TY - CONF TI - NCSU Nutrition Update AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - 37th Annual North Carolina Turkey Industry Days C2 - 2014/// C3 - Proceedings 37th Annual North Carolina Turkey Industry Days CY - Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// SP - 1–20 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of inorganic (sulfates) and chelated trace minerals zinc, copper, manganese, and iron in low levels for broiler AU - Vieira, R.A. AU - Malheiros, R.D. AU - Albino, L.F.T. AU - Hannas, M.I. AU - Crivellari, R. AU - Borges, L.L. AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 93 IS - E-Supplement 1 SP - 84 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Effects of Coarsely Ground Corn Inclusion on Female Broiler Live Performance, Gizzard and Proventriculus Weight, Litter Characteristics and Ammonia Emission AU - Xu, Yi AU - Li, Lingjuan Wang AU - Stark, Charles AU - Ferket, Peter AU - Williams, Mike AU - Brake, John T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 93 IS - E-Supplement 1 SP - 197 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of inclusion level and metabolizable energy values of DDGS on pellet quality, nutrient digestibility, incidence of footpad lesions, and broiler live performance AU - Pacheco, W. AU - Fahrenholz, A. AU - Stark, C. AU - Ferket, P. AU - Brake, J.T. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 93 IS - E-Supplement 1 SP - 200 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Effects of Functional Oils in Finisher Turkey Diets AU - Malheiros, R. AU - Ferket, P. AU - Torrent, J. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 93 IS - E-Supplement 1 SP - 262 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of particle size of distillers dried grains with solubles and soybean meal on pellet quality, nutrient digestibility, and broiler live performance AU - Pacheco, W.J. AU - Fahrenholz, A.C. AU - Stark, C.R. AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Brake, J. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 93 IS - E-Supplement 1 SP - 24 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - CONF TI - The Potential of in ovo feeding and perinatal nutrition AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - 2014 Eastern Nutrition Conference C2 - 2014/// C3 - Proceedings of 2014 Eastern Nutrition Conference DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// SP - 1–7 PB - Animal Nutrition Association of Canada ER - TY - CONF TI - Practical considerations of influencing and measuring impacts of fetal and early nutrition programming in poultry AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - 35th Western Nutrition Conference C2 - 2014/// C3 - Proceedings of the 35th Western Nutrition Conference CY - University of Alberta, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Alberta DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// SP - 15–21 SN - 1896110339 ER - TY - CONF TI - Genetics and Nutrition during the Last 50 Years in Poultry Science and Production AU - Havenstein, G.B. AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - FACTA-WPSA Brazilian Branch C2 - 2014/// C3 - Avian Nutrigenomics Course CY - Sao Paulo, Brazil DA - 2014/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Early Nutrition for Gut Development and Health AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - International Symposium on Poultry Nutrition and Gut Health A2 - Guo, Y. A2 - Ferket, P.R. C2 - 2014/// C3 - International Symposium on Poultry Nutrition and Gut Health CY - State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, China DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// SP - 157–183 ER - TY - CONF TI - Gut Physiology and Health: The Key for Meat Productivity AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - 41 Poultry Nutrition Conference C2 - 2014/// C3 - Proceedings 41 Poultry Nutrition Conference CY - Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// SP - 64 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Calsporin and IMW50 on pullets raised in a cage-free system AU - Johal, S. AU - Livingston, K.A. AU - Lohrman, T. AU - Hamaoka, T. AU - Lee, B. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 93 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 198 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pretreating primary macrophages (MΦ) with Bacillus subtillus but not mannan oligosaccharide increases nitric oxide production after Salmonella enteritidis challenge AU - Viguie, M. AU - Livingston, K.A. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 93 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 195 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Calsporin and IMW50 on production performance in laying hens from 16 to 32 weeks of age AU - Susmilch, K. AU - Johal, S. AU - Lohrmann, T. AU - Walls, J. AU - Livingston, K.A. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 93 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 20 ER - TY - CONF TI - The Chicken Gut Microbiome and Salmonella AU - Hassan, H.M. T2 - United State Animal Health Association – Annual Meeting C2 - 2014/10/21/ CY - Arkansas, MO DA - 2014/10/21/ PY - 2014/10/21/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Development of the chick microbiome: How early exposure influences future microbial diversity AU - Ballou, A.L. AU - Ali, R. AU - Mendoza, M. AU - Hassan, H. AU - Koci, M.D. T2 - Symposium on Gut Health C2 - 2014/// CY - St Louis, MO DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/11// ER - TY - CONF TI - Comparative analysis of 16S amplicon sequencing data from Roche 454 and Ion Torrent PGM platforms AU - Allali, Imane AU - Cadenas, Maria Belen AU - Ballou, Anne AU - Mendoza, Mary AU - Ali, Rizwana AU - Hassan, Hosni AU - Koci, Matthew AU - Azcarate-Peril, M. Andrea T2 - UNC Research Computing Symposium C2 - 2014/5/20/ DA - 2014/5/20/ PY - 2014/5/20/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - A vector for vaccination against Lyme Disease and other insect transmitted diseases using a live Salmonella vaccine AU - Hassan, H. DA - 2014/5/5/ PY - 2014/5/5/ M3 - Invention Disclosure ER - TY - CHAP TI - Specialty Eggs AU - Curtis, P.A. AU - Anderson, K.E. T2 - The Virtual Food Systems Training Consortium (VFSTC) PY - 2014/// PB - Auburn University UR - https://aufsi.catalog.instructure.com/courses/specialtyeggs ER - TY - CONF TI - NUTRITIONAL IMPRINTING: EARLY DIETARY MANUPULATIONS AU - Angel, Roselina AU - Ashwell, Chris C2 - 2014/// C3 - Advancing Poultry Production Massey Technical Update Conference DA - 2014/// SP - 37 ER - TY - JOUR TI - QTL for body composition traits during heat stress revealed in an advanced intercross line of chickens AU - Bjorkquist, A AU - Ashwell, C AU - Persia, M AU - Rothschild, MF AU - Schmidt, C AU - Lamont, SJ T2 - Change DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 55 IS - 36 SP - 2-27 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic variation within the Mx gene of commercially selected chicken lines reveals multiple haplotypes, recombination and a protein under selection pressure T2 - PloS one DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 9 IS - 9 SP - e108054 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A cis-regulatory mutation of PDSS2 causes silky-feather in chickens AU - Feng, Chungang AU - Gao, Yu AU - Dorshorst, Ben AU - Song, Chi AU - Gu, Xiaorong AU - Li, Qingyuan AU - Li, Jinxiu AU - Liu, Tongxin AU - Rubin, Carl-Johan AU - Zhao, Yiqiang AU - others T2 - PLoS genetics DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 10 IS - 8 SP - e1004576 ER - TY - JOUR TI - ZS Lowman, FW Edens, CM Ashwell and SJ Nolin AU - In, Indexed T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - 114-123 ER - TY - JOUR TI - “A.S.P.I.R.E.” ACT Supplemental Preparation In Rural Education: An Initiative Designed to Bridge Deficits on the ACT College Entrance Examination AU - Herman, M.V. AU - Huffman, R.E. AU - Anderson, K.E. AU - Golden, J.B. T2 - NACTA DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - 269–271 UR - https://www.nactateachers.org/attachments/article/2219/17.%20Herman_NACTA%20Journal.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Drosophila Valosin-Containing Protein is required for dendrite pruning through a regulatory role in mRNA metabolism AU - Rumpf, S. AU - Bagley, J. A. AU - Thompson-Peer, K. L. AU - Zhu, S. AU - Gorczyca, D. AU - Beckstead, R. B. AU - Jan, L. Y. AU - Jan, Y. N. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - Significance The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is required for Drosophila class IV dendritic arborization neuron dendrite pruning. We found that mutants in the ubiquitylation machinery, the ubiquitin-dependent chaperone Valosin-Containing Protein ( VCP ), and the 19S regulatory particle of the proteasome—but not the 20S core particle—showed defects in pruning gene expression and mislocalization or overexpression of specific mRNA-binding proteins. In the case of VCP inhibition, we were able to detect a specific change in the splicing pattern of a pruning gene that likely contributes to pruning defects. A link between VCP and mRNA-binding proteins had been observed in the context of human neurodegenerative disease. This study implicates a specific function of VCP and ubiquitin in mRNA metabolism. DA - 2014/5/5/ PY - 2014/5/5/ DO - 10.1073/PNAS.1406898111 VL - 111 IS - 20 SP - 7331-7336 J2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences LA - en OP - SN - 0027-8424 1091-6490 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1406898111 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expression of green fluorescent protein in the chicken using in vivo transfection of the piggyBac transposon AU - Jordan, Brian J. AU - Vogel, Seth AU - Stark, Michael R. AU - Beckstead, Robert B. T2 - Journal of Biotechnology AB - The chicken is a well-established model system for studying developmental biology and is recognized as one of the top food production animals in the world. For this reason the chicken is an excellent candidate for transgenic applications, as the technology can be applied to both areas of research. Transgenic technology has not been broadly utilized in the chicken model, however, primarily due to difficulties in targeting germ cells and establishing germ line transmission. Transgenic technologies using non-replicating viral particles have been used in the chick, but are unsuitable for many applications because of size and sequence restraints and low efficiency. To create a more versatile method to target chick germ line stem cells, we utilized the transposable element system piggyBac paired with an in vivo transfection reagent, JetPEI. piggyBac has been previously shown to be highly active in mammalian cells and will transpose into the chicken genome. Here, we show that JetPEI can transfect multiple chick cell types, most notably germline stem cells. We also show that pairing these two reagents is a viable and reproducible method for long-term expression of a transgene in the chicken. Stable expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene was seen in multiple tissue types including heart, brain, liver, intestine, kidney and gonad. Combining an in vivo transfection strategy with the PB system provides a simple and flexible method for efficiently producing stable chimeric birds and could be used for production of germ line transgenics. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1016/J.JBIOTEC.2014.01.016 VL - 173 SP - 86-89 J2 - Journal of Biotechnology LA - en OP - SN - 0168-1656 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JBIOTEC.2014.01.016 DB - Crossref KW - Transgenic KW - Transposon KW - Transposable element KW - Transfection KW - Chimera ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transpired solar collector duct for tempering air in North Carolina turkey brooder barn and swine nursery AU - Love, Chris D. AU - Shah, Sanjay B. AU - Grimes, Jesse L. AU - Willits, Daniel W. T2 - Solar Energy AB - Abstract Transpired solar collector (TSC) ducts were installed at a swine nursery and a turkey brooder farm in eastern North Carolina (NC), USA. Each farm had a Test (TSC duct-equipped) and an identical, adjacent Control treatment. Five swine herds and six turkey brooder flocks were monitored over two heating seasons (2010–2012). Propane uses were reduced by 55 and 27 L/m 2 -yr, respectively, in the swine and turkey barns; reductions were highly variable among herds or flocks and the modest reductions were due to warm weather and use of attic ventilation. Over a 14-d period, both the swine and turkey TSC units increased ambient temperature in the barns by ∼6 °C with a maximum increase of 22.5 °C in the turkey TSC. In the swine and turkey houses, calculated energy additions by the TSC were 433 and 81 MJ/yr-m 2 of collector surface area, or 16 and 3 L/m 2 , respectively, of propane saved. Calculated propane savings were much lower than measured values. Short-term efficiencies were higher in the swine TSC (>61%) vs. the turkey TSC (39–50%) probably due to the lower face velocity of the turkey TSC which increased collector heat losses. While barn CO 2 , RH, and temperature values were unaffected by the TSC, it was unclear why animal performance in the Test treatment was better. Simple payback periods for the TSC ducts at both farms were favorable ( DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1016/J.SOLENER.2013.11.028 VL - 102 SP - 308-317 J2 - Solar Energy LA - en OP - SN - 0038-092X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.SOLENER.2013.11.028 DB - Crossref KW - Solar heating KW - UTC KW - Propane saving KW - Simple payback period ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of hyperammonemia on myostatin and myogenic regulatory factor gene expression in broiler embryos AU - Stern, R.A. AU - Ashwell, C.M. AU - Dasarathy, S. AU - mozdziak, T2 - Animal AB - Myogenesis is facilitated by four myogenic regulatory factors and is significantly inhibited by myostatin. The objective of the current study was to examine embryonic gene regulation of myostatin/myogenic regulatory factors, and subsequent manipulations of protein synthesis, in broiler embryos under induced hyperammonemia. Broiler eggs were injected with ammonium acetate solution four times over 48 h beginning on either embryonic day (ED) 15 or 17. Serum ammonia concentration was significantly higher (P<0.05) in ammonium acetate injected embryos for both ED17 and ED19 collected samples when compared with sham-injected controls. Expression of mRNA, extracted from pectoralis major of experimental and control embryos, was measured using real-time quantitative PCR for myostatin, myogenic regulatory factors myogenic factor 5, myogenic determination factor 1, myogenin, myogenic regulatory factor 4 and paired box 7. A significantly lower (P<0.01) myostatin expression was accompanied by a higher serum ammonia concentration in both ED17 and ED19 collected samples. Myogenic factor 5 expression was higher (P<0.05) in ED17 collected samples administered ammonium acetate. In both ED17 and ED19 collected samples, myogenic regulatory factor 4 was lower (P⩽0.05) in ammonium acetate injected embryos. No significant difference was seen in myogenic determination factor 1, myogenin or paired box 7 expression between treatment groups for either age of sample collection. In addition, there was no significant difference in BrdU staining of histological samples taken from treated and control embryos. Myostatin protein levels were evaluated by Western blot analysis, and also showed lower myostatin expression (P<0.05). Overall, it appears possible to inhibit myostatin expression through hyperammonemia, which is expected to have a positive effect on embryonic myogenesis and postnatal muscle growth. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1017/S1751731115000117 VL - 9 IS - 6 SP - 992-999 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84929513015&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - broiler KW - hyperammonemia KW - myogenesis KW - myogenic regulatory factor KW - myostatin ER - TY - BOOK TI - Production of Transgenic Poultry AU - Petitte, J.N. AU - Mozdziak, P.E. AB - The application of transgenic technology to economically important species of livestock, poultry, and fish is expanding in animal agriculture. From a poultry perspective, the value of broilers, eggs, and turkeys in the United States was $38 billion. Given the huge economic worth of the commercial poultry industry, interest in genetic engineering of the chicken remains strong. The goal for gene transfer for commercial stocks is simply to develop genetically better birds for the production of meat and eggs, which has been the same purpose of conventional selection programs for the past 50 years. In addition to the obvious applications in agriculture, the domestic laying hen is being viewed as dual-purpose research animal with other applications in developmental biology, biomedicine, and biomanufacturing. Hence, transgenic technology in poultry can influence entirely new industries outside of agriculture. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1016/B978-0-12-410490-7.00012-8 SE - 335-357 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84942906373&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - BOOK TI - Poultry AU - Mozdziak, P. AB - Poultry meat has become a predominate source of protein in the US. This article reviews the historical production, present production, and nutritional value of the predominant poultry meat species (chicken and turkeys), and poultry species that have a much smaller presence in the marketplace. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1016/B978-0-12-384731-7.00080-5 SE - 369-373 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85018216000&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - BOOK TI - DNA Methods in Food Safety: Molecular Typing of Foodborne and Waterborne Bacterial Pathogens DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1002/9781118278666 SE - 1-392 SN - 978-1-118-27867-3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Poultry processing and products AU - Smith, D. P. T2 - Food Processing: Principles and Applications, 2nd edition AB - Chapter 24 Poultry Processing and Products Douglas P. Smith, Douglas P. Smith Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this author Douglas P. Smith, Douglas P. Smith Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):Stephanie Clark, Stephanie Clark Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Iowa, USASearch for more papers by this authorStephanie Jung, Stephanie Jung Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Iowa, USASearch for more papers by this authorBuddhi Lamsal, Buddhi Lamsal Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Iowa, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 07 April 2014 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118846315.ch24Citations: 7 AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Summary Processing of poultry is a major portion of agricultural business in the US and the world, with billions of animals converted into affordable protein for human consumption. Converting live poultry to meat is relatively simple, but the overall process is complex due to many other components necessary for successful meat production, including regulatory compliance, food safety considerations, and proper packaging and shipping. Poultry meat consumption is rapidly overtaking red meat consumption due to its inherent advantages such as efficient feed utilization, smaller animal size, lower cost of processing, and consumer preference for healthier protein sources. Poultry processing is an integral source of food production in the world and is expanding in many countries. Further reading General processing Google Scholar Barbut S (2002) Poultry Products Processing: An Industry Guide. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Google Scholar GC Mead (ed) (2004) Poultry Meat Processing and Quality. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Google Scholar Mountney GC, Parkhurst CR (1995) Poultry Products Technology, 3rd edn. New York: Haworth Press. Web of Science®Google Scholar CM Owens, CZ Alvarado, AR Sams (eds) (2010) Poultry Meat Processing, 2nd edn. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 10.1201/b15805 Google Scholar Regulatory Google Scholar Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) (2013) Poultry Products Inspection Regulations, Title 9, Volume 2(3), Part 381. www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=99fb21766d250d438199bccbd74aca15&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title09/9tab_02.tpl, accessed 28 November 2013. Google Scholar US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) Regulations, Directives and Notices. www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/regulations, accessed 9 December 2013. Google Scholar Statistics Google Scholar US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Foreign Agricultural Service (2013) Livestock and Poultry: World Markets and Trade. http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1488, accessed 28 November 2013. Google Scholar US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Agricultural Statistics Service (2013) Poultry Production and Value. http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1130, accessed 28 November 2013. Google Scholar Spoilage/food safety Google Scholar Cunningham FE, Cox NA (1987) The Microbiology of Poultry Meat Products. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. Google Scholar GC Mead (ed) (2005) Food Safety Control in the Poultry Industry. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 10.1533/9781845690236.216 Google Scholar Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ et al. (2011) Foodborne illness acquired in the United States – major pathogens. Emerging Infectious Diseases 17: 7–15. 10.3201/eid1701.P11101 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Sustainability Google Scholar Castellini C, Mugnai C, dal Basco A (2002) Effect of organic production system on broiler carcass and meat quality. Meat Science 60: 219–225. 10.1016/S0309-1740(01)00124-3 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fanatico AC (2003) Small-Scale Poultry Processing. Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas (ATTRA). www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/PDF/poultryprocess.pdf, accessed 28 November 2013. Google Scholar Fanatico AC, Cavitt LC, Pillai PB, Emmert JL, Owens CM (2005) Evaluation of slower-growing broiler genotypes grown with and without outdoor access: meat quality. Poultry Science 84: 1785–1790. 10.1093/ps/84.11.1785 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fanatico AC, Pillai PB, Cavitt LC, Owens CM, Emmert JL (2005) Evaluation of slower-growing broiler genotypes grown with and without outdoor access: growth performance and carcass yield. Poultry Science 84: 1321–1327. 10.1093/ps/84.8.1321 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Farmer LJ, Perry GC, Lewis PD, Nute GR, Piggott JR, Patterson RLS (1997) Responses of two genotypes of chicken to the diets and stocking densities of conventional UK and label rouge production systems: II. Sensory attributes. Meat Science 47: 77–93. 10.1016/S0309-1740(97)00040-5 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Grashorn MA, Serini C (2006) Quality of chicken meat from conventional and organic production. Proceedings of the 12th European Poultry Conference, Verona, Italy. www.cabi.org/animalscience/Uploads/File/AnimalScience/additionalFiles/WPSAVerona/10237.pdf, accessed 28 November 2013. Google Scholar Husak RL, Sebranek JG, Bregendahl K (2008) A survey of commercially available broilers marketed as organic, free-range, and conventional broilers for cooked meat yields, meat composition, and relative value. Poultry Science 87: 2367–2376. 10.3382/ps.2007-00294 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Lewis PD, Perry GC, Farmer LJ, Patterson RLS (1997) Responses of two genotypes of chicken to the diets and stocking densities typical of UK and ‘label rouge’ production systems: I. Performance, behavior, and carcass composition. Meat Science 45: 501–516. 10.1016/S0309-1740(96)00084-8 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ponte PI, Rosado CM, Crespo JP et al. (2008) Pasture intake improves the performance and meat sensory attributes of free-range broilers. Poultry Science 87: 71–79. 