Since E. coli data are sometimes limited, the objective of this study is to use secondary information in the form of turbidity to improve the assessment of E. coli at unmonitored locations. We obtained all E. coli and turbidity monitoring data available from existing monitoring networks for the 2000-2006 time period for the Raritan River Basin, New Jersey. Using collocated measurements, we developed a predictive model of E. coli from turbidity data. Using this model, soft data are constructed for E. coli given turbidity measurements at 739 space/time locations where only turbidity was measured. Finally, the Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME) method of modern space/time geostatistics was used for the data integration of monitored and predicted E. coli data to produce maps showing E. coli concentration estimated daily across the river basin. The addition of soft data in conjunction with the use of river distances reduced estimation error by about 30%. Furthermore, based on these maps, up to 35% of river miles in the Raritan Basin had a probability of E coli impairment greater than 90% on the most polluted day of the study period. DA - 2009/5// PY - 2009/5// DO - 10.1021/es803236j VL - 43 IS - 10 SP - 3736-3742 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Space/Time Analysis of Fecal Pollution and Rainfall in an Eastern North Carolina Estuary AU - Coulliette, Angela D. AU - Money, Eric S. AU - Serre, Marc L. AU - Noble, Rachel T. T2 - Environmental Science & Technology AB - The Newport River Estuary (NPRE) is a high-priority shellfish harvesting area in eastern North Carolina that is impaired due to fecal contamination, specifically exceeding recommended levels for fecal coliforms. A hydrologic-driven mean trend model was developed, as a function of antecedent rainfall, in the NPRE to predict levels of Escherichia coli (EC, measured as a proxy for fecal coliforms). This mean trend model was integrated in a Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME) framework to produce informative space/time (S/T) maps depicting fecal contamination across the NPRE during winter and summer months. These maps showed that during dry winter months, corresponding to the oyster harvesting season in North Carolina (October 1−March 30), predicted EC concentrations were below the shellfish harvesting standard (14 MPN/100 mL). However, after substantial rainfall of 3.81 cm (1.5 in.), the NPRE did not appear to meet this requirement. Warmer months resulted in the predicted EC concentrations exceeding the threshold for the NPRE. Predicted ENT concentrations were generally below the recreational water quality threshold (104 MPN/100 mL), except for warmer months after substantial rainfall. Once established, this combined approach produces near real-time visual information on which to base water quality management decisions. DA - 2009/5// PY - 2009/5// DO - 10.1021/es803183f VL - 43 IS - 10 SP - 3728-3735 ER - TY - CONF TI - New spatial measures of terrain dynamics derived from time series of lidar data AU - Mitasova, H. AU - Hardin, E. AU - Overton, M. AU - Harmon, R.S. AB - We anticipate that multiyear lidar surveys, currently focused on vulnerable coastal areas, will soon become a common resource for monitoring and analysis of various aspects of regional terrain change. We propose raster based measures for mapping and quantification of discrete and continuous terrain changes by introducing novel concepts, such as core and envelope surfaces, contour evolution band, and evolution regression slope map that can provide insights into the spatial aspects of terrain dynamics and changes in structures. The methodology is applied to a section of North Carolina coast where multiyear time series of lidar data is already available. Dynamics of bare dune and beach systems, changes in structures and vegetation growth are mapped and quantified to evaluate the proposed approach. C2 - 2009/// C3 - 2009 17th International Conference on Geoinformatics, Geoinformatics 2009 DA - 2009/// DO - 10.1109/GEOINFORMATICS.2009.5293539 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-74349107746&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Geospatial time series analysis of volumetric change AU - Overton, M. AU - Mitasova, H. AU - Recalde, J.J. C2 - 2009/// C3 - Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference DA - 2009/// SP - 2099-2109 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84873813560&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - BOOK TI - Geomorphometry in GRASS GIS AU - Hofierka, J. AU - Mitásová, H. AU - Neteler, M. AB - Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) is a general-purpose geographic information system (GIS) for the management, processing, analysis, modeling, and visualization of many types of georeferenced data. This chapter is based on GRASS 6.2 version available for all commonly used operating systems. It includes 2D raster and 3D voxel data support, a new topological 2D/3D vector engine and capabilities for vector network analysis. Attributes are managed in a SQL-based DBMS. Advances in mapping technologies, especially the rapid evolution of airborne and ground-based laser scanning, as well as satellite and airborne radar interferometry are bringing significant changes to geomorphic analysis. The point densities exceed the level of detail required for most applications and digital elevation models (DEMs) with resolutions of 3 m and better are becoming common even for large areas. The high mapping efficiency makes repeated mapping at relatively short time intervals feasible, resulting in multi-temporal DEMs. These developments require new concepts and approaches in geomorphometry. In response, GRASS modules are being further enhanced to accommodate very large data sets produced by the new mapping technologies; new tools are added for efficient handling of very dense elevation or bathymetry data, hierarchical watershed analysis and quantification of land-surface change. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1016/S0166-2481(08)00017-2 VL - 33 SE - 387-410 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77955792959&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Uncertainties in the response of a forest landscape to global climatic change AU - Xu, Chonggang AU - Gertner, George Z. AU - Scheller, Robert M. T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Many studies have been conducted to quantify the possible ecosystem/landscape response to the anticipated global warming. However, there is a large amount of uncertainty in the future climate predictions used for these studies. Specifically, the climate predictions can be very different based on a variety of global climate models and alternative greenhouse emission scenarios. In this study, we coupled a forest landscape model, LANDIS‐II, and a forest process model, PnET‐II, to examine the uncertainty (that results from the uncertainty in the future climate predictions) in the forest‐type composition prediction for a transitional forest landscape [the Boundary Water Canoe Area]. Using an improved global‐sensitivity analysis technique [Fourier amplitude sensitivity test], we also quantified the amount of uncertainty in the forest‐type composition prediction contributed by different climate variables including temperature, CO 2 , precipitation and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). The forest landscape response was simulated for the period 2000–2400 ad based on the differential responses of 13 tree species under an ensemble of 27 possible climate prediction profiles (monthly time series of climate variables). Our simulations indicate that the uncertainty in the forest‐type composition becomes very high after 2200 ad , which is close to the time when the current forests are largely removed by windthrow disturbances and natural mortality. The most important source of uncertainty in the forest‐type composition prediction is from the uncertainty in temperature predictions. The second most important source is PAR, the third is CO 2 and the least important is precipitation. Our results also show that if the optimum photosynthetic temperature rises due to CO 2 enrichment, the forest landscape response to climatic change measured by forest‐type composition may be substantially reduced. DA - 2009/1// PY - 2009/1// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01705.x VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 116-131 SN - 1365-2486 KW - Boundary Water Canoe Area KW - forest landscape KW - global climatic change KW - LANDIS-II KW - PnET-II KW - sensitivity KW - uncertainty ER - TY - JOUR TI - Studying Fire Mitigation Strategies in Multi-Ownership Landscapes: Balancing the Management of Fire-Dependent Ecosystems and Fire Risk AU - Sturtevant, Brian R. AU - Miranda, Brian R. AU - Yang, Jian AU - He, Hong S. AU - Gustafson, Eric J. AU - Scheller, Robert M. T2 - ECOSYSTEMS DA - 2009/4// PY - 2009/4// DO - 10.1007/s10021-009-9234-8 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 445-461 SN - 1432-9840 KW - LANDIS KW - fire regime KW - forest management KW - rural development KW - wildland-urban interface KW - forest succession KW - simulation modeling KW - fire risk mitigation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simulating dynamic and mixed-severity fire regimes: A process-based fire extension for LANDIS-II AU - Sturtevant, Brian R. AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Miranda, Brian R. AU - Shinneman, Douglas AU - Syphard, Alexandra T2 - ECOLOGICAL MODELLING AB - Fire regimes result from reciprocal interactions between vegetation and fire that may be further affected by other disturbances, including climate, landform, and terrain. In this paper, we describe fire and fuel extensions for the forest landscape simulation model, LANDIS-II, that allow dynamic interactions among fire, vegetation, climate, and landscape structure, and incorporate realistic fire characteristics (shapes, distributions, and effects) that can vary within and between fire events. We demonstrate the capabilities of the new extensions using two case study examples with very different ecosystem characteristics: a boreal forest system from central Labrador, Canada, and a mixed conifer system from the Sierra Nevada Mountains (California, USA). In Labrador, comparison between the more complex dynamic fire extension and a classic fire simulator based on a simple fire size distribution showed little difference in terms of mean fire rotation and potential severity, but cumulative burn patterns created by the dynamic fire extension were more heterogeneous due to feedback between fuel types and fire behavior. Simulations in the Sierra Nevada indicated that burn patterns were responsive to topographic features, fuel types, and an extreme weather scenario, although the magnitude of responses depended on elevation. In both study areas, simulated fire size and resulting fire rotation intervals were moderately sensitive to parameters controlling the curvilinear response between fire spread and weather, as well as to the assumptions underlying the correlation between weather conditions and fire duration. Potential fire severity was more variable within the Sierra Nevada landscape and also was more sensitive to the correlation between weather conditions and fire duration. The fire modeling approach described here should be applicable to questions related to climate change and disturbance interactions, particularly within locations characterized by steep topography, where temporally or spatially dynamic vegetation significantly influences spread rates, where fire severity is variable, and where multiple disturbance types of varying severities are common. DA - 2009/12/10/ PY - 2009/12/10/ DO - 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.07.030 VL - 220 IS - 23 SP - 3380-3393 SN - 1872-7026 KW - LANDIS-II KW - Fire disturbance KW - Labrador KW - Boreal forest KW - Sierra Nevada KW - Mixed conifer forest KW - Fire regime KW - Fire effects ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicting Forest Microclimate in Heterogeneous Landscapes AU - Vanwalleghem, T. AU - Meentemeyer, R. K. T2 - ECOSYSTEMS DA - 2009/11// PY - 2009/11// DO - 10.1007/s10021-009-9281-1 VL - 12 IS - 7 SP - 1158-1172 SN - 1435-0629 KW - microclimate KW - temperature KW - forest structure KW - landscape heterogeneity KW - regression kriging KW - California ER - TY - JOUR TI - Invasive species distribution modeling (iSDM): Are absence data and dispersal constraints needed to predict actual distributions? AU - Vaclavik, Tomas AU - Meentemeyer, Ross K. T2 - ECOLOGICAL MODELLING AB - Species distribution models (SDMs) based on statistical relationships between occurrence data and underlying environmental conditions are increasingly used to predict spatial patterns of biological invasions and prioritize locations for early detection and control of invasion outbreaks. However, invasive species distribution models (iSDMs) face special challenges because (i) they typically violate SDM's assumption that the organism is in equilibrium with its environment, and (ii) species absence data are often unavailable or believed to be too difficult to interpret. This often leads researchers to generate pseudo-absences for model training or utilize presence-only methods, and to confuse the distinction between predictions of potential vs. actual distribution. We examined the hypothesis that true-absence data, when accompanied by dispersal constraints, improve prediction accuracy and ecological understanding of iSDMs that aim to predict the actual distribution of biological invasions. We evaluated the impact of presence-only, true-absence and pseudo-absence data on model accuracy using an extensive dataset on the distribution of the invasive forest pathogen Phytophthora ramorum in California. Two traditional presence/absence models (generalized linear model and classification trees) and two alternative presence-only models (ecological niche factor analysis and maximum entropy) were developed based on 890 field plots of pathogen occurrence and several climatic, topographic, host vegetation and dispersal variables. The effects of all three possible types of occurrence data on model performance were evaluated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and omission/commission error rates. Results show that prediction of actual distribution was less accurate when we ignored true-absences and dispersal constraints. Presence-only models and models without dispersal information tended to over-predict the actual range of invasions. Models based on pseudo-absence data exhibited similar accuracies as presence-only models but produced spatially less feasible predictions. We suggest that true-absence data are a critical ingredient not only for accurate calibration but also for ecologically meaningful assessment of iSDMs that focus on predictions of actual distributions. DA - 2009/12/10/ PY - 2009/12/10/ DO - 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.08.013 VL - 220 IS - 23 SP - 3248-3258 SN - 1872-7026 KW - Species distribution model KW - Invasive species KW - Pseudo-absence data KW - Dispersal KW - Model assessment KW - Spatial prediction KW - Sudden oak death ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recent developments in managing tuber blight of potato (Solanum tuberosum) caused by Phytophthora infestans AU - Olanya, O. M. AU - Ojiambo, P. S. AU - Nyankanga, R. O. AU - Honeycutt, C. W. AU - Kirk, W. W. T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY AB - Tuber blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, occurs wherever potato (Solanum tuberosum) is cultivated and accounts for significant losses under field and storage conditions. After decades of research in late blight, there has been substantial progress, but numerous challenges remain for the management of tuber blight. The tuber blight disease components comprising of infection pathways, tuber resistance, cultivar interactions, pathogen transmission, and survival on tubers are highlighted in this article. New fungicide chemistries, novel approaches, and cultural measures are presented along with the implications of pathogen diversity, cultivar differences, and edaphic factors on tuber blight incidence and control. With the application of molecular genetic tools in potato breeding to identify novel sources of resistance, effective control of the disease using host resistance is more likely. However, there are key elements of tuber infection and management that still need to be addressed. The quantitative relationships of inoculum load to tuber blight incidence and P. infestans interactions with edaphic factors are undetermined. Forecasting or development of predictive models for tuber blight incidence under field and storage environments will greatly improve disease management. Furthermore, quantification and characterization of the interactions between P. infestans and other storage pathogens (bacteria and fungi) or soil microbes, and the evaluation of biocontrol agents or alternative approaches for control of tuber blight may lead to effective management of this disease. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1080/07060660909507602 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 280-289 SN - 1715-2992 KW - late blight KW - disease control KW - tuber rot ER - TY - CONF TI - VERP project in Yu-Shan National Park: Research and application AU - Hsu, Y.-C AU - Leung, Y.-F AU - Wang, C.-P C2 - 2009/// C3 - Proceedings of the Leave No Trace and Recreational Impacts Conference DA - 2009/// SP - 20-37 PB - Taipei, Taiwan: Forestry Bureau ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seismic tremor at the 9 degrees 50 ' N East Pacific Rise eruption site AU - Monigle, P. W. AU - Bohnenstiehl, D. R. AU - Tolstoy, M. AU - Waldhauser, F. T2 - GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS AB - Ocean bottom seismic observations within the 9°50′N region of the East Pacific Rise indicate persistent, low‐amplitude tremor activity throughout the October 2003 through February 2007 period of monitoring. These signals exhibit either monochromatic or polychromatic spectral characteristics, with a ∼6 Hz fundamental frequency and up to two harmonics. Individual events cannot be correlated between nearby (<1 km) stations, implying the presence of multiple, small‐amplitude sources positioned within the shallow crust. Tremor exhibits a semidiurnal periodicity, with some stations recording activity during times of increasing tidal extension and others detecting tremor signals during times of increasing compression. The amplitude, duration, and rate of activity also correlate positively with fortnightly changes in the amplitude of the tides. These spatiotemporal patterns are consistent with tremor generation in response to tidally modulated fluid flow within a network of shallow cracks. Tremor energy flux is spatially and temporally heterogeneous; however, there are extended periods of greater and lesser activity that can be tracked across portions of the array. Despite their shallow crustal origin, changes in tremor amplitude and spectral character occur in the months prior to a major microearthquake swarm and inferred seafloor spreading event on 22 January 2006, with an increase in the degree of correlation between tremor activity and tidal strain in the weeks leading up to this event. After the spreading event, two eruption‐surviving stations near the axis continue to show high rates of tremor activity, whereas these signals are suppressed at the single station recovered from the near‐axis flanks. This off‐axis quiescence may result from the dike‐induced closing of cracks or perhaps from the emplacement of impermeable flows near the station. DA - 2009/11/20/ PY - 2009/11/20/ DO - 10.1029/2009gc002561 VL - 10 SP - SN - 1525-2027 KW - seismic tremor KW - East Pacific Rise KW - tidal influences KW - volcanic eruption ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improved water allocation utilizing probabilistic climate forecasts: Short-term water contracts in a risk management framework AU - Sankarasubramanian, A. AU - Lall, Upmanu AU - Souza Filho, Francisco Assis AU - Sharma, Ashish T2 - Water Resources Research AB - Probabilistic, seasonal to interannual streamflow forecasts are becoming increasingly available as the ability to model climate teleconnections is improving. However, water managers and practitioners have been slow to adopt such products, citing concerns with forecast skill. Essentially, a management risk is perceived in “gambling” with operations using a probabilistic forecast, while a system failure upon following existing operating policies is “protected” by the official rules or guidebook. In the presence of a prescribed system of prior allocation of releases under different storage or water availability conditions, the manager has little incentive to change. Innovation in allocation and operation is hence key to improved risk management using such forecasts. A participatory water allocation process that can effectively use probabilistic forecasts as part of an adaptive management strategy is introduced here. Users can express their demand for water through statements that cover the quantity needed at a particular reliability, the temporal distribution of the “allocation,” the associated willingness to pay, and compensation in the event of contract nonperformance. The water manager then assesses feasible allocations using the probabilistic forecast that try to meet these criteria across all users. An iterative process between users and water manager could be used to formalize a set of short‐term contracts that represent the resulting prioritized water allocation strategy over the operating period for which the forecast was issued. These contracts can be used to allocate water each year/season beyond long‐term contracts that may have precedence. Thus, integrated supply and demand management can be achieved. In this paper, a single period multiuser optimization model that can support such an allocation process is presented. The application of this conceptual model is explored using data for the Jaguaribe Metropolitan Hydro System in Ceara, Brazil. The performance relative to the current allocation process is assessed in the context of whether such a model could support the proposed short‐term contract based participatory process. A synthetic forecasting example is also used to explore the relative roles of forecast skill and reservoir storage in this framework. DA - 2009/11// PY - 2009/11// DO - 10.1029/2009wr007821 VL - 45 IS - 11 SP - J2 - Water Resour. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 0043-1397 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009WR007821 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Factors that influence the effectiveness of trail surfacing in minimizing recreational impact: A sudy in Yangmingshan National Park [in Chinese] AU - Lin, H.-C AU - Leung, Y.-F AU - Hsu, S.-I AU - Sheu, J.-E T2 - Journal of National Parks (Taiwan) DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 65-79 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Developing a quality evaluation tool for monitoring protocols of natural recreation areas [in Chinese] AU - Tien, S.-H AU - Leung, Y.-F AU - Lu, D.-J T2 - Quarterly Journal of Chinese Forestry DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 42 IS - 3 SP - 457-464 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Annual Information Exchange -- Statistical Report of State Park Operations: 2007-08 AU - Leung, Y.