TY - CONF TI - The problem with a self-adaptative mutation rate in some environments - A case study using the Shaky Ladder Hyperplane-Defined Functions C2 - 2005/// C3 - Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference DA - 2005/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/56056147/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Par for the course: pesticides on golf courses AU - Phillips, T. AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - Birdscope DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 19 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Beyond the Call AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - Birdscope DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 19 IS - 1 ER - TY - CONF TI - Multipopulation cooperative coevolutionary programming (MCCP) to enhance design innovation AU - Zechman, Emily M. AU - Ranjithan, S. Ranji T2 - Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference : GECCO 2005 A2 - Beyer, H-G AB - This paper describes the development of an evolutionary algorithm called Multipopulation Cooperative Coevolutionary Programming (MCCP) that extends Genetic Programming (GP) to search for a set of maximally different solutions for program induction problems. The GP search is structured to generate a set of alternatives that are similar in design performance, but are dissimilar from each other in the solution (or design parameter) space. This is expected to yield potentially more creative designs, thus enhancing design innovation. Application of MCCP is demonstrated through an illustrative example involving GP-based classification of genetic data to diagnose malignancy in cancer. Four different classifiers, based on highly dissimilar combinations of genes, but with similar prediction performances were generated. As these classifiers use a diverse set of genes, they are collectively more effective in screening cancer samples that may not all properly express every gene. C2 - 2005/// C3 - Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference : GECCO 2005, June 25-29, 2005 (Saturday-Wednesday) Washington, D.C., USA CY - Washington, D.C., USA DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/6/25/ DO - 10.1145/1068009.1068286 PB - ACM Press SN - 1595930108 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1068009.1068286 ER - TY - CONF TI - Investigation and Demonstration of an Evolutionary Computation-Based Model Correction Procedure for a Numerical Simulation Model AU - Zechman, Emily AU - Mahinthakumar, G. AU - Ranjithan, S. Ranji T2 - World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2005 AB - Traditional model calibration attempts to correct a model so that the model output will match a set of system observations by tweaking a set of model parameters. Potential model structural error limits, however, the effectiveness and accuracy of calibration, undermining the predictive capabilities of the calibrated model. An evolutionary computation-based model error correction procedure that couples an evolutionary algorithm and a genetic program was previously developed and tested for two analytical models. Due to nonuniqueness in the solution space, numerous forms of correction terms that similarly fit the observation data were found. This procedure is further investigated to explore and identify alternative correction terms that not only provide a good fit but also results in good prediction performance. This approach is then demonstrated using a numerical groundwater contaminant transport simulation model. C2 - 2005/7// C3 - Impacts of Global Climate Change DA - 2005/7// DO - 10.1061/40792(173)346 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 9780784407929 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40792(173)346 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - A Genetic Programming-Based Surrogate Model Development and Its Application to a Groundwater Source Identification Problem AU - Zechman, Emily AU - Mirghani, Baha AU - Mahinthakumar, G. AU - Ranjithan, S. Ranji T2 - World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2005 AB - This paper investigates a groundwater source identification problem in which chemical signals at observation wells are used to reconstruct the pollution loading scenario. This inverse problem is solved using a simulation-optimization approach that uses a genetic algorithm to conduct the search. As the numerical pollution-transport model is solved iteratively during the heuristic search, the evolutionary search can be in general computationally intensive. This is addressed by constructing a surrogate modeling approach that is able to predict quickly the concentration profiles at the observation wells. A genetic program is used in the development of the surrogate models that provides an acceptable prediction performance. The surrogate model, which replaces the numerical simulation model, is then coupled with the evolutionary search procedure to solve the inverse problem. The results will illustrate 1) the performance of the surrogate model in predicting the concentration compared with the predictions using the original numerical model, and 2) the quality of the solution to the inverse problem obtained using the surrogate model to that obtained using the numerical model. C2 - 2005/7// C3 - Impacts of Global Climate Change DA - 2005/7// DO - 10.1061/40792(173)341 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 9780784407929 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40792(173)341 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Dynamic Water Allocation Framework for Multiple uses: Utility of Climate Forecasts towards Short-term Water Management AU - Sankarasubramanian, A. AU - Lall, U. T2 - International conference, Climate Change: A Challenge or a Threat for Water Management A2 - L.J., Bolwidt T3 - Water science & technology C2 - 2005/// C3 - Climate change : a challenge or a threat for water management? : selected proceedings of the International Conference "Climate Change: a Challenge or a Threat for Water Management?" held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 27-29 September 2004 CY - Amsterdam, the Netherlands DA - 2005/// PY - 2004/9/27/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Improved Water Allocation using Climate Information Based Streamflow Forecasts: An