TY - BOOK TI - Pollination Biology—Linking Botany and Zoology AU - Irwin, R. AU - Chittka, L. AU - Thomson, J.D. AB - EcologyVolume 83, Issue 4 p. 1168-1169 Book Review Pollination Biology—Linking Botany and Zoology Rebecca E. Irwin, Rebecca E. Irwin University of Georgia Institute of Ecology Ecology Building Athens, Georgia 30602 E-mail: rirwin@arches.uga.eduSearch for more papers by this author Rebecca E. Irwin, Rebecca E. Irwin University of Georgia Institute of Ecology Ecology Building Athens, Georgia 30602 E-mail: rirwin@arches.uga.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 April 2002 https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1168:PBLBAZ]2.0.CO;2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume83, Issue4April 2002Pages 1168-1169 RelatedInformation DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1168:PBLBAZ]2.0.CO;2 VL - 83 SE - 1168–1169 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Volatile Production by Buds and Corollas of Two Sympatric, Confamilial Plants, Ipomopsis aggregata and Polemonium foliosissimum AU - Irwin, R.E. AU - Dorsett, B. T2 - Journal of Chemical Ecology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1023/A:1014596129601 VL - 28 SP - 565–578 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Alpine plants of North America AU - Irwin, R. AU - Nicholls, G. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 49 SE - 68–69 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Direct and ecological costs of resistance to herbivory AU - Strauss, Sharon Y. AU - Rudgers, Jennifer A. AU - Lau, Jennifer A. AU - Irwin, Rebecca E. T2 - Trends in Ecology & Evolution AB - Herbivores can consume significant amounts of plant biomass in many environments. Yet plants are not defenseless against such attack. Although defenses might benefit plants in the presence of herbivores, herbivore attack varies both spatially and temporally, and the expression of plant resistance to herbivores can be costly in the absence of plant enemies. Costs can be described as allocation costs, resource-based tradeoffs between resistance and fitness, or as ecological costs, decreases in fitness resulting from interactions with other species. Here, we update the seminal 1996 Bergelson and Purrington review of resistance costs and find that many more studies have documented costs of resistance (sensu lato) than found during the 1996 survey. Eighty-two percent of studies in which genetic background is controlled, demonstrate significant fitness reductions associated with herbivore resistance. We categorize studies by type of resistance, induced or constitutive, by type of cost, and also by the degree to which investigators controlled for genetic background. Recent work has commonly detected both direct resistance costs, such as resource-based tradeoffs, and ecological costs, which depend on interactions with other species. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1016/s0169-5347(02)02483-7 VL - 17 IS - 6 SP - 278-285 J2 - Trends in Ecology & Evolution LA - en OP - SN - 0169-5347 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(02)02483-7 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation in nectar robbing over time, space, and species AU - Irwin, Rebecca E. AU - Maloof, Joan E. T2 - Oecologia DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1007/s00442-002-1060-z VL - 133 IS - 4 SP - 525-533 J2 - Oecologia LA - en OP - SN - 0029-8549 1432-1939 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-002-1060-z DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Sensitivity analysis to evaluate the consequences of conservation actions AU - Mills, L. S. AU - Lindberg, M. S. T2 - Population viability analysis A2 - Beissinger, Steven R. A2 - McCullough, Dale R. PY - 2002/// PB - Chicago : University of Chicago Press SN - 9780226041773 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetics, Demography, and Viability of Fragmented Populations AU - Mills, L. S. T2 - Quarterly Review of Biology AB - Previous articleNext article No AccessEnvironmental SciencesGenetics, Demography and Viability of Fragmented Populations. Based on a symposium held in Sydney, Australia, 1998. Conservation Biology, Volume 4. Edited by Andrew G Young and , Geoffrey M Clarke. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. $110.00 (hardcover); $39.95 (paper). xviii + 438 p; ill.; index. ISBN: 0–521–78207–4 (hc); 0–521–79421–8 (pb). 2000.L Scott MillsL Scott MillsWildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana Search for more articles by this author Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MontanaPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 77, Number 2June 2002 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/343996 Views: 8Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1086/343996 VL - 77 SP - 222-223 ER - TY - JOUR TI - What is missing in amphibian decline research: Insights from ecological sensitivity analysis AU - Biek, R AU - Funk, WC AU - Maxell, BA AU - Mills, LS T2 - CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AB - Abstract: Inventory, monitoring, and experimental studies have been the primary approaches for documenting and understanding the problem of amphibian declines. However, little attention has been given to placing human‐caused perturbations affecting one or more life‐history stages in the context of the overall population dynamics of particular species. We used two types of ecological sensitivity analysis to determine which vital rates have the strongest influence on