TY - BOOK TI - NOM and MIB, who wins in the competition for activated carbon adsorption sites? AU - Hepplewhite, C. AU - Newcombe, G. AU - Knappe, D.R.U. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 49 SE - 257-265 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-3042814758&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Transforming Scientific Dissent into Dissidence: Analysis of ‘The Pulse of Scientific Freedom in the Age of the Biotech Industry AU - Delborne, J. T2 - Annual Meetings of the Society for Social Studies of Science C2 - 2004/8/27/ CY - Paris, France DA - 2004/8/27/ PY - 2004/8/27/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Assessing Sequential Disinfection Performance in a Flow Through System Using a Non-Biological Surrogate AU - Richards, B.H. AU - Baeza, C. AU - Ducoste, J. T2 - American Water Works Association (AWWA) Research Symposium C2 - 2004/// C3 - Proceedings, AWWA Research Symposium CY - Baltimore, Maryland DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/4/18/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Modeling Spatial Distribution of Floc size in Turbulent Processes Using Quadrature Method of Moment and Computational Fluid Dynamics AU - Prat, O. AU - Ducoste, J.J. T2 - 2nd International Conference on Population Balance Modeling C2 - 2004/// CY - Valencia, Spain DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/5/5/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Numerical Prediction of Mixing Performance for Chloramines Formation AU - Ducoste, J.J. AU - Liu, Y. T2 - American Water Works Association (AWWA) Water Quality Technology Conference C2 - 2004/// C3 - Proceedings AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference CY - San Antonio, TX DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Numerical Prediction of the Reduction Equivalent Fluence Bias AU - Ducoste, J.J. AU - Linden, K.G. AU - Rokjer, D. T2 - American Water Works Association (AWWA) Water Quality Technology Conference C2 - 2004/// C3 - Proceedings AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference CY - San Antonio, TX DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Performance Analysis of Quadrature Method of Moments (QMOM) for PBM Systems used in Assessing Flocculation Processes in Water and Wastewater Treatment AU - Prat, O. AU - Ducoste, J.J. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Characterizing Sequential Disinfection in Flow Through Systems AU - Richards, B. AU - Ducoste, J.J. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Characterization of Dose Distribution in UV Reactors AU - Ducoste, J.J. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Numerical Prediction of the Reduction Equivalent Fluence Bias, Invited Presentation at Degremont North AU - Ducoste, J.J. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// ER - TY - BOOK TI - Advances in Population Balance Modeling A3 - Nopens, I. A3 - Malise, K. A3 - Biggs, C. A3 - Ducoste, J.J. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// PB - Eurosis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Methodology for pH Total Maximum Daily Loads: Application to Beech Creek Watershed AU - Ormsbee, Lindell AU - Elshorbagy, Amin AU - Zechman, Emily T2 - Journal of Environmental Engineering AB - This paper presents a methodology for developing total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) for pH impaired streams that characterizes the pH impact in terms of an associated hydrogen ion load. Because pH and an equivalent ion load can be related as a function of discharge and ionic strength, a functional relationship can be developed between discharge and the associated ion loading for a given pH value. By specifying a minimum pH value (e.g., 6.0) and an associated ion activity correction factor, an envelope of ion loads may be obtained as a function of discharge. By identifying a critical discharge for a given watershed, the hydrogen ion load and associated TMDL can be obtained. Determination of the associated ion load reduction can further be accomplished by developing functional relationships between measured discharges and measured ion loads for a given watershed. Finally, the required mass loading of an associated neutralizing agent (e.g., CaCO3) can be determined by constructing a functional relationship between the neutralizing agent and the required hydrogen ion reduction. The proposed approach has been applied to several watersheds in the state of Kentucky and was recently approved by EPA Region IV as an acceptable protocol for pH TMDLs. An application of the methodology is presented for the Beech Creek watershed, which is located in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky. DA - 2004/2// PY - 2004/2// DO - 10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2004)130:2(167) VL - 130 IS - 2 SP - 167-174 J2 - J. Environ. Eng. LA - en OP - SN - 0733-9372 1943-7870 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2004)130:2(167) DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - An evolutionary algorithm to generate alternatives (EAGA) for engineering optimization problems AU - Zechman, Emily M. AU - Ranjithan, S. Ranji T2 - Engineering Optimization AB - Typically for a real optimization problem, the optimal solution to a mathematical model of that real problem may not always be the ‘best’ solution when considering unmodeled or unquantified objectives during decision-making. Formal approaches to explore efficiently for good but maximally different alternative solutions have been established in the operations research literature, and have been shown to be valuable in identifying solutions that perform expectedly well with respect to modeled and unmodeled objectives. While the use of evolutionary algorithms (EAs) to solve real engineering optimization problems is becoming increasingly common, systematic alternatives-generation capabilities are not fully extended for EAs. This paper presents a new EA-based approach to generate alternatives (EAGA), and illustrates its applicability via two test problems. A realistic airline route network design problem was also solved and analyzed successfully using EAGA. The EAGA promises to be a flexible procedure for exploring alternative solutions that could assist when making decisions for real engineering optimization problems riddled with unmodeled or unquantified issues. DA - 2004/10// PY - 2004/10// DO - 10.1080/03052150410001704863 VL - 36 IS - 5 SP - 539-553 J2 - Engineering Optimization LA - en OP - SN - 0305-215X 1029-0273 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03052150410001704863 DB - Crossref KW - genetic algorithm KW - evolutionary algorithm KW - modeling to generate alternatives KW - niching ER - TY - RPRT TI - Differences in bird foraging behaviour between Sonoran Desert and urban habitats in central Arizona AU - Shochat, Eyal AU - Katti, Madhusudan AU - Lerman, Susannah DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// ER - TY - RPRT TI - How do humans restructure the biodiversity of the Sonoran desert AU - Hope, Diane AU - Gries, Corinna AU - Warren, Paige AU - Katti, Madhu AU - Stuart, Glenn AU - Oleson, Jake AU - Kaye, Jason T2 - USDA Forest Service Proceedings A3 - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - RMRS-P-26 SP - 189–194 M1 - RMRS-P-26 PB - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service SN - RMRS-P-26 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Point Count Bird Censusing Data Subset for Paper 'EFFECTS OF LAND USE AND VEGETATION COVER ON BIRD COMMUNITIES' Walker et. al AU - Walker, Jason AU - Shochat, Eyal AU - Katti, Madhusudan V. AU - Warren, Paige S. A3 - Environmental Data Initiative DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// M3 - dataset PB - Environmental Data Initiative UR - https://sustainability-innovation.asu.edu/caplter/data/view/knb-lter-cap.394/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - To What Extent can Climate Information Contribute to Solving Problems AU - Ward, M.N. AU - Sankarasubramanian, A. AU - Hansen, J. AU - Indeje, M. AU - Mutter, C. T2 - Clivar Exchanges DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 5–8 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Utility of Climate Information Based Streamflow Forecasts towards Annual Water Allocation in Jaguaribe-Metropolitan Hydro (JMH) System, Ceara, NE Brazil AU - Arumugam, S. DA - 2004/3/4/ PY - 2004/3/4/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Improved Water Allocation using Climate Information Based Streamflow Forecasts: An Assessment from System Perspective AU - Arumugam, S. DA - 2004/3/31/ PY - 2004/3/31/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Improved Water Allocation using Climate Information Based Streamflow Forecasts: An Assessment from System Perspective AU - Arumugam, S. DA - 2004/4/29/ PY - 2004/4/29/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Better Management through Better Decisions – Use of Climate Forecasts AU - Arumugam, S. DA - 2004/10/4/ PY - 2004/10/4/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Multimodel Probabilistic Hydroclimatic Ensemble Forecasts AU - Arumugam, S. AU - Lall, U. AU - Robertson, A.W. T2 - American Geophysical Union Spring Meeting C2 - 2004/5/17/ CY - Montreal, Quebec DA - 2004/5/17/ PY - 2004/5/17/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Operational Streamflow Forecasts Development Using GCM Predicted Precipitation Fields AU - Arumugam, S. AU - Lall, U. T2 - American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting C2 - 2004/12/12/ CY - San Francisco, CA DA - 2004/12/12/ PY - 2004/12/12/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Right Price Consultants AU - Swann, J. T2 - Revenue Management and Pricing: Case Studies and Applications DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// SP - 32–45 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Factor analysis of pesticide use patterns among pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study AU - Samanic, Claudine AU - Hoppin, Jane A AU - Lubin, Jay H AU - Blair, Aaron AU - Alavanja, Michael C R T2 - Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology AB - Exposure to certain pesticides has been linked with both acute and chronic adverse health outcomes such as neurotoxicity and risk for certain cancers. Univariate analyses of pesticide exposures may not capture the complexity of these exposures since use of various pesticides often occurs simultaneously, and because specific uses have changed over time. Using data from the Agricultural Health Study, a cohort study of 89,658 licensed pesticide applicators and their spouses in Iowa and North Carolina, we employed factor analysis to order to characterize underlying patterns of self-reported exposures to 50 different pesticides. Factor analysis is a statistical method used to explain the relationships between several correlated variables by reducing them to a smaller number of conceptually meaningful, composite variables, known as factors. Three factors emerged for farmer applicators (N=45,074): (1) Iowa agriculture and herbicide use, (2) North Carolina agriculture and use of insecticides, fumigants and fungicides, and (3) older age and use of chlorinated pesticides. The patterns observed for spouses of farmers (N=17,488) were similar to those observed for the farmers themselves, whereas five factors emerged for commercial pesticide applicators (N=4,384): (1) herbicide use, (2) older age and use of chlorinated pesticides, (3) use of fungicides and residential pest treatments, (4) use of animal insecticides, and (5) use of fumigants. Pesticide exposures did not correlate with lifestyle characteristics such as race, smoking status or education. This heterogeneity in exposure patterns may be used to guide etiologic studies of health effects of farmers and other groups exposed to pesticides. DA - 2004/7/28/ PY - 2004/7/28/ DO - 10.1038/sj.jea.7500396 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - 225-233 J2 - J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol LA - en OP - SN - 1559-0631 1559-064X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500396 DB - Crossref KW - pesticides KW - farmers KW - custom applicators KW - factor analysis KW - herbicides KW - insecticides KW - fungicides KW - fumigants KW - Iowa KW - North Carolina ER - TY - RPRT TI - Analogies and Imaginary Consumers: A Case Study of New Product Development AU - Rosa, J. AU - Hoeffler, S. AU - Qualls, W. AU - Bohlmann, J. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// M1 - 04-122 M3 - Marketing Science Institute Working Paper SN - 04-122 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pendimethalin exposure and cancer risk among pesticide applicators: a report from the U.S.-based agricultural health study AU - Hou, Lifang AU - Lee, Won Jin AU - Rusiecki, Jennifer AU - Hoppin, Jane A. AU - Blair, Aaron AU - Bonner, Matt AU - Lubin, Jay H. AU - Samanic, Claudine AU - Sandler, Dale P. AU - Dosemeci, Mustafa AU - Alavanja, Michael C.R. T2 - Annals of Epidemiology AB - We evaluated the incidence of cancer in relation to pendimethalin exposure among pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study, a prospective cohort study of licensed pesticide applicators in Iowa and North Carolina. Pendimethalin is a widely used herbicide, intended for the control of most annual grasses and certain broadleaf weeds in most crops. This study includes 9089 pendimethalin-exposed and 26,836 nonexposed pesticide applicators. At the time of enrollment (1993–1997), detailed information on pesticide exposure and potential confounders was obtained from a self-administered questionnaire. Poisson regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of pendimethalin exposure, categorized into tertiles, on cancer incidence, controlling for the effects of potential confounding factors. Significant increased relative risks (RRs) for rectum cancer among subjects with the highest life-time pendimethalin exposure days were observed compared with both non-pendimethalin-exposed (RR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.3–9.2) and low-pendimethalin-exposed (RR = 9.2, 95% CI = 1.1–81.1) applicators. We also observed an increased RR for rectum cancer when we used intensity-weighted lifetime pendimethalin exposure days as the exposure metric, using non-pendimethalin-exposed applicators as the referent group (RR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.3–9.2, Ptrend = 0.04). Relative risk for lung cancer was also increased among subjects in the upper half of the highest tertile of life-time pendimethalin exposure days (RR = 5.2, 95% CI = 1.6–17.3, Ptrend = 0.03), compared with low-pendimethalin-exposed applicators. The association was more pronounced for adenocarcinoma of both rectum and lung. Our findings suggest a possible association between pendimethalin exposure and incidence of rectum and lung cancers among pesticide applicators in the U.S.