Modeling the Living Embryo

author keywords: Constraints; diversity; limb; mammal; morphometrics; ontogeny

MeSH headings : Animals; Evolution, Molecular; Forelimb / anatomy & histology; Forelimb / embryology; Horses / embryology; Horses / genetics; Mice / embryology; Mice / genetics; Opossums / embryology; Opossums / genetics; Swine / embryology; Swine / genetics

TL;DR: Investigation of levels and patterns of morphological diversity (disparity) among the developing forelimbs of four mammals with diverse limb morphologies indicates that disparity slightly decreases or stays the same from the appearance of the limb ridge to the bud stage, and increases dramatically from the paddle through tissue regression stages. (via Semantic Scholar)

author keywords: Aggression; Violence; Neuronal circuits; Neural networks; Neuronal activity; Amygdala; Nucleus accumbens; Hypothalamus; Limbic thalamus; Parafascicular thalamic nucleus; Paraventricular thalamic nucleus; Zona incerta; Anxiety disorders; Mouse; c-Fos

MeSH headings : Aggression / physiology; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cell Count; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Microscopy, Confocal; Neural Pathways / physiology; Neurons / metabolism; Prosencephalon / cytology; Prosencephalon / physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / metabolism

TL;DR: A detailed anatomical map of neuronal activity in the forebrain of two inbred lines of mice selected for low (NC100) and high (NC900) affective aggression is provided to speculate that neuronal activities in analogous networks may be disrupted in humans prone to maladaptive affectsive aggression. (via Semantic Scholar)

author keywords: Neurogenesis; Neural stem cells; Neural progenitors; Sp2; Cell cycle; M phase; Mouse

MeSH headings : Animals; Brain / cytology; Brain / embryology; Brain / metabolism; Cell Count; Cell Cycle; Cell Proliferation; Crosses, Genetic; Embryo Implantation; Embryo, Mammalian / cytology; Embryo, Mammalian / metabolism; Embryonic Stem Cells / cytology; Embryonic Stem Cells / metabolism; Eye Proteins / genetics; Eye Proteins / metabolism; Female; Genetic Markers; Homeodomain Proteins / genetics; Homeodomain Proteins / metabolism; Homologous Recombination; Intermediate Filament Proteins / genetics; Intermediate Filament Proteins / metabolism; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Nerve Tissue Proteins / genetics; Nerve Tissue Proteins / metabolism; Nestin; Neural Stem Cells / cytology; Neural Stem Cells / metabolism; Neurogenesis; Neurons / cytology; Neurons / metabolism; PAX6 Transcription Factor; Paired Box Transcription Factors / genetics; Paired Box Transcription Factors / metabolism; Repressor Proteins / genetics; Repressor Proteins / metabolism; Sp2 Transcription Factor / genetics; Sp2 Transcription Factor / metabolism; Stem Cell Niche; Transplantation Chimera / embryology; Transplantation Chimera / metabolism

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that neural stem cells and intermediate neural progenitor cells (NPCs) employ a zinc-finger transcription factor specificity protein 2 (Sp2) as a cell cycle regulator in two temporally and spatially distinct progenitors domains. (via Semantic Scholar)

author keywords: JNK; Rho kinase; Endoderm; Gut; Intestine; Morphogenesis; Xenopus

MeSH headings : Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Body Patterning / genetics; Body Patterning / physiology; Cell Adhesion / genetics; Cell Movement / genetics; Cell Movement / physiology; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Endoderm / embryology; Endoderm / metabolism; Gastrula / cytology; Gastrula / embryology; Gastrula / metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Intestinal Mucosa / cytology; Intestinal Mucosa / metabolism; Intestinal Mucosa / physiology; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / genetics; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / metabolism; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / physiology; Microtubules / genetics; Microtubules / metabolism; Models, Biological; Permeability; Xenopus / embryology; Xenopus / genetics; Xenopus / metabolism

TL;DR: It is shown that JNK activity is indispensable for the rearrangement of endoderm cells that underlies the elongation of the Xenopus gut tube, and sheds new light on the means by which intra- and intercellular forces are balanced to promote topological change, while preserving structural integrity, in numerous morphogenetic contexts. (via Semantic Scholar)

MeSH headings : Animals; Anura / embryology; Cell Lineage; Evolution, Molecular; Genetic Variation; Intestines / embryology; Morphogenesis; Phenotype; Phylogeny; Signal Transduction; Species Specificity; Thyroid Hormones / metabolism; Tretinoin / metabolism; Xenopus laevis / embryology

TL;DR: The ancestral gut phenotype in Lepidobatrachus was recovered by performing a reverse chemical manipulation to upregulate RA signaling, providing strong evidence that modifications to this specific pathway promoted the emergence of a lineage‐specific phenotypic novelty. (via Semantic Scholar)