Assessment from System Perspective AU - Arumugam, S. DA - 2005/1/24/ PY - 2005/1/24/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Improved Water Allocation using Climate Information Based Streamflow Forecasts: An Assessment from System Perspective AU - Arumugam, S. DA - 2005/6/24/ PY - 2005/6/24/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Improving Angat Reservoir Operation using Climate Forecasts: Decision Analyses and Possibilities AU - Arumugam, S. DA - 2005/8/24/ PY - 2005/8/24/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Decision Systems Research and Tool Development at the IRI AU - Ward, N.M. AU - Hansen, J.W. AU - Arumugam, S. AU - Osgood, D. AU - Zubair, L. AU - Brown, C. AU - Mishra, A. DA - 2005/11/14/ PY - 2005/11/14/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Climate Forecasts and Reservoir Management – Possibilities and Challenges AU - Arumugam, S. AU - Lall, U. DA - 2005/11/14/ PY - 2005/11/14/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Climate Information based Streamflow Forecasts: Predictor Identification and Model Development, AU - Arumugam, S. DA - 2005/11/3/ PY - 2005/11/3/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Use of Operational Climate Forecasts in Reservoir Management and Operation AU - Arumugam, S. AU - Lall, U. T2 - American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting C2 - 2005/12// CY - San Francisco, CA DA - 2005/12// PY - 2005/12// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Climate Forecasts and Reservoir Management – Possibilities and Challenges AU - Arumugam, S. DA - 2005/11/14/ PY - 2005/11/14/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Improved Water Allocation using Climate Information Based Streamflow Forecasts: Decision Analyses and Possibilities AU - Arumugam, S. DA - 2005/10/5/ PY - 2005/10/5/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - New software for quantifying incubation behavior from time-series recordings AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Mills, Harold T2 - Journal of Field Ornithology AB - Recordings of temperature fluctuations in the nests of birds can be used to infer incubation behavior such as the frequency and duration of off-bouts. Until recently, collecting temperature recordings from a large number of nests was limited by the size and expense of data logger equipment. In this paper, we describe software we developed to help simplify the analysis of recordings of temperature or mass fluctuations over time. The software program, called Rhythm, works in conjunction with Raven, a bioacoustical analysis program, to partially automate the measurement of incubation off-bout duration and related statistics such as percent constancy. This novel application of Raven combined with advances in data logger technology facilitates investigation in several areas of ecological and behavioral research. DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1648/0273-8570-76.4.352 VL - 76 IS - 4 SP - 352-356 J2 - Journal of Field Ornithology LA - en OP - SN - 0273-8570 1557-9263 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1648/0273-8570-76.4.352 DB - Crossref KW - automated analysis KW - data logger KW - incubation rhythm KW - Raven KW - The Birdhouse Network ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal and Latitudinal Trends in Clutch Size: Thermal Constraints During Laying and Incubation AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Hochachka, Wesley M. AU - Butcher, Greg AU - Dhondt, André A. T2 - Ecology AB - Explaining patterns of latitudinal and seasonal trends in clutch size are two of the oldest and most fundamental endeavors in avian life history research. Underlying the majority of studies regarding any type of clutch size variation (i.e., individual, seasonal, latitudinal) of altricial birds is the premise that the primary cost of reproduction stems from feeding offspring. However, both altricial and precocial species of birds display latitudinal and seasonal variation in clutch size. Additionally, individual variation in costs of laying and incubation, recently demonstrated, indicates that understanding latitudinal and seasonal clutch size trends will require increased attention to earlier phases of reproduction. Given the strength and ubiquity of the clutch size patterns, many environmental factors, such as food supply and predation, have been proposed to account for the patterns, but temperature has been largely overlooked. Gradients in many variables may be important because the primacy of selection pressures may also vary in space and time. Furthermore, physiological systems may constrain responses to selection pressures. Thus, it is possible that intraspecific geographic and seasonal patterns in clutch size are at least partially influenced by temperature-dependent physiological processes. Therefore, we suggest that it is important to examine physiological responses of birds (e.g., embryo development, incubation energetics) directly influenced by physical properties of the environment, which exhibit predictable types of spatial and temporal variation (e.g., temperature, humidity, day length). We review two recently proposed, complementary hypotheses that are excellent candidates for this approach. By one mechanism, the thermal inertia of large clutches makes them favorable in cooler weather (the clutch-cooling hypothesis of J. M. Reid et al.). By the other, the reduction in egg viability under warm temperatures favors small clutches (the egg-viability hypothesis of S. H. Stoleson and S. R. Beissinger). Using general linear mixed models, we found that large-scale nesting patterns of Eastern Bluebirds and Red-winged Blackbirds are consistent with the egg-viability hypothesis in that females appear to initiate incubation before clutch completion when they lay large clutches at low latitudes. Although attempts have been made to overcome the logistical obstacles associated with studying large-scale phenomena through meta-analyses and multiple small-scale study sites, we demonstrate the significant potential of new technologies combined with volunteer-based studies to validate these hypotheses as we outline directions for future research. Table 1. Predictions arising from the egg-viability hypothesis (EV) and the clutch-cooling hypothesis (CC) DA - 2005/8// PY - 2005/8// DO - 