-F AU - Siderelis, C. AU - Hoffbeck, D. A3 - Raleigh, NC: National Association of State Park Directors DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// PB - Raleigh, NC: National Association of State Park Directors ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bayesian modeling of multivariate spatial binary data with applications to dental caries AU - Bandyopadhyay, Dipankar AU - Reich, Brian J. AU - Slate, Elizabeth H. T2 - STATISTICS IN MEDICINE AB - Dental research gives rise to data with potentially complex correlation structure. Assessments of dental caries yield a binary outcome indicating the presence or absence of caries experience for each surface of each tooth in a subject's mouth. In addition to this nesting, caries outcome exhibit spatial structure among neighboring teeth. We develop a Bayesian multivariate model for spatial binary data using random effects autologistic regression that controls for the correlation within tooth surfaces and spatial correlation among neighboring teeth. Using a sample from a clinical study conducted at the Medical University of South Carolina, we compare this autologistic model with covariates to alternative models to demonstrate the improvement in predictions and also to assess the effects of covariates on caries experience. DA - 2009/12/10/ PY - 2009/12/10/ DO - 10.1002/sim.3647 VL - 28 IS - 28 SP - 3492-3508 SN - 1097-0258 KW - autologistic KW - binary KW - caries KW - MCMC KW - spatial KW - WinBUGS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Species-specific seed dispersal in an obligate ant-plant mutualism AU - Youngsteadt, E. AU - Baca, J. A. AU - Osborne, J. AU - Schal, C. T2 - PLoS One DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 4 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - January 2006 seafloor-spreading event at 9 degrees 50 ' N, East Pacific Rise: Ridge dike intrusion and transform fault interactions from regional hydroacoustic AU - Dziak, Robert P. AU - Bohnenstiehl, Delwayne R. AU - Matsumoto, Haruyoshi AU - Fowler, Matthew J. AU - Haxel, Joseph H. AU - Tolstoy, Maya AU - Waldhauser, Felix T2 - GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS AB - An array of autonomous underwater hydrophones is used to investigate regional seismicity associated with the 22 January 2006 seafloor‐spreading event on the northern East Pacific Rise near 9°50′N. Significant earthquake activity was observed beginning 3 weeks prior to the eruption, where a total of 255 earthquakes were detected within the vicinity of the 9°50′N area. This was followed by a series of 252 events on 22 January and a rapid decline to background seismicity levels during the subsequent 3 days. Because of their small magnitudes, accurate locations could be derived for only 20 of these events, 18 of which occurred during a 1‐h period on 22 January. These earthquakes cluster near 9°45′N and 9°55′N, at the distal ends of the young lava flows identified posteruption, where the activity displays a distinct spatial‐temporal pattern, alternating from the north to the south and then back to the north. This implies either rapid bilateral propagation along the rift or the near‐simultaneous injection of melt vertically from the axial magma lens. Short‐duration T wave risetimes are consistent with the eruption of lavas in the vicinity of 9°50′N on 22 January 2006. Eruptions on 12 and 15–16 January also may be inferred from the risetime data; however, the locations of these smaller‐magnitude events cannot be determined accurately. Roughly 15 h after the last earthquakes were located adjacent to the eruption site, a sequence of 16 earthquakes began to the north‐northeast at a distance of 25–40 km from the 9°50′N site. These events are located in vicinity of the Clipperton Transform and its western inside corner, an area from which the regional hydrophone network routinely detects seismicity. Coulomb stress modeling indicates that a dike intrusion spanning the known eruptive zone to the south (9°46′–9°56′N) would act to promote normal faulting or a combination of normal faulting and transform slip within this region, with stress changes on the order of 1–10 kPa. DA - 2009/6/18/ PY - 2009/6/18/ DO - 10.1029/2009gc002388 VL - 10 SP - SN - 1525-2027 KW - mid-ocean ridge KW - fast spreading KW - earthquakes KW - magma intrusion KW - hydroacoustics KW - hydrophone ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of 8 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the neotropical ant-garden ant, Camponotus femoratus (Fabricius) AU - Booth, Warren AU - Youngsteadt, Elsa AU - Schal, Coby AU - Vargo, Edward L. T2 - CONSERVATION GENETICS DA - 2009/10// PY - 2009/10// DO - 10.1007/s10592-008-9705-z VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - 1401-1403 SN - 1572-9737 KW - Camponotus KW - Formicidae KW - Di-nucleotide microsatellite KW - Tri-nucleotide microsatellite KW - Tetra-nucleotide microsatellite ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of the effects of ultrafine particulate matter while accounting for human exposure AU - Reich, Brian J. AU - Fuentes, Montserrat AU - Burke, Janet T2 - ENVIRONMETRICS AB - Abstract Particulate matter (PM) has been associated with mortality in several epidemiological studies. The US EPA currently regulates PM 10 and PM 2.5 (mass concentration of particles with diameter less than 10 and 2.5 µm, respectively), but it is not clear which size of particles are most responsible for adverse heath outcomes. A current hypothesis is that ultrafine particles with diameter less than 0.1 µm are particularly harmful because their small size allows them to deeply penetrate the lungs. This paper investigates the association between exposure to particles of varying diameter and daily mortality. We propose a new dynamic factor analysis model to relate the ambient concentrations of several sizes of particles with diameters ranging from 0.01 to 0.40 µm with mortality. We introduce a Bayesian model that converts ambient concentrations into simulated personal exposure using the EPA's Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulator, and relates simulated exposure with mortality. Using new data from Fresno, CA, we find that the 4‐day lag of particles with diameter between 0.02 and 0.08 µm is associated with mortality. This is consistent with the small particles hypothesis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2009/3// PY - 2009/3// DO - 10.1002/env.915 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 131-146 SN - 1099-095X KW - ecological fallacy KW - human exposure KW - dynamic factor model KW - SHEDS KW - ultrafine particles ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variable Selection in Bayesian Smoothing Spline ANOVA Models: Application to Deterministic Computer Codes AU - Reich, Brian J. AU - Storlie, Curtis B. AU - Bondell, Howard D. T2 - TECHNOMETRICS AB - With many predictors, choosing an appropriate subset of the covariates is a crucial, and difficult, step in nonparametric regression. We propose a Bayesian nonparametric regression model for curve-fitting and variable selection. We use the smoothing spline ANOVA framework to decompose the regression function into interpretable main effect and interaction functions. Stochastic search variable selection via MCMC sampling is used to search for models that fit the data well. Also, we show that variable selection is highly-sensitive to hyperparameter choice and develop a technique to select hyperparameters that control the long-run false positive rate. The method is used to build an emulator for a complex computer model for two-phase fluid flow. DA - 2009/5// PY - 2009/5// DO - 10.1198/TECH.2009.0013 VL - 51 IS - 2 SP - 110-120 SN - 1537-2723 KW - Bayesian hierarchical modeling KW - Markov chain Monte Carlo KW - Nonparametric regression KW - Smoothing splines ANOVA KW - Variable selection ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Role of Monthly Updated Climate Forecasts in Improving Intraseasonal Water Allocation AU - Sankarasubramanian, A. AU - Lall, Upmanu AU - Devineni, Naresh AU - Espinueva, Susan T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY AB - Abstract Seasonal streamflow forecasts contingent on climate information are essential for short-term planning (e.g., water allocation) and for setting up contingency measures during extreme years. However, the water allocated based on the climate forecasts issued at the beginning of the season needs to be revised using the updated climate forecasts throughout the season. In this study, reservoir inflow forecasts downscaled from monthly updated precipitation forecasts from ECHAM4.5 forced with “persisted” SSTs were used to improve both seasonal and intraseasonal water allocation during the October–February season for the Angat reservoir, a multipurpose system, in the Philippines. Monthly updated reservoir inflow forecasts are ingested into a reservoir simulation model to allocate water for multiple uses by ensuring a high probability of meeting the end-of-season target storage that is required to meet the summer (March–May) demand. The forecast-based allocation is combined with the observed inflows during the season to estimate storages, spill, and generated hydropower from the system. The performance of the reservoir is compared under three scenarios: forecasts issued at the beginning of the season, monthly updated forecasts during the season, and use of climatological values. Retrospective reservoir analysis shows that the operation of a reservoir by using monthly updated inflow forecasts reduces the spill considerably by increasing the allocation for hydropower during above-normal-inflow years. During below-normal-inflow years, monthly updated streamflow forecasts could be effectively used for ensuring enough water for the summer season by meeting the end-of-season target storage. These analyses suggest the importance of performing experimental reservoir analyses to understand the potential challenges and opportunities in improving seasonal and intraseasonal water allocation by using real-time climate forecasts. DA - 2009/7// PY - 2009/7// DO - 10.1175/2009JAMC2122.1 VL - 48 IS - 7 SP - 1464-1482 SN - 1558-8432 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial-temporal association between fine particulate matter and daily mortality AU - Choi, Jungsoon AU - Fuentes, Montserrat AU - Reich, Brian J. T2 - COMPUTATIONAL STATISTICS & DATA ANALYSIS AB - Fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) is a mixture of pollutants that has been linked to serious health problems, including premature mortality. Since the chemical composition of PM(2.5) varies across space and time, the association between PM(2.5) and mortality could also change with space and season. In this work we develop and implement a statistical multi-stage Bayesian framework that provides a very broad, flexible approach to studying the spatiotemporal associations between mortality and population exposure to daily PM(2.5) mass, while accounting for different sources of uncertainty. In stage 1, we map ambient PM(2.5) air concentrations using all available monitoring data (IMPROVE and FRM) and an air quality model (CMAQ) at different spatial and temporal scales. In stage 2, we examine the spatial temporal relationships between the health end-points and the exposures to PM(2.5) by introducing a spatial-temporal generalized Poisson regression model. We adjust for time-varying confounders, such as seasonal trends. A common seasonal trends model is to use a fixed number of basis functions to account for these confounders, but the results can be sensitive to the number of basis functions. In this study, the number of the basis functions is treated as an unknown parameter in our Bayesian model and we use a space-time stochastic search variable selection approach. We apply our methods to a data set in North Carolina for the year 2001. DA - 2009/6/15/ PY - 2009/6/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.csda.2008.05.018 VL - 53 IS - 8 SP - 2989-3000 SN - 1872-7352 ER - TY - JOUR TI - River Flood Forecasting Using Complementary Muskingum Rating Equations AU - Choudhury, Parthasarathi AU - Sankarasubramanian, A. T2 - JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING AB - A model for real-time flood forecasting in river systems with large drainage areas has been developed. Flow variations between upstream and downstream stations are interlinked and are typically governed by reach properties. Unique paired variations establish useful flow correspondence resulting in inflow and outflow forecasting models for a reach. The proposed model can generate forecasts with increased lead time without applying a separate inflow forecasting model and can also provide updated forecasts essential for real-time applications. The model was applied to flood forecasting in Tar River Basin, N.C., covering a drainage area of 13,921km2 . The model aggregates multiple upstream flows to provide long range forecasts for two downstream stations in the basin. Applicability of the model in estimating complete upstream and downstream hydrographs was demonstrated using a textbook example. Application results indicate that the new model can provide complete and updatable evolution of hydrographs using the current flow state. DA - 2009/7// PY - 2009/7// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000046 VL - 14 IS - 7 SP - 745-751 SN - 1943-5584 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 May 2009-31 July 2009 AU - Almany, Glenn R. AU - De Arruda, Mauricio P. AU - Arthofer, Wolfgang AU - Atallah, Z. K. AU - Beissinger, Steven R. AU - Berumen, Michael L. AU - Bogdanowicz, S. M. AU - Brown, S. D. AU - Bruford, Michael W. AU - Burdine, C. AU - Busch, Jeremiah W. AU - Campbell, Nathan R. AU - Carey, D. AU - Carstens, Bryan C. AU - Chu, K. H. AU - Cubeta, Marc A. AU - Cuda, J. P. AU - Cui, Zhaoxia AU - Datnoff, L. E. AU - Davila, J. A. AU - Davis, Emily S. AU - Davis, R. M. AU - Diekmann, Onno E. AU - Eizirik, Eduardo AU - Fargallo, J. A. AU - Fernandes, Fabiano AU - Fukuda, Hideo AU - Gale, L. R. AU - Gallagher, Elizabeth AU - Gao, Yongqiang AU - Girard, Philippe AU - Godhe, Anna AU - Goncalves, Evonnildo C. AU - Gouveia, Licinia AU - Grajczyk, Amber M. AU - Grose, M. J. AU - Gu, Zhifeng AU - Hallden, Christer AU - Harnstrom, Karolina AU - Hemmingsen, Amanda H. AU - Holmes, Gerald AU - Huang, C. H. AU - Huang, Chuan-Chin AU - Hudman, S. P. AU - Jones, Geoffrey P. AU - Kanetis, Loukas AU - Karunasagar, Iddya AU - Karunasagar, Indrani AU - Keyghobadi, Nusha AU - Klosterman, S. J. AU - Klug, Page E. AU - Koch, J. AU - Koopman, Margaret M. AU - Koeppler, Kirsten AU - Koshimizu, Eriko AU - Krumboeck, Susanne AU - Kubisiak, T. AU - Landis, J. B. AU - Lasta, Mario L. AU - Lee, Chow-Yang AU - Li, Qianqian AU - Li, Shou-Hsien AU - Lin, Rong-Chien AU - Liu, M. AU - Liu, Na AU - Liu, W. C. AU - Liu, Yuan AU - Loiseau, A. AU - Luan, Weisha AU - Maruthachalam, K. K. AU - McCormick, Helen M. AU - Mellick, Rohan AU - Monnahan, P. J. AU - Morielle-Versute, Eliana AU - Murray, Tomas E. AU - Narum, Shawn R. AU - Neufeld, Katie AU - Nova, P. J. G. AU - Ojiambo, Peter S. AU - Okamoto, Nobuaki AU - Othman, Ahmad Sofiman AU - Overholt, W. A. AU - Pardini, Renata AU - Paterson, Ian G. AU - Patty, Olivia A. AU - Paxton, Robert J. AU - Planes, Serge AU - Porter, Carolyn AU - Pratchett, Morgan S. AU - Puettker, Thomas AU - Rasic, Gordana AU - Rasool, Bilal AU - Rey, O. AU - Riegler, Markus AU - Riehl, C. AU - Roberts, John M. K. AU - Roberts, P. D. AU - Rochel, Elisabeth AU - Roe, Kevin J. AU - Rossetto, Maurizio AU - Ruzzante, Daniel E. AU - Sakamoto, Takashi AU - Saravanan, V. AU - Sarturi, Cladinara Roberts AU - Schmidt, Anke AU - Cruz Schneider, Maria Paula AU - Schuler, Hannes AU - Serb, Jeanne M. AU - Serrao, Ester T. A. AU - Shi, Yaohua AU - Silva, Artur AU - Sin, Y. W. AU - Sommer, Simone AU - Stauffer, Christian AU - Struessmann, Carlos Augusto AU - Subbarao, K. V. AU - Syms, Craig AU - Tan, Feng AU - Tejedor, Eugenio Daniel AU - Thorrold, Simon R. AU - Trigiano, Robert N. AU - Trucco, Maria I. AU - Nunes Tsuchiya-Jerep, Mirian Tieko AU - Vergara, P. AU - Vliet, Mirjam S. AU - Wadl, Phillip A. AU - Wang, Aimin AU - Wang, Hongxia AU - Wang, R. X. AU - Wang, Xinwang AU - Wang, Yan AU - Weeks, Andrew R. AU - Wei, Fuwen AU - Werner, William J. AU - Wiley, E. O. AU - Williams, D. A. AU - Wilkins, Richard J. AU - Wisely, Samantha M. AU - With, Kimberly A. AU - Wu, Danhua AU - Yao, Cheng-Te AU - Yau, Cynthia AU - Yeap, Beng-Keok AU - Zhai, Bao-Ping AU - Zhan, Xiangjiang AU - Zhang, Guo-Yan AU - Zhang, S. Y. AU - Zhao, Ru AU - Zhu, Lifeng T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES AB - Abstract This article documents the addition of 512 microsatellite marker loci and nine pairs of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Alcippe morrisonia morrisonia , Bashania fangiana, Bashania fargesii , Chaetodon vagabundus , Colletes floralis , Coluber constrictor flaviventris , Coptotermes gestroi , Crotophaga major , Cyprinella lutrensis , Danaus plexippus , Fagus grandifolia , Falco tinnunculus , Fletcherimyia fletcheri, Hydrilla verticillata, Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus , Leavenworthia alabamica , Marmosops incanus , Miichthys miiuy , Nasua nasua , Noturus exilis , Odontesthes bonariensis , Quadrula fragosa, Pinctada maxima , Pseudaletia separata , Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Podocarpus elatus, Portunus trituberculatus , Rhagoletis cerasi , Rhinella schneideri, Sarracenia alata , Skeletonema marinoi , Sminthurus viridis , Syngnathus abaster , Uroteuthis ( Photololigo ) chinensis , Verticillium dahliae , Wasmannia auropunctata , and Zygochlamys patagonica. These loci were cross‐tested on the following species: Chaetodon baronessa , Falco columbarius , Falco eleonorae , Falco naumanni , Falco peregrinus , Falco subbuteo, Didelphis aurita, Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosops paulensis, Monodelphis Americana, Odontesthes hatcheri, Podocarpus grayi , Podocarpus lawrencei , Podocarpus smithii, Portunus pelagicus, Syngnathus acus, Syngnathus typhle, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) edulis, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvauceli and Verticillium albo‐atrum. This article also documents the addition of nine sequencing primer pairs and sixteen allele specific primers or probes for Oncorhynchus mykiss and Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ; these primers and assays were cross‐tested in both species. DA - 2009/11// PY - 2009/11// DO - 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02759.x VL - 9 IS - 6 SP - 1460-1466 SN - 1755-098X UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/21564933 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification and genetic diversity of Mycosphaerella species on banana and plantain in Nigeria AU - Zandjanakou-Tachin, M. AU - Vroh-Bi, I. AU - Ojiambo, P. S. AU - Tenkouano, A. AU - Gumedzoe, Y. M. AU - Bandyopadhyay, R. T2 - PLANT PATHOLOGY AB - Ribosomal coding DNA was sequenced and compared in 95 isolates of Mycosphaerella spp. collected in Nigeria and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was used to identify the species and to determine the genetic structure of the sampled geographical populations. Using reference GenBank accessions with intercontinental distributions as controls, and shared species‐specific SNPs in these control accessions, 84 (88·4%) isolates that grouped into 14 SNP haplotypes were identified as M. fijiensis , while 11 (11·6%) isolates represented by seven SNP haplotypes were characterized as M. eumusae . None of the isolates were either M. musicola or M. musae . The presence of M. fijiensis and M. eumusae in the collection was further confirmed using previously published species‐specific probes designed on actin and β‐tubulin gene sequences. A pairwise comparison of the population genetic distances revealed significant genetic differentiation between most populations ( P < 0·001), with an average F ST of 0·126, and a population structure corresponding to the four sampled geographical zones. The intraspecific dissimilarity of M. eumusae was 4·6%, compared with 2% for M. fijiensis . Compared to all the GenBank reference accessions, three sequence variations were unique to some Nigerian M. fijiensis haplotypes. Twenty‐one sequence haplotypes were identified, geographically mapped and registered in GenBank. The results indicate that M. musicola has been replaced by more frequently occurring M. fijiensis and M. eumusae , against which disease management and resistance breeding efforts should be directed in Nigeria. DA - 2009/6// PY - 2009/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2008.01988.x VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - 536-546 SN - 1365-3059 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-65649153722&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - black Sigatoka KW - genetic population structure KW - Musa species KW - ribosomal RNA genes KW - sequence haplotypes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Faulting and hydration of the Juan de Fuca plate system AU - Nedimovic, Mladen R. AU - Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R. AU - Carbotte, Suzanne M. AU - Canales, J. Pablo AU - Dziak, Robert P. T2 - EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS AB - Multichannel seismic observations provide the first direct images of crustal scale normal faults within the Juan de Fuca plate system and indicate that brittle deformation extends up to ~ 200 km seaward of the Cascadia trench. Within the sedimentary layering steeply dipping faults are identified by stratigraphic offsets, with maximum throws of 110 ± 10 m found near the trench. Fault throws diminish both upsection and seaward from the trench. Long-term throw rates are estimated to be 13 ± 2 mm/kyr. Faulted offsets within the sedimentary layering are typically linked to larger offset scarps in the basement topography, suggesting reactivation of the normal fault systems formed at the spreading center. Imaged reflections within the gabbroic igneous crust indicate swallowing fault dips at depth. These reflections require local alteration to produce an impedance contrast, indicating that the imaged fault structures provide pathways for fluid transport and hydration. As the depth extent of imaged faulting within this young and sediment insulated oceanic plate is primarily limited to approximately Moho depths, fault-controlled hydration appears to be largely restricted to crustal levels. If dehydration embrittlement is an important mechanism for triggering intermediate-depth earthquakes within the subducting slab, then the limited occurrence rate and magnitude of intraslab seismicity at the Cascadia margin may in part be explained by the limited amount of water imbedded into the uppermost oceanic mantle prior to subduction. The distribution of submarine earthquakes within the Juan de Fuca plate system indicates that propagator wake areas are likely to be more faulted and therefore more hydrated than other parts of this plate system. However, being largely restricted to crustal levels, this localized increase in hydration generally does not appear to have a measurable effect on the intraslab seismicity along most of the subducted propagator wakes at the Cascadia margin. DA - 2009/6/30/ PY - 2009/6/30/ DO - 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.04.013 VL - 284 IS - 1-2 SP - 94-102 SN - 1385-013X KW - Juan de Fuca plate system KW - seismic reflection imaging KW - faulting KW - hydration KW - earthquakes ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Automated Artificial Neural Network System for Land Use/Land Cover Classification from Landsat TM Imagery AU - Yuan, Hui AU - Van Der Wiele, Cynthia F. AU - Khorram, Siamak T2 - REMOTE SENSING AB - This paper focuses on an automated ANN classification system consisting of two modules: an unsupervised Kohonen’s Self-Organizing Mapping (SOM) neural network module, and a supervised Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) neural