-based Agricultural Health Study. DA - 2004/9// PY - 2004/9// DO - 10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.07.046 VL - 14 IS - 8 SP - 608 J2 - Annals of Epidemiology LA - en OP - SN - 1047-2797 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.07.046 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phthalate exposure and pulmonary function. AU - Hoppin, Jane A AU - Ulmer, Ross AU - London, Stephanie J T2 - Environmental Health Perspectives AB - Exposure to phthalates is widespread because of their use in plastics, cosmetics, and other consumer products. Phthalate exposure has been associated with adverse respiratory outcomes in children. With urinary phthalate measures, we assessed the association between phthalate exposure and four pulmonary function parameters [forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume at 1 sec (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and maximum mid-expiratory flow] among the 240 adult Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) participants with urinary phthalate data. Linear regression models controlled for race, age, age squared, standing height, body mass index, cumulative smoking, and current smoking. Monobutyl phthalate (MBP) was significantly associated with decrements in three measures of pulmonary function (FVC, FEV1, PEF) in males but not in females. For a change from the 25th to the 75th percentile in MBP level among men, FEV1 decreased 112 mL (SE = 51, p = 0.03). Monoethyl phthalate (MEP) was associated with lower FVC and FEV1 values in men. Monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), the metabolite of the plasticizer commonly used in medical tubing, was not adversely associated with any of the pulmonary function parameters evaluated. Our results suggest that MBP and MEP, but not MEHP, may influence pulmonary function among adult males. DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.1289/ehp.6564 VL - 112 IS - 5 SP - 571-574 J2 - Environmental Health Perspectives LA - en OP - SN - 0091-6765 1552-9924 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6564 DB - Crossref KW - monobutyl phthalate KW - pulmonary function KW - urine samples ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cancer risk and parental pesticide application in children of Agricultural Health Study participants. AU - Flower, Kori B AU - Hoppin, Jane A AU - Lynch, Charles F AU - Blair, Aaron AU - Knott, Charles AU - Shore, David L AU - Sandler, Dale P T2 - Environmental Health Perspectives AB - Parental exposure to pesticides may contribute to childhood cancer risk. Through the Agricultural Health Study, a prospective study of pesticide applicators in Iowa and North Carolina, we examined childhood cancer risk and associations with parental pesticide application. Identifying information for 17,357 children of Iowa pesticide applicators was provided by parents via questionnaires (1993-1997) and matched against the Iowa Cancer Registry. Fifty incident childhood cancers were identified (1975-1998). Risk of all childhood cancers combined was increased [standardized incidence ratio (SIR) = 1.36; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03-1.79]. Risk of all lymphomas combined was also increased (SIR = 2.18; 95% CI, 1.13-4.19), as was risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma (SIR = 2.56; 95% CI, 1.06-6.14). We used logistic regression to explore associations between self-reported parental pesticide application practices and childhood cancer risk. No association was detected between frequency of parental pesticide application and childhood cancer risk. An increased risk of cancer was detected among children whose fathers did not use chemically resistant gloves [odds ratio (OR) = 1.98; 95% CI, 1.05-3.76] compared with children whose fathers used gloves. Of 16 specific pesticides used by fathers prenatally, ORs were increased for aldrin (OR = 2.66), dichlorvos (OR = 2.06), and ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (OR = 1.91). However, these results were based on small numbers and not supported by prior biologic evidence. Identification of excess lymphoma risk suggests that farm exposures including pesticides may play a role in the etiology of childhood lymphoma. DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.1289/ehp.6586 VL - 112 IS - 5 SP - 631-635 J2 - Environmental Health Perspectives LA - en OP - SN - 0091-6765 1552-9924 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6586 DB - Crossref KW - agricultural workers KW - cancer KW - children KW - occupational exposure KW - pesticides ER - TY - JOUR TI - The influence of large-scale wind power on global climate AU - Keith, D. W. AU - DeCarolis, J. F. AU - Denkenberger, D. C. AU - Lenschow, D. H. AU - Malyshev, S. L. AU - Pacala, S. AU - Rasch, P. J. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - Large-scale use of wind power can alter local and global climate by extracting kinetic energy and altering turbulent transport in the atmospheric boundary layer. We report climate-model simulations that address the possible climatic impacts of wind power at regional to global scales by using two general circulation models and several parameterizations of the interaction of wind turbines with the boundary layer. We find that very large amounts of wind power can produce nonnegligible climatic change at continental scales. Although large-scale effects are observed, wind power has a negligible effect on global-mean surface temperature, and it would deliver enormous global benefits by reducing emissions of CO 2 and air pollutants. Our results may enable a comparison between the climate impacts due to wind power and the reduction in climatic impacts achieved by the substitution of wind for fossil fuels. DA - 2004/11/9/ PY - 2004/11/9/ DO - 10.1073/PNAS.0406930101 VL - 101 IS - 46 SP - 16115-16120 J2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences LA - en OP - SN - 0027-8424 1091-6490 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.0406930101 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recovery of faunal communities during tropical forest regeneration AU - Dunn, R.R. T2 - Conservation Biology AB - Abstract: As mature tropical forests are cleared, secondary forests may play an important role in the conservation of animal species, depending on how fast animal communities recover during forest regeneration. I reviewed published studies on the recovery of animal species richness and composition during tropical forest regeneration. In 38 of the 39 data sets I examined, conversion of forest to agriculture or pasture substantially reduced species richness. Given suitable conditions for forest recovery, the species richness of the animal taxa considered can be predicted to resemble that of mature forests roughly 20–40 years after land abandonment. At least for ants and birds, however, recovery of species composition appears to take substantially longer than recovery of species richness. Because species richness for many taxa appears to recover relatively rapidly in secondary forests, conservation of secondary forests may be an effective investment in future diversity. The slower recovery of species composition indicates, however, that some species will require stands of mature forest to persist. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00151.x VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 302-309 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1842664441&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - disturbance KW - diversity KW - forest regeneration KW - secondary forest KW - species richness KW - tropical ER - TY - JOUR TI - Managing the tropical landscape: a comparison of the effects of logging and forest conversion to agriculture on ants, birds, and lepidoptera AU - Dunn, Robert R T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - Most tropical forest will not be conserved, but instead will be used in some way, most often for logging, agriculture, or both. Management of tropical forest landscapes for diversity depends upon an understanding of how many and which species can persist in different types of managed ecosystems. I compared the effects of logging and conversion of forest to agriculture or pasture on ant, bird, and lepidoptera species richness by combining data from 34 studies from tropical forests in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Forest conversion to agriculture or pasture decreased the species richness of ants and of animals overall, whereas logging did not decrease species richness overall or of ants, birds or lepidoptera. After sites were abandoned, the diversity of logged sites did not change over time. In contrast, the diversity of old fields increased with time. Ants, birds, and lepidoptera responded similarly to forest clearance or disturbance, whether it be for logging or conversion to agriculture or pasture. In terms of faunal diversity, selective logging appears to have much less impact on faunal diversity than does forest conversion, both initially and after sites are abandoned. DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2003.12.008 VL - 191 IS - 1-3 SP - 215-224 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management LA - en OP - SN - 0378-1127 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2003.12.008 DB - Crossref KW - forest conversion KW - effects of logging KW - tropical landscape ER - TY - JOUR TI - Species coextinctions and the biodiversity crisis AU - Koh, L.P. AU - Dunn, R.R. AU - Sodhi, N.S. AU - Colwell, R.K. AU - Proctor, H.C. AU - Smith, V.S. T2 - Science AB - To assess the coextinction of species (the loss of a species upon the loss of another), we present a probabilistic model, scaled with empirical data. The model examines the relationship between coextinction levels (proportion of species extinct) of affiliates and their hosts across a wide range of coevolved interspecific systems: pollinating Ficus wasps and Ficus, parasites and their hosts, butterflies and their larval host plants, and ant butterflies and their host ants. Applying a nomographic method based on mean host specificity (number of host species per affiliate species), we estimate that 6300 affiliate species are "coendangered" with host species currently listed as endangered. Current extinction estimates need to be recalibrated by taking species coextinctions into account. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1126/science.1101101 VL - 305 IS - 5690 SP - 1632-1634 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-4644278888&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tits, noise and urban bioacoustics AU - Katti, Madhusudan AU - Warren, Paige S T2 - Trends in Ecology & Evolution AB - Humans, particularly in cities, are noisy. Researchers are only just beginning to identify the implications of an increase in noise for species that communicate acoustically. In a recent paper, Slabbekoorn and Peet show, for the first time, that some birds can respond to anthropogenically elevated noise levels by altering the frequency structure of their songs. Cities are fruitful grounds for research on the evolution of animal communication systems, with broader implications for conservation in human-altered environments. DA - 2004/3// PY - 2004/3// DO - 10.1016/j.tree.2003.12.006 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 109-110 J2 - Trends in Ecology & Evolution LA - en OP - SN - 0169-5347 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2003.12.006 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Linking Optimal Foraging Behavior to Bird Community Structure in an Urban‐Desert Landscape: Field Experiments with Artificial Food Patches AU - Shochat, Eyal AU - Lerman, Susannah B. AU - Katti, Madhusudan AU - Lewis, David B. T2 - The American Naturalist AB - Urban bird communities exhibit high population densities and low species diversity, yet mechanisms behind these patterns remain largely untested. We present results from experimental studies of behavioral mechanisms underlying these patterns and provide a test of foraging theory applied to urban bird communities. We measured foraging decisions at artificial food patches to assess how urban habitats differ from wildlands in predation risk, missed-opportunity cost, competition, and metabolic cost. By manipulating seed trays, we compared leftover seed (giving-up density) in urban and desert habitats in Arizona. Deserts exhibited higher predation risk than urban habitats. Only desert birds quit patches earlier when increasing the missed-opportunity cost. House finches and house sparrows coexist by trading off travel cost against foraging efficiency. In exclusion experiments, urban doves were more efficient foragers than passerines. Providing water decreased digestive costs only in the desert. At the population level, reduced predation and higher resource abundance drive the increased densities in cities. At the community level, the decline in diversity may involve exclusion of native species by highly efficient urban specialists. Competitive interactions play significant roles in structuring urban bird communities. Our results indicate the importance and potential of mechanistic approaches for future urban bird community studies. DA - 2004/8// PY - 2004/8// DO - 10.1086/422222 VL - 164 IS - 2 SP - 232-243 J2 - The American Naturalist LA - en OP - SN - 0003-0147 1537-5323 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/422222 DB - Crossref KW - bird communities KW - Central Arizona-Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research project KW - coexistence KW - community structure KW - giving-up density KW - urban ecology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seeing the forest for the fuel AU - Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. AU - Sills, Erin O. AU - Kramer, Randall A. T2 - Environment and Development Economics AB - We demonstrate a new approach to understanding the role of fuelwood in the rural household economy by applying insights from travel cost modeling to author-compiled household survey data and meso-scale environmental statistics from Ruteng Park in Flores, Indonesia. We characterize Manggarai farming households' fuelwood collection trips as inputs into household production of the utility yielding service of cooking and heating. The number of trips taken by households depends on the shadow price of fuelwood collection or the travel cost, which is endogenous. Econometric analyses using truncated negative binomial regression models and correcting for endogeneity show that the Manggarai are ‘economically rational’ about fuelwood collection and access to the forests for fuelwood makes substantial contributions to household welfare. Increasing cost of forest access, wealth, use of alternative fuels, ownership of kerosene stoves, trees on farm, park staff activity, primary schools and roads, and overall development could all reduce dependence on collecting fuelwood from forests. DA - 2004/4/2/ PY - 2004/4/2/ DO - 10.1017/S1355770X03001220 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 155-179 J2 - Envir. Dev. Econ. LA - en OP - SN - 1355-770X 1469-4395 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X03001220 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of molecular oxygen in the dissolution of siderite and rhodochrosite AU - Duckworth, Owen W AU - Martin, Scot T T2 - Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta AB - The dissolution of siderite (FeCO3) and rhodochrosite (MnCO3) under oxic and anoxic conditions is investigated at 298 K. The anoxic dissolution rate of siderite is 10−8.65 mol m−2 s−1 for 5.5 < pH < 12 and increases as [H+]0.75 for pH < 5.5. The pH dependence is consistent with parallel proton-promoted and water hydrolysis dissolution pathways. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveals a change in pit morphology from rhombohedral pits for pH > 4 to pits elongated at one vertex for pH < 4. Under oxic conditions the dissolution rate decreases to below the detection limit of 10−10 mol m−2 s−1 for 6.0 < pH < 10.3, and hillock precipitation preferential to steps is observed in concurrent AFM micrographs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermodynamic analysis identify the precipitate as ferrihydrite. At pH > 10.3, the oxic dissolution rate is as high as 10−7.5 mol m−2 s−1, which is greater than under the corresponding anoxic conditions. A fast electron transfer reaction between solution O2 or [Fe3+(OH)4]− species and surficial >FeII hydroxyl groups is hypothesized to explain the dissolution kinetics. AFM micrographs do not show precipitation under these conditions. Anoxic dissolution of rhodochrosite is physically observed as rhombohedral pit expansion for 3.7 < pH < 10.3 and is chemically explained by parallel proton- and water-promoted pathways. The dissolution rate law is 10−4.93[H+] + 10−8.45 mol m−2 s−1. For 5.8 < pH < 7.7 under oxic conditions, the AFM micrographs show a tabular precipitate growing by preferential expansion along the a-axis, though the macroscopic dissolution rate is apparently unaffected. For pH > 7.7 under oxic conditions, the dissolution rate decreases from 10−8.45 to 10−9.0 mol m−2 s−1. Flattened hillock precipitates grow across the entire surface without apparent morphological influence by the underlying rhodochrosite surface. XPS spectra and thermodynamic calculations implicate the precipitate as bixbyite for 5.8 < pH < 7.7 and MnOOH (possibly feitnkechtite) for pH >7.7. DA - 2004/2// PY - 2004/2// DO - 10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00464-2 VL - 68 IS - 3 SP - 607-621 J2 - Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta LA - en OP - SN - 0016-7037 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00464-2 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimation and Welfare Analysis With Large Demand Systems AU - von Haefen, Roger H AU - Phaneuf, Daniel J AU - Parsons, George R T2 - Journal of Business & Economic Statistics AB - We develop an approach for estimating individual or household level preferences for a large set of quality-differentiated goods and for constructing Hicksian welfare measures within the demand system framework. Our approach uses a maximum simulated likelihood procedure to recover estimates of the structural parameters and a multistage, Monte Carlo Markov chain algorithm for constructing Hicksian consumer surplus estimates. We illustrate our approach with a recreation dataset consisting of day trips to 62 Mid-Atlantic beaches. DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.1198/073500104000000082 VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 194-205 J2 - Journal of Business & Economic Statistics LA - en OP - SN - 0735-0015 1537-2707 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1198/073500104000000082 DB - Crossref KW - beach recreation KW - demand system models KW - random parameters KW - simulation KW - welfare analysis ER - TY - CONF TI - Lessons for applying computational fluid dynamics modeling to disinfection clearwells AU - Peplinski, D.K. AU - Ducoste, J.J. AB - Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling offers the potential of improving disinfection contactor hydraulics, allowing a decrease in the applied disinfectant dose without a decrease in the level of microbial inactivation. For treatment systems utilizing chlorine as a disinfectant, this would result in both a reduction in chemical costs and in disinfection by-products (DBPs). Current modeling of clearwell hydraulics is based on accurate prediction of the effluent residence time distribution (RTD) curve. Researchers have shown that CFD models can predict a majority of the experimental RTD curve, but under certain circumstances may not reproduce the entire curve. The objectives of this study were to numerically characterize tracer transport through a disinfection contactor, investigate the impact of grid density, time step interval, and investigate the impact of accurately modeling perforated baffles on the resulting RTD curve. C2 - 2004/// C3 - Bridging the Gap: Meeting the World's Water and Environmental Resources Challenges - Proceedings of the World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001 DA - 2004/// DO - 10.1061/40569(2001)22 VL - 111 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-75649146660&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating Rates of New Root Caries in Older Adults AU - Griffin, S.O. AU - Griffin, P.M. AU - Swann, J.L. AU - Zlobin, N. T2 - Journal of Dental Research AB - Although older adults are keeping their teeth longer, no national data are available on new caries in this age group. To characterize the extent of caries among older adults, we systematically reviewed studies on root caries incidence, increment, attack rate, and annual total (root + coronal) caries increment. We used a random-effects model to estimate annual summary measures and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) and tested for heterogeneity. For the 9 studies reporting root caries incidence, the summary measure equaled 23.7% (CI = 17.1-30.2%). For the 9 studies reporting root caries increment, the summary measure was 0.47 surfaces (CI = 0.34-0.61). For the 7 studies reporting total caries increment, the summary measure equaled 1.31 surfaces (95% CI = 1.01-1.61 surfaces). Because of heterogeneity, summary measures should be interpreted with caution. This research suggests, however, that older adults experience high rates of new caries and could benefit from caries-prevention programs. DA - 2004/8// PY - 2004/8// DO - 10.1177/154405910408300810 VL - 83 IS - 8 SP - 634-638 J2 - J Dent Res LA - en OP - SN - 0022-0345 1544-0591 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910408300810 DB - Crossref KW - root caries KW - incidence KW - increment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seed treatment and its implication for fungicide exposure assessment AU - White, Katrina E AU - Hoppin, Jane A T2 - Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology DA - 2004/5// PY - 2004/5// DO - 10.1038/sj.jea.7500312 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 195-203 J2 - J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol LA - en OP - SN - 1559-0631 1559-064X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500312 DB - Crossref KW - pesticides KW - fungicides KW - seed treatment KW - exposure assessment KW - agricultural epidemiology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reporting pesticide assessment results to farmworker families: development, implementation, and evaluation of a risk communication strategy. AU - Quandt, Sara A AU - Doran, Alicia M AU - Rao, Pamela AU - Hoppin, Jane A AU - Snively, Beverly M AU - Arcury, Thomas A T2 - Environmental Health Perspectives AB - The collection of environmental samples presents a responsibility to return information to the affected participants. Explaining complex and often ambiguous scientific information to a lay audience is a challenge. As shown by environmental justice research, this audience frequently has limited formal education, increasing the challenge for researchers to explain the data collected, the risk indicated by the findings, and action the affected community should take. In this study we describe the development and implementation of a risk communication strategy for environmental pesticide samples collected in the homes of Latino/a migrant and seasonal farmworkers in a community-based participatory research project. The communication strategy was developed with community input and was based on face-to-face meetings with members of participating households. Using visual displays of data effectively conveyed information about individual household contamination and placed it in the context of community findings. The lack of national reference data and definitive standards for action necessitated a simplified risk message. We review the strengths and weaknesses of such an approach and suggest areas for future research in risk communication to communities affected by environmental health risks. DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.1289/ehp.6754 VL - 112 IS - 5 SP - 636-642 J2 - Environmental Health Perspectives LA - en OP - SN - 0091-6765 1552-9924 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6754 DB - Crossref KW - agriculture KW - children KW - community KW - environmental justice KW - exposure KW - health communication KW - house dust KW - Latino/a ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phthalate exposure and pulmonary function AU - Hoppin, J.A. AU - Ulmer, R. AU - London, S.J. T2 - Environmental Health Perspectives DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 112 IS - 5 SP - 571-574 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-11844285846&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Health Effects of Chronic Pesticide Exposure: Cancer and Neurotoxicity AU - Alavanja, Michael C.R. AU - Hoppin, Jane A. AU - Kamel, Freya T2 - Annual Review of Public Health AB - Pesticides are widely used in agricultural and other settings, resulting in continuing human exposure. Epidemiologic studies indicate that, despite premarket animal testing, current exposures are associated with risks to human health. In this review, we describe the routes of pesticide exposures occurring today, and summarize and evaluate the epidemiologic studies of pesticide-related carcinogenicity and neurotoxicity in adults. Better understanding of the patterns of exposure, the underlying variability within the human population, and the links between the animal toxicology data and human health effects will improve the evaluation of the risks to human health posed by pesticides. Improving epidemiology studies and integrating this information with toxicology data will allow the human health risks of pesticide exposure to be more accurately judged by public health policy makers. DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.25.101802.123020 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 155-197 J2 - Annu. Rev. Public Health LA - en OP - SN - 0163-7525 1545-2093 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.25.101802.123020 DB - Crossref KW - pesticides KW - epidemiology KW - exposure assessment KW - chronic disease KW - adult health ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diesel Exhaust, Solvents, and Other Occupational Exposures as Risk Factors for Wheeze among Farmers AU - Hoppin, Jane A. AU - Umbach, David M. AU - London, Stephanie J. AU - Alavanja, Michael C. R. AU - Sandler, Dale P. T2 - American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine AB - Farmers engage in activities that result in exposure to diesel exhaust, solvents, welding fumes, and other respiratory irritants. Using the Agricultural Health Study, a cohort of pesticide applicators in Iowa and North Carolina, we evaluated the odds of wheeze associated with nonpesticide occupational exposures. We used logistic regression models controlling for age, state, smoking, and history of asthma or atopy to evaluate odds of wheeze in the past year among the 20,898 farmers who provided complete information on all covariates. Driving diesel tractors was associated with elevated odds of wheeze (odds ratio = 1.31; 95% confidence interval = 1.13, 1.52); the odds ratio for driving gasoline tractors was 1.11 (95% confidence interval = 1.02, 1.21). A duration–response relationship was observed for driving diesel tractors but not for driving gasoline tractors. Activities involving solvent exposure, including painting and use of solvents for cleaning, were associated with an increased odds of wheeze in a duration-dependent fashion. The highest odds of wheeze for farm activities were for daily painting (odds ratio = 1.82; 95% confidence interval = 0.89, 3.73), an indication of daily solvent exposure. These results add to the growing body of evidence of adverse respiratory effects of diesel exposure on the lung and suggest exposure to solvents may contribute as well. DA - 2004/6/15/ PY - 2004/6/15/ DO - 10.1164/rccm.200309-1228OC VL - 169 IS - 12 SP - 1308-1313 J2 - Am J Respir Crit Care Med LA - en OP - SN - 1073-449X 1535-4970 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200309-1228OC DB - Crossref KW - agriculture KW - diesel exhaust KW - occupational cohort KW - respiratory symptoms KW - solvents ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing questionnaire-based methods to assess occupational silica exposure AU - Parks, C.G. AU - Cooper, G.S. AU - Nylander-French, L.A. AU - Hoppin, J.A. AU - Sanderson, W.T. AU - Dement, J.M. T2 - Epidemiology AB - Background: Epidemiologic assessment of occupational exposure to silica is typically limited to long-term work in the dusty trades, primarily in jobs held by men. We compared alternative questionnaire-based methods to assess silica exposure in a recent case-control study of 265 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (mostly women) and 355 controls randomly selected from state driver's license registries and frequency-matched by age and sex. Methods: In-person interviews included a job history (all jobs held at least 12 months) and checklist of silica-related jobs and tasks (work of at least 2 weeks). Three industrial hygienists reviewed job descriptions without knowing case-control status. Potential high- or moderate-intensity exposures were confirmed or revised based on follow-up telephone interviews. Results: In the full assessment including all work of at least 2 weeks, 9% of cases and 4% of controls were classified as medium or high silica exposure (odds ratio of disease = 2.9; 95% confidence interval = 1.3–6.4). In contrast, only 4% of cases and 9% of controls were identified by the standardized code groups index as having worked in silica-related industries or occupations for at least 12 months, providing a much lower risk estimate for disease (0.4; 0.2–0.9). Conclusions: Specific task-based questions must be included to assess the full potential of occupational silica exposure. These findings highlight the limitations of using standardized code groups to define exposure or to select jobs for industrial hygienist review. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1097/01.ede.0000129515.54074.b2 VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - 433-441 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-4344581107&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cancer risk and parental pesticide application in children's of agricultural health study participants AU - Flower, K.B. AU - Hoppin, J.A. AU - Lynch, C.F. AU - Blair, A. AU - Knott, C. AU - Shore, D.L. AU - Sandler, D.P. T2 - Environmental Health Perspectives DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 112 IS - 5 SP - 631-635 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-16544378273&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Patterns of pesticide use and their determinants among wives of farmer pesticide applicators in the agricultural health study AU - Kirrane, E.F. AU - Hoppin, J.A. AU - Umbach, D.M. AU - Samanic, C. AU - Sandler, D.P. T2 - Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine AB - Pesticide exposure among farmers' wives is poorly characterized. Using questionnaire data from a cohort study of licensed pesticide applicators and their spouses, we investigated patterns of pesticide use among farmers' wives (n = 31,173). Wives reported a wide range of pesticide use: 36% never used pesticides during their lifetimes, whereas the heaviest pesticide users (10%) reported lifetime use of 3 or more agricultural pesticides plus commonly used residential pesticides. We identified 5 ordinal pesticide-use categories and studied factors associated with each category through polytomous logistic regression. Engaging in field work and household hygiene practices that could increase exposure were associated with pesticide use, and associations appeared to strengthen with increasing pesticide use category. Farm women reporting the heaviest pesticide use could exacerbate their exposure by engaging in practices that could increase pesticide contact. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1097/01.jom.0000135521.15169.3e VL - 46 IS - 8 SP - 856-865 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-4143147448&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cancer Incidence Among Pesticide Applicators Exposed to Atrazine in the Agricultural Health Study AU - Rusiecki, J. A. AU - De Roos, A. AU - Lee, W. J. AU - Dosemeci, M. AU - Lubin, J. H. AU - Hoppin, J. A. AU - Blair, A. AU - Alavanja, M. C. R. T2 - JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute AB - Atrazine is the most heavily applied agricultural pesticide for crop production in the United States. Both animal and human studies have suggested that atrazine is possibly carcinogenic, but results have been mixed. We evaluated cancer incidence in atrazine-exposed pesticide applicators among 53,943 participants in the Agricultural Health Study, a prospective cohort study of licensed pesticide applicators in Iowa and North Carolina.We obtained detailed pesticide exposure information using a self-administered questionnaire completed at the time of enrollment (1993-1997). Cancer incidence was followed through December 31, 2001. We used adjusted Poisson regression to calculate rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of multiple types of cancer among atrazine exposed applicators. P(trend) values were calculated using atrazine exposure as a continuous variable, and all statistical tests were two-sided. Two exposure metrics were used: quartiles of lifetime days of exposure and quartiles of intensity-weighted lifetime days of exposure.36,513 (68%) applicators reported ever using atrazine; exposure was not associated with overall cancer incidence. Comparisons of cancer incidence in applicators with the highest atrazine exposure and those with the lowest exposure, assessed by lifetime days (RR(LD)) and intensity-weighted lifetime days (RR(IWLD)) of exposure yielded the following results: prostate cancer, RR(LD) = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.63 to 1.23, P(trend) =.26, and RR(IWLD) = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.63 to 1.25, P(trend) =.35; lung cancer, RR(LD) = 1.91, 95% CI = 0.93 to 3.94, P(trend) =.08, and RR(IWLD) = 1.37, 95% CI = 0.65 to 2.86, P(trend) =.19; bladder cancer, RR(LD) = 3.06, 95% CI = 0.86 to 10.81, P(trend) =.18, and RR(IWLD) = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.24 to 2.94, P(trend) =.71; non-Hodgkin lymphoma, RR(LD) = 1.61, 95% CI = 0.62 to 4.16, P(trend) =.35, and RR(IWLD) = 1.75, 95% CI = 0.73 to 4.20, P(trend) =.14; and multiple myeloma, RR(LD) = 1.60, 95% CI = 0.37 to 7.01, P(trend) =.41, and RR(IWLD) = 2.17, 95% CI = 0.45 to 10.32, P(trend) =.21.Our analyses did not find any clear associations between atrazine exposure and any cancer analyzed. However, further studies are warranted for tumor types in which there was a suggestion of trend (lung, bladder, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and multiple myeloma). DA - 2004/9/14/ PY - 2004/9/14/ DO - 10.1093/jnci/djh264 VL - 96 IS - 18 SP - 1375-1382 J2 - JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute LA - en OP - SN - 0027-8874 1460-2105 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djh264 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pesticides and Lung Cancer Risk in the Agricultural Health Study Cohort AU - Alavanja, M. C. R. AU - Dosemeci, M. AU - Samanic, C. AU - Lubin, J. AU - Lynch, C.F. AU - Knott, C. AU - Barker, J. AU - Hoppin, J.A. AU - Sandler, D.P. AU - Coble, J. AU - Thomas, K. AU - Blair, A. T2 - American Journal of Epidemiology AB - The authors examined the relation between 50 widely used agricultural pesticides and lung cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study, a prospective cohort study of 57,284 pesticide applicators and 32,333 spouses of farmer applicators with no prior history of lung cancer. Self-administered questionnaires were completed at enrollment (1993-1997). Cancer incidence was determined through population-based cancer registries from enrollment through December 31, 2001. A lung cancer standardized incidence ratio of 0.44 (95% confidence interval: 0.39, 0.49) was observed overall, due in large part to a low cigarette smoking prevalence. Two widely used herbicides, metolachlor and pendimethalin (for low-exposed groups to four higher exposure categories: odds ratio (OR) = 1.0, 1.6, 1.2, 5.0; p(trend) = 0.0002; and OR = 1.0, 1.6, 2.1, 4.4; p(trend) = 0.003, respectively), and two widely used insecticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon (OR = 1.0, 1.1, 1.7, 1.9; p(trend) = 0.03; and OR = 1.0, 1.6, 2.7, 3.7; p(trend) = 0.04, respectively), showed some evidence of exposure response for lung cancer. These excesses could not be explained by previously identified lung cancer risk factors. The usage levels in this cohort are considerably higher than those typically experienced by the general population. An excess risk among spouses directly exposed to pesticides could not be evaluated at this time. DA - 2004/11/1/ PY - 2004/11/1/ DO - 10.1093/aje/kwh290 VL - 160 IS - 9 SP - 876–885 SN - 0002-9262 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh290 KW - lung neoplasms KW - pesticides ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cancer Incidence among Pesticide Applicators Exposed to Alachlor in the Agricultural Health Study AU - Lee, W. J. AU - Hoppin, J.A. AU - Blair, A. AU - Lubin, J.H. AU - Dosemeci, M. AU - Sandler, D.P. AU - Alavanja, M.C.R. T2 - American Journal of Epidemiology AB - The authors evaluated the incidence of cancer among pesticide applicators with exposure to alachlor in the Agricultural Health Study, a prospective cohort study of licensed pesticide applicators in Iowa and North Carolina. A total of 49,980 pesticide applicators are included in this analysis; 26,510 applicators (53%) reported use of alachlor on the enrollment questionnaire. Detailed pesticide exposure and other information were obtained from a self-administered questionnaire completed at the time of enrollment (1993–1997). Poisson regression analysis was used to evaluate the exposure-response relations between alachlor and cancer incidence controlled for the effects of potential confounding factors. A total of 1,466 incident malignant neoplasms were diagnosed during the study period, 1993–2000. Among alachlor-exposed applicators, the authors found a significant increasing trend for incidence of all lymphohematopoietic cancers associated with lifetime exposure-days (p for trend = 0.02) and intensity-weighted exposure-days (p for trend = 0.03) to alachlor. The risks of leukemia (rate ratio = 2.83, 95% confidence interval: 0.74, 10.9) and multiple myeloma (rate ratio = 5.66, 95% confidence interval: 0.70, 45.7) were increased among applicators in the highest alachlor exposure category. Our findings suggest a possible association between alachlor application and incidence of lymphohematopoietic cancers among applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. DA - 2004/2/15/ PY - 2004/2/15/ DO - 10.1093/aje/kwh040 VL - 159 IS - 4 SP - 373–380 SN - 0002-9262 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh040 KW - agriculture KW - cohort studies KW - herbicides KW - leukemia KW - multiple myeloma KW - neoplasms KW - occupational exposure KW - pesticides ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cancer Incidence Among Pesticide Applicators Exposed to Chlorpyrifos in the Agricultural Health Study AU - Lee, W. J. AU - Blair, A. AU - Hoppin, J. A. AU - Lubin, J. H. AU - Rusiecki, J. A. AU - Sandler, D. P. AU - Dosemeci, M. AU - Alavanja, M. C. R. T2 - JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute AB - Chlorpyrifos is one of the most widely used insecticides in the United States. We evaluated the incidence of cancer among pesticide applicators exposed to chlorpyrifos in the Agricultural Health Study, a prospective cohort study of licensed pesticide applicators in Iowa and North Carolina.A total of 54,383 pesticide applicators were included in this analysis. Detailed information on pesticide exposure and lifestyle factors was obtained from self-administered questionnaires completed at the time of enrollment (December 1993-December 1997). Poisson regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between chlorpyrifos exposure and cancer incidence after adjustment for potential confounders. All statistical tests were two-sided.A total of 2070 incident malignant neoplasms were diagnosed through 2001. The rate ratio for all cancers combined among chlorpyrifos-exposed applicators compared with nonexposed applicators was 0.97 (95% confidence interval = 0.87 to 1.08). For most cancers analyzed, there was no evidence of an exposure-response relationship. However, the incidence of lung cancer was statistically significantly associated with both chlorpyrifos lifetime exposure-days (P(trend) = .002) and chlorpyrifos intensity-weighted exposure-days (P(trend) = .036). After adjustment for other pesticide exposures and demographic factors, individuals in the highest quartile of chlorpyrifos lifetime exposure-days (>56 days) had a relative risk of lung cancer 2.18 (95% confidence interval = 1.31 to 3.64) times that of those with no chlorpyrifos exposure.Our findings suggest an association between chlorpyrifos use and incidence of lung cancer that deserves further evaluation. DA - 2004/11/30/ PY - 2004/11/30/ DO - 10.1093/jnci/djh324 VL - 96 IS - 23 SP - 1781-1789 J2 - JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute LA - en OP - SN - 0027-8874 1460-2105 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djh324 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agricultural and residential pesticides in wipe samples from farmworker family residences in North Carolina and Virginia. AU - Quandt, Sara A AU - Arcury, Thomas A AU - Rao, Pamela AU - Snively, Beverly M AU - Camann, David E AU - Doran, Alicia M AU - Yau, Alice Y AU - Hoppin, Jane A AU - Jackson, David S T2 - Environmental Health Perspectives AB - Children of farmworkers can be exposed to pesticides through multiple pathways, including agricultural take-home and drift as well as residential applications. Because farmworker families often live in poor-quality housing, the exposure from residential pesticide use may be substantial. We measured eight locally reported agricultural pesticides and 13 pesticides commonly found in U.S. houses in residences of 41 farmworker families with at least one child < 7 years of age in western North Carolina and Virginia. Wipe samples were taken from floor surfaces, toys, and children's hands. We also collected interview data on possible predictors of pesticide presence, including characteristics of the household residents, cleaning practices, and characteristics of the home. All families were Spanish-speaking, primarily from Mexico. Results indicate that six agricultural and 11 residential pesticides were found in the homes, with agricultural, residential, or both present in 95% of homes sampled. In general, residential pesticides were more commonly found. Presence of both types of pesticides on the floor was positively associated with detection on toys or hands. Agricultural pesticide detection was associated with housing adjacent to agricultural fields. Residential pesticide detection was associated with houses judged difficult to clean. Although the likelihood of agricultural pesticide exposure has been considered high for farmworker families, these results indicate that residential pesticide use and exposure in this population merit further study. DA - 2004/3// PY - 2004/3// DO - 10.1289/ehp.6554 VL - 112 IS - 3 SP - 382-387 J2 - Environmental Health