10.1890/03-8028 VL - 86 IS - 8 SP - 2018–2031 SN - 0012-9658 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/03-8028 KW - clutch size variation KW - Cornell Nest Record Program KW - critical temperatures KW - egg viability KW - hatching failure KW - incubation period KW - latitude gradients KW - onset of incubation KW - seasonal constraints ER - TY - JOUR TI - Latitudinal trends in within-year reoccupation of nest boxes and their implications AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Hochachka, Wesley M. AU - Dhondt, André A. T2 - Journal of Avian Biology AB - Multiple brooding can substantially increase the annual reproductive output of birds, and the propensity for multiple brooding can vary geographically. Thus, studies attempting to understand the evolution of geographic variation in nesting success need to account for variation in re‐nesting potential. However, direct assessment of rates of multiple brooding requires individually recognizable breeding adults, which are not generally available. We explore the possibility of comparing relative indices of multiple broodedness across a latitudinal gradient from studies of un‐banded birds locally restricted to nest boxes. We analyzed nest box reoccupation by a multiple‐brooding species, the eastern bluebird Sialia sialis , reported by volunteers in a citizen‐participation project (1998–2002) in which nest boxes were monitored throughout much of the breeding range of the bluebirds. We found nest boxes in the southern portion of the bluebird range (30° latitude) had, on average 17–33% higher likelihood of repeated egg‐laying, brooding, and successful fledging events than boxes in the north (48° latitude). Latitudinal variation in the reoccupation of nest boxes may indicate that either (1) the number of broods per female varies with latitude, (2) female breeding dispersal/site fidelity varies with latitude, (3) the density, distribution, and/or availability of suitable nest sites varies with latitude, or (4) observer bias varies with latitude. Various lines of evidence suggest that nest re‐occupancy is a useful index of latitudinal variation in re‐nesting. During the time‐frame of second attempts, first‐time box occupancy was as likely as second occupancy and approximately 45% more likely in the south than north, suggesting that, despite considerable breeding dispersal, observed trends in box reoccupation conservatively reflect latitudinal trends in the number of nest attempts/broods per female. Furthermore, despite a compressed nesting cycle in the north (shorter incubation and re‐nesting interval), the shorter duration of the breeding season in the north restricted the potential number of broods. Studies of banded birds are necessary to confirm the behavior underlying the latitudinal trends in box reoccupation. DA - 2005/1// PY - 2005/1// DO - 10.1111/j.0908-8857.2005.03319.x VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 31-39 LA - en OP - SN - 0908-8857 1600-048X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0908-8857.2005.03319.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - RPRT TI - Monthly Climate Data for Selected USGS HCDN Sites, 1951-1990, R1 AU - Vogel, R.M. AU - Sankarasubramanian, A. A3 - ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center AB - ORNL DAAC: Time series of monthly minimum and maximum temperature, precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration were derived for 1,469 watersheds in the conterminous United States for which stream flow measurements were also available from the national streamflow database, termed the Hydro-Climatic Data Network (HCDN), developed by Slack et al. (1993a,b). Monthly climate estimates were derived for the years 1951-1990. The climate characteristic estimates of temperature and precipitation were estimated using the PRISM (Daly et al. 1994, 1997) climate analysis system as described in Vogel, et al. 1999. Estimates of monthly potential evaporation were obtained using a method introduced by Hargreaves and Samani (1982) which is based on monthly time series of average minimum and maximum temperature data along with extraterrestrial solar radiation. Extraterrestrial solar radiation was estimated for each basin by computing the solar radiation over 0.1 degree grids using the method introduced by Duffie and Beckman (1980) and then summing those estimates for each river basin. This process is described in Sankarasubramanian, et al. (2001). Revision Notes: This data set has been revised to update the number of watersheds included in the data set and to updated the units for the potential evapotranspiration variable. Please see the Data Set Revisions section of this document for detailed information. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.3334/ornldaac/810 M3 - dataset PB - ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center UR - http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=810 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A different kind of foreshock AU - Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R. T2 - Nature AB - Underwater sound recordings have been used to monitor transform faults in the equatorial Pacific, implicating a mechanism of foreshock generation distinct from that on most continental fault systems. DA - 2005/3// PY - 2005/3// DO - 10.1038/434445a VL - 434 IS - 7032 SP - 445-447 J2 - Nature LA - en OP - SN - 0028-0836 1476-4687 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/434445a DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial process and data models: Toward integration of agent-based models and GIS AU - Brown, Daniel G. AU - Riolo, Rick AU - Robinson, Derek T. AU - North, Michael AU - Rand, William T2 - Journal of Geographical Systems AB - The use of object-orientation for both spatial data and spatial process models facilitates their integration, which can allow exploration and explanation of spatial-temporal phenomena. In order to better understand how tight coupling might proceed and to evaluate the possible functional and efficiency gains from such a tight coupling, we identify four key relationships affecting how geographic data (fields and objects) and agent-based process models can interact: identity, causal, temporal and topological. We discuss approaches to implementing tight integration, focusing on a middleware approach