network module using the Backpropagation (BP) training algorithm. Two training algorithms were provided for the SOM network module: the standard SOM, and a refined SOM learning algorithm which incorporated Simulated Annealing (SA). The ability of our automated ANN system to perform Land-Use/Land-Cover (LU/LC) classifications of a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image was tested using a supervised MLP network, an unsupervised SOM network, and a combination of SOM with SA network. Our case study demonstrated that the ANN classification system fulfilled the tasks of network training pattern creation, network training, and network generalization. The results from the three networks were assessed via a comparison with reference data derived from the high spatial resolution Digital Colour Infrared (CIR) Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quad (DOQQ) data. The supervised MLP network obtained the most accurate classification accuracy as compared to the two unsupervised SOM networks. Additionally, the classification performance of the refined SOM network was found to be significantly better than that of the standard SOM network essentially due to the incorporation of SA. This is mainly due to the SA-assisted classification utilizing the scheduling cooling scheme. It is concluded that our automated ANN classification system can be utilized for LU/LC applications and will be particularly useful when traditional statistical classification methods are not suitable due to a statistically abnormal distribution of the input data. DA - 2009/9// PY - 2009/9// DO - 10.3390/rs1030243 VL - 1 IS - 3 SP - 243-265 SN - 2072-4292 KW - automated artificial neural network KW - simulated annealing KW - Kohonen's self-organizing mapping KW - Landsat TM KW - land use land cover KW - image classifiers KW - image processing KW - accuracy assessment ER - TY - JOUR TI - A new object-oriented method of impervious surface classification using feature analyst AU - Miller, J. A. AU - Nelson, S. A. C. AU - Hess, G. R. T2 - Professional Geographer DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 61 SP - 1-15 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of interdune vegetation changes on eolian dune field evolution: a numerical-modeling case study at Jockey's Ridge, North Carolina, USA AU - Pelletier, Jon D. AU - Mitasova, Helena AU - Harmon, Russell S. AU - Overton, Margery T2 - EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS AB - Abstract Changes in vegetation cover within dune fields can play a major role in how dune fields evolve. To better understand the linkage between dune field evolution and interdune vegetation changes, we modified Werner's ( Geology , 23, 1995: 1107–1110) dune field evolution model to account for the stabilizing effects of vegetation. Model results indicate that changes in the density of interdune vegetation strongly influence subsequent trends in the height and area of eolian dunes. We applied the model to interpreting the recent evolution of Jockey's Ridge, North Carolina, where repeat LiDAR surveys and historical aerial photographs and maps provide an unusually detailed record of recent dune field evolution. In the absence of interdune vegetation, the model predicts that dunes at Jockey's Ridge evolve towards taller, more closely‐spaced, barchanoid dunes, with smaller dunes generally migrating faster than larger dunes. Conversely, the establishment of interdune vegetation causes dunes to evolve towards shorter, more widely‐spaced, parabolic forms. These results provide a basis for understanding the increase in dune height at Jockey's Ridge during the early part of the twentieth century, when interdune vegetation was sparse, followed by the decrease in dune height and establishment of parabolic forms from 1953‐present when interdune vegetation density increased. These results provide a conceptual model that may be applicable at other sites with increasing interdune vegetation cover, and they illustrate the power of using numerical modeling to model decadal variations in eolian dune field evolution. We also describe model results designed to test the relative efficacy of alternative strategies for mitigating dune migration and deflation. Installing sand‐trapping fences and/or promoting vegetation growth on the stoss sides of dunes are found to be the most effective strategies for limiting dune advance, but these strategies must be weighed against the desire of many park visitors to maintain the natural state of the dunes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2009/7// PY - 2009/7// DO - 10.1002/esp.1809 VL - 34 IS - 9 SP - 1245-1254 SN - 1096-9837 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-69749085481&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - eolian dunes KW - numerical modeling KW - biogeomorphology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Systematic along-axis tidal triggering of microearthquakes observed at 9 degrees 50 ' N East Pacific Rise AU - Stroup, D. F. AU - Tolstoy, M. AU - Crone, T. J. AU - Malinverno, A. AU - Bohnenstiehl, D. R. AU - Waldhauser, F. T2 - GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS AB - Hydrothermal fluid circulation at mid‐ocean ridges facilitates the exchange of heat and chemicals between the oceans and the solid Earth, and supports chemosynthetic microbial and macro‐faunal communities. The structure and evolution of newly formed oceanic crust plays a dominant role in controlling the character and longevity of hydrothermal systems; however, direct measurements of subsurface processes remain technologically challenging to obtain. Previous studies have shown that tidally‐induced stresses within the subseafloor modulate both fluid flow and microearthquake origin times. In this study, we observe systematic along‐axis variations between peak microearthquake activity and maximum predicted tidal extension beneath the hydrothermal vent site at 9°50′N East Pacific Rise. We interpret this systematic triggering to result from pore‐pressure perturbations propagating laterally through the hydrothermal system. Based on our observations and a one‐dimensional pore pressure perturbation model, we estimate bulk permeability at ∼10 −13 to 10 −12 m 2 within layer 2B over a calculated diffusive lengthscale of 2.0 km. DA - 2009/9/22/ PY - 2009/9/22/ DO - 10.1029/2009gl039493 VL - 36 SP - SN - 1944-8007 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Photoreactivity of chromophoric dissolved organic matter transported by the Mackenzie River to the Beaufort Sea AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Retamal, Leira AU - Vincent, Warwick F. T2 - Marine Chemistry AB - The photoreactivity of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) transported to Arctic shelf environments by rivers has only recently been studied and its quantitative role in Arctic shelf biogeochemistry has received little attention. Sunlight exposure experiments were performed on CDOM collected over a three year period (2002 to 2004) from river, estuary, shelf, and gulf regions of the Western Canadian Arctic. Decreases in CDOM absorption, synchronous fluorescence (SF), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration were followed after 3 days of exposure, and in two experiments, six optical cutoff filters were used to incrementally remove ultraviolet radiation incident on the samples. Apparent quantum yields for CDOM photobleaching (AQYble) and for DOC photomineralization (AQYmin) were computed, as were two AQY spectra (ϕble and ϕmin) for the Mackenzie River and a sample from the Mackenzie Shelf. The photoreactivity of Mackenzie River CDOM was highest after break-up and peak discharge and lowest in late summer. The half-lives of CDOM and DOC were estimated at 3.7 days and 4.8 days, respectively, when Mackenzie River water was exposed to full sunlight. Photobleaching of Mackenzie River CDOM fluorescence after most UV-B wavelengths were removed increased the correlation between the river and offshore waters in the Beaufort Sea. When light attenuation from particle- and CDOM-rich river water was considered for the Mackenzie Shelf, our photodegradation models estimated around 10% loss of absorption and < 1% DOC loss, suggesting that sunlight exposure does not substantially degrade CDOM on Arctic shelves. DA - 2009/6// PY - 2009/6// DO - 10.1016/j.marchem.2009.05.003 VL - 115 IS - 1-2 SP - 10-20 J2 - Marine Chemistry LA - en OP - SN - 0304-4203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2009.05.003 DB - Crossref KW - Chromophoric dissolved organic matter KW - Dissolved organic carbon KW - Photodegradation KW - Mackenzie River KW - Arctic Ocean ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial and temporal dynamics of coupled groundwater and nitrogen fluxes through a streambed in an agricultural watershed AU - Kennedy, Casey D. AU - Genereux, David P. AU - Corbett, D. Reide AU - Mitasova, Helena T2 - WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH AB - This paper presents results on the spatiotemporal dynamics of the coupled water flux ( v ) and nitrogen fluxes ( f N = v [N], where [N] is the concentration of a dissolved N species) through a streambed in an agricultural watershed in North Carolina. Physical and chemical variables were measured at numerous points in the streambed of a 0.26‐km reach: hydraulic conductivity ( K ) and head gradient ( J ) and the concentrations of NO 3 − and other N species in streambed groundwater, from which water flux ( v = KJ ) and N fluxes (e.g., f NO3 = v [NO 3 − ]) through the streambed were computed, mapped, and integrated in space. The result was a novel set of streambed maps of the linked variables ( K , J , v , and N concentrations and fluxes), showing their spatial variability and how it changed over a year (on the basis of seven bimonthly sets of maps). Mean f NO3 during the study year was 154 mmol m −2 d −1 ; this NO 3 − flux, together with that of dissolved organic nitrogen ( f DON = 17 mmol m −2 d −1 ), accounted for >99% of the total dissolved N flux through the streambed. Repeat measurements at the same locations on the streambed show significant temporal variability in f NO3 , controlled largely by changes in v rather than changes in [NO 3 − ]. One of the clearest and most persistent aspects of spatial variability was lateral variability across the channel from bank to bank. K and v values were greater in the center of the channel; this distribution of K (ultimately a reflection of sediment dynamics in the channel) apparently focuses groundwater discharge toward the center of the channel. The opposite pattern (low values in the center) was found for J , [NO 3 − ], and (to a lesser extent) f NO3 . Overall, f NO3 was characterized by localized zones of high and low values that changed in size and shape over time but remained in basically the same locations (the same was true of K , J , and [NO 3 − ], though less so for v ), with 70% of NO 3 − flux occurring through about 38% of the streambed area. Lateral distributions of the physical hydrologic attributes ( K , J , and v ) were highly symmetrical across the channel, while those of [NO 3 − ] and f NO3 showed higher values on the left than on the right, likely a reflection of different N use on opposite sides of the stream. The streambed‐based approach taken here offers insights concerning the spatial and temporal dynamics of linked water and N fluxes through a streambed and their controls. DA - 2009/9/3/ PY - 2009/9/3/ DO - 10.1029/2008wr007397 VL - 45 IS - 9 SP - SN - 0043-1397 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-72149089873&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationships among groundwater age, denitrification, and the coupled groundwater and nitrogen fluxes through a streambed AU - Kennedy, Casey D. AU - Genereux, David P. AU - Corbett, D. Reide AU - Mitasova, Helena T2 - WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH AB - The relationships among coupled groundwater and nitrogen (N) fluxes, groundwater age, and denitrification were examined for a section of West Bear Creek, an agricultural stream in the coastal plain of North Carolina, United States. Simultaneous streambed measurements of hydraulic conductivity ( K ) and hydraulic head gradient ( J ) and the concentrations of NO 3 − ([NO 3 − ]), dissolved gases, and chlorofluorocarbons in groundwater were interpolated, mapped, and (for water flux v = KJ and nitrate flux f NO3 = v [NO 3 − ]) integrated over the streambed area. Nitrate and dissolved organic N accounted for 92 and 8% of N flux through the streambed, respectively. Streambed maps show a band of greater groundwater age, and lower [NO 3 − ] and f NO3 , running through the center of most of the study reach. Nitrate flux ( f NO3 ) exhibits this “center‐low” pattern even though one of its controlling factors, groundwater flux ( v ), has on average the opposite “center‐high” pattern. An inverse relationship between [NO 3 − ] and age is indicative of fertilizer as the primary source of groundwater NO 3 − . Denitrification reduced mean f NO3 by ∼50%, from 370 mmol m −2 d −1 (what it would have been in the absence of denitrification) to 173 mmol m −2 d −1 (what it actually was). Measurement of both groundwater age and v made possible a new method for estimating flow‐weighted mean groundwater age ( τ FWM ), an important aquifer hydraulic characteristic related to groundwater storage and recharge rate. This method gives τ FWM = 30 years, which, along with the overall distribution of groundwater ages, suggests the possibility of a significant time lag between changes in N fertilizer application rates and NO 3 − flux from groundwater to West Bear Creek. Differences in streambed groundwater chemistry between the left and right sides of the streambed suggest differences in agricultural practices on opposite sides of the stream. DA - 2009/9/3/ PY - 2009/9/3/ DO - 10.1029/2008wr007400 VL - 45 IS - 9 SP - SN - 1944-7973 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-72149099351&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polymorphic microsatellite loci for the ant-garden ant, Crematogaster levior (Forel) AU - Booth, Warren AU - Youngsteadt, Elsa AU - Schal, Coby AU - Vargo, Edward L. T2 - CONSERVATION GENETICS AB - Throughout Amazonia, the ant Crematogaster levior is known for its participation in a complex ant-garden mutualism with the ant Camponotus femoratus and several species of epiphytic plants for which it plays an important role in seed viability. We isolated nine polymorphic microsatellite loci for C. levior from a genomic library enriched for di-, tri-, and tetra-nucleotide repeats. Two to 14 alleles were detected per locus, with levels of observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.103 to 0.785. DA - 2009/6// PY - 2009/6// DO - 10.1007/s10592-008-9597-y VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 639-641 SN - 1572-9737 KW - Crematogaster KW - Formicidae KW - Di-nucleotide microsatellite KW - Tri-nucleotide microsatellite KW - Tetra-nucleotide microsatellite ER - TY - JOUR TI - Contaminant Source Identification in Water Distribution Networks Under Conditions of Demand Uncertainty AU - Vankayala, Praveen AU - Sankarasubramanian, A. AU - Ranjithan, S. Ranji AU - Mahinthakumar, G. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS AB - Water distribution systems are susceptible to accidental and intentional chemical or biological contamination that could result in adverse health impact to the consumers. This study focuses on a water distribution forensics problem, contaminant source identification, subject to water demand uncertainty. Due to inherent variability in water consumption levels, demands at consumer nodes remain one of the major sources of uncertainty. In this research, the nodal demands are considered to be stochastic in nature and are varied using Gaussian and Autoregressive models. A hypothetical source identification problem is constructed by simulating observations at the sensor nodes from an arbitrary contaminant source. A simulation-optimization approach is used to solve the source identification problem with EPANET tool as the simulator and Genetic Algorithm (GA) as the optimizer. The goal is to find the source location and concentration by minimizing the difference between the simulated and observed concentrations at the sensor nodes. Two variations of GA, stochastic GA and noisy GA are applied to the same problem for comparison. Results show that noisy GA is more robust and is less computationally expensive than stochastic GA in solving the source identification problem. Moreover, the autoregressive demand uncertainty model better represents the uncertainty in the source identification process than the Gaussian model. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1080/15275920903140486 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 253-263 SN - 1527-5930 KW - contaminant source identification KW - water distribution system KW - noisy genetic algorithms KW - uncertainty KW - optimization simulation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Broadband calibration of the R/V Marcus G. Langseth four-string seismic sources AU - Tolstoy, M. AU - Diebold, J. AU - Doermann, L. AU - Nooner, S. AU - Webb, S. C. AU - Bohnenstiehl, D. R. AU - Crone, T. J. AU - Holmes, R. C. T2 - GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS AB - The R/V Marcus G. Langseth is the first 3‐D seismic vessel operated by the U.S. academic community. With up to a four‐string, 36‐element source and four 6‐km‐long solid state hydrophone arrays, this vessel promises significant new insights into Earth science processes. The potential impact of anthropogenic sound sources on marine life is an important topic to the marine seismic community. To ensure that operations fully comply with existing and future marine mammal permitting requirements, a calibration experiment was conducted in the Gulf of Mexico in 2007–2008. Results are presented from deep (∼1.6 km) and shallow (∼50 m) water sites, obtained using the full 36‐element (6600 cubic inches) seismic source. This array configuration will require the largest safety radii, and the deep and shallow sites provide two contrasting operational environments. Results show that safety radii and the offset between root‐mean‐square and sound exposure level measurements were highly dependent on water depth. DA - 2009/8/15/ PY - 2009/8/15/ DO - 10.1029/2009gc002451 VL - 10 SP - SN - 1525-2027 KW - calibration KW - Langseth KW - seismic ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Object Extraction Approach for Impervious Surface Classification with Very-High-Resolution Imagery AU - Miller, J.E. AU - Nelson, S.A.C. AU - Hess, G.R. T2 - The Professional Geographer AB - Detailed land cover maps provide important information for research and decision-making but are often expensive to develop and can become outdated quickly. Widespread availability of aerial photography provides increased accessibility of high-resolution imagery and the potential to produce high-accuracy land cover classifications. However, these classifications often require expert knowledge and are time consuming. Our goal was to develop an efficient, accurate technique for classifying impervious surface in urbanizing Wake County, North Carolina. Using an iterative training technique, we classified 111 nonmosaicked, very-high-resolution images using the Feature Analyst software developed by Visual Learning Systems. Feature Analyst provides object extraction classifications by analyzing spatial context in relation to spectral data to classify high-resolution imagery. Our image classification results were 95 percent accurate in impervious surface extraction, with an overall total accuracy of 92 percent. Using this method, users with relatively limited geographic information system (GIS) training and modest budgets can produce highly accurate object-extracted classifications of impervious and pervious surface that are easily manipulated in a GIS. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1080/00330120902742920 VL - 61 IS - 2 SP - 250 – 264 SN - 1467-9272 KW - aerial photography KW - Feature Analyst KW - GIS KW - impervious surface KW - land cover ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Toll-like receptor 4 on Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced bone loss in mice AU - Costalonga, M. AU - Batas, L. AU - Reich, B. J. T2 - JOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH AB - Background and Objective: Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR‐4)/myeloid differentiation protein‐2 complex ligation by lipopolysaccharide induces production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and co‐stimulatory molecules on antigen presenting cells. The aim of this study was to determine the role of the TLR‐4 in bone loss‐resistant C57BL mice and in bone loss‐susceptible BALB/c mice after infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis . Material and Methods: The BALB/c and C57BL/10 mice, either normal or TLR‐4 deficient, were infected or sham‐infected orally four times, at 4 day intervals, with 10 9 colony forming units of P. gingivalis . At 47 days, defleshed jaws were stained and photographed in a standardized position. We measured the surface area of the root trunk to assess the alveolar bone loss. Results: Porphyromonas gingivalis ‐infected wild‐type BALB/c mice lost 13.8% more bone than P. gingivalis ‐infected wild‐type C57BL/10 mice. In contrast, P. gingivalis ‐infected TLR‐4‐deficient C57BL/10 mice lost 12.7% more bone than P. gingivalis ‐infected TLR‐4‐deficient BALB/c mice. Porphyromonas gingivalis ‐infected wild‐type C57BL/6 and TLR‐2 knockout C57BL/6 mice had similar bone levels to sham‐infected control mice. Conclusion: Toll‐like receptor 4 is protective for C57BL/10 but detrimental to BALB/c mice, since its absence allowed C57BL/10 but not BALB/c mice to lose alveolar bone. Toll‐like receptor 2 does not contribute to this protection in genetically similar C57BL/6 mice. DA - 2009/8// PY - 2009/8// DO - 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01152.x VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - 537-542 SN - 1600-0765 KW - Toll-like receptor 4 KW - alveolar bone loss KW - mice-inbred BALB C KW - mice-inbred C57BL ER - TY - JOUR TI - A COLLABORATIVE APPROACH TO STUDY NORTHWEST FLOW SNOW IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS AU - Keighton, Steve AU - Lee, Laurence AU - Holloway, Blair AU - Hotz, David AU - Zubrick, Steven AU - Hovis, Jeffrey AU - Votaw, Gary AU - Perry, L. Baker AU - Lackmann, Gary AU - Yuter, Sandra E. AU - Konrad, Charles AU - Miller, Douglas AU - Etherton, Brian T2 - BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY AB - Upslope-enhanced snowfall events during periods of northwesterly flow in the southern Appalachians have been recognized as a significant winter forecasting problem for some time. However, only in recent years has this problem received noteworthy attention by both the academic and operational communities. The complex meteorology of these events includes significant topographic influences, as well as a linkage between the upstream Great Lakes and resultant southern Appalachian snowfall. A unique collaborative team has recently formed, working toward the goals of improving the physical understanding of the mechanisms at work in these events and developing more accurate forecasts and more detailed climatologies. The literature shows only limited attention to this problem through the 1990s. However, with modernization of the National Weather Service (NWS) in the mid-1990s came opportunities to bring more attention to new or poorly understood forecast problems. These opportunities included the establishment of new forecast offices, often collocated