the population dynamics of western toads ( Bufo boreas ), red‐legged frogs ( Rana aurora ), and common frogs ( Rana temporaria ), pond‐breeding amphibians that have declined in all or portions of their ranges. Our results suggest that post‐metamorphic vital rates and highly variable vital rates both have a strong influence on the population dynamics of these species and therefore deserve more research and management attention. Ecological sensitivity analysis should be more widely applied to the issue of amphibian declines in order to identify the most plausible mechanisms of decline and prioritize which life‐history stages should be the focus of research and management efforts. Future experimental studies of perturbations in one or more life‐history stage should attempt to link the magnitude of the perturbation measured with the overall population‐level consequences. Finally, current research, inventory, and monitoring efforts should be supplemented with demographic studies so that quantitative analyses can be applied to a wider range of species and life‐history groups. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00433.x VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 728-734 SN - 1523-1739 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Terrestrial and stream amphibians across clearcut-forest interfaces in the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon AU - Biek, R. AU - Mills, L. S. AU - Bury, R. B. T2 - Northwest Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 76 IS - 2 SP - 129-140 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sensitivity analyses of the life cycle of midcontinent mallards AU - Hoekman, ST AU - Mills, LS AU - Howerter, DW AU - Devries, JH AU - Ball, IJ T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - Relationships between vital rates and population growth rate (λ) are critical to understanding and managing population dynamics. Considerable study of the midcontinent mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) population has been directed to understanding how vital rates respond to environmental fluctuations and management, but inference to the relative importance of specific vital rates to λ remains weak. We used analytic and simulation-based sensitivity analyses of a stage-based matrix model of female midcontinent mallards to compare the relative importance of vital rates to λ. For each vital rate, we estimated mean values and process variation (biological variation across space and time) for females breeding on sites of approximately 70 km 2 in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of the United States (Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota) and Canada (Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Alberta). We conducted perturbation analyses (i.e., analytic sensitivities and elasticities) to predict the relative influence of changes in vital rates on λ. We conducted variance decomposition analyses to assess the proportion of spatial and temporal variation in λ explained by process variation in each vital rate. At mean values of vital rates, analytic sensitivity of λ was highest to nest success and survival of adult females during the breeding season and non-breeding season; hence, equal absolute changes in these vital rates would be predicted to result in the largest Δλ, relative to other vital rates. Variation in sensitivities and elasticities across process variation in vital rates was primarily explained by variation in nest success and survival of ducklings. Process variation in breeding parameters was driving variation in λ: vital rates explaining the most variation were nest success (43%), survival of adult females during the breeding season (19%), and survival of ducklings (14%). Survival of adult females outside the breeding season accounted for only 9% of variation in λ. Our analyses suggested that predation processes on the breeding grounds were the primary proximate factors limiting population growth. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.2307/3803153 VL - 66 IS - 3 SP - 883-900 SN - 1937-2817 KW - Anas platyrhynchos KW - demographics KW - elasticity KW - mallard KW - midcontinent population KW - population dynamics KW - population growth KW - Prairie Pothole Region KW - process variation KW - sensitivity KW - variance decomposition KW - vital rates ER - TY - JOUR TI - Insights into recently fragmented vole populations from combined genetic and demographic data AU - Tallmon, DA AU - Draheim, HM AU - Mills, LS AU - Allendorf, FW T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - Abstract We combined demographic and genetic data to evaluate the effects of habitat fragmentation on the population structure of the California red‐backed vole ( Clethrionomys californicus ). We analysed variation in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and five nuclear microsatellite loci in small samples collected from two forest fragments and an unfragmented control site in 1990–91. We intensively sampled the same forest fragments and two different control sites in 1998 and 1999. Vole abundances fluctuated greatly at sizes below 50 individuals per fragment. Fragment populations had significantly lower mtDNA allelic diversity than controls, but not nuclear heterozygosity or numbers of alleles. The use of only trapping and/or mtDNA marker data would imply that fragment populations are at least partially isolated and vulnerable to inbreeding depression. In contrast, the abundance estimates combined with microsatellite data show that small fragment populations must be linked to nearby forests by high rates of migration. These results provide evidence for the usefulness of combining genetic and demographic data to understand nonequilibrium population structure in recently fragmented habitats. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01480.x VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 699-709 SN - 1365-294X KW - genetic variation KW - habitat fragmentation KW - population dynamics ER - TY - PCOMM TI - False samples are not the same as blind controls - Informal efforts to "test" a laboratory corrupt the data stream, where integrity is crucial. AU - Mills, LS AB - Informal efforts to “test” a laboratory corrupt the data stream, where integrity is crucial. DA - 2002/1/31/ PY - 2002/1/31/ DO - 10.1038/415471a SP - 471-471 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Emerging issues in population viability analysis AU - Reed, JM AU - Mills, LS AU - Dunning, JB AU - Menges, ES AU - McKelvey, KS AU - Frye, R AU - Beissinger, , SR AU - Anstett, MC AU - Miller, P T2 - CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AB - Population viability analysis ( PVA) has become a commonly used tool in endangered species management. There is no single process that constitutes PVA, but all approaches have in common an assessment of a population's risk of extinction (or quasi extinction) or its projected population growth either under current conditions or expected from proposed management. As model sophistication increases, and software programs that facilitate PVA without the need for modeling expertise become more available, there is greater potential for the misuse of models and increased confusion over interpreting their results. Consequently, we discuss the practical use and limitations of PVA in conservation planning, and we discuss some emerging issues of PVA. We review extant issues that have become prominent in PVA, including spatially explicit modeling, sensitivity analysis, incorporating genetics into PVA, PVA in plants, and PVA software packages, but our coverage of emerging issues is not comprehensive. We conclude that PVA is a powerful tool in conservation biology for comparing alternative research plans and relative extinction risks among species, but we suggest caution in its use: (1) because PVA is a model, its validity depends on the appropriateness of the model's structure and data quality; (2) results should be presented with appropriate assessment of confidence; (3) model construction and results should be subject to external review, and (4) model structure, input, and results should be treated as hypotheses to be tested. We also suggest (5) restricting the definition of PVA to development of a formal quantitative model, (6) focusing more research on determining how pervasive density-dependence feedback is across species, and (7) not using PVA to determine minimum population size or (8) the specific probability of reaching extinction. The most appropriate use of PVA may be for comparing the relative effects of potential management actions on population growth or persistence.El análisis de viabilidad poblacional (AVP) es una herramienta de uso común en el manejo de especies en peligro. No hay un proceso único que constituya al AVP, pero todos los enfoques tienen en común la estimación del riesgo de extinción (o cuasi extinción) o la proyección del crecimiento poblacional, ya sea bajo las condiciones actuales o las esperadas del manejo propuesto. A medida que aumenta la sofisticación del modelo, y que se dispone de programas de cómputo que facilitan el AVP sin necesidad de experiencia en modelaje, hay una mayor posibilidad de desaprovechar el modelo y una mayor confusión en la interpretación de los resultados. En consecuencia, discutimos el uso práctico y las limitaciones del AVP en la planificación de conservación y discutimos algunos temas emergentes del AVP. Revisamos temas vigentes que son prominentes en el AVP, incluyendo el modelaje espacialmente explícito, el análisis de sensibilidad, la inclusión de la genética en el AVP, AVP en plantas y paquetes de cómputo de AVP, sin embargo nuestra revisión de los temas emergentes no es amplia. Concluimos que el AVP es una herramienta poderosa para la biología de la conservación para comparar planes de investigación alternos y los riesgos de extinción entre especies, pero sugerimos precaución en su uso: (1) porque el AVP es un modelo cuya validez depende en la eficacia de la estructura del modelo y la calidad de los datos, (2) los resultados deberían presentarse con la evaluación de su confiabilidad, (3) la construcción del modelo y sus resultados deberían ser sometidos a revisión externa y (4) la estructura del modelo, los datos y los resultados deberían ser tratadas como hipótesis a probar. También sugerimos (5) restringir la definición del AVP para desarrollar un modelo cuantitativo formal, (6) realizar más investigación para determinar que tan extensa es la reacción de las especies a la denso-dependencia y (7) no utilizar el AVP para determinar el tamaño poblacional mínimo u (8) la probabilidad específica de extinción. El uso más adecuado del AVP puede ser para comparar los efectos relativos de las acciones de manejo sobre el crecimiento de la población o su persistencia. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.99419.x VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 7-19 SN - 1523-1739 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of plot size and shape on pellet density estimates for snowshoe hares AU - McKelvey, K. S. AU - McDaniel, G. W. AU - Mills, L. S. AU - Griffin, P. C. T2 - Wildlife Society Bulletin DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - 751-755 ER - TY - JOUR TI - DNA reveals high dispersal synchronizing the population dynamics of Canada lynx AU - Schwartz, MK AU - Mills, LS AU - McKelvey, KS AU - Ruggiero, LF AU - Allendorf, FW T2 - NATURE AB - Population dynamics of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) have been of interest to ecologists for nearly sixty years. Two competing hypotheses concerning lynx population dynamics and large-scale spatial synchrony are currently debated. The first suggests that dispersal is substantial among lynx populations, and the second proposes that lynx at the periphery of their range exist in small, isolated patches that maintain cycle synchrony via correlation with extrinsic environmental factors. Resolving the nature of lynx population dynamics and dispersal is important both to ecological theory and to the conservation of threatened lynx populations: the lack of knowledge about connectivity between populations at the southern periphery of the lynx's geographic range delayed their legal listing in the United States. We test these competing hypotheses using microsatellite DNA markers and lynx samples from 17 collection sites in the core and periphery of the lynx's geographic range. Here we show high gene flow despite separation by distances greater than 3,100 km, supporting the dispersal hypothesis. We therefore suggest that management actions in the contiguous United States should focus on maintaining connectivity with the core of the lynx's geographic range. DA - 2002/1/31/ PY - 2002/1/31/ DO - 10.1038/415520a VL - 415 IS - 6871 SP - 520-522 SN - 0028-0836 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Corridors affect plants, animals, and their interactions in fragmented landscapes AU - Tewksbury, JJ AU - Levey, DJ AU - Haddad, NM AU - Sargent, S AU - Orrock, JL AU - Weldon, A AU - Danielson, BJ AU - Brinkerhoff, J AU - Damschen, EI AU - Townsend, P T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Among the most popular strategies for maintaining populations of both plants and animals in fragmented landscapes is to connect isolated patches with thin strips of habitat, called corridors. Corridors are thought to increase the exchange of individuals between habitat patches, promoting genetic exchange and reducing population fluctuations. Empirical studies addressing the effects of corridors have either been small in scale or have ignored confounding effects of increased habitat area created by the presence of a corridor. These methodological difficulties, coupled with a paucity of studies examining the effects of corridors on plants and plant–animal interactions, have sparked debate over the purported value of corridors in conservation planning. We report results of a large-scale experiment that directly address this debate. In eight large-scale experimental landscapes that control for patch area and test alternative mechanisms of corridor function, we demonstrate that corridors not only increase the exchange of animals between patches, but also facilitate two key plant–animal interactions: pollination and seed dispersal. Our results show that the beneficial effects of corridors extend beyond the area they add, and suggest that increased plant and animal movement through corridors will have positive impacts on plant populations and community interactions in fragmented landscapes. DA - 2002/10/1/ PY - 2002/10/1/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.202242699 VL - 99 IS - 20 SP - 12923-12926 SN - 0027-8424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term oscillations in grassland productivity induced by drought AU - Haddad, NM AU - Tilman, D AU - Knops, JMH T2 - ECOLOGY LETTERS AB - Disturbances such as drought have immediate impacts on ecosystem functioning, but little is known about long‐term dynamic consequences of disturbance. Here, we show that a major drought perturbed prairie grassland from nearly constant average annual production, and induced 9 years of oscillations with a 2‐year period. This pattern occurred in unmanipulated plots in many widely separated fields that were part of two different long‐term studies. Using direct and indirect tests, we could reject the hypothesis that the oscillations were externally imposed by climate or herbivores. Weak evidence supported the hypothesis that oscillations were internally generated, caused by a litter and nitrogen dependent feedback on productivity. This hypothesis was supported by the results of two other long‐term studies, in which burning and, separately, nitrogen addition eliminated the 2‐year oscillations in plant production. However, more direct evidence failed to support the litter hypothesis. A final, but untested hypothesis was suggested by the observation that production tended to be synchronized amongst dominant plants. Drought may have synchronized production dynamics amongst plants with biennially greater allocation to above‐ground growth. Regardless of the specific mechanism, our results show that a single disturbance may have long‐lasting effects on the dynamics of plant production. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00293.x VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 110-120 SN - 1461-0248 KW - ANPP KW - community dynamics KW - disturbance KW - drought KW - litter KW - long-term research KW - nitrogen KW - oscillations KW - primary production KW - synchronous production ER -