that links existing GIS and ABM development platforms, and illustrate the need and approaches with example agent-based models. DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1007/S10109-005-0148-5 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 25-47 J2 - J Geograph Syst LA - en OP - SN - 1435-5930 1435-5949 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10109-005-0148-5 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Shaky Ladders, Hyperplane-Defined Functions and Genetic Algorithms: Systematic Controlled Observation in Dynamic Environments AU - Rand, William AU - Riolo, Rick T2 - Lecture Notes in Computer Science AB - Though recently there has been interest in examining genetic algorithms (GAs) in dynamic environments, work still needs to be done in investigating the fundamental behavior of these algorithms in changing environments. When researching the GA in static environments, it has been useful to use test suites of functions that are designed for the GA so that the performance can be observed under systematic controlled conditions. One example of these suites is the hyperplane-defined functions (hdfs) designed by Holland [1]. We have created an extension of these functions, specifically designed for dynamic environments, which we call the shaky ladder functions. In this paper, we examine the qualities of this suite that facilitate its use in examining the GA in dynamic environments, describe the construction of these functions and present some preliminary results of a GA operating on these functions. PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-540-32003-6_63 SP - 600-609 OP - PB - Springer Berlin Heidelberg SN - 9783540253969 9783540320036 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32003-6_63 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sound-channel observations of ice-generated tremor in the Indian Ocean AU - Chapp, Emily AU - Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R. AU - Tolstoy, Maya T2 - Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems AB - Mid to low southern latitude hydrophone stations within the Indian Ocean have recorded two distinct types of low‐frequency (<100 Hz) tremor that can be correlated with drifting icebergs and glacial features along the Wilkes Land coast of eastern Antarctica. The most common of these signals is a variable harmonic tremor (VHT), with spectral peaks that exhibit frequency fluctuations through time. These signals typically display a 4 to 10 Hz fundamental frequency and may have as many as ten harmonic bands. Individual VHT signal packets have durations of up to ∼30 min and occur throughout the year in clusters that continue for hours to days. A second, less commonly observed signal is characterized by shorter duration (25 to 90 s) pulses with a convex‐upward spectrogram appearance. These cusped pulse tremors (CPT) often exhibit a near‐uniform pulse spacing, with episodes continuing for minutes to hours. Tremor received levels at hydrophones near 32°S, 114°E and 7°S, 72°E reach as high as 142 and 133 dB re 1 μPa (peak to peak), respectively. Propagation likely occurs as a sea surface–reflected phase at high latitudes and a sound channel phase north of the convergence zone, with low‐frequency transmission loss estimates suggesting maximum acoustic source levels of ∼245 dB re 1 μPa at 1 m. Source locations for a subset of the loudest VHT signals correlate with the satellite‐derived locations of a large iceberg (B‐15D) that migrated westward along the Wilkes Land shelf region during 2002 and early 2003. Most VHT sources, however, cannot be correlated with known iceberg locations, suggesting that these signals also may be sourced from smaller unnamed icebergs and/or associated with outlet glaciers distributed along the Wilkes Land coast. CPT signals have a more limited spatial distribution, originating from five specific regions where ice streams are observed. The harmonic nature of both signal types is consistent with the resonance of an ice layer or fluid‐filled cavity within an ice mass. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1029/2004GC000889 VL - 6 IS - 6 J2 - Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. LA - en OP - SN - 1525-2027 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000889 DB - Crossref KW - Antarctica KW - hydroacoustics KW - tremor KW - marine geology and geophysics : general or miscellaneous KW - oceanography : general : ocean acoustics KW - geographic location : Antarctica ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Role of Iron and Dissolved Organic Carbon in the Absorption of Ultraviolet Radiation in Humic Lake Water AU - Maloney, Kelly O. AU - Morris, Donald P. AU - Moses, Carl O. AU - Osburn, Christopher L. T2 - Biogeochemistry DA - 2005/9// PY - 2005/9// DO - 10.1007/s10533-005-1675-3 VL - 75 IS - 3 SP - 393-407 KW - anoxia KW - dissolved organic carbon (DOC) KW - hypolimnion KW - iron (Fe) KW - sediment KW - temperate lake KW - UVR absorbance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Photochemical production of hydrogen peroxide and methylhydroperoxide in coastal waters AU - O'Sullivan, Daniel W. AU - Neale, Patrick J. AU - Coffin, Richard B. AU - Boyd, Thomas J. AU - Osburn, Christopher L. T2 - Marine Chemistry AB - Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been observed in significant concentrations in many natural waters. Because hydrogen peroxide can act as an oxidant and reductant, it participates in an extensive suite of reactions in surface waters. Hydrogen peroxide is produced as a secondary photochemical product of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) photolysis. Apparent quantum yields for the photochemical production of hydrogen peroxide were determined in laboratory irradiations of filtered surface waters from several locations in the Chesapeake Bay and in Arctic coastal waters with varying levels of CDOM. The apparent quantum yield for H2O2 decreases by about an order of magnitude from 280 nm to 500 nm, and the majority of H2O2 production occurs at wavelengths less than 340 nm. The apparent quantum yield for H2O2 production at 290 nm ranged from 4.2 × 10− 4 to 2.1 × 10− 6 mol H2O2 (mol photons)− 1 from freshwater to marine waters. A linear relationship was found between the production of H2O2 and change in CDOM absorbance characterized as