with universities, the deployment of the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) network, expansion of the surface observational network in both space and time, improved access to sophisticated numerical models, and growth of the spotter and cooperative observer networks. A collaborative team, consisting of faculty from five universities and meteorologists from six NWS forecast offices, has established an ongoing, structured dialogue to help advance the understanding and improve the forecasting of these events. The team utilizes a variety of communication strategies to discuss emerging research findings, review recent events, and share data and ideas. The ultimate goal is to continue fostering working relationships among research and operational meteorologists, climatologists, and students, all with a common motivation of continually improving forecasts and understanding of this important phenomenon. This group may serve as a model for other collaborative efforts between the research and operational communities interested in a common forecast problem. DA - 2009/7// PY - 2009/7// DO - 10.1175/2009BAMS2591.1 VL - 90 IS - 7 SP - 979-991 SN - 0003-0007 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simultaneous Factor Selection and Collapsing Levels in ANOVA AU - Bondell, Howard D. AU - Reich, Brian J. T2 - BIOMETRICS AB - When performing an analysis of variance, the investigator often has two main goals: to determine which of the factors have a significant effect on the response, and to detect differences among the levels of the significant factors. Level comparisons are done via a post-hoc analysis based on pairwise differences. This article proposes a novel constrained regression approach to simultaneously accomplish both goals via shrinkage within a single automated procedure. The form of this shrinkage has the ability to collapse levels within a factor by setting their effects to be equal, while also achieving factor selection by zeroing out entire factors. Using this approach also leads to the identification of a structure within each factor, as levels can be automatically collapsed to form groups. In contrast to the traditional pairwise comparison methods, these groups are necessarily nonoverlapping so that the results are interpretable in terms of distinct subsets of levels. The proposed procedure is shown to have the oracle property in that asymptotically it performs as well as if the exact structure were known beforehand. A simulation and real data examples show the strong performance of the method. DA - 2009/3// PY - 2009/3// DO - 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2008.01061.x VL - 65 IS - 1 SP - 169-177 SN - 0006-341X KW - ANOVA KW - Grouping KW - Multiple comparisons KW - Oracle property KW - Shrinkage KW - Variable selection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Geochemistry of four tropical montane watersheds, Central Panama AU - Harmon, Russell S. AU - Lyons, W. Berry AU - Long, David T. AU - Ogden, Fred L. AU - Mitasova, Helena AU - Gardner, Christopher B. AU - Welch, Kathleen A. AU - Witherow, Rebecca A. T2 - APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY AB - The major element chemistry was determined for surface waters from four watersheds in Central Panama during the 2005 dry season to ascertain geochemical patterns resulting from differing geology and human influences as well to estimate chemical denudation rates for this montane region of tropical rain forest. The Upper Rio Chagres (580 km2), Rio Pequini (281 km2) and Rio Cuango (175 km2) watersheds are formed on a geologically mixed terrain that consists of strongly hydrothermally altered andesite and volumetrically subordinate mafic-intermediate volcanic rocks and felsic intrusive lithologies, whereas the Rio Pacora watershed (374 km2) is developed largely on gabbroic and dioritic lithologies. The headwater areas of all four river basins lie in pristine tropical rainforest, with the Rio Cuango, Rio Pequini and Rio Pacora subject to varying degrees of different land uses in their middle to lower reaches. Values of pH for the four watersheds are near neutral to slightly alkaline (7.0–8.5), DO saturation is high (typically >90%) and dissolved solute contents of the rivers and tributary streams are low (SPC = 130 ± 31 μS/cm), documenting the overall pristine quality of the waters in all four basins. Cluster analysis, supported by a comparison of elemental variations, indicates a broad geochemical similarity of rivers and streams in the four watersheds, but also reveals subtle differences that can be attributed to lithologic control rather than anthropogenic influences. Low-order streams in the Pacora watershed have distinctly higher TDS values plus silica and Ca2+ concentrations than those forming in the mixed lithology terrain. Streams and rivers developed on mafic terrain are also slightly more enriched in total dissolved cations (TZ+) and HCO3-, relative to silica, than streams and rivers developed in the mixed lithology terrain. Potassium concentrations are uniformly low, and like Mg2+ and Na+, are similar in both terrains. Calcium/Mg ratios for all watersheds are lower than the world river average, indicating the importance of the weathering of Mg-rich minerals. The Ca/Na, HCO3/Na and Mg/Na ratios for the Rio Pacora streams and rivers fall within the mid-range of what has been observed globally for other streams/rivers draining mafic rocks. The chemical weathering rate calculated is 108 tons/km2/a, which is about 40% of the physical denudation rate for the Upper Rio Chagres watershed of 275–289 tons/km2/a. The results of this study document that both chemical and physical erosion rates within tropical montane watersheds in central Panama are significant in a global context. DA - 2009/4// PY - 2009/4// DO - 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.12.014 VL - 24 IS - 4 SP - 624-640 SN - 0883-2927 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-62849118013&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variability of Graupel and Snow Observed in Tropical Oceanic Convection by Aircraft during TRMM KWAJEX AU - Sukovich, Ellen M. AU - Kingsmill, David E. AU - Yuter, Sandra E. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY AB - Abstract Empirical characterization of graupel and snow in precipitating tropical convective clouds is important for refining satellite precipitation retrieval algorithms and cloud-resolving and radiative transfer models. Microphysics data for this analysis were collected by the University of North Dakota (UND) Citation and the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) DC-8 aircraft during the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Kwajalein Experiment (KWAJEX) in the western tropical Pacific Ocean. An ice particle identification algorithm was applied to two-dimensional optical array probe data for the purpose of identifying ice particle ensembles dominated by graupel or snow particles. These ensembles were accumulated along 1-km flight segments at temperatures below 0°C. A third category, mixed graupel/snow, has characteristics between those of the predominately graupel and snow ensembles and can be used either in combination with the other two categories or separately. Snow particle ensembles compose 80% of UND Citation and 98% of NASA DC-8 ensemble data. For the UND Citation, graupel ensembles compose ∼5% of the total with mixed graupel/snow ensembles composing ∼15%. There were no graupel ensembles in the NASA DC-8 data, which were collected primarily at temperatures &lt;−35°C. Particles too small to classify (&lt;150-μm maximum dimension) compose 56% of UND Citation and 64% of NASA DC-8 particle images. Nearly all these “tiny” particles occur coincident with particles &gt;∼150 μm. Combining data from both aircraft, snow and mixed graupel/snow ensembles were evident over the full range of subfreezing temperatures (from 0° to −65°C) sampled by the aircraft. In contrast, graupel ensembles were present primarily at temperatures &gt;−10°C. Accurate graupel identification was further supported by all graupel ensembles observed either coincident with or within a 10-km horizontal distance of radar-identified convective precipitation structures. DA - 2009/2// PY - 2009/2// DO - 10.1175/2008JAMC1940.1 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 185-198 SN - 1558-8432 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Raster-Based Analysis of Coastal Terrain Dynamics from Multitemporal Lidar Data AU - Mitasova, Helena AU - Overton, Margery F. AU - Recalde, Juan Jose AU - Bernstein, David J. AU - Freeman, Christopher W. T2 - JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH AB - Multitemporal sets of lidar data provide a unique opportunity to analyze and quantify changes in topography in rapidly evolving landscapes. Methodology for geospatial analyses of lidar data time series was developed to investigate patterns of coastal terrain evolution, including the beach and dune systems. The diverse lidar-point data density, noise, and systematic errors were first quantified, and the results were used to compute a consistent series of high-resolution digital elevation models using spline-based approximation with optimized parameters. Raster-based statistical analysis was applied to the elevation-model time series to derive maps representing multiyear trends in spatial patterns of elevation change, to quantify dynamics at each cell using standard deviation maps, and to extract the core surface below which the elevation has never decreased. The methodology was applied to a North Carolina barrier island that was mapped by a sequence of 13 lidar surveys during the past decade, using several different lidar systems. Assessment of vertical differences between the lidar data sets using stable structures such as a road, was shown to be essential for correct quantification of coastal terrain change and its pattern. The analysis revealed the highly dynamic nature of foredunes, the trend toward inland sand transport, and the impact of anthropogenic sand disposal on that trend. DA - 2009/3// PY - 2009/3// DO - 10.2112/07-0976.1 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 507-514 SN - 1551-5036 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-66449138133&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Coastal change KW - systematic error KW - barrier island KW - North Carolina KW - GRASS GIS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Increases in the longwave photobleaching of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in coastal waters AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Daniel W. O'Sullivan, AU - Boyd, Thomas J. T2 - LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY AB - Salinity effects on the photobleaching of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) due to coastal mixing were investigated through a comparative study of surrogate and surface-water CDOM. Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA) and ultrafiltered river dissolved organic matter (UDOM) added to mixtures of river and seawater permeates (<1 kDa) that varied in salinity from 0 to 33 to mimic coastal mixing. Surface-water CDOM was collected from the Chesapeake Bay in January, June, and September 2002. Shortwave CDOM absorption loss (e.g., 280 nm) did not change with salinity; however, longwave CDOM absorption loss (e.g., 440 nm) often decreased by 10% to 40% with salinity. Apparent quantum yields for average absorption loss from 280 to 550 nm (ϕavg) increased with salinity for both surrogate and surface-water CDOM, providing evidence for an effect of salinity independent of light absorption among different samples. Further, hydrogen peroxide photoproduction from UDOM increased from 15 to 368 nmol L−1 h−1 with salinity, even though pH values were circumneutral. A kinetic model demonstrated that, at circumneutral pH and iron concentrations expected for the Chesapeake Bay, photo-Fenton chemistry could not explain the increase in hydrogen peroxide production quantum yields (ϕhp) with salinity. Using ϕavg for the SRHA and UDOM surrogates, a model of the change in surface-water CDOM photoreactivity in the Chesapeake Bay as a function of salinity suggested additional CDOM inputs for the lower Chesapeake Bay. Because estuarine mixing increases photobleaching of longwave CDOM absorption, the modeling of absorption coefficients above 400 nm may underestimate dissolved organic matter in coastal waters. DA - 2009/1// PY - 2009/1// DO - 10.4319/lo.2009.54.1.0145 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - 145-159 SN - 1939-5590 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improved drought management of Falls Lake Reservoir: Role of multimodel streamflow forecasts in setting up restrictions AU - Golembesky, K. AU - Sankarasubramanian, A. AU - Devineni, N. T2 - Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management AB - Droughts, resulting from natural variability in supply and from increased demand due to urbanization, have severe economic implications on local and regional water supply systems. In the context of short-term (monthly to seasonal) water management, predicting these supply variations well in advance are essential in advocating appropriate conservation measures before the onset of drought. In this study, we utilized 3-month ahead probabilistic multimodel streamflow forecasts developed using climatic information—sea surface temperature conditions in the tropical Pacific, tropical Atlantic, and over the North Carolina coast—to invoke restrictions for Falls Lake Reservoir in the Neuse River Basin, N.C. Multimodel streamflow forecasts developed from two single models, a parametric regression approach and semiparametric resampling approach, are forced with a reservoir management model that takes ensembles to estimate the reliability of meeting the water quality and water supply releases and the end of the season target storage. The analyses show that the entire seasonal releases for water supply and water quality uses could be met purely based on the initial storages (100% reliability of supply), thereby limiting the use of forecasts. The study suggests that, by constraining the end of the season target storage conditions being met with high probability, the climate information based streamflow forecasts could be utilized for invoking restrictions during below-normal inflow years. Further, multimodel forecasts perform better in detecting the below-normal inflow conditions in comparison to single model forecasts by reducing false alarms and missed targets which could improve public confidence in utilizing climate forecasts for developing proactive water management strategies. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2009)135:3(188) VL - 135 IS - 3 SP - 188–197 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A tangible user interface for assessing cognitive mapping ability AU - Sharlin, Ehud AU - Watson, Benjamin AU - Sutphen, Steve AU - Liu, Lili AU - Lederer, Robert AU - Frazer, John T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN-COMPUTER STUDIES AB - Wayfinding, the ability to recall the environment and navigate through it, is an essential cognitive skill relied upon almost every day in a person's life. A crucial component of wayfinding is the construction of cognitive maps, mental representations of the environments through which a person travels. Age, disease or injury can severely affect cognitive mapping, making assessment of this basic survival skill particularly important to clinicians and therapists. Cognitive mapping has also been the focus of decades of basic research by cognitive psychologists. Both communities have evolved a number of techniques for assessing cognitive mapping ability. We present the Cognitive Map Probe (CMP), a new computerized tool for assessment of cognitive mapping ability that increases consistency and promises improvements in flexibility, accessibility, sensitivity and control. The CMP uses a tangible user interface that affords spatial manipulation. We describe the design of the CMP, and find that it is sensitive to factors known to affect cognitive mapping performance in extensive experimental testing. DA - 2009/3// PY - 2009/3// DO - 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2008.09.014 VL - 67 IS - 3 SP - 269-278 SN - 1095-9300 KW - Cognitive maps KW - Wayfinding KW - Cognitive assessment KW - Neuropsychological assessment KW - Tangible user interfaces KW - Constructional ability KW - Spatial ability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pathogenic Variation of Phakopsora pachyrhizi Infecting Soybean in Nigeria AU - Twizeyimana, M. AU - Ojiambo, P. S. AU - Sonder, K. AU - Ikotun, T. AU - Hartman, G. L. AU - Bandyopadhyay, R. T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - Soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is an important disease in Nigeria and many other soybean-producing countries worldwide. To determine the geographical distribution of soybean rust in Nigeria, soybean fields were surveyed in the Derived Savanna (DS), Northern Guinea Savanna (NGS), and Southern Guinea Savanna (SGS) agroecological zones in Nigeria between 2004 and 2006. Disease severity in each zone was determined and analyzed using geostatistics. Prevalence of infected fields and disease severity in surveyed fields were significantly (P < 0.05) different between geographical zones with both variables being higher in the DS zone than in either NGS or SGS zones. Geostatistical analysis indicated that the spatial influence of disease severity at one location on severity at other locations was between 75 and 120 km. An exponential model best described the relationship between semivariance and lag distance when rust severity was high. Spatial interpolation of rust severity showed that locations in the DS zone were more conducive for the rust epidemic compared to areas in the NGS zone. In the 2005 survey, 116 purified isolates were established in culture on detached soybean leaves. To establish the nature of pathogenic variation in P. pachyrhizi, a set of four soybean accessions with Rpp 1 , Rpp 2 , Rpp 3 , and Rpp 4 resistance genes, two highly resistant and two highly susceptible genotypes were inoculated with single uredinial isolates. Principal component analysis on the number of uredinia per square centimeter of leaf tissue for 116 isolates indicated that an adequate summary of pathogenic variation was obtained using only four genotypes. Of these four, PI 459025B (with Rpp 4 gene) and TG× 1485-1D had the lowest and highest number of uredinia per square centimeter, respectively. Based on cluster analysis of the number of uredinia per square centimeter, seven pathotype clusters were determined. Isolates in cluster III were the most virulent, while those in cluster IV were the least virulent. Shannon's index (H) revealed a more diverse pathogen population in the DS zone (H = 1.21) compared to the rust population in SGS and NGS with H values of 1.08 and 0.91, respectively. This work will be useful in breeding and management of soybean rust by facilitating identification of resistant genotypes and targeting cultivars with specific resistance to match prevailing P. pachyrhizi pathotypes in a given geographical zone. DA - 2009/4// PY - 2009/4// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO-99-4-0353 VL - 99 IS - 4 SP - 353-361 SN - 1943-7684 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/AGR/IND44197711 KW - pathogen diversity KW - pathotype composition KW - virulence analysis KW - West Africa ER - TY - JOUR TI - Late Quaternary fluvial terraces of the Romagna and Marche Apennines, Italy: Climatic, lithologic, and tectonic controls on terrace genesis in an active orogen AU - Wegmann, Karl W. AU - Pazzaglia, Frank J. T2 - QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS AB - We synthesize a new fluvial terrace chronostratigraphy of the Bidente and Musone Rivers cast within a broader European framework, which forms the basis of a terrace genesis and river incision model for the northern Apennines, Italy. Our model, supported by terrace long profiles, correlation to Po foreland sediments, 15 new radiocarbon dates, and published numeric and relative stratigraphic ages, highlights how drainage basin substrate drives concurrent formation of strath terraces in the Bidente basin and fill terraces in the Musone basin. Quaternary climate change paces the formative geomorphic processes through unsteady discharges of water and sediment. In the weathering-limited setting represented by the Bidente basin, siliciclastic detritus carves broad strath surfaces during glacial climates that are preserved as terraces as the river incises during the transition to an interglacial climate. In contrast, the transport-limited and carbonate detritus dominated Musone basin sees valleys deeply buried by aggradation during glacial climates followed by river incision during the transition to an interglacial climate. Incision of these rivers over the past ∼1 million years has been both unsteady and non-uniform. These and all Po-Adriatic draining rivers are proximal to a base level defined by mean sea level and have little room for increasing their longitudinal profile concavities through incision, particularly in their lower reaches despite periodic glacio-eustatic drawdowns. As a result, the observed incision is best explained by rock uplift associated with active local fault or fold growth embedded in the actively thickening and uplifting Apennine foreland. DA - 2009/1// PY - 2009/1// DO - 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.10.006 VL - 28 IS - 1-2 SP - 137-165 SN - 1873-457X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-57749180160&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - A novel statistical model for mandibular helical axis analysis AU - Hayashi, K. AU - Reich, B. AU - Delong, R. AU - Lee, S. -P. AU - Mizoguchi, I. T2 - JOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION AB - Summary The purpose of this study was to establish a new statistical method for the analysis of noisy mandibular helical axis parameters, especially the position vector of the finite helical axis (FHA). The subjects were children with anterior cross‐bite who had received orthodontic treatment. Maximum mouth‐opening was measured by means of an opto‐electronic motion analysis system. These movements were compared with similar movement in the same group after treatment of their anterior cross‐bite. Each curve of FHA position vectors was modelled as a spline function with random coefficients. To determine the optimal number of knots, two criteria were used: deviance information criteria (DIC) and mean squared prediction error (MSE). We were interested in estimating a typical curve for a population. Self‐modelling regression (SEMOR) was extended to three dimensions to model groups of three‐dimensional curves. Each curve was modelled as a spline function using nine knots. Population average curves were created using SEMOR. This study provided detailed information about jaw movement for comparing cross‐bite to normal occlusion by calculating the population mean curves of the position vector of the FHA. Our results suggested that the two population mean curves for the position vector of the FHA were significantly different in the closing phase. The combination of a spline function with random coefficients and SEMOR extended to three dimensions can be used not only for FHA analysis but also for the analysis of other jaw movements. DA - 2009/2// PY - 2009/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2008.01890.x VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - 102-109 SN - 1365-2842 KW - finite helical axis KW - statistical model KW - spline KW - self-modelling regression KW - mandibular movement ER -