Perspectives LA - en OP - SN - 0091-6765 1552-9924 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6554 DB - Crossref KW - agriculture KW - children KW - exposure KW - house dust KW - Latino ER - TY - JOUR TI - Association of Pesticide Exposure with Neurologic Dysfunction and Disease AU - Kamel, Freya AU - Hoppin, Jane A. T2 - Environmental Health Perspectives AB - Poisoning by acute high-level exposure to certain pesticides has well-known neurotoxic effects, but whether chronic exposure to moderate levels of pesticides is also neurotoxic is more controversial. Most studies of moderate pesticide exposure have found increased prevalence of neurologic symptoms and changes in neurobehavioral performance, reflecting cognitive and psychomotor dysfunction. There is less evidence that moderate exposure is related to deficits in sensory or motor function or peripheral nerve conduction, but fewer studies have considered these outcomes. It is possible that the most sensitive manifestation of pesticide neurotoxicity is a general malaise lacking in specificity and related to mild cognitive dysfunction, similar to that described for Gulf War syndrome. Most studies have focused on organophosphate insecticides, but some found neurotoxic effects from other pesticides, including fungicides, fumigants, and organochlorine and carbamate insecticides. Pesticide exposure may also be associated with increased risk of Parkinson disease; several classes of pesticides, including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, have been implicated. Studies of other neurodegenerative diseases are limited and inconclusive. Future studies will need to improve assessment of pesticide exposure in individuals and consider the role of genetic susceptibility. More studies of pesticides other than organophosphates are needed. Major unresolved issues include the relative importance of acute and chronic exposure, the effect of moderate exposure in the absence of poisoning, and the relationship of pesticide-related neurotoxicity to neurodegenerative disease. DA - 2004/6// PY - 2004/6// DO - 10.1289/ehp.7135 VL - 112 IS - 9 SP - 950-958 J2 - Environmental Health Perspectives LA - en OP - SN - 0091-6765 1552-9924 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7135 DB - Crossref KW - fumigant KW - fungicide KW - insecticide KW - neurobehavioral performance KW - neurodegenerative disease KW - neurologic symptoms KW - organophosphate KW - Parkinson disease KW - pesticide ER - TY - JOUR TI - Coordination of Pricing and Inventory Decisions: A Survey and Classification AU - Chan, L. M. A. AU - Shen, Z. J. Max AU - Simchi-Levi, David AU - Swann, Julie L. AB - Recent years have seen scores of retail and manufacturing companies exploring innovative pricing strategies in an effort to improve their operations and ultimately the bottom line. Firms are employing such varied tools as dynamic pricing over time, target pricing to different classes of customers, or pricing to learn about customer demand. The benefits can be significant, including not only potential increases in profit, but also improvements such as reduction in demand or production variability, resulting in more efficient supply chains. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1007/978-1-4020-7953-5_9 SP - 335-392 ER - TY - CONF TI - System-wide optimization of wastewater treatment plants using genetic algorithms C2 - 2004/// C3 - Bridging the Gap: Meeting the World's Water and Environmental Resources Challenges - Proceedings of the World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001 DA - 2004/// DO - 10.1061/40569(2001)106 VL - 111 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-75649101286&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trends in antimicrobial resistance, phage types and integrons among Salmonella serotypes from pigs, 1997-2000 AU - Gebreyes, W.A. AU - Thakur, S. AU - Davies, P.R. AU - Funk, J.A. AU - Altier, C. T2 - Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy AB - The objectives of this study were to determine antimicrobial resistance and to identify phage types and class 1 integrons among non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from 24 pig farms in North Carolina collected between 1997 and 2000.A total of 1314 isolates of 30 serotypes from pig faecal samples were collected and analysed over a 3 year period. The isolates were characterized using antimicrobial susceptibility testing, phage typing, PCR and DNA sequencing for class 1 integrons.A high frequency of resistance to antimicrobial agents including tetracycline (85%), ampicillin (47%), co-amoxiclav (23%) and chloramphenicol (21%) was detected. Two multidrug resistance patterns were common in Typhimurium (including variant Copenhagen): isolates with co-amoxiclav, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline (R-type AxACSSuT) [36%] and isolates with ampicillin, kanamycin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline (R-type AKSSuT) [45%] resistance patterns. Definitive Type 104 (DT104) was the most common (34%) among eight phage types identified. AKSSuT was found among non-DT104 phage types, particularly DT21 and DT193. Class 1 integrons were detected among various serotypes including Typhimurium, Derby, Muenchen, Worthington, Bere and Muenster. aadA was the most common resistance gene insert, and the oxa30 beta-lactamase resistance gene was also identified among serovar Muenchen.In this study, two most important multidrug resistance patterns (AxACSSuT and AKSSuT) and phage types of public health significance (DT104 and DT193) constituted two-thirds of the serotype Typhimurium isolates. The findings imply that pigs raised in the commercial production system may pose a risk in serving as reservoirs of resistant Salmonella. DA - 2004/6/1/ PY - 2004/6/1/ DO - 10.1093/jac/dkh247 VL - 53 IS - 6 SP - 997–1003 KW - swine KW - food safety KW - antibiotic resistance KW - salmonellae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of Antimicrobial-Resistant Phenotypes and Genotypes among Salmonella enterica Recovered from Pigs on Farms, from Transport Trucks, and from Pigs after Slaughter AU - Gebreyes, Wondwossen A. AU - Davies, Peter R. AU - Turkson, Paa-Kobina AU - Morgan Morrow, W. E. AU - Funk, Julie A. AU - Altier, Craig AU - Thakur, Siddhartha T2 - Journal of Food Protection AB - The main objectives of this study were to determine antimicrobial resistance patterns among Salmonella serotypes and to evaluate the role of transport trucks in dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant strains of Salmonella. Salmonella from groups of nursery and finishing pigs on farms, from trucks, and from pigs after slaughter were compared using serotyping, patterns of antimicrobial resistance, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. The five farms included in the study yielded 858 isolates representing 27 Salmonella serovars. The most common resistance observed (80% of all isolates) was to tetracycline; resistance to ampicillin (42%), chloramphenicol (31%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (30%), and piperacillin (31%) also were common. We found a correlation between serovar and antimicrobial resistance. High correlation was found between Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen and chloramphenicol resistance (Spearman rank correlation, rho = 0.7). Multidrug resistance was observed primarily in Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen (94%) and Salmonella Typhimurium (93%) and was much less common in the other common serovars, including Salmonella Derby (7%) and Salmonella Heidelberg (8%). Of the 225 isolates exhibiting the most common pentaresistance pattern in this study, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-ampicillin-chloramphenicol-piperacillin-tetracycline, 220 (98%) were Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen, and 86% of the isolates of this serovar had this pattern. Isolates from the trucks were similar, based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, to those from the cecum and mesenteric lymph nodes of pigs on two of the farms, suggesting the probable infection of pigs during transport. Class I integrons were also common among various serovars. DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-67.4.698 VL - 67 IS - 4 SP - 698-705 LA - en SN - 0362-028X UR - http://jfoodprotection.org/doi/abs/10.4315/0362-028X-67.4.698 DB - Crossref Y2 - 2019/2/22/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of molecular oxygen in the dissolution of siderite and rhodochrosite AU - Duckworth, O.W. AU - Martin, S.T. T2 - Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00464-2 VL - 68 IS - 3 SP - 607-621 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0742322779&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Linear free energy relationships between dissolution rates and molecular modeling energies of rhombohedral carbonates AU - Duckworth, O.W. AU - Cygan, R.T. AU - Martin, S.T. T2 - Langmuir AB - Bulk and surface energies are calculated for endmembers of the isostructural rhombohedral carbonate mineral family, including Ca, Cd, Co, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, and Zn compositions. The calculations for the bulk agree with the densities, bond distances, bond angles, and lattice enthalpies reported in the literature. The calculated energies also correlate with measured dissolution rates: the lattice energies show a log-linear relationship to the macroscopic dissolution rates at circumneutral pH. Moreover, the energies of ion pairs translated along surface steps are calculated and found to predict experimentally observed microscopic step retreat velocities. Finally, pit formation excess energies decrease with increasing pit size, which is consistent with the nonlinear dissolution kinetics hypothesized for the initial stages of pit formation. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1021/la035348x VL - 20 IS - 7 SP - 2938-2946 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1842741155&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of the biologically produced polymer alginic acid on macroscopic and microscopic calcite dissolution rates T2 - Environmental Science and Technology AB - Dissolution of carbonate minerals has significant environmental effects. Microorganisms affect carbonate dissolution rates by producing extracellular metabolites, including complex polysaccharides such as alginic acid. Using a combined atomic force microscopy (AFM)/flow-through reactor apparatus, we investigated the effects of alginic acid on calcite dissolution. Macroscopic dissolution rates, derived from the aqueous metal ion concentrations, are 10-5.5 mol m-2 s-1 for 5 < pH < 12 in the absence of alginic acid compared to 10-4.8 mol m-2 s-1 in its presence. The AFM images demonstrate that alginic acid preferentially attacks the obtuse steps of dissolution pits on the calcite surface. In pure water, the obtuse and acute steps retreat at similar rates, and the pits are nearly isotropic except under highly acidic conditions. In alginic acid, the acute step retreat rate is nearly unchanged in comparison to water, whereas the obtuse step retreat rate increases with decreasing pH values. As a result, the pits remain rhombohedral but propagate faster in the obtuse direction. To explain these observations, we propose that alginic acid preferentially forms dissolution active surface complexes with calcium atoms on the obtuse step, which results in anisotropic ligand-promoted dissolution. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1021/es035299a VL - 38 IS - 11 SP - 3040-3046 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-2542420918&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dissolution rates and pit morphologies of rhombohedral carbonate minerals AU - Duckworth, O.W. AU - Martin, S.T. T2 - American Mineralogist DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 89 IS - 4 SP - 554-563 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1942499445&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship of species-specific filament levels to filamentous bulking in activated sludge. AU - Liao, J. AU - Lou, I. AU - Reyes, F. L. T2 - Appl Environ Microbiol DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 70 IS - 4 SP - 2420-8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship of species-specific filament levels to filamentous bulking in activated sludge AU - Liao, JY AU - Lou, IC AU - Reyes, FL T2 - Applied and Environmental Microbiology AB - ABSTRACT To examine the relationship between activated-sludge bulking and levels of specific filamentous bacteria, we developed a statistics-based quantification method for estimating the biomass levels of specific filaments using 16S rRNA-targeted fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) probes. The results of quantitative FISH for the filament Sphaerotilus natans were similar to the results of quantitative membrane hybridization in a sample from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant. Laboratory-scale reactors were operated under different flow conditions to develop bulking and nonbulking sludge and were bioaugmented with S. natans cells to stimulate bulking. Instead of S. natans , the filament Eikelboom type 1851 became dominant in the reactors. Levels of type 1851 filaments extending out of the flocs correlated strongly with the sludge volume index, and extended filament lengths of approximately 6 × 10 8 μm ml −1 resulted in bulking in laboratory-scale and full-scale activated-sludge samples. Quantitative FISH showed that high levels of filaments occurred inside the flocs in nonbulking sludge, supporting the “substrate diffusion limitation” hypothesis for bulking. The approach will allow the monitoring of incremental improvements in bulking control methods and the delineation of the operational conditions that lead to bulking due to specific filaments. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1128/AEM.70.4.2420-2428.2004 VL - 70 IS - 4 SP - 2420-2428 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000220792200064&KeyUID=WOS:000220792200064 ER - TY - JOUR TI - OPTIMIZATION OF INTERMITTENT AERATION FOR NITROGEN REMOVAL FROM SWINE WASTEWATER AU - Ridenoure, Jennifer A. AU - Head, Melanie A. AU - Mota, Cesar R. AU - Reyes, Francis L. AU - Cheng, Jay J. T2 - proc water environ fed DA - 2004/1/1/ PY - 2004/1/1/ DO - 10.2175/193864704784131671 VL - 2004 IS - 10 SP - 238-245 ER - TY - JOUR TI - HEAT TREATMENT COMBINED WITH CATION ADDITION TO IMPROVE THE DEWATERABILITY OF WASTE ACTIVATED SLUDGE AU - Skidmore, Matthew AU - Reyes, Francis T2 - proc water environ fed DA - 2004/1/1/ PY - 2004/1/1/ DO - 10.2175/193864704784136847 VL - 2004 IS - 8 SP - 48-57 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECTS OF AERATION CYCLES ON POPULATIONS OF NITRIFYING BACTERIA AND NITROGEN REMOVAL IN INTERMITTENTLY-AERATED REACTORS AU - Mota, Cesar R. AU - Ridenoure, Jennifer AU - Head, Melanie AU - Cheng, Jiayang AU - Reyes, Francis L. T2 - proc water environ fed AB - EFFECTS OF AERATION CYCLES ON POPULATIONS OF NITRIFYING BACTERIA AND NITROGEN REMOVAL IN INTERMITTENTLY-AERATED REACTORSBiological nutrient removal relies on different groups of nitrifying bacteria, which convert ammonia to nitrate or nitrite, and denitrifying bacteria, which convert nitrite or nitrate to nitrogen gas. The key to efficient, robust biological nitrogen removal processes relies on knowing the microorganisms involved and how they respond to different operating conditions. Intermittently aerated...Author(s)Cesar R. MotaJennifer RidenoureMelanie HeadJiayang ChengFrancis L. de los ReyesSourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationSubjectSession 39: Activated Sludge—Filaments, Foaming, Toxics and MoreDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Jan, 2004ISSN1938-6478SICI1938-6478(20040101)2004:13L.776;1-DOI10.2175/193864704784138016Volume / Issue2004 / 13Content sourceWEFTECFirst / last page(s)776 - 789Copyright2004Word count164 DA - 2004/1/1/ PY - 2004/1/1/ DO - 10.2175/193864704784138016 VL - 2004 IS - 13 SP - 776-789 ER - TY - JOUR TI - DETERMINING GROWTH RATE, YIELD AND MAINTENANCE COEFFICIENT OF FILAMENTS AND FLOC FORMERS USING SUBSTRATE UPTAKE TESTS AND METABOLIC MODELING AU - Lou, Inchio AU - Reyes, Francis L. T2 - proc water environ fed DA - 2004/1/1/ PY - 2004/1/1/ DO - 10.2175/193864704784137701 VL - 2004 IS - 13 SP - 690-700 ER - TY - CONF TI - An Interface Data Model for HEC-HMS AU - Obenour, Daniel AU - Maidment, David AU - Evans, Thomas AU - Yates, Daniel C2 - 2004/// C3 - Proc. AWRA 2004 Annual Conference DA - 2004/// ER - TY - CHAP TI - New Rural Poverty: The Tangled Web of Environmental Protection and Economic Aid in Southern Mexico AU - Haenn, N. T2 - Poverty and Inequality in the Latin American–U.S. Borderlands: Implications of U.S. Interventions A2 - Kilty, K. A2 - Segal, E. PY - 2004/// SP - 97–117 PB - Haworth Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - New Rural Poverty: The Tangled Web of Environmental Protection and Economic Aid in Southern Mexico AU - Haenn, N. T2 - Journal on Poverty AB - SUMMARY Scholars, especially those located in Latin America, argue for a new rurality, one that entails changed rural-urban relations and decreasing reliance by rural residents on small-scale farming. Based on an examination of the impacts of three subsidy programs aimed at residents living near Mexico's Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, I suggest these changes reinforce a continued rural poverty. The programs include a series of “conservation-development” initiatives whose architects hoped would decrease the pressure slash-and-burn farmers placed on area forests. In addition, residents of this area participated in agricultural and school subsidies. I compare the relative impact of all these programs on household incomes and consider both the opportunities for social capital these programs represented and their role in the purported “new rurality.” DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1300/j134v08n04_06 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - 97-117 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exploring options for organics collection AU - Sherman, R. T2 - BioCycle DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 45 IS - 2 SP - 46-47 ER - TY - CONF TI - Optimization of intermittent aeration for nitrogen removal from swine wastewater AU - Ridenoure, J. A. AU - Head, M. A. AU - Mota, C. R. AU - Reyes F. L., AU - Cheng, J. C2 - 2004/// C3 - 77th Annual Technical Exhibition and Conference : the water quality event : Ernest N. Morial Convention Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, October 2-6, 2004 DA - 2004/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Effects of aeration cycles on populations of nitrifying bacteria and nitrogen removal in intermittently-aerated reactors AU - Mota, C. R. AU - Ridenoure, J. A. AU - Cheng, J. AU - Reyes F. L., C2 - 2004/// C3 - 77th Annual Technical Exhibition and Conference : the water quality event : Ernest N. Morial Convention Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, October 2-6, 2004 DA - 2004/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survey results from NC State University AU - Sills, E. AU - Estevez, R. T2 - Pine Tips: Newsletter of the Eastern NC Christmas Tree Growers Association DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reflections on West Africa AU - Sills, E. AU - Pattanayak, S. T2 - Sylvanet DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 17 ER - TY - CONF TI - Outreach to limited resource forest landowners: extension innovation for low literacy audiences AU - Mance, K. AU - Sills, E. AU - Warren, S. C2 - 2004/// C3 - Human Dimensions of Family, Farm, and Community Forestry DA - 2004/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Otolith description and age-and-growth of nursuryfish, Kurtus gulliveri, from Northern Australia AU - Berra, T. M. AU - Aday, D. D. T2 - Journal of Fish Biology DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00454.x VL - 65 SP - 354-362 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of swine waste bioremediation using greenhouse tomatoes AU - Ponce, KH AU - Peet, MM AU - Harlow, CD AU - Cheng, J AU - Willits, DH T2 - PROTECTED CULTIVATION 2002: IN SEARCH OF STRUCTURES, SYSTEMS AND PLANT MATERIALS FOR SUSTAINABLE GREENHOUSE PRODUCTION AB - ISHS XXVI International Horticultural Congress: Protected Cultivation 2002: In Search of Structures, Systems and Plant Materials for Sustainable Greenhouse Production ASSESSMENT OF SWINE WASTE BIOREMEDIATION USING GREENHOUSE TOMATOES DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.17660/actahortic.2004.633.51 IS - 633 SP - 415-423 SN - 0567-7572 KW - biofilter KW - nitrification KW - blossom-end rot KW - swine effluent KW - waste utilization KW - calcium-related disorders KW - nitrogen form ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multiplex nucleic acid sequence-based amplification for simultaneous detection of several enteric viruses in model ready-to-eat foods AU - Jean, J AU - DH D'Souza, AU - Jaykus, LA T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Human enteric viruses are currently recognized as one of the most important causes of food-borne disease. Implication of enteric viruses in food-borne outbreaks can be difficult to confirm due to the inadequacy of the detection methods available. In this study, a nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) method was developed in a multiplex format for the specific, simultaneous, and rapid detection of epidemiologically relevant human enteric viruses. Three previously reported primer sets were used in a single reaction for the amplification of RNA target fragments of 474, 371, and 165 nucleotides for the detection of hepatitis A virus and genogroup I and genogroup II noroviruses, respectively. Amplicons were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis and confirmed by electrochemiluminescence and Northern hybridization. Endpoint detection sensitivity for the multiplex NASBA assay was approximately 10 −1 reverse transcription-PCR-detectable units (or PFU, as appropriate) per reaction. When representative ready-to-eat foods (deli sliced turkey and lettuce) were inoculated with various concentrations of each virus and processed for virus detection with the multiplex NASBA method, all three human enteric viruses were simultaneously detected at initial inoculum levels of 10 0 to 10 2 reverse transcription-PCR-detectable units (or PFU)/9 cm 2 in both food commodities. The multiplex NASBA system provides rapid and simultaneous detection of clinically relevant food-borne viruses in a single reaction tube and may be a promising alternative to reverse transcription-PCR for the detection of viral contamination of foods. DA - 2004/11// PY - 2004/11// DO - 10.1128/AEM.70.11.6603-6610.2004 VL - 70 IS - 11 SP - 6603-6610 SN - 0099-2240 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diagnosis of Norwalk virus infection by indirect enzyme immunoassay detection of salivary antibodies to recombinant Norwalk virus antigen AU - Moe, CL AU - Sair, A AU - Lindesmith, L AU - Estes, MK AU - Jaykus, LA T2 - CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY AB - Simple diagnostic tests are needed for the detection of norovirus (NoV) outbreaks. Salivary antibody assays provide an attractive alternative to collecting and testing serum or stool samples. Antibodies to Norwalk virus (NV) in oral fluid samples were compared with NV antibodies in serum collected from 38 volunteers challenged with NV inoculum. Pre- and postchallenge (day 4, 8, 14, and 21) saliva and serum samples were examined by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using recombinant NV antigen. Of 18 infected subjects (those who shed NV in stool or who demonstrated immunoglobulin G [IgG] seroconversion), 15 (83%) had > or =4-fold increases in NV-specific salivary IgA and 15 (83%) had > or =4-fold increases in NV-specific salivary IgG when prechallenge and postchallenge saliva samples were compared. When the results of the IgA and IgG assays were combined, all 18 infected subjects showed > or =4-fold increases in NV-specific salivary IgG or IgA postchallenge titers compared to their prechallenge titers. One of 19 uninfected subjects had a > or =4-fold increase in NV-specific salivary IgG. The sensitivity of the combined assay results was 100%, and the specificity was 95%. NV-specific salivary IgA titers peaked around 14 days postchallenge. NV-specific salivary IgG and serum IgG titers continued to rise through 21 days postchallenge. The application of this EIA to an elementary school outbreak indicated that 67% of the subjects with confirmed infections had >4-fold rises in anti-NoV IgA when an antigen in the same genetic cluster as the outbreak virus was used. This is the first documented mucosal antibody response to NoV in children. This EIA provides a useful approach for diagnosing NoV outbreaks. DA - 2004/11// PY - 2004/11// DO - 10.1128/CDLI.11.6.1028-1034.2004 VL - 11 IS - 6 SP - 1028-1034 SN - 1071-412X ER - TY - BOOK TI - Algae detection and removal strategies for drinking water treatment plants AU - Knappe, D. R. U. CN - TD465 .A43 2004 DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// PB - Denver Colo.: AWWA Research Foundation and American Water Works Association SN - 1583213074 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Managing food safety: A systematic approach AU - Jaykus, L. A. AU - Acuff, G. R. AU - Busta, F. F. AU - Dickson, J. S. AU - Hollingsworth, C. A. AU - Marcy, J. AU - McNamara, A. M. T2 - Food Technology DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 58 IS - 10 SP - 36-39 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of cellulose/hemicellulose and lignin on the bioavailability of toluene sorbed to waste paper AU - Chen, Y AU - Knappe, DRU AU - Barlaz, NA T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AB - Paper constitutes about 38% of municipal solid waste, much of which is disposed of in landfills. Sorption to such lignocellulosic materials may limit the bioavailability of organic contaminants in landfills. The objective of this study was to identify the effect of individual biopolymers in paper on toluene sorption and bioavailability by subjecting fresh and anaerobically degraded office paper and newsprint to enzymatic hydrolysis and acid hydrolysis. Enzymatic degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose had no effect on toluene bioavailability. In contrast, acid-insoluble lignin controlled toluene sorption and bioavailability for both fresh and degraded newsprint. Acid-insoluble lignin could explain only 54% of the toluene sorption capacity of degraded office paper however, suggesting that crude protein and/or lipophilic organic matter were also important sorbent phases. Toluene sorbed to degraded office paper was also less bioavailable than toluene sorbed to an equivalent mass of lignin extracted from this sorbent. The latter result suggests that a fraction of toluene sorbed to degraded office paper may have been sequestered by lipophilic organic matter. The sorption and bioavailability data indicate that the preferential decomposition of cellulose and hemicellulose relative to lignin in landfills should not decrease the overall toluene sorption capacity of paper waste or increase the bioavailability of sorbed toluene. DA - 2004/7/1/ PY - 2004/7/1/ DO - 10.1021/es035286x VL - 38 IS - 13 SP - 3731-3736 SN - 1520-5851 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-3042787671&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chemical characterization and sorption capacity measurements of degraded newsprint from a landfill AU - Chen, LX AU - Nanny, MA AU - Knappe, DRU AU - Wagner, TB AU - Ratasuk, N T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AB - Newsprint samples collected from 12−16 ft (top layer (TNP)), 20−24 ft (middle layer (MNP)), and 32−36 ft (bottom layer (BNP)) below the surface of the Norman Landfill (NLF) were characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy, cross-polarization, magic-angle spinning 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR) spectroscopy, and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) thermochemolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The extent of NLF newsprint degradation was evaluated by comparing the chemical composition of NLF newsprint to that of fresh newsprint (FNP) and newsprint degraded in the laboratory under methanogenic conditions (DNP). The O-alkyl/alkyl, cellulose/lignin, and lignin/resin acid ratios showed that BNP was the most degraded, and that all three NLF newsprint samples were more degraded than DNP. 13C NMR and TMAH thermochemolysis data demonstrated selective enrichment of lignin over cellulose, and TMAH thermochemolysis further exhibited selective enrichment of resin acids over lignin. In addition, the crystallinity of cellulose in NLF newsprint samples was significantly lower relative to that of FNP and DNP as shown by 13C NMR spectra. The yield of lignin monomers from TMAH thermochemolysis suggested that hydroxyl groups were removed from the propyl side chain of lignin during the anaerobic decomposition of newsprint in the NLF. Moreover, the vanillyl acid/aldehyde ratio, which successfully describes aerobic lignin degradation, was not a good indicator of the anaerobic degradation of lignin on the basis of the TMAH data. The toluene sorption capacity increased as the degree of newsprint degradation increased or as the O-alkyl/alkyl ratio of newsprint decreased. The results of this study further verified that the sorbent O-alkyl/alkyl ratio is useful for predicting sorption capacities of natural organic materials for hydrophobic organic contaminants. DA - 2004/7/1/ PY - 2004/7/1/ DO - 10.1021/es0305914 VL - 38 IS - 13 SP - 3542-3550 SN - 1520-5851 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-3042751476&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - NOM and MIB, who wins in the competition for activated carbon adsorption sites? AU - Hepplewhite, C AU - Newcombe, G AU - Knappe, DRU T2 - WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AB - The adsorption of an odour compound common in drinking water, 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), was studied on two activated carbons in the presence of 13 well-characterised natural organic matter (NOM) solutions. It was found that, although the carbons and the NOM solutions had a wide range of characteristics, the major competitive mechanism was the same in all cases. The low molecular weight NOM compounds were the most competitive, participating in a direct competition with the MIB molecule for adsorption sites. Equivalent background concentration (EBC) calculations indicated a relatively low concentration of directly competing compounds in the NOM. Some evidence of pore restriction was also seen, with microporous carbons most affected by low molecular weight NOM, and mesoporous carbons impacted by the higher molecular weight compounds. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.2166/wst.2004.0584 VL - 49 IS - 9 SP - 257-265 SN - 1996-9732 KW - activated carbon KW - adsorption KW - adsorption competition KW - MIB KW - natural organic material KW - tastes and odours ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intraparticle diffusion and adsorption of arsenate onto granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) AU - Badruzzaman, M AU - Westerhoff, P AU - Knappe, DRU T2 - WATER RESEARCH AB - Porous iron oxides are being evaluated and selected for arsenic removal in potable water systems. Granular ferric hydroxide, a typical porous iron adsorbent, is commercially available and frequently considered in evaluation of arsenic removal methods. GFH is a highly porous (micropore volume ∼0.0394±0.0056 cm3 g−1, mesopore volume ∼0.0995±0.0096 cm3 g−1) adsorbent with a BET surface area of 235±8 m2 g−1. The purpose of this paper is to quantify arsenate adsorption kinetics on GFH and to determine if intraparticle diffusion is a rate-limiting step for arsenic removal in packed-bed treatment systems. Data from bottle-point isotherm and differential column batch reactor (DCBR) experiments were used to estimate Freundlich isotherm parameters (K and 1/n) as well as kinetic parameters describing mass transfer resistances due to film diffusion (kf) and intraparticle surface diffusion (Ds). The pseudo-equilibrium (18 days of contact time) arsenate adsorption density at pH 7 was 8 μg As/mg dry GFH at a liquid phase arsenate concentration of 10 μg As/L. The homogeneous surface diffusion model (HSDM) was used to describe the DCBR data. A non-linear relationship (DS=3.0−9×Rp1.4) was observed between Ds and GFH particle radius (RP) with Ds values ranging from 2.98×10−12 cm2 s−1 for the smallest GFH mesh size (100×140) to 64×10−11 cm2 s−1 for the largest GFH mesh size (10×30). The rate-limiting process of intraparticle surface diffusion for arsenate adsorption by porous iron oxides appears analogous to organic compound adsorption by activated carbon despite differences in adsorption mechanisms (inner-sphere complexes for As versus hydrophobic interactions for organic contaminants). The findings are discussed in the context of intraparticle surface diffusion affecting packed-bed treatment system design and application of rapid small-scale column tests (RSSCTs) to simulate the performance of pilot- or full-scale systems at the bench-scale. DA - 2004/11// PY - 2004/11// DO - 10.1016/j.watres.2004.07.007 VL - 38 IS - 18 SP - 4002-4012 SN - 0043-1354 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-4544343747&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - arsenic KW - iron KW - adsorption KW - surface diffusion KW - water treatment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of alternative fluence rate distribution models AU - Liu, D AU - Ducoste, J AU - Jin, S AU - Linden, K T2 - JOURNAL OF WATER SUPPLY RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-AQUA AB - Research Article| September 01 2004 Evaluation of alternative fluence rate distribution models Dong Liu; Dong Liu 1Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, 208 Mann Hall CB 7908, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, USA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Joel Ducoste; Joel Ducoste 1Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, 208 Mann Hall CB 7908, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, USA E-mail: jducoste@eos.ncsu.edu Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Shanshan Jin; Shanshan Jin 2Degremont North American Research & Development Center, 510 E. Jackson St, Richmond, VA 23219, USA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Karl Linden Karl Linden 3Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua (2004) 53 (6): 391–408. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2004.0031 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Permissions Search Site Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsThis Journal Search Advanced Search Citation Dong Liu, Joel Ducoste, Shanshan Jin, Karl Linden; Evaluation of alternative fluence rate distribution models. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 1 September 2004; 53 (6): 391–408. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2004.0031 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex A detailed evaluation of several fluence rate distribution models was performed. These models included line source integration (LSI), multiple points source summation (MPSS), multiple segment source summation (MSSS), UVCalc3D, RAD-LSI, view factor and discrete ordinate (DO). As part of the evaluation, a complete MSSS model, which accounts for the quartz sleeve thickness when calculating the refraction angles, was developed. In addition, a simple attenuation factor was introduced to integrate the physics of reflection, refraction and absorption effects into the LSI model. As an alternative simple correction to the LSI, the RAD-LSI incorporates the RADIAL intensity model into the original LSI formulation. All models were compared with experimental measurements using spherical actinometers, which measure the fluence rate at specific points in space. Experimental measurements were performed in air and water. Experiments in water were performed at two different ultraviolet transmittance (UVTs) (77 and 88%). The results showed that models that neglected the effects of refraction deviated significantly from the experimental data. In addition, the MSSS approach or models that incorporated the MSSS concept were found to best match the experimentally measured fluence rate distribution. Moreover, little difference was found between the results of MSSS with quartz sleeve thickness and UVCalc3D, which does not model the quartz sleeve thickness in the refraction angle calculation but uses a factor to account for the effects of the quartz sleeve on the fluence rate. The attenuation factor combined with the LSI model was found to match the MSSS model predictions, while reducing the computational cost. disinfection, fluence rate, model, spherical actinometry, UV This content is only available as a PDF. © IWA Publishing 2004 You do not currently have access to this content. DA - 2004/9// PY - 2004/9// DO - 10.2166/aqua.2004.0031 VL - 53 IS - 6 SP - 391-408 SN - 1365-2087 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-6344252713&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - disinfection KW - fluence rate KW - model KW - spherical actinometry KW - UV ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus species isolated from produce AU - Johnston, LM AU - Jaykus, LA T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - The purpose of this study was to characterize the antibiotic resistance profiles of Enterococcus species isolated from fresh produce harvested in the southwestern United States. Among the 185 Enterococcus isolates obtained, 97 (52%) were Enterococcus faecium, 38 (21%) were Enterococcus faecalis, and 50 (27%) were other Enterococcus species. Of human clinical importance, E. faecium strains had a much higher prevalence of resistance to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and nitrofurantoin than E. faecalis. E. faecalis strains had a low prevalence of resistance to antibiotics used to treat E. faecalis infections of both clinical and of agricultural relevance, excluding its intrinsic resistance patterns. Thirty-four percent of the isolates had multiple-drug-resistance patterns, excluding intrinsic resistance. Data on the prevalence and types of antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus species isolated from fresh produce may be used to describe baseline antibiotic susceptibility profiles associated with Enterococcus spp. isolated from the environment. The data collected may also help elucidate the role of foods in the transmission of antibiotic-resistant strains to human populations. DA - 2004/5// PY - 2004/5// DO - 10.1128/AEM.70.5.3133-3137.2004 VL - 70 IS - 5 SP - 3133-3137 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enzymatic hydrolysis of rye straw and bermudagrass using cellulases supplemented with beta-glucosidase AU - Sun, Y. AU - Cheng, Jay T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - Enzymatic hydrolysis of acid-pretreated rye straw and Bermudagrass, lignocellulosic agricultural residuescommonly found in the southeastern U.S., has been investigated for bioconversion of the lignocellulosic materials intoreducing sugars. Cellulases supplemented with .-glucosidase were used as the biocatalysts for the bioconversion. The effectsof the cellulase and .-glucosidase loadings on the bioconversion efficiency were studied for both rye straw andBermudagrass. Increase of cellulase loading from 5 to 15 FPU (filter paper unit)/g biomass enhanced glucose production.Supplementation of .-glucosidase effectively improved the glucose production rate and cellulose conversion efficiency.Significant cellubiose was observed as an intermediate in the conversion process without the addition of .-glucosidase. When.-glucosidase was added to 25 CBU (cellobiase unit)/g biomass or higher in the enzymatic hydrolysis, there was no cellobioseaccumulation in the hydrolyzates. A cellulose conversion efficiency of 45% was achieved for pretreated Bermudagrass. Ryestraw was more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis, with a conversion efficiency of 38%. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.13031/2013.15837 VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - 343–349 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Utilization of treated swine wastewater for greenhouse tomato production AU - Cheng, J AU - Shearin, TE AU - Peet, MM AU - Willits, DH T2 - WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AB - An integrated system has been developed to recycle waste organics and treated wastewater from a swine farm to make value-added products and to protect the environment from potential contamination. The farm is a farrow-to-wean swine operation with approximately 4,000 sows. A high-strength wastewater (chemical oxygen demand, 18,000 mg/l; total Khejdal nitrogen, 1,600 mg/l; total phosphorus, 360 mg/l) is produced from the swine operation. An ambient-temperature anaerobic digester has been used to treat the swine wastewater and to produce biogas (from an average 475 m3/day in winter to 950 m3/day in summer). The biogas is combusted in an engine to produce electricity (around 900 kW-hr/day). The digester effluent that is rich in nutrients (N, P, and minerals) is then utilized for fertigation for greenhouse tomato production. A trickling nitrification biofilter has been developed to convert ammonium in the effluent into nitrate. The nitrified anaerobic effluent is used as both fertilizer and irrigation water for approximately 14,400 tomato plants in greenhouses. Experimental data indicate that the tomato greenhouses have used approximately 12 m3 of the effluent and 3.84 kg nitrogen per day. At the same time, the greenhouses have a daily yield of 520 kg (37 g/plant) of marketable fruit. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.2166/wst.2004.0093 VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - 77-82 SN - 0273-1223 KW - anaerobic KW - biofilter KW - nitrification KW - swine KW - tomato KW - treatment KW - wastewater ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling low-energy mixers for chemical dispersion in water treatment AU - Ortiz, V AU - Ducoste, JJ T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE AB - A study has been conducted to evaluate the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for analyzing the mixing effectiveness of low-energy mixers in water and wastewater treatment processes. In this study, CFD was used to predict experimental downstream mean tracer concentration and segregation intensity in different closed conduit reactor geometries. Mixing configurations include a plane shear layer, plane jet in a square conduit, a round jet in a circular conduit, and a hydraulic jet in a 1- and 6-in. diameter pipe. Tracer transport was approximated as a single fluid with the standard k-ε, Chen-Kim k-ε, RNG k-ε turbulence models and as a multifluid with the standard k-ε turbulence model. The results showed that the multifluid model better predicted the mean concentration than the single-fluid model. Multifluid model r2 values were significantly higher than the single-fluid model r2 values. The multifluid model also predicted the downstream segregation intensity values for the plane jet and round jet configurations. In addition, the multifluid model was able to predict the degradation in mixing performance moving from the 1- to 6-in. diameter hydraulic jet mixers operating under constant-jet momentum ratio. No significant improvement was found in the single-fluid model predictions by changing the turbulence model. Overall, the results show that CFD has the potential to enhance engineering experience by permitting the evaluation of different low energy-mixer alternatives. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1089/109287504773087408 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 241-261 SN - 1557-9018 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1542513928&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - CFD KW - chemical mixing KW - turbulence KW - modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Epidemic clone I-specific genetic markers in strains of Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b from foods (vol 70, pg 4158, 2004) AU - Yildirim, S AU - Lin, W AU - Hitchins, AD AU - Jaykus, LA AU - Altermann, E AU - Klaenhammer, TR AU - Kathariou, S T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - Listeria monocytogenes contamination of ready-to-eat foods has been implicated in numerous outbreaks of food-borne listeriosis. However, the health hazards posed by L. monocytogenes detected in foods may vary, and speculations exist that strains actually implicated in illness may constitute only a fraction of those that contaminate foods. In this study, examination of 34 serogroup 4 (putative or confirmed serotype 4b) isolates of L. monocytogenes obtained from various foods and food-processing environments, without known implication in illness, revealed that many of these strains had methylation of cytosines at GATC sites in the genome, rendering their DNA resistant to digestion by the restriction endonuclease Sau3AI. These strains also harbored a gene cassette with putative restriction-modification system genes as well as other, genomically unlinked genetic markers characteristic of the major epidemic-associated lineage of L. monocytogenes (epidemic clone I), implicated in numerous outbreaks in Europe and North America. This may reflect a relatively high fitness of strains with these genetic markers in foods and food-related environments relative to other serotype 4b strains and may partially account for the repeated involvement of such strains in human food-borne listeriosis. Food contamination by Listeria monocytogenes has been implicated in numerous outbreaks and sporadic cases of human illness. Most commonly implicated in listeriosis are highly processed, ready-to-eat (RTE) foods that are kept refrigerated for various periods of time. At risk for listeriosis are people in the extremes of age, pregnant women and their fetuses, cancer patients, and others experiencing immunosuppression (13, 24, 35, 38). Listeriosis can have severe symptoms (septicemia, meningitis, and stillbirths) and a high mortality rate (20 to 30%). Hence, regulations exist in numerous nations concerning the density (e.g., 1 CFU/25 g) of cells of the etiologic agent permissible in RTE foods. Such regulations are based on the hypothesis that any L. monocytogenes strain that can be detected in RTE foods has the potential to pose serious hazards to human health. The potential hazard posed by listerial contamination of RTE foods can be influenced by the number of cells at the point of consumption, which would depend on conditions of storage, type of food matrix and its impact on growth, presence of competing microflora and antimicrobial agents, etc. In addition, the strain type of L. monocytogenes involved may be of importance. It is likely, based on studies with other bacterial pathogens, that some strains and strain clusters (clonal groups) within the species might be more pathogenic than others. Speculations have been formulated that only a fraction of the strains of L. monocytogenes found in foods may be capable of causing human illness (20). There is indeed evidence that the repertoire of strains ca DA - 2004/12// PY - 2004/12// DO - 10.1128/aem.70.12.7581.2004 VL - 70 IS - 12 SP - 7581-7581 SN - 0099-2240 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Direct detection of bacterial pathogens in representative dairy products using a combined bacterial concentration-PCR approach AU - Stevens, KA AU - Jaykus, LA T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AB - To develop a simple, rapid method to concentrate and purify bacteria and their nucleic acids from complex dairy food matrices in preparation for direct pathogen detection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Plain non-fat yogurt and cheddar cheese were each seeded with Listeria monocytogenes or Salmonella enterica serovar. Enteritidis in the range of 10(1)-10(6) CFU per 11-g sample. Samples were then processed for bacterial concentration using high-speed centrifugation (9700 g) followed by DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and amplicon confirmation by hybridization. Bacterial recoveries after centrifugation ranged from 53 to >100% and 71 to >100% for serovar. Enteritidis and L. monocytogenes, respectively, in the non-fat yogurt samples; and from 77 to >100% and 69 to >100% for serovar. Enteritidis and L. monocytogenes, respectively, in the cheddar cheese samples. There were no significant differences in recovery efficiency at different inocula levels, and losses to discarded supernatants were always <5%, regardless of dairy product or pathogen.When followed by pathogen detection using PCR and confirmation by amplicon hybridization, detection limits of 10(3) and 10(1) CFU per 11-g sample were achieved for L. monocytogenes and serovar. Enteritidis, respectively, in both product types and without prior cultural enrichment.This study represents progress toward the rapid and efficient direct detection of pathogens from complex food matrices at detection limits approaching those that might be anticipated in naturally contaminated products. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02393.x VL - 97 IS - 6 SP - 1115-1122 SN - 1365-2672 KW - PCR KW - bacterial concentration KW - pathogen detection Listeria KW - Salmonella ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bacterial separation and concentration from complex sample matrices: A review AU - Stevens, KA AU - Jaykus, LA T2 - CRITICAL REVIEWS IN MICROBIOLOGY AB - The use of many rapid detection technologies could be expanded if the bacteria were separated, concentrated, and purified from the sample matrix before detection. Specific advantages of bacterial concentration might include facilitating the detection of multiple bacterial strains; removal of matrix-associated assay inhibitors; and provision of adequate sample size reduction to allow for the use of representative food sample sizes and/or small media volumes. Furthermore, bacterial concentration could aid in improving sampling techniques needed to detect low levels of pathogens or sporadic contamination, which may perhaps reduce or even eliminate the need for cultural enrichment prior to detection. Although bacterial concentration methods such as centrifugation, filtration, and immunomagnetic separation have been reported for food systems, none of these is ideal and in many cases a technique optimized for one food system or microorganism is not readily adaptable to others. Indeed, the separation and subsequent concentration of bacterial cells from a food sample during sample preparation continues to be a stumbling block in the advancement of molecular methods for the detection of foodborne pathogens. The purpose of this review is to provide a detailed understanding of the science, possibilities, and limitations of separating and concentrating bacterial cells from the food matrix in an effort to further improve our ability to harness molecular methods for the rapid detection of foodborne pathogens. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1080/10408410490266410 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 7-24 SN - 1549-7828 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A non-biological surrogate for sequential disinfection processes AU - Baeza, C AU - Ducoste, J T2 - WATER RESEARCH AB - An evaluation of Fluorescent YG-microspheres (Polysciences Inc.) was performed to simulate Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) oocysts inactivation in treatment systems that utilize multiple disinfectants. Experiments were conducted in batch reactors that included an ozone primary stage and a secondary free chlorine treatment stage. A flow cytometer was used to track changes in the fluorescence intensity distribution due to exposure to the chemical disinfectant. Microsphere ‘survival ratios’ (N/No) were calibrated by selecting an appropriate fluorescence intensity threshold to replicate the inactivation of different C. parvum oocysts strains. Results showed that fluorescent microspheres displayed synergistic effects in the presence of two sequential disinfectants. In addition, microsphere structural tests showed that the polystyrene surface was damaged due to exposure to ozone. This polystyrene damage enhanced the diffusion of the secondary disinfectant into the microsphere, where dye was degraded in the opened polymer layer. As a result, YG-fluorescent microspheres is a promising non-biological technique that is capable of producing similar synergistic behavior as with C. parvum oocysts exposed to ozone followed by chlorine. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1016/j.watres.2004.04.029 VL - 38 IS - 14-15 SP - 3400-3410 SN - 0043-1354 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-3342922732&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Crymosporidium parvum KW - free chlorine KW - microspheres KW - non-biological surrogate KW - ozone KW - sequential disinfection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Epidemic clone I-specific genetic markers in strains of Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b from foods AU - Yildirim, S AU - Lin, W AU - Hitchins, AD AU - Jaykus, LA AU - Altermann, E AU - Klaenhammer, TR AU - Kathariou, S T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Listeria monocytogenes contamination of ready-to-eat foods has been implicated in numerous outbreaks of food-borne listeriosis. However, the health hazards posed by L. monocytogenes detected in foods may vary, and speculations exist that strains actually implicated in illness may constitute only a fraction of those that contaminate foods. In this study, examination of 34 serogroup 4 (putative or confirmed serotype 4b) isolates of L. monocytogenes obtained from various foods and food-processing environments, without known implication in illness, revealed that many of these strains had methylation of cytosines at GATC sites in the genome, rendering their DNA resistant to digestion by the restriction endonuclease Sau3AI. These strains also harbored a gene cassette with putative restriction-modification system genes as well as other, genomically unlinked genetic markers characteristic of the major epidemic-associated lineage of L. monocytogenes (epidemic clone I), implicated in numerous outbreaks in Europe and North America. This may reflect a relatively high fitness of strains with these genetic markers in foods and food-related environments relative to other serotype 4b strains and may partially account for the repeated involvement of such strains in human food-borne listeriosis. DA - 2004/7// PY - 2004/7// DO - 10.1128/AEM.70.7.4158-4164.2004 VL - 70 IS - 7 SP - 4158-4164 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship of species-specific filament levels to filamentous bulking in activated sludge AU - Liao, J. Y. AU - Lou, I. C. AU - De Los Reyes, F. L. T2 - Applied and Environmental Microbiology DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1028/AEM.70.4.2420-2428.2004 VL - 70 IS - 4 SP - 2420–2428 UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/15001845/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Swine wastewater treatment and reclamation AU - Cheng, J. J. AU - Peet, M. M. AU - Willits, D. H. C2 - 2004/// C3 - Progress on bioproducts processing and food safety, selected papers from the 1st International Conference of CIGR section VI on bioproducts processing and food safety, Beijing, China, 11-14 October 2004 DA - 2004/// VL - 1 ER - TY - CONF TI - Anaerobic digestion of swine manure at ambient temperature AU - Cheng, J. J. AU - Jason, AU - Fleming, G. C2 - 2004/// C3 - Anaerobic digestion X : selected proceedings of the 10th IWA Congress on Anaerobic Digestion, held in Montreal, Canada, 29 August - 2 September 2004 DA - 2004/// VL - 10 SN - 1843395509 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular methods in biological systems AU - Reyes, FL AU - Oerther, DB AU - Angenent, LT T2 - WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH AB - Water Environment ResearchVolume 76, Issue 6 p. 605-667 Monitoring and MeasurementFree Access Molecular Methods in Biological Systems Francis L. de los Reyes III, Francis L. de los Reyes IIISearch for more papers by this authorDaniel B. Oerther, Daniel B. OertherSearch for more papers by this authorLargus T. Angenent, Largus T. AngenentSearch for more papers by this author Francis L. de los Reyes III, Francis L. de los Reyes IIISearch for more papers by this authorDaniel B. Oerther, Daniel B. OertherSearch for more papers by this authorLargus T. Angenent, Largus T. AngenentSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 October 2004 https://doi.org/10.2175/106143004X141988AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume76, Issue62004 Literature ReviewSeptember-October 2004Pages 605-667 RelatedInformation DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.2175/106143004X141988 VL - 76 IS - 6 SP - 605-667 SN - 1554-7531 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-39349097829&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Anaerobic processes AU - Chen, Y AU - Cheng, JJ T2 - WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH AB - Water Environment ResearchVolume 76, Issue 6 p. 1155-1190 Treatment SystemFree Access Anaerobic Processes Ye Chen, Ye ChenSearch for more papers by this authorJay J. Cheng, Jay J. ChengSearch for more papers by this author Ye Chen, Ye ChenSearch for more papers by this authorJay J. Cheng, Jay J. ChengSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 October 2004 https://doi.org/10.2175/106143004X142040AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume76, Issue62004 Literature ReviewSeptember-October 2004Pages 1155-1190 RelatedInformation DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.2175/106143004X142040 VL - 76 IS - 6 SP - 1155-1190 SN - 1554-7531 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seeing the forest for the fuel AU - Pattanayak, S. K. AU - Sills, Erin AU - Kramer, R. A. T2 - Environment and Development Economics DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1017/S135570X03001220 VL - 9 IS - 2004 Apr SP - 155–179 ER -