photobleaching (loss of absorbance). No significant relationship was observed between DOC concentration and peroxide production. Methylhydroperoxide (CH3O2H) was the only short chain peroxide produced during the irradiations, and its production is at least an order magnitude less than that of hydrogen peroxide. Peroxide production was greatest in waters containing significant amounts of terrigenous C in the form of humic substances. Surface waters whose synchronous fluorescence spectra indicated the presence of polyaromatic and/or extensive conjugated compounds exhibited the greatest peroxide production. CDOM photobleaching is not significantly linked to apparent quantum yields for peroxide production. DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1016/j.marchem.2005.04.003 VL - 97 IS - 1-2 SP - 14-33 KW - hydrogen peroxide KW - organic peroxides KW - photochemistry KW - seawater ER - TY - JOUR TI - Applying the discrete vortex method in environmental fluid mechanics: A study of the time-averaged near wake behind a circular cylinder AU - Richmond-Bryant, J. AU - Flynn, M.R. T2 - Environmental Fluid Mechanics DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1007/s10652-005-0896-2 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 455-463 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-13844312053&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - bluff bodies KW - computational fluid dynamics KW - environmental fluid mechanics KW - near wake KW - vortex methods ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temporal Progress of Septoria Leaf Spot on Rabbiteye Blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) AU - Ojiambo, P. S. AU - Scherm, H. T2 - Plant Disease AB - Septoria leaf spot, caused by Septoria albopunctata, is an important disease on blueberry in the southeastern United States, yet its epidemiology is largely unknown. Disease severity and dissemination of pycnidiospores were monitored from 2002 to 2004 in a planting of susceptible Premier rabbiteye blueberry to characterize the temporal progress of the disease and determine the effect of inoculum dynamics and selected leaf attributes on disease development. Disease onset was observed between late April and mid-June, followed by a rapid increase in disease severity until mid- to late September; thereafter, disease severity decreased until the end of the season due to abscission of severely infected leaves. A logistic model was fitted to disease severity data using nonlinear regression, and parameter estimates were used to compare the effects of leaf position on the shoot and shoot location in the canopy on disease progress. Based on this model, the highest absolute rate of disease increase and the highest upper asymptote of disease severity were predicted for leaves in intermediate positions on the shoot and for shoots in the lower canopy. Data collected with funnel spore samplers showed that splash-dispersed pycnidiospores of S. albopunctata were available throughout most of the period from April through late October. Final disease severity on individual leaves was more strongly correlated with cumulative spore numbers throughout the entire season (from leaf emergence to the end of the assessment period in November) than with cumulative spore numbers during shorter periods around the time of leaf emergence; this suggests that infection is not limited to young, expanding leaves, but rather that leaves at all developmental stages can become infected by S. albopunctata seasonlong. Disease incidence on leaves of potted trap plants exposed to natural inoculum in the field during rain events in 2003 and 2004 was >70.0% irrespective of leaf developmental stage at the time of exposure. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that inoculum of S. albopunctata is present throughout most of the growing season and that infection can occur season-long on leaves of any age, giving rise to a polycyclic epidemic. DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1094/pd-89-1090 VL - 89 IS - 10 SP - 1090-1096 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/30791277 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survival Analysis of Time to Abscission of Blueberry Leaves Affected by Septoria Leaf Spot AU - Ojiambo, P. S. AU - Scherm, H. T2 - Phytopathology AB - In the southeastern United States, Septoria leaf spot, caused by Septoria albopunctata, can result in premature defoliation of blueberry plants during summer and fall, thereby reducing yield potential for the following year. The effects of disease severity and leaf attributes (leaf age and leaf location in the canopy) on the dynamics (timing and extent) of defoliation were quantified in field plots of Premier rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) in 2002 and 2003. In each year, 50 shoots were selected for assessment in early spring, and all leaves on these shoots (n = 410 and 542 in 2002 and 2003, respectively) were monitored individually for disease progress and time of abscission at 3- to 10-day intervals throughout the season. In both years, disease progress was characterized by an exponential increase in disease severity up to late September, followed by a decline toward the end of the assessment period in late November. Defoliation was sporadic up to late August, followed by more rapid and sustained levels of leaf loss. Abscission of severely infected leaves could explain the decline in disease severity toward the end of the season. Final disease severity (i.e., disease severity on the last assessment date before leaf drop) was highest for leaves that abscised early and lowest for leaves that had not abscised by the end of the assessment period. Survival analysis revealed that older leaves (located on the lower halves of shoots) and leaves with high levels of disease (≥5 spots/leaf at the time of fruit harvest in mid-June) abscised significantly (P < 0.0001) earlier than younger leaves and leaves with lower disease severity. Relative to their respective reference groups, mean times to abscission were ≈2 weeks shorter for the older leaf group and ≈3 weeks shorter in the leaf group afflicted by high disease severity. When an accelerated failure time model was fitted to the data, the resulting parameter estimates indicated that each additional leaf spot present at harvest accelerated time to leaf abscission (expressed using late August as a starting point) by 1.9 and 4.5% in 2002 and 2003, respectively. Leaf location in upper or lower portions of the canopy had no significant effect on time to abscission (P > 0.05). DA - 2005/1// PY - 2005/1// DO - 10.1094/phyto-95-0108 VL - 95 IS - 1 SP - 108-113 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/AGR/IND43679599 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Path dependence and the validation of agent‐based spatial models of land use T2 - International Journal of Geographical Information Science AB - In this paper, we identify two distinct notions of accuracy of land‐use models and highlight a tension between them. A model can have predictive accuracy: its predicted land‐use pattern can be highly correlated with the actual land‐use pattern. A model can also have process accuracy: the process by which locations or land‐use patterns are determined can be consistent with real world processes. To balance these two potentially conflicting motivations, we introduce the concept of the invariant region, i.e., the area where land‐use type is almost certain, and thus path independent; and the variant region, i.e., the area where land use depends on a particular series of events, and is thus path dependent. We demonstrate our methods using an agent‐based land‐use model and using multi‐temporal land‐use data collected for Washtenaw County, Michigan, USA. The results indicate that, using the methods we describe, researchers can improve their ability to communicate how well their model performs, the situations or instances in which it does not perform well, and the cases in which it is relatively unlikely to predict well because of either path dependence or stochastic uncertainty. DA - 2005/2// PY - 2005/2// DO - 10.1080/13658810410001713399 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13658810410001713399 KW - agent-based modeling KW - land-use change KW - urban sprawl KW - model validation KW - complex systems ER - TY - CONF TI - Assessing coastal hazards using recent 3D evolution of beach geomorphology based on lidar and RTK-GPS surveys AU - Mitasova, H. AU - Overton, M.F. AU - Harmon, R.S. AU - Berstein, D. C2 - 2005/// C3 - Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference DA - 2005/// DO - 10.1142/9789812701916-0255 VL - 2005-January SP - 3162-3172 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84950311360&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simulating the effects of fire reintroduction versus continued fire absence on forest composition and landscape structure in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, northern Minnesota, USA AU - Scheller, RM AU - Mladenoff, DJ AU - Thomas, RC AU - Sickley, TA T2 - ECOSYSTEMS DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1007/s10021-003-0087-2 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - 396-411 SN - 1435-0629 KW - Boundary Waters Canoe Area KW - fire suppression KW - fire reintroduction KW - range of natural variability KW - forest landscape simulation models KW - stochastic variation KW - red pine (Pinus resinosa) KW - landscape structure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Landscape-level effects of the interaction between residential development and public forest management in northern Wisconsin, USA AU - Ward, B.C. AU - D.J. Mladenoff, AU - Scheller, R.M. T2 - Forest Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 51 SP - 616-632 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A spatially interactive simulation of climate change, harvesting, wind, and tree species migration and projected changes to forest composition and biomass in northern Wisconsin, USA AU - Scheller, RM AU - Mladenoff, DJ T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract In the coming century, forecast climate changes caused by increasing greenhouse gases may produce dramatic shifts in tree species distributions and the rates at which individual tree species sequester carbon or release carbon back to the atmosphere. The species composition and carbon storage capacity of northern Wisconsin (USA) forests are expected to change significantly as a result. Projected temperature changes are relatively large (up to a 5.8°C increase in mean annual temperature) and these forests encompass a broad ecotone that may be particularly sensitive to climate change. Our objective was to estimate the combined effects of climate change, common disturbances, and species migrations on regional forests using spatially interactive simulations. Multiple scenarios were simulated for 200 years to estimate aboveground live biomass and tree species composition. We used a spatially interactive forest landscape model (LANDIS‐II) that includes individual tree species, biomass accumulation and decomposition, windthrow, harvesting, and seed dispersal. We used data from two global circulation models, the Hadley Climate Centre (version 2) and the Canadian Climate Center (version 1) to generate transient growth and decomposition parameters for 23 species. The two climate change scenarios were compared with a control scenario of continuing current climate conditions. The results demonstrate how important spatially interactive processes will affect the aboveground live biomass and species composition of northern Wisconsin forests. Forest composition, including species richness, is strongly affected by harvesting, windthrow, and climate change, although five northern species ( Abies balsamea , Betula papyrifera , Picea glauca , Pinus banksiana , P. resinosa ) are lost in both climate scenarios regardless of disturbance scenario. Changes in aboveground live biomass over time are nonlinear and vary among ecoregions. Aboveground live biomass will be significantly reduced because of species dispersal and migration limitations. The expected shift towards southern oaks and hickory is delayed because of seed dispersal limitations. DA - 2005/2// PY - 2005/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00906.x VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 307-321 SN - 1365-2486 KW - biomass accumulation KW - climate change KW - harvesting KW - seed dispersal KW - tree species migration KW - windthrow KW - Wisconsin (USA) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simulating landscape-level effects of constraints to public forest regeneration harvests due to adjacent residential development in northern Wisconsin AU - Ward, B. C. AU - Mladenoff, D. J. AU - Scheller, R. M. T2 - Forest Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 51 IS - 6 SP - 616-632 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climatologically aided mapping of daily precipitation and temperature AU - Hunter, RD AU - Meentemeyer, RK T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AB - Abstract Accurately mapped meteorological data are an essential component for hydrologic and ecological research conducted at broad scales. A simple yet effective method for mapping daily weather conditions across heterogeneous landscapes is described and assessed. Daily weather data recorded at point locations are integrated with long-term-average climate maps to reconstruct spatially explicit estimates of daily precipitation and temperature extrema. The method uses ordinary kriging to interpolate base station data spatially into fields of approximately 2-km grain size. The fields are subsequently adjusted by 30-yr-average climate maps [Parameter-Elevation Regression on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM)], which incorporate adiabatic lapse rates, orographic effects, coastal proximity, and other environmental factors. The accuracy assessment evaluated an interpolation-only approach and the new method by comparing predicted and observed values from an independent validation dataset. The results of the accuracy assessment are compared for a 24-yr period for California. For all three weather variables, mean absolute errors (MAE) of the climate-imprint method were considerably smaller than those of the interpolation-only approach. MAE for predicted daily precipitation was ±2.5 mm, with a bias of +0.01. MAE for predicted daily minimum and maximum temperatures were ±1.7° and ±2.0°C, respectively, with corresponding biases of −0.41° and −0.38°C. MAE differed seasonally for all three weather variables, but the method was stable despite variation in the number of base stations available for each day. DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1175/jam2295.1 VL - 44 IS - 10 SP - 1501-1510 SN - 0894-8763 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Integration of high resolution imagery in cost-effective assessment of land use practices influencing erosion and sediment yield AU - Khorram, S. AU - Nelson, S. A. C. AU - Cakir, H. AU - Hester, D. B. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 221 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of ants on the entomophagous butterfly caterpillar Feniseca tarquinius, and the putative role of chemical camouflage in the Feniseca-Ant interaction AU - Youngsteadt, E AU - Devries, PJ T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY DA - 2005/9// PY - 2005/9// DO - 10.1007/s10886-005-6079-2 VL - 31 IS - 9 SP - 2091-2109 SN - 1573-1561 KW - Lycaenidae KW - Miletinae KW - Feniseca tarquinius KW - chemical camouflage KW - cuticular hydrocarbons KW - lycaenid-ant interactions KW - carnivorous caterpillars KW - Camponotus pennsylvanicus KW - Eriosomatidae KW - Prociphilus tesselatus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cuticular hydrocarbon synthesis and its maternal provisioning to embryos in the viviparous cockroach Diploptera punctata AU - Youngsteadt, E AU - Fan, YL AU - Stay, B AU - Schal, C T2 - JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Embryos of the viviparous cockroach Diploptera punctata accumulate large amounts of hydrocarbon (HC) of either maternal or embryonic origin. HC synthesis and its accumulation in maternal and embryonic tissues were measured over the course of gestation. Female abdominal integument was the only tissue that synthesized appreciable amounts of HC in vitro, and did so at an increasing rate from the time of mating to mid-pregnancy, when rates of synthesis declined. The embryos synthesized HC at rates <1% those of the female, showing that the majority of HC detected in and on embryos was of maternal origin. The brood sac that houses the developing embryos did not synthesize HC in vitro, indicating that HC must be transported from the female abdominal integument to the embryos. The mass of female epicuticular HC was constant at ∼183 μg, while her internal HC increased fourfold from mating to mid-pregnancy, then declined until parturition. The decline in internal HC reflected both declining HC synthesis in the female and greater export to the embryos, as embryonic internal HC increased 250-fold prior to parturition. An external HC coating over the oothecal covering and chorion of the embryos increased to mid-pregnancy, then declined. Unlike oviparous cockroaches, D. punctata females fed throughout the reproductive cycle, reflecting the nutritional demands of continuously provisioning the developing embryos. DA - 2005/7// PY - 2005/7// DO - 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2005.03.008 VL - 51 IS - 7 SP - 803-809 SN - 1879-1611 KW - Diploptera punctata KW - hydrocarbons KW - viviparity KW - maternal investment KW - feeding ER - TY - JOUR TI - Designing a visualization framework for multidimensional data AU - Rhyne, T. M. AU - Dennis, B. AU - Kocherlakota, S. AU - Sawant, A. AU - Tateosian, L. AU - Healey, C. G. T2 - IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 25 IS - 6 SP - 15- ER - TY - JOUR TI - Validation of a 3-D enhancement of the Universal Soil Loss Equation for prediction of soil erosion and sediment deposition AU - Warren, SD AU - Mitasova, H AU - Hohmann, MG AU - Landsberger, S AU - Iskander, FY AU - Ruzycki, TS AU - Senseman, GM T2 - CATENA AB - A study was conducted on three U.S. military training areas to validate the Unit Stream Power Erosion and Deposition (USPED) model, a 3-dimensional enhancement to the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). The USPED model differs from other USLE-based models in the manner in which it handles the influence of topography on the erosion process. As a result, the USPED model predicts both erosion and deposition, while most other USLE-based models are limited to predictions of erosion only. Erosion and deposition from a small watershed at Fort Hood, Texas, USA was quantified using 137Cs, a radioactive isotope found in soils around the world as a result of fallout from post-World War II nuclear testing. We compared 137Cs-derived erosion/deposition measurements with estimates derived from the USPED model and two applications of the USLE. Soil erosion and sediment deposition estimates generated by the USPED model were more accurate and less biased than results of the USLE applications. Both applications of the USLE consistently and significantly overestimated soil erosion; the USPED model did not. The USPED model was subsequently applied to Camp Guernsey, Wyoming, USA and Fort McCoy, Wisconsin, USA. Model estimates of soil erosion and sediment deposition were compared with field estimates of the same parameters. Based on 3 levels of soil erosion and 3 levels of sediment deposition, the model results agreed with field estimates 76 and 89% of the time at the two locations, respectively. DA - 2005/12/30/ PY - 2005/12/30/ DO - 10.1016/j.catena.2005.08.010 VL - 64 IS - 2-3 SP - 281-296 SN - 1872-6887 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-29244443457&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - erosion modeling KW - Cs-137 KW - USLE KW - unit stream power theory KW - sediment deposition ER - TY - JOUR TI - Geospatial analysis of a coastal sand dune field evolution: Jockey's Ridge, North Carolina AU - Mitasova, H AU - Overton, M AU - Harmon, RS T2 - GEOMORPHOLOGY AB - Preservation and effective management of highly dynamic coastal features located in areas under development pressures requires in-depth understanding of their evolution. Modern geospatial technologies such as lidar, real time kinematic GPS, and three-dimensional GIS provide tools for efficient acquisition of high resolution data, geospatial analysis, feature extraction, and quantification of change. These techniques were applied to the Jockey's Ridge, North Carolina, the largest active dune field on the east coast of the United States, with the goal to quantify its deflation and rapid horizontal migration. Digitized contours, photogrammetric, lidar and GPS point data were used to compute a multitemporal elevation model of the dune field capturing its evolution for the period of 1974– 2004. In addition, peak elevation data were available for 1915 and 1953. Analysis revealed possible rapid growth of the dune complex between 1915–1953, followed by a slower rate of deflation that continues today. The main dune peak grew from 20.1 m in 1915 to 41.8 m in 1953 and has since eroded to 21.9 m in 2004. Two of the smaller peaks within the dune complex have recently gained elevation, approaching the current height of the main dune. Steady annual rate of main peak elevation loss since 1953 suggests that increase in the number of visitors after the park was established in 1974 had little effect on the rate of dune deflation. Horizontal dune migration of 3–6 m/yr in southerly direction has carried the sand out of the park boundaries and threatened several houses. As a result, the south dune section was removed and the sand was placed at the northern end of the park to serve as a potential source. Sand fencing has been an effective management strategy for both slowing the dune migration and forcing growth in dune elevation. Understanding the causes of the current movements can point to potential solutions and suggest new perspectives on management of the dune as a tourist attraction and as a recreation site, while preserving its unique geomorphic character and dynamic behavior. DA - 2005/12// PY - 2005/12// DO - 10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.06.001 VL - 72 IS - 1-4 SP - 204-221 SN - 1872-695X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-28744438601&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - DEM KW - sand dunes KW - migration rates KW - lidar KW - GIS KW - North Carolina ER - TY - JOUR TI - Research to support management of visitor carrying capacity of Boston Harbor Islands AU - Manning, R AU - Leung, YF AU - Budruk, M T2 - NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST AB - Visitor carrying capacity has been a long-standing issue in management of parks and protected areas. Contemporary carrying capacity frameworks rely on formulation of indicators and standards of quality to define and manage carrying capacity. This paper describes a program of research to support management of carrying capacity of the Boston Harbor Islands national park area, a recent addition to the national park system. Research included: (1) an inventory and analysis of recreation-related resource impacts on selected islands, and (2) surveys of visitors to islands open to public use. Study findings are being incorporated into a visitor carrying capacity management plan through formulation of indicators and standards of quality for the park's natural resources and visitor experience. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1656/1092-6194(2005)12[201:RTSMOV]2.0.CO;2 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 201-220 SN - 1938-5307 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-24644477540&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simultaneous spline approximation and topographic analysis for lidar elevation data in open-source GIS AU - Mitasova, H AU - Mitas, L AU - Harmon, RS T2 - IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS AB - Application of a spline approximation method to computation and analysis of lidar-based digital elevation models is investigated to determine its accuracy and capability to create surfaces at different levels of detail. Quadtree segmentation that adapts to the spatial heterogeneity of data points makes the method feasible for large datasets. The results demonstrate the importance of smoothing for the surface accuracy and noise reduction. A tension parameter is effective for tuning the level of detail in the elevation surface. Simultaneous computation of topographic parameters is applied to extraction of sand dunes' features for assessment of dune migration and beach erosion. DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1109/LGRS.2005.848533 VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - 375-379 SN - 1558-0571 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-27744590597&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - change detection KW - lidar KW - open-source geographic information system (GIS) KW - spline KW - topographic analysis ER -