10.3382/ps.2007-00147 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Sandercock DA, Nute GR, Hocking PM (2009) Quantifying the effects of genetic selection and genetic variation for body size, carcass composition, and meat quality in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Poultry Science 88(5): 923–931. 10.3382/ps.2008-00376 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Smith DP (2012) Pastured broiler processing yields and meat color. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 21: 651–656. 10.3382/japr.2011-00463 Web of Science®Google Scholar Smith DP, Northcutt JK, Steinberg EL (2012) Meat quality and sensory attributes of a conventional and a Label Rouge-type broiler strain obtained at retail. Poultry Science 91(6): 1489–1495. 10.3382/ps.2011-01891 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Citing Literature Food Processing: Principles and Applications, Second Edition ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1002/9781118846315.ch24 SP - 549-566 ER - TY - JOUR TI - RNA-seq analysis of broiler liver transcriptome reveals novel responses to high ambient temperature AU - Coble, Derrick J. AU - Fleming, Damarius AU - Persia, Michael E. AU - Ashwell, Chris M. AU - Rothschild, Max F. AU - Schmidt, Carl J. AU - Lamont, Susan J. T2 - BMC GENOMICS AB - In broilers, high ambient temperature can result in reduced feed consumption, digestive inefficiency, impaired metabolism, and even death. The broiler sector of the U.S. poultry industry incurs approximately $52 million in heat-related losses annually. The objective of this study is to characterize the effects of cyclic high ambient temperature on the transcriptome of a metabolically active organ, the liver. This study provides novel insight into the effects of high ambient temperature on metabolism in broilers, because it is the first reported RNA-seq study to characterize the effect of heat on the transcriptome of a metabolic-related tissue. This information provides a platform for future investigations to further elucidate physiologic responses to high ambient temperature and seek methods to ameliorate the negative impacts of heat.Transcriptome sequencing of the livers of 8 broiler males using Illumina HiSeq 2000 technology resulted in 138 million, 100-base pair single end reads, yielding a total of 13.8 gigabases of sequence. Forty genes were differentially expressed at a significance level of P-value < 0.05 and a fold-change ≥ 2 in response to a week of cyclic high ambient temperature with 27 down-regulated and 13 up-regulated genes. Two gene networks were created from the function-based Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of the differentially expressed genes: "Cell Signaling" and "Endocrine System Development and Function". The gene expression differences in the liver transcriptome of the heat-exposed broilers reflected physiological responses to decrease internal temperature, reduce hyperthermia-induced apoptosis, and promote tissue repair. Additionally, the differential gene expression revealed a physiological response to regulate the perturbed cellular calcium levels that can result from high ambient temperature exposure.Exposure to cyclic high ambient temperature results in changes at the metabolic, physiologic, and cellular level that can be characterized through RNA-seq analysis of the liver transcriptome of broilers. The findings highlight specific physiologic mechanisms by which broilers reduce the effects of exposure to high ambient temperature. This information provides a foundation for future investigations into the gene networks involved in the broiler stress response and for development of strategies to ameliorate the negative impacts of heat on animal production and welfare. DA - 2014/12/10/ PY - 2014/12/10/ DO - 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1084 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1471-2164 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The use of thyme and orange essential oils blend to improve quality traits of marinated chicken meat AU - Rimini, Simone AU - Petracci, Massimiliano AU - Smith, Douglas P. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Poultry meat contains large quantities of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which lead to oxidative deterioration. Plant essential oils (EO) and natural compounds, with antioxidant properties, may be used to alleviate this problem. Two replications were conducted to evaluate the effects of a mixture (1:1) of thyme and orange oils (EO) on the quality characteristics and the oxidative stability of chicken meat (breast and wing). For each replication, 24 fresh breast fillets and 24 wings were procured from a local grocery store. The EO were added to marinade solution to achieve a final concentration of 0.55% sodium chloride, 0.28% polyphosphate, and 0.05% wt/vol of EO blend. Breasts and wings were split in 2 different groups with homogenous pH and lightness and vacuum tumbled in 2 treatments, a 0.5% EO and a control (CON, no EO). Each group was tested for pH, Commission Internationale d'Eclairage color (lightness, L*; redness, a*; yellowness, b*), moisture content, marinade uptake, purge loss, cook yield, and shear force. Susceptibility to lipid oxidation was determined on fresh and frozen meat by TBA reactive substance analysis (induced oxidation from 0 to 150 min at 37°C). The EO breasts had lower purge loss compared with CON meat. Breast did not show any color, pH, marinade uptake, cooking yield, shear force, or moisture differences due to treatment, although cooked EO breast was slightly less red than CON. The EO wings presented higher a* and b* values after marination and lower purge loss and shear force than CON. No differences were detected on wings for color, pH, marinade uptake, cooking yield, or moisture between EO and CON wings. Both fresh and frozen EO breasts and EO wings were less susceptible to the lipid oxidation during all induced oxidation times compared with CON breasts and wings. In conclusion, EO had a positive effect on broiler breast and wing lipid oxidation without negatively affecting meat quality traits. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.3382/ps.2013-03601 VL - 93 IS - 8 SP - 2096-2102 SN - 1525-3171 KW - broiler KW - chicken meat KW - essential oil KW - meat quality KW - lipid oxidation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Characterization of Plasmid-Associated Triphenylmethane Reductase in Listeria monocytogenes AU - Dutta, Vikrant AU - Elhanafi, Driss AU - Osborne, Jason AU - Martinez, Mira Rakic AU - Kathariou, Sophia T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - The enzyme triphenylmethane reductase (TMR) reduces toxic triphenylmethane dyes into colorless, nontoxic derivatives, and TMR-producing microorganisms have been proposed as bioremediation tools. Analysis of the genome of Listeria monocytogenes H7858 (1998-1999 hot dog outbreak) revealed that the plasmid (pLM80) of this strain harboring a gene cassette (bcrABC) conferring resistance to benzalkonium chloride (BC) and other quaternary ammonium disinfectants also harbored a gene (tmr) highly homologous to TMR-encoding genes from diverse Gram-negative bacteria. The pLM80-associated tmr was located two genes downstream of bcrABC as part of a putative IS1216 composite transposon. To confirm the role of tmr in triphenylmethane dye detoxification, we introduced various tmr-harboring fragments of pLM80 in a pLM80-cured derivative of strain H7550, from the same outbreak as H7858, and assessed the resistance of the constructs to the triphenylmethane dyes crystal violet (CV) and malachite green. Transcriptional and subcloning data suggest that the regulation of TMR is complex. Constructs harboring fragments spanning bcrABC and tmr were CV resistant, and in such constructs tmr transcription was induced by sublethal levels of either BC or CV. However, constructs harboring only tmr and its upstream intergenic region could also confer resistance to CV, albeit at lower levels. Screening a panel of BC-resistant L. monocytogenes strains revealed that all those harboring bcrABC and adjacent pLM80 sequences, including tmr, were resistant to CV and decolorized this dye. The findings suggest a potential role of TMR as a previously unknown adaptive attribute for environmental persistence of L. monocytogenes. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1128/aem.01398-14 VL - 80 IS - 17 SP - 5379-5385 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of trypsin inhibitor and particle size of expeller-extracted soybean meal on broiler live performance and weight of gizzard and pancreas AU - Pacheco, W. J. AU - Stark, C. R. AU - Ferket, P. R. AU - Brake, J. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Soybean meal (SBM) is a co-product that remains after the oil is removed from whole soybeans by either solvent extraction or mechanically pressing soybeans using an expeller. Expeller-extracted soybean meal (ESBM) contains more fat and less protein than solvent-extracted soybean meal (SSBM), but has higher trypsin inhibitors (TI) that limit its inclusion in poultry diets. We hypothesized that increasing the particle size of ESBM could enhance chick tolerance to dietary TI. The experiment consisted of a 2 × 6 factorial arrangement of 2 ESBM particle sizes (coarse, 1,300 µm, and fine, 530 µm) and 6 TI levels (6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 TIU/mg). A total of 672 male broiler chicks was randomly assigned among the 12 treatment combinations with 8 replicates per combination. The birds were provided with 1 kg/bird of starter diet in a crumble form. The pancreas and gizzard were excised and weighed at 16 d of age and organ weights relative to BW calculated. Feed consumption, BW, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined at 7 and 14 d of age. Increasing TI level produced a quadratic effect (P < 0.01) on BW and FCR at 14 d of age. The best performance was obtained when chicks were fed diets containing ESBM at intermediate TI levels. Increasing the particle size of the ESBM from 530 to 1,300 µm improved BW and feed intake (P < 0.01) without affecting FCR. The relative weight of the pancreas increased linearly as TI level increased (P < 0.001). The results of this study indicated that chicks performed better when fed coarse ESBM at an intermediate TI level. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.3382/ps.2014-03986 VL - 93 IS - 9 SP - 2245-2252 SN - 1525-3171 KW - broiler KW - gizzard KW - pancreas KW - particle size KW - trypsin inhibitor ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of breeder feeding restriction programs and incubation temperatures on progeny footpad development AU - Da Costa, M. J. AU - Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. AU - Wineland, M. J. AU - Wilson, J. AU - Montiel, E. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Footpad dermatitis begins early in life, and there is evidence of individual susceptibility. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the carryover effects of breeder feed restriction programs and incubation temperatures (TEM) on progeny footpad development at hatch, and 7 and 22 d. Cobb 500 fast feathering breeders were subjected to 2 dietary feed restriction programs during rearing: skip-a-day (SAD) and every-day feeding (EDF). At 60 wk of age, eggs from each group were collected and incubated according to 2 TEM, standard (S) eggshell temperature (38.1°C) and early-low late-high (LH). This second profile had low (36.9°C) eggshell temperature for the first 3 d, and standard temperature until the last 3 d when eggs were subjected to elevated (38.9°C) eggshell temperature. At hatch, 15 chicks from each treatment combination were sampled to obtain footpads for histological analysis. Seventy-two chicks per treatment were placed in 48 cages (6/cage), and raised to 22 d. At 7 and 22 d, 1 and 2 chickens, respectively, were sampled for footpads. The BW and group feed intake were recorded to obtain BW gain and feed conversion ratio at 7 and 21 d. Histological analysis assessed thickness and total area ofstratus corneum (SC), epidermis, and dermis, and total papillae height. Data were analyzed as randomized complete block design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. There was a negative effect of LH TEM on performance at both ages. An interaction effect on SC area and papillae height was observed at hatch. Additionally, SAD treatment increased thickness and area of footpad dermis. At 7 d, the SC parameters of the SAD progeny were increased. Epidermis thickness was affected by treatment interaction. Furthermore, LH TEM decreased epidermis thickness and dermis area. At 22 d, interaction effects were observed in thickness and area of SC and epidermis. Incubation S TEM increased thickness and area of dermis. It was concluded that breeder feed restriction programs and incubation TEM profiles may have carryover effects on histomorphological traits of footpads. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.3382/ps.2014-03897 VL - 93 IS - 8 SP - 1900-1909 SN - 1525-3171 KW - footpad development KW - broiler KW - incubation KW - breeder KW - feed restriction ER - TY - JOUR TI - A cis-Regulatory Mutation of PDSS2 Causes Silky-Feather in Chickens AU - Feng, Chungang AU - Gao, Yu AU - Dorshorst, Ben AU - Song, Chi AU - Gu, Xiaorong AU - Li, Qingyuan AU - Li, Jinxiu AU - Liu, Tongxin AU - Rubin, Carl-Johan AU - Zhao, Yiqiang AU - Wang, Yanqiang AU - Fei, Jing AU - Li, Huifang AU - Chen, Kuanwei AU - Qu, Hao AU - Shu, Dingming AU - Ashwell, Chris AU - Da, Yang AU - Andersson, Leif AU - Hu, Xiaoxiang AU - Li, Ning T2 - PLOS GENETICS AB - Silky-feather has been selected and fixed in some breeds due to its unique appearance. This phenotype is caused by a single recessive gene (hookless, h). Here we map the silky-feather locus to chromosome 3 by linkage analysis and subsequently fine-map it to an 18.9 kb interval using the identical by descent (IBD) method. Further analysis reveals that a C to G transversion located upstream of the prenyl (decaprenyl) diphosphate synthase, subunit 2 (PDSS2) gene is causing silky-feather. All silky-feather birds are homozygous for the G allele. The silky-feather mutation significantly decreases the expression of PDSS2 during feather development in vivo. Consistent with the regulatory effect, the C to G transversion is shown to remarkably reduce PDSS2 promoter activity in vitro. We report a new example of feather structure variation associated with a spontaneous mutation and provide new insight into the PDSS2 function. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004576 VL - 10 IS - 8 SP - SN - 1553-7404 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Induced Pluripotency in Chicken Embryonic Fibroblast Results in a Germ Cell Fate AU - Lu, Yangqing AU - West, Franklin D. AU - Jordan, Brian J. AU - Jordan, Erin T. AU - West, Rachel C. AU - Yu, Ping AU - He, Ying AU - Barrios, Miguel A. AU - Zhu, Ziying AU - Petitte, James N. AU - Beckstead, Robert B. AU - Stice, Steven L. T2 - STEM CELLS AND DEVELOPMENT AB - Germ cells (GCs) are critically important as the vehicle that passes genetic information from one generation to the next. Correct development of these cells is essential and perturbation in their development often leads to reproductive failure and disease. Despite the importance of GCs, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the acquisition and maintenance of the GC character. Using a reprogramming strategy, we demonstrate that overexpression of ectopic transcription factors in embryonic fibroblasts can lead to the generation of chicken induced primordial germ cells (ciPGCs). These ciPGCs express pluripotent markers POU5F1, SSEA1, and the GC defining proteins, CVH and DAZL, closely resembling in vivo sourced PGCs instead of embryonic stem cells. Moreover, CXCR4 expressing ciPGCs were capable of migrating to the embryonic gonad after injection into the vasculature of stage 15 embryos, indicating the acquisition of a GC fate in these cells. Direct availability of ciPGCs in vitro would facilitate the study of GC development as well as provide a potential strategy for the conservation of important genetics of agricultural and endangered birds using somatic cells. DA - 2014/8/1/ PY - 2014/8/1/ DO - 10.1089/scd.2014.0080 VL - 23 IS - 15 SP - 1755-1764 SN - 1557-8534 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/24720794 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Horizontal transmission of Salmonella Enteritidis in experimentally infected laying hens housed in conventional or enriched cages AU - Gast, Richard K. AU - Guraya, Rupa AU - Jones, Deana R. AU - Anderson, Kenneth E. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The majority of human illnesses caused by Salmonella Enteritidis are attributed to contaminated eggs, and the prevalence of this pathogen in commercial laying flocks has been identified as a leading epidemiologic risk factor. Flock housing and management systems can affect opportunities for the introduction, transmission, and persistence of foodborne pathogens in poultry. The animal welfare implications of different types of housing for laying hens have been widely discussed in recent years, but the food safety consequences of these production systems remain incompletely understood. The present study assessed the effects of 2 different housing systems (conventional cages and colony cages enriched with perching and nesting areas) on the horizontal transmission of experimentally introduced Salmonella Enteritidis infection within groups of laying hens. In each of 2 trials, 136 hens were distributed among cages of both housing systems and approximately one-third of the hens in each cage were orally inoculated with doses of 108 cfu of Salmonella Enteritidis (phage type 13a in one trial and phage type 4 in the other). At regular intervals through 23 d postinoculation, cloacal swabs were collected from all hens (inoculated and uninoculated) and cultured for Salmonella Enteritidis. Horizontal contact transmission of infection was observed for both Salmonella Enteritidis strains, reaching peak prevalence values of 27.1% of uninoculated hens in conventional cages and 22.7% in enriched cages. However, no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the overall frequencies of horizontal Salmonella Enteritidis transmission were evident between the 2 types of housing. These results suggest that opportunities for Salmonella Enteritidis infection to spread horizontally throughout laying flocks may be similar in conventional and enriched cage-based production systems. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.3382/ps.2014-04237 VL - 93 IS - 12 SP - 3145-3151 SN - 1525-3171 KW - Salmonella Enteritidis KW - chicken KW - horizontal transmission KW - conventional cage KW - enriched cage ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Bayesian Network Model for Assessing Natural Estrogen Fate and Transport in a Swine Waste Lagoon AU - Lee, Boknam AU - Kullman, Seth W. AU - Yost, Erin AU - Meyer, Michael T. AU - Worley-Davis, Lynn AU - Williams, C. Michael AU - Reckhow, Kenneth H. T2 - INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT AB - Commercial swine waste lagoons are regarded as a major reservoir of natural estrogens, which have the potential to produce adverse physiological effects on exposed aquatic organisms and wildlife. However, there remains limited understanding of the complex mechanisms of physical, chemical, and biological processes that govern the fate and transport of natural estrogens within an anaerobic swine lagoon. To improve lagoon management and ultimately help control the offsite transport of these compounds from swine operations, a probabilistic Bayesian network model was developed to assess natural estrogen fate and budget and then compared against data collected from a commercial swine field site. In general, the model was able to describe the estrogen fate and budget in both the slurry and sludge stores within the swine lagoon. Sensitivity analysis within the model demonstrated that the estrogen input loading from the associated barn facility was the most important factor in controlling estrogen concentrations within the lagoon slurry storage, whereas the settling rate was the most significant factor in the lagoon sludge storage. The degradation reactions were shown to be minor in both stores based on prediction of average total estrogen concentrations. Management scenario evaluations demonstrated that the best possible management options to reduce estrogen levels in the lagoon are either to adjust the estrogen input loading from swine barn facilities or to effectively enhance estrogen bonding with suspended solids through the use of organic polymers or inorganic coagulants. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.1002/ieam.1538 VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 511-521 SN - 1551-3793 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transport of Steroid Hormones, Phytoestrogens, and Estrogenic Activity across a Swine Lagoon/Sprayfield System AU - Yost, Erin E. AU - Meyer, Michael T. AU - Dietze, Julie E. AU - Williams, C. Michael AU - Worley-Davis, Lynn AU - Lee, Boknam AU - Kullman, Seth W. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AB - The inflow, transformation, and attenuation of natural steroid hormones and phytoestrogens and estrogenic activity were assessed across the lagoon/sprayfield system of a prototypical commercial swine sow operation. Free and conjugated steroid hormones (estrogens, androgens, and progesterone) were detected in urine and feces of sows across reproductive stages, with progesterone being the most abundant steroid hormone. Excreta also contained phytoestrogens indicative of a soy-based diet, particularly, daidzein, genistein, and equol. During storage in barn pits and the anaerobic lagoon, conjugated hormones dissipated, and androgens and progesterone were attenuated. Estrone and equol persisted along the waste disposal route. Following application of lagoon slurry to agricultural soils, all analytes exhibited attenuation within 2 days. However, analytes including estrone, androstenedione, progesterone, and equol remained detectable in soil at 2 months postapplication. Estrogenic activity in the yeast estrogen screen and T47D-KBluc in vitro bioassays generally tracked well with analyte concentrations. Estrone was found to be the greatest contributor to estrogenic activity across all sample types. This investigation encompasses the most comprehensive suite of natural hormone and phytoestrogen analytes examined to date across a livestock lagoon/sprayfield and provides global insight into the fate of these analytes in this widely used waste management system. DA - 2014/10/7/ PY - 2014/10/7/ DO - 10.1021/es5025806 VL - 48 IS - 19 SP - 11600-11609 SN - 1520-5851 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The length of storage of emu eggs and resultant effects on hatchability AU - Lowman, Zachary AU - Parkhurst, Carmen T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) are a large flightless bird and are members of the Ratite family. Emu originated from Australia and have long been raised for their meat and oil. The cost associated with raising emu is high, which makes emu meat and products expensive. Emu have very low hatchability rates when compared with other commercial poultry. To date, little research has been published on egg storage conditions of emu eggs, which may contribute to the decreased hatchability of the eggs. In this study, eggs were stored for times ranging from 1 to 8 wk and subsequent effects on moisture loss and hatchability was recorded. We found significant differences (P < 0.0104) in hatchability of emu eggs due to storage time. Significant differences (P < 0.0001) were also found in moisture loss due to egg storage. Based on these data, 2 wk of egg storage appears to be the optimal storage time. After 3 wk of storage, hatchability begins to decrease. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.3382/japr.2014-01004 VL - 23 IS - 4 SP - 759-762 SN - 1537-0437 KW - emu KW - egg storage KW - hatchability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Razor blade shear method for evaluating duck breast meat and tendon texture AU - Smith, D. P. AU - Northcutt, J. K. AU - Parisi, M. A. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - Ducks are a small but important portion of the US poultry industry, and are a much larger proportion of the poultry markets in other countries. More duck meat fillet products enter the further processing market, yet few studies have been conducted on meat quality characteristics. Therefore, this project was conducted to determine the effects of sex, bird size, and marination treatment on breast (pectoralis major) fillet weight, cook yield, and Warner-Bratzler (WB) shear values. Razor shear was also used to isolate connective tissue in the breast meat that is typically responsible for consumer complaints regarding toughness. Ducks were identified at 1 d of age for sex, processed at 35 d of age in a commercial facility, and carcasses were categorized as small (1.6 kg), medium (2.0 kg), or large (2.5 kg). Breast fillets (120, 20 each from 2 sexes and 3 sizes) were divided and 60 were marinated using vacuum tumbling whereas 60 were left unmarinated. All of the fillets were then weighed, cooked, and reweighed to determine cook yield. Razor shear was conducted on 2 areas within each fillet and another 2 razor shear measurements were taken on each fillet directly through the connective tissue near the wing insertion. A section of each fillet was then removed for a 2-slice WB shear. Carcass size from small to large corresponded to an increase in raw fillet weight. Fillets from males required more razor shear force than fillets from females. Marination improved cook yield and reduced both the WB shear values and the razor shear values for the meat and the tendon. The razor shear method was effective at measuring both duck meat texture and tendon toughness. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.3382/japr.2013-00905 VL - 23 IS - 4 SP - 742-747 SN - 1537-0437 KW - duck breast meat KW - razor shear KW - Warner-Bratzler shear KW - tenderness ER - TY - JOUR TI - Marinade with thyme and orange oils reduces Salmonella Enteritidis and Campylobacter coli on inoculated broiler breast fillets and whole wings AU - Thanissery, R. AU - Smith, D. P. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Essential oils have been reported to possess antimicrobial properties and therefore have potential usage as natural antimicrobials in food. In a previous study, thyme orange essential oil combination (TOC) used at the 0.5% level as a dip application on chicken cut-up parts had a significant antibacterial effect against Salmonella and Campylobacter. A study was designed to evaluate the effect of salt-phosphate marinade solution containing 0.5% TOC to 1) reduce Salmonella Enteritidis and Campylobacter coli numbers on broiler breast fillets and whole wings marinated by vacuum tumbling, and 2) reduce cross-contamination of both pathogens between inoculated and uninoculated parts during marination. A total of 52 skinless breast fillets and 52 whole wings were used for the 2 replications. For each replication, each cut-up part was randomly assigned to 1 of 5 groups: treatment 1: uninoculated parts marinated without TOC; treatment 2: inoculated parts marinated without TOC; treatment 3: uninoculated parts marinated with TOC; treatment 4: inoculated parts marinated with TOC; and control: nonmarinated inoculated parts. Samples were dipped in an inoculum containing a mixture of Salmonella Enteritidis and C. coli. The treatment samples were marinated by vacuum tumbling. All samples were immediately evaluated to determine Salmonella Enteritidis and C. coli numbers. Results indicated that TOC at the 0.5% level in the marinade solution applied by vacuum tumbling significantly reduced (P < 0.05) numbers of viable Salmonella Enteritidis by 2.6 and 2.3 log cfu/mL on broiler breast fillets and C. coli by 3.6 and 3.1 log cfu/mL on whole wings. Cross-contamination was observed as the uninoculated chicken parts marinated with inoculated parts were positive. However, the number of bacterial cells recovered from the TOC treated samples were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the numbers recovered from the untreated samples. Marination with a salt phosphate formulation containing 0.5% TOC successfully reduced Salmonella and Campylobacter numbers on poultry products. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.3382/ps.2013-03697 VL - 93 IS - 5 SP - 1258-1262 SN - 1525-3171 KW - thyme oil KW - orange oil KW - Salmonella KW - Campylobacter KW - marination ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improved early performance of turkey poults given an Aloe ferox leaf extract with bentonite AU - Edens, F. W. AU - Ort, D. T. AU - Ludescher, B. L. T2 - BRITISH POULTRY SCIENCE AB - AT-402 (20 g/kg), a proprietary blend of Aloe ferox leaf extract and calcium bentonite, had no adverse effect on poult body weights at 3 weeks of age. Lower body weights and lower feed consumption were observed in 4-week-old poults given 10 and 20 g/kg of AT-402 compared to poults given 0 or 5 g/kg. Floor-reared poults, given either 5 or 10 g/kg AT-402 to 4 weeks of age, were significantly heavier than controls (0 g/kg AT-402), and feed conversion ratios for AT-402 given poults were improved. Xylose uptake in 5 g/kg AT-402-fed poults was significantly greater than in poults given AT-402 at 0 and 10 g/kg, reflecting increased body weights of 5 g/kg AT-402-fed poults. Delayed access by poults to the AT-402 until 10 d of age also improved 4-week body weights, suggesting that the AT-402 might improve performance as soon as it is given. AT-402 at 5 g/kg was most efficacious as demonstrated by improved body weights and feed conversions. DA - 2014/9/3/ PY - 2014/9/3/ DO - 10.1080/00071668.2014.945898 VL - 55 IS - 5 SP - 675-683 SN - 1466-1799 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Variation within the Mx Gene of Commercially Selected Chicken Lines Reveals Multiple Haplotypes, Recombination and a Protein under Selection Pressure AU - Fulton, Janet E. AU - Arango, Jesus AU - Ali, Rizwana A. AU - Bohorquez, Elaine B. AU - Lund, Ashlee R. AU - Ashwell, Chris M. AU - Settar, Petek AU - O'Sullivan, Neil P. AU - Koci, Matthew D. T2 - PLoS ONE AB - The Mx protein is one of the best-characterized interferon-stimulated antiviral mediators. Mx homologs have been identified in most vertebrates examined; however, their location within the cell, their level of activity, and the viruses they inhibit vary widely. Recent studies have demonstrated multiple Mx alleles in chickens and some reports have suggested a specific variant (S631N) within exon 14 confers antiviral activity. In the current study, the complete genome of nine elite egg-layer type lines were sequenced and multiple variants of the Mx gene identified. Within the coding region and upstream putative promoter region 36 SNP variants were identified, producing a total of 12 unique haplotypes. Each elite line contained from one to four haplotypes, with many of these haplotypes being found in only one line. Observation of changes in haplotype frequency over generations, as well as recombination, suggested some unknown selection pressure on the Mx gene. Trait association analysis with either individual SNP or haplotypes showed a significant effect of Mx haplotype on several egg production related traits, and on mortality following Marek's disease virus challenge in some lines. Examination of the location of the various SNP within the protein suggests synonymous SNP tend to be found within structural or enzymatic regions of the protein, while non-synonymous SNP are located in less well defined regions. The putative resistance variant N631 was found in five of the 12 haplotypes with an overall frequency of 47% across the nine lines. Two Mx recombinants were identified within the elite populations, indicating that novel variation can arise and be maintained within intensively selected lines. Collectively, these results suggest the conflicting reports in the literature describing the impact of the different SNP on chicken Mx function may be due to the varying context of haplotypes present in the populations studied. DA - 2014/9/22/ PY - 2014/9/22/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0108054 VL - 9 IS - 9 SP - e108054 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en OP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108054 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of feeder space allocations during rearing, female strain, and feed increase rate from photostimulation to peak egg production on broiler breeder female performance AU - Leksrisompong, N. AU - Romero-Sanchez, H. AU - Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. AU - Brake, J. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - A study was conducted to determine if there were differences in female broiler breeder performance of 2 strains that had been subjected to 2 feeder space allocations during the growing period followed by 2 feeding to peak programs. Ross 308 and 708 pullets were reared with a single feeding program to 23 wk of age and with 2 circumferential feeder space allocations (5.3 cm/female or 7.0 cm/female) and then assigned to 2 feed increase programs (slow or fast) from photostimulation to peak egg production. The flock was moved to the laying house with 8.8 cm/female of female feeder space and photostimulated at 23 wk of age when Ross 344 males were added to create 16 pens with 60 females and 7 males each in a 2 × 2 × 2 design. The fast feed increase program significantly increased female BW at 31 wk of age, which could have contributed to an increased female mortality during the summer weather of early lay. The 708 females with 5.3 cm/female feeder space produced smaller eggs at 28 and 30 wk of age. The 708 females exhibited better fertile hatchability than 308 females due to fewer late dead embryos. There were no differences in egg production, fertility, or fertile hatchability due to the main effects of feeding to peak program or growing feeder space, but the slow feed increase from photostimulation to peak production reduced cumulative mortality. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.3382/ps.2013-03219 VL - 93 IS - 5 SP - 1045-1052 SN - 1525-3171 KW - feeder space KW - feeding program KW - strain ER - TY - JOUR TI - Manure belts for harvesting urine and feces separately and improving air quality in swine facilities AU - Koger, J. B. AU - O'Brien, B. K. AU - Burnette, R. P. AU - Kai, R. AU - Kempen, M. H. J. G. AU - Heugten, E. AU - Kempen, T. A. T. G. T2 - LIVESTOCK SCIENCE AB - Modern swine facilities have not been designed to maximize manure value nor to minimize NH3 emission. These benefits can possibly be achieved by harvesting urine and feces separately using a conveyor belt placed at a 4° angle beneath the slats. Urine drains from this belt into a gutter leading to a closed storage vessel while feces remain on the belt for up to 24 h. Such a belt was evaluated in a partially slatted swine facility housing 80–100 grower pigs in five separate experiments. Fecal DM was determined as a function of both belt residence time and collection time-of-day. The driest feces were obtained with daily collections at 0600 h. Collections at this time of day resulted in a 9.8±5.0% increase in DM over collection at 1500 h (P=0.07). Under steady state conditions, feces were collected at 49±5% DM and output was 0.26±0.05 kg DM pig−1 d−1 suggesting an apparent feed DM digestibility of 82.8±2.1%. Urine collected was 1.3±0.2 L pig−1 d−1, equivalent to 33±6% of the water intake. Emissions from this facility were for ammonia 1.03±0.20 kg pig−1 yr−1 or 5.9±1.0% of the intake N and for methane 1.05±0.29 kg pig−1 yr−1 or 0.64±0.18% of the feed energy. Odor emission at the ventilation fan was 1.9 OU animal−1 s−1. All three emission parameters were substantially less than literature values for conventional houses. In conclusion, the belt system was easy to operate and allowed for the separate collection of urine and feces resulting in reduced odor nuisance. Technically, it resulted in feces that could be harvested at 49% DM, and emissions of only 1 kg NH3 and CH4 pig−1 yr−1. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.01.013 VL - 162 SP - 214-222 SN - 1878-0490 KW - Ammonia KW - Belt conveyors KW - Housing KW - Manure KW - Methane KW - Swine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Clostridium butyricum on growth performance, immune function, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens challenged with Escherichia coli K88 AU - Zhang, L. AU - Cao, G. T. AU - Zeng, X. F. AU - Zhou, L. AU - Ferket, P. R. AU - Xiao, Y. P. AU - Chen, A. G. AU - Yang, C. M. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Clostridium butyricumon growth performance, immune function, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens challenged with Escherichia coli K88. Three hundred sixty 1-d-old broiler chickens were randomly divided into 4 treatments: negative control (NC) birds were fed a basal diet and not challenged with E. coli K88; positive control (PC) birds were fed a basal diet and challenged with E. coli K88; C. butyricum treatment (CB) birds were fed a diet containing 2 × 10(7) cfu C. butyricum/kg of diet and challenged with E. coli K88; and colistin sulfate treatment (CS) birds were fed a diet containing 20 mg of colistin sulfate/kg of diet and challenged with E. coli K88. Birds fed CB had greater (P < 0.05) BW than the PC birds from 3 to 21 d postchallenge. Birds fed CB had greater (P < 0.05) serum IgA and IgY at 14 d postchallenge, greater (P < 0.05) serum IgM at 21 d postchallenge, and greater (P < 0.05) mucosal secreted IgA at 3 and 7 d postchallenge than the PC birds. Birds fed CB had greater concentrations of serum complement component 3 at 14 d postchallenge, and greater (P < 0.05) concentrations of serum complement component 4 at 3, 7, and 14 d postchallenge than the PC birds. Birds in the CS or CB treatments had less cecal E. coli population at 3, 7, and 21 d postchallenge, and less cecal Clostridium perfringens counts at 21 d postchallenge compared with the PC birds. The CB treatment increased (P < 0.05) the population of cecal Lactobacillus at 3 d postchallenge and the number of cecal Bifidobacterium at 3, 14, and 21 d postchallenge in comparison with the PC treatment. The results indicate that dietary supplementation of CB promotes growth performance, improves immune function, and benefits the cecal microflora in Escherichia coli K88-challenged chickens. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.3382/ps.2013-03412 VL - 93 IS - 1 SP - 46-53 SN - 1525-3171 KW - Clostridium butyricum KW - growth performance KW - immune function KW - cecal microflora KW - Escherichia coli K88 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sampling Naturally Contaminated Broiler Carcasses for Salmonella by Three Different Methods AU - Cox, N. A. AU - Buhr, R. J. AU - Smith, D. P. AU - Cason, J. A. AU - Rigsby, L. L. AU - Bourassa, D. V. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P. J. AU - Cosby, D. E. T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - Postchill neck skin maceration (NSM) and whole-carcass rinsing (WCR) are frequently used methods to detect salmonellae from processed broilers. These are practical, nondestructive methods, but they are insensitive and may result in false negatives (20 to 40%). Neck skin samples comprise only 4% of the skin from the broiler carcass by weight, while WCR will not detect firmly attached Salmonella organisms and only 7.5% of the rinsate is utilized. Whole-carcass enrichment (WCE) involves incubation of the whole carcass overnight in a preenrichment broth and can recover as few as 8 inoculated Salmonella cells per carcass. The objective of this study was to use NSM, WCR, and WCE sampling to detect naturally occurring Salmonella from the same commercially processed broiler either prechill or postchill. Ten carcasses were obtained prechill and another 10 postchill on each of two replicate days from each of two commercial processing plants. From each carcass, 8.3 g of neck skin was sampled, and then the carcass was rinsed with 400 ml of 1% buffered peptone water. Thirty milliliters was removed and incubated (WCR), and the remaining 370 ml of broth and the carcass were incubated at 37°C for 24 h (WCE). Overall, Salmonella organisms were detected on 21, 24, and 32 of 40 prechill carcasses by NSM, WCR, and WCE, respectively, while 2, 2, and 19 of 40 postchill carcasses were positive by the respective methods. Prechill carcasses were 64% (77 of 120) positive for Salmonella, while postchill carcasses were 19% (23 of 120) positive. Commercial processing reduced the positive-sample prevalence by 45%. Salmonella organisms were detected on 20% (24 of 120) of the samples from plant 1 and 63% (76 of 120) of the carcasses from plant 2. This study demonstrates significant differences in the results for Salmonella prevalence among sampling methods both before and after immersion chilling, as well as between processing plants on days that samples were taken. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-320 VL - 77 IS - 3 SP - 493-495 SN - 1944-9097 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Epithelial Cell Tumors of the Hen Reproductive Tract AU - Harris, E.A. AU - Fletcher, O.J. AU - Anderson, K.E. AU - Petitte, J.N. AU - Kopelovich, L. AU - Mozdziak, P.E. T2 - Avian Diseases AB - There is a paucity of preclinical models that simulate the development of ovarian tumors in humans. At present, the egg-laying hen appears to be the most promising model to study the spontaneous occurrence of ovarian tumors in the clinical setting. Although gross classification and histologic grade of tumors have been used prognostically in women with ovarian tumors, there is currently no single system that is universally used to classify reproductive tumors in the hen. Four hundred and one 192-wk-old egg-laying hens were necropsied to determine the incidence of reproductive tumors using both gross pathology and histologic classification. Gross pathologic classifications were designated as follows: birds presenting with ovarian tumors only (class 1), those presenting with oviductal and ovarian tumors (class 2), those with ovarian and oviductal tumors that metastasized to the gastrointestinal tract (class 3), those with ovarian and oviductal tumors that metastasized to the gastrointestinal tract and other distant organs (class 4), those with oviductal tumors only (class 5), those with oviductal tumors that metastasized to other organs with no ovarian involvement (class 6), and those with ovarian tumors that metastasized to other organs with no oviductal involvement (class 7), including birds with gastrointestinal tumors and no reproductive involvement (GI only) and those with no tumors (normal). Histopathologic classifications range from grades 1 to 3 and are based on mitotic developments and cellular differentiation. An updated gross pathology and histologic classification systems for the hen reproductive malignancies provides a method to report the range of reproductive tumors revealed in a flock of aged laying hens. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1637/10643-082313-reg.1 VL - 58 IS - 1 SP - 95–101 SN - 1938-4351 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84896380321&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - hen KW - egg-laying KW - cancer KW - oviductal KW - ovarian KW - malignancy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of broiler breeder-feeding programme and feeder space change at photostimulation using maize- or wheat-based diets on eggshell properties and progeny bone development AU - Eusebio-Balcazar, P. AU - Oviedo-Rondón, E.O. AU - Wineland, M.J. AU - Pérez Serrano, M. AU - Brake, J. T2 - British Poultry Science AB - Abstract1. The effects of diet type, feeding programme and fast- or slow-feed allocation in fast-feathering Cobb 500 broiler breeder hens on eggshell properties and broiler progeny bone development were investigated in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment.2. The birds were fed on either maize- or wheat-based diets during rearing and production and on a fast- or slow-feed allocation programme from 14 to 29 weeks of age. At 22 weeks, 69 females from each pen were placed in a layer house where feeder space (FS) either remained similar or was increased.3. Eggs produced at 33 weeks were incubated, eggshell conductance (G) was determined and a sample of 14 chicks from each treatment combination was taken to obtain bone traits at hatching.4. Diet type did not influence G, yolk-free body weight (BW), residual yolk weight or relative asymmetry (RA) of any bilateral traits of leg bones of hatchlings. However, breeder diet type was involved on two-way and three-way interaction effects on progeny leg bone traits.5. Breeders feed restricted according to the slow-feeding programme laid eggs with greater G compared to those managed with the fast-feeding programme, but there was no effect of feeding programme on progeny bone traits at hatching.6. Eggs from breeders given more FS at photostimulation had greater G than those from breeders provided with similar FS. Maternal FS change did not influence hatchling yolk-free BW; however, breeders given more FS produced progeny with heavier tibias and shanks and longer femurs compared with those provided with similar FS, but only when breeders were fed on maize. Moreover, increased maternal FS at photostimulation was associated with an increased RA of femur length in the progeny.7. It was concluded that breeder FS change at photostimulation influenced eggshell conductance and consistently affected bone development of the broiler progeny. DA - 2014/5/4/ PY - 2014/5/4/ DO - 10.1080/00071668.2014.921665 VL - 55 IS - 3 SP - 380-390 J2 - British Poultry Science LA - en OP - SN - 0007-1668 1466-1799 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2014.921665 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Contamination of eggs by Salmonella Enteritidis in experimentally infected laying hens housed in conventional or enriched cages AU - Gast, Richard K. AU - Guraya, Rupa AU - Jones, Deana R. AU - Anderson, Kenneth E. T2 - Poultry Science AB - Both epidemiologic analyses and active disease surveillance confirm an ongoing strong association between human salmonellosis and the prevalence of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis in commercial egg flocks. The majority of human illnesses caused by this pathogen are attributed to the consumption of contaminated eggs. Animal welfare concerns have increasingly influenced commercial poultry production practices in recent years, but the food safety implications of different housing systems for egg-laying hens are not definitively understood. The present study assessed the effects of 2 different housing systems (conventional cages and colony cages enriched with perching and nesting areas) on the frequency of Salmonella Enteritidis contamination inside eggs laid by experimentally infected laying hens. In each of 2 trials, groups of laying hens housed in each cage system were orally inoculated with doses of 1.0 × 10(8) cfu of Salmonella Enteritidis. All eggs laid between 5 and 25 d postinoculation were collected and cultured to detect internal contamination with Salmonella Enteritidis. For both trials combined, Salmonella Enteritidis was recovered from 3.97% of eggs laid by hens in conventional cages and 3.58% of eggs laid by hens in enriched cages. No significant differences (P > 0.05) in the frequency of egg contamination were observed between the 2 housing systems. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.3382/ps.2013-03641 VL - 93 IS - 3 SP - 728-733 J2 - Poultry Science LA - en OP - SN - 0032-5791 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03641 DB - Crossref KW - Salmonella Enteritidis KW - chicken KW - egg KW - conventional cage KW - enriched cage ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acidifier application rate impacts on ammonia emissions from US roaster chicken houses AU - Shah, Sanjay B. AU - Grimes, Jesse L. AU - Oviedo-Rondón, Edgar O. AU - Westerman, Philip W. T2 - Atmospheric Environment AB - Due to its potential environmental and public health impacts, emissions of ammonia (NH3) as well as several other gases from US livestock farms may be regulated. Broiler houses are important sources of NH3 emissions. However, there are no emissions data from roaster (8–12 wk old broilers, ∼4 kg ea.) houses. Producers treat the litter in broiler houses with acidifiers, such as sodium bisulfate (SBS, NaHSO4) to reduce ammonia production and protect bird health. However, there is very little data on the effect of acidifiers, particularly at high application rates on ammonia emissions. The impact of different SBS application rates [High (0.95–1.46 kg m−2, whole house), Medium (0.73 kg m−2, whole house), Low (0.37–0.49 kg m−2, whole house), and Control (0.37–0.49 kg m−2, brood chamber)] on ammonia emissions was evaluated in commercial roaster houses over 22 months spanning eight flocks. Ammonia emission from each fan was measured with an acid scrubber that operated only when the fan operated. Emissions were calculated using >95% measured data with the rest being estimated using robust methods. Exhaust ammonia–N concentrations were inversely correlated with the SBS application rates. Emission rates on animal unit (AU, where 1 AU = 500 kg live-mass) basis (ER, g d−1 AU−1) were reduced by 27, 13, and 5%, respectively, in the High, Medium, and Low treatments vs. the Control treatment (mean: 100 g d−1 AU−1, range: 86–114 g d−1 AU−1). Emission rates for the Control treatment measured in this study on roasters were mostly higher than ERs in the literature. Differences in ERs are not only due to diet, environmental and management conditions, but also due to measurement methods. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.01.044 VL - 92 SP - 576-583 J2 - Atmospheric Environment LA - en OP - SN - 1352-2310 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.01.044 DB - Crossref KW - Broiler KW - Litter amendment KW - Acid trap KW - Impingers KW - Bubblers KW - Emission rate KW - Ventilation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Time study examining the effect of range, cage-free, and cage environments on man-hours committed to bird care in 3 brown egg layer strains AU - Anderson, Kenneth E. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - Growing consumer awareness concerning layer hen welfare has caused the egg industry to consider alternative environments for egg-laying hens. However, the time commitment for alternative care has not been researched in detail since the 1950s. In 2 experiments, we evaluated the man-hour commitment associated with 3 different environments, including range (R), cage-free (CF), and cage systems (C). Concurrently within the R and CF systems, 3 strains of birds, Hy-Line Silver Brown, Hy-Line Brown, and Barred Plymouth Rock, were examined to see if strain differences were associated with man-hours associated for care. All birds were raised within the environment they were going to be laying in at 17 wk of age, the time data collection started. The system study was a 3-factor randomized design that commenced at 17 wk, when the laying phase commenced with 8 R replicates, 24 CF replicates, and 4 C replicates. The strain study consisted of R and CF systems and 3 strains of Hy-Line Brown, Hy-Line Silver Brown, and Barred Plymouth Rock. All husbandry was provided as appropriate to the production system and in accordance with the approved animal care procedures. Time was recorded for all of the procedures done within the replicates (i.e., egg collection, feeding, and so on). The data were transformed first by man-hours per bird housed and second by man-hours per bird surviving. All time data were analyzed using PROC GLM in SAS. Man-hours per hen decreased from 17 to 37 wk in all production systems. The production environment C required only 0.334 h/hen housed, which is lower as compared with either the CF at 0.486 h/hen housed or R at 1.268 h/hen housed. Strain alone did not influence man-hours; however, the strain with the poorest livability had the greatest man-hour requirement for hens surviving. This study substantiates previous findings that moving from intensive to extensive production systems will increase man-hours per hen by 3 or 4 times. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.3382/japr.2013-00852 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 108-115 SN - 1537-0437 KW - brown egg layer KW - heritage layer KW - range KW - cage-free KW - cage KW - labor ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rosemary oil, clove oil, and a mix of thyme-orange essential oils inhibit Salmonella and Campylobacter in vitro AU - Thanissery, R. AU - Kathariou, S. AU - Smith, D. P. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - The demand for foods that are free of pathogens and chemical residues has increased interest in the use of plant-based products as natural antimicrobials. Essential oils (EO) from plants are natural compounds that have been shown to have antimicrobial properties against food-borne pathogens. The objective of the current study was to determine the ability of various concentrations of 4 selected EO to inhibit Salmonella enterica (3 different serovars and a cocktail of all 3) and Campylobacter (2 strains of Campylobacter jejuni, one strain of Campylobacter coli, and a cocktail of all 3). The disc diffusion method was used to screen the oils of thyme, orange, rosemary, and clove oil. The minimum inhibitory concentration or minimum bactericidal concentration of the EO was determined using a 2-fold broth dilution method at concentrations ranging from 0.0008 to 1.000% (vol/vol). Two independent experiments were performed. Zones of inhibition (ZI) were expressed in millimeters and concentrations were expressed in percentages. All the oils demonstrated antibacterial activity against the strains tested. However, thyme oil demonstrated the strongest inhibitory activity than other oils against Salmonella (ZI of 18.5 mm). In general, Campylobacter was more susceptible to the antibacterial activity of EO, with plates containing thyme or clove oil showing no growth. Orange oil was also highly effective on Campylobacter, with a mean ZI of 17.5 mm. The least expensive treatment effective against both Salmonella and Campylobacter was a combination of 100% concentrations of thyme and orange oil combined on a 50:50 proportion. Tested on the same strains of bacteria, the thyme-orange combination (TOC) had a mean ZI of 20.5 mm for Salmonella and 21.3 mm for Campylobacter. Thyme-orange combination demonstrated a synergetic effect against Salmonella, but no such effect was noticed for Campylobacter. On average, 0.14% TOC was required to inhibit both pathogens. Hence, TOC can be considered as a potential antimicrobial for future studies on food systems. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.3382/japr.2013-00888 VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 221-227 SN - 1537-0437 KW - thyme oil KW - orange oil KW - Salmonella KW - Campylobacter KW - essential oil ER - TY - JOUR TI - Population Structure of Listeria monocytogenes Serotype 4b Isolates from Sporadic Human Listeriosis Cases in the United States from 2003 to 2008 AU - Lee, Sangmi AU - Ward, Todd J. AU - Graves, Lewis M. AU - Tarr, Cheryl L. AU - Siletzky, Robin M. AU - Kathariou, Sophia T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - Listeria monocytogenes can cause severe food-borne disease (listeriosis). Numerous outbreaks have involved three serotype 4b epidemic clones (ECs): ECI, ECII, and ECIa. However, little is known about the population structure of L. monocytogenes serotype 4b from sporadic listeriosis in the United States, even though most cases of human listeriosis are in fact sporadic. Here we analyzed 136 serotype 4b isolates from sporadic cases in the United States, 2003 to 2008, utilizing multiple tools including multilocus genotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and sequence analysis of the inlAB locus. ECI, ECII, and ECIa were frequently encountered (32, 17, and 7%, respectively). However, annually 30 to 68% of isolates were outside these ECs, and several novel clonal groups were identified. An estimated 33 and 17% of the isolates, mostly among the ECs, were resistant to cadmium and arsenic, respectively, but resistance to benzalkonium chloride was uncommon (3%) among the sporadic isolates. The frequency of clonal groups fluctuated within the 6-year study period, without consistent trends. However, on several occasions, temporal clusters of isolates with indistinguishable genotypes were detected, suggesting the possibility of hidden multistate outbreaks. Our analysis suggests a complex population structure of serotype 4b L. monocytogenes from sporadic disease, with important contributions by ECs and several novel clonal groups. Continuous monitoring will be needed to assess long-term trends in clonality patterns and population structure of L. monocytogenes from sporadic listeriosis. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1128/aem.00454-14 VL - 80 IS - 12 SP - 3632-3644 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of feeding programme and feeder space change at photo-stimulation using maize- or wheat-based diet on growth and reproductive performance of female broiler breeders AU - Eusebio-Balcazar, P. AU - Leksrisompong, N. AU - Brake, J. AU - Oviedo-Rondón, E.O. T2 - British Poultry Science AB - Abstract1. This study was carried out to determine the effects of breeder feeding programme to 29 weeks of age, and feeder space change at photo-stimulation using two sources of grain on breeder hen reproductive efficiency and egg characteristics.2. Fast-feathering Cobb 500 pullet broiler breeders were housed in 16 pens of 81 females each during rearing, and fed on either maize- or wheat-based diet, formulated to have similar nutrient composition. Two feeding programmes, Fast and Slow, were used from 14 to 29 weeks of age. At 22 weeks of age, 69 females that represented the body weight (BW) distribution from each pen were placed in a layer house where feeder space either remained very similar (from 6.3 to 6.5 cm/female) or was increased (from 6.3 to 8.4 cm/female). Breeder growth performance, reproductive efficiency and egg characteristics were evaluated.3. Data were analysed as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with diet type, feeding programme and feeder space change as the main factors. The main effects of the treatments were found but there were no treatment interactions.4. Breeders fed on wheat were consistently heavier than breeders fed on maize from 10 to 52 weeks of age and exhibited greater hen mortality during the layer phase. Breeders fed on wheat diets exhibited improved egg production while laying eggs with a greater yolk:albumen ratio compared to the maize group.5. The Fast feeding programme increased female mortality and increased BW during the layer phase. Breeders fed according to the Slow feeding programme had better fertility, and laid eggs with lower percentage eggshell that might be associated with the lower early embryonic mortality observed in these hens as compared with the Fast feeding programme.6. Breeders having increased feeder space at photo-stimulation matured earlier and produced more eggs compared to breeders with no change in feeder space.7. It was concluded that the feeding of wheat, the use of the Slow feeding programme and an increase in feeder space improved some aspects of hen productivity and egg characteristics. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSMention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the authors or North Carolina State University. DA - 2014/3/4/ PY - 2014/3/4/ DO - 10.1080/00071668.2014.888395 VL - 55 IS - 2 SP - 253-263 J2 - British Poultry Science LA - en OP - SN - 0007-1668 1466-1799 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2014.888395 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of feeder space during the growing and laying periods and the rate of feed increase at the onset of lay on broiler breeder female reproductive function AU - Leksrisompong, N. AU - Romero-Sanchez, H. AU - Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. AU - Brake, J. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - A study was conducted to examine how 2 feeder space allocations during the rearing period followed by 2 feeder space allocations after photostimulation and 2 female feeding to peak programs (fast or slow) affected female broiler breeder reproductive performance and mortality. Sixteen pens of 76 breeder females each were equipped with either 4 tube feeders with a 132 cm circumference pan (7.0 cm/female) or 6 feeders (10.4 cm/female) to 21 wk of age. Thereafter, 64 females were moved to breeding pens, photostimulated, and fed sex-separate from either 3 (6.2 cm/female) or 5 (10.3 cm/female) feeders with either fast or slow feeding to peak feeding programs applied to complete a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. Seven males that were separately reared in a similar manner were added per pen. Individual female BW was determined at 6, 20, and 32 wk of age and BW uniformity assessed. Greater feeder space during rearing increased BW at 32 wk of age, whereas greater feeder space during lay or slow feeding to peak decreased BW at 32 wk. There were no differences in BW uniformity. Hens from the 10.4 to 10.3 cm/female combination produced a significantly greater number of eggs as compared with the 7.0 to 10.3 cm/female and 10.4 to 6.2 cm/female combinations with the 7.0 to 6.2 cm/female combination intermediate. Percentage hen-day egg production of the 10.4 to 10.3 cm/female combination hens was significantly greater than all other combinations. Livability was improved in the 10.4 to 10.3 cm/female combination relative to the 7.0 to 10.3 cm/female combination with the others intermediate. The fast feeding to peak program increased yolk weight as well as yolk:albumen ratio at 28 and 30 wk of age, but egg weight did not differ. These data indicated that increased or decreased feeder space between the growing and laying periods did not affect broiler breeder female BW, uniformity, egg weight, fertility, or hatchability. The 10.3 cm/female laying feeder space exhibited the best hen-day egg production in combination with 10.4 cm/pullet rearing but not with 7.0 cm/pullet rearing space. In a similar manner, hen mortality was greater in the 7.0 to 10.3 cm/female feeder space combination that the 10.4 to 10.3 cm/female combination. DA - 2014/7// PY - 2014/7// DO - 10.3382/ps.2013-03277 VL - 93 IS - 7 SP - 1599-1607 SN - 1525-3171 KW - broiler breeder KW - feeder space KW - uniformity KW - body weight KW - egg production ER - TY - JOUR TI - Economic effects of proposed changes in living conditions for laying hens under the National Organic Program AU - Vukina, Tomislav AU - Anderson, Kenneth AU - Muth, Mary K. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - In this paper, we estimate the costs and benefits of implementing the proposed National Organic Program for laying hens compared with alternatives. For the regulatory proposals under option 2, the regulatory cost will be zero because most producers are already in compliance with the proposed regulation. The anticipated benefits of this regulation will be zero as well, because the current market prices already reflect consumers’ willingness to pay for the existing animal welfare conditions. For the regulatory proposals under option 3, before market adjustments, the average regulatory burden for the entire organic egg industry will amount to $0.09 per dozen eggs, with extreme variations between $0 for small operations and $2.30 per dozen for large operations. If we rely on the average price of organic eggs, $2.69 per dozen, and assume a maximum estimated benefit associated with improved animal welfare conditions, that consumers would be willing to pay of about 30% above the current market price, the estimated benefit of regulation amounts to $0.81 per dozen eggs. Based on the findings, we conclude that option 2 is welfare neutral and could be easily adopted because it already has been adopted by representative producers. For option 3, the benefit-cost ratio is larger than 1, which indicates that the proposal passes the benefit-cost ratio test. The obtained result, however, has to be interpreted with serious reservation because of the differential effect that the proposed regulation would have on different industry participants. Under option 3, the effect of the proposed changes on small organic egg producers is negligible because most small producers are operating under conditions similar to the proposed living standards. However, costs will increase substantially for large organic egg producers and likely cause a substantial number of producers to exit organic production and switch to conventional production, which would cause a substantial decline in the prices of conventional eggs and organic feed in the short run. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.3382/japr.2013-00834 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 80-93 SN - 1537-0437 KW - organic KW - poultry KW - egg KW - living conditions KW - benefit-cost analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of feeding Hydrogel-95 to emu chicks at hatch AU - Lowman, Zachary AU - Parkhurst, Carmen T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - Very little research has been conducted on emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) in comparison to other types of poultry. Much of the information that is available to producers is very conflicting. Feed restriction for the emu chick for the first 4 d of life is a common practice among the emu industry; however, scientific research has not supported this practice. To the best of our knowledge, the effects of hydration supplements have not been investigated in the emu. Therefore, weights were recorded on emus fed Hydrogel-95 and were compared with emus that were not fed any supplements to determine if the supplement had any effect on the growth parameters of emu chicks. From these 2 field trials, we conclude that feeding Hydrogel-95 significantly decreases weight loss in emu chicks during the first week of life. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.3382/japr.2013-00835 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 129-131 SN - 1537-0437 KW - emu KW - body weight KW - hydration supplements KW - hydrogel-95 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Proposed changes in living conditions for broilers under the National Organic Program will have limited economic effects AU - Vukina, Tomislav AU - Anderson, Kenneth AU - Muth, Mary K. T2 - Journal of Applied Poultry Research AB - In the current paper, we estimate the costs and benefits of implementing the proposed rule for changes in living conditions for organic broilers. In contrast to the effects of the proposed rule for changes in living conditions for laying hens, the effects of the rule on organic broilers is anticipated to be relatively limited. All producers are already in compliance with option 2 of the rule, and changes required under option 3 are minimal for most producers. Using the per-farm estimated regulatory costs and the estimates of production volumes and actual prices, the total estimated annual industry cost under option 3 is $2.4 million, which represents 0.1% of total industry revenue. The estimated benefits associated with this type of perceived animal welfare improvement are high enough to cover the anticipated cost, and the proposed option easily passes the benefit-to-cost ratio test. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.3382/japr.2013-00896 VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 233-243 J2 - Journal of Applied Poultry Research LA - en OP - SN - 1056-6171 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2013-00896 DB - Crossref KW - organic KW - broiler KW - living conditions KW - benefit-cost analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Overcompensation of circulating and local insulin-like growth factor-1 during catch-up growth in hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops Chi Morone saxatilis) following temperature and feeding manipulations AU - Picha, Matthew E. AU - Biga, Peggy R. AU - Galt, Nicholas AU - McGinty, Andy S. AU - Gross, Kevin AU - Hedgpeth, Vickie S. AU - Siopes, Thomas D. AU - Borski, Russell J. T2 - AQUACULTURE AB - Teleosts and other aquatic ectotherms have the ability to withstand prolonged periods of low water temperatures (cold-acclimation) and fasting, and can often respond with phases of accelerated (compensatory) growth when favorable conditions are restored. We assessed whether complete feed restriction prior to (24 °C, days 0–23) and/or during (14 °C, days 24–114) a simulated period of cold-acclimation could elicit episodes of compensatory growth (CG) and catch-up growth upon warm-up to 24 °C and satiation feeding (days 115–148). Control hybrid striped bass (HSB: Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis) were fed to satiation throughout the entire experiment under these temperature fluctuations. Compensatory growth and ultimately catch-up growth were achieved in groups of HSB that were deprived of feed during either the initial period at 24 °C (days 0–23), during the cold-acclimation period (14 °C, days 24–114), or during both of these periods (days 0–114). Further, it appears that HSB are better able to compensate for weight loss when skeletal length is not significantly compromised during the treatment period, which occurred in HSB feed restricted during cold-acclimation only. The most dramatic CG responses were defined by specific growth rates (SGRs) up to 4.2 times that of controls and were accompanied by hyperphagia and improvements in temporal and overall feed conversion. Levels of plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and muscle IGF-1 mRNA were significantly correlated to growth rate for all groups throughout the experiment (R2 = 0.40, 0.23, respectively), with an overcompensation of both observed in HSB with the most elevated SGRs during the CG response. Interestingly, opposing trends were observed between muscle mRNA expression of growth hormone receptor (GHR)-1 and -2, with fasting at 24 °C and 14 °C resulting in depressed levels of GHR-1 and elevated levels of GHR-2 relative to controls. Levels of muscle myostatin (MSTN)-1 mRNA were significantly depressed in HSB fasted at 24 °C and/or 14 °C while MSTN-2 mRNA was lower following initial feed restriction at 24 °C. Likewise, levels of unprocessed pro-MSTN (precursor) and mature MSTN protein were both depressed in fasted fish at 24 °C. This study demonstrates that a previous period of feed restriction and cold-acclimation followed by realimentation at more favorable water temperatures produces a strong CG response and catch-up growth in fish. These studies also suggest that an overcompensation of circulating and local IGF-1 along with changes in MSTN mRNA and protein expression may contribute to accelerated growth rates characteristic of CG. Furthermore, our studies indicate that overall feed conversion can improve by as much as 30% with CG induced through temperature and feeding manipulations with no adverse effects on growth of HSB. This raises the possibility that CG protocols can improve production efficiency of HSB and other temperate teleosts in pond or tank culture. DA - 2014/5/20/ PY - 2014/5/20/ DO - 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.02.028 VL - 428 SP - 174-183 SN - 1873-5622 KW - Hybrid striped bass KW - Compensatory growth KW - Catch-up growth KW - Insulin-like growth factor KW - Growth hormone receptor KW - Myostatin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Footpad dermatitis severity on turkey flocks and correlations with locomotion, litter conditions, and body weight at market age1 AU - Da Costa, M. J. AU - Grimes, J. L. AU - Oviedo-Rondón, E. O. AU - Barasch, I. AU - Evans, C. AU - Dalmagro, M. AU - Nixon, J. T2 - The Journal of Applied Poultry Research AB - Footpad dermatitis (FPD) and walking ability are both parameters used on poultry welfare audits. One survey was conducted to determine the correlation between FPD severity, gait score (GS), BW, and litter condition on turkeys at market age. A total of 41 commercial tom flocks of 16 to 19 wk of age were evaluated. On each visit, 50 toms were selected, weighed, and evaluated for GS and FPD. Litter score (LS) was also recorded according to moisture content and caking. Data analyses consisted of pairwise correlations and 3 separate multiple linear regression models using FPD, GS, and BW as response variables. Fixed effects included LS, season, FPD, GS, and BW. Based on pairwise correlations, FPD was correlated with LS, BW, GS, and age. Gait score was correlated with LS, BW, and age. Body weight was correlated with LS. With multiple linear regression analysis it was observed that LS and BW were the parameters that were associated the most with FPD severity and GS. As litter condition worsened and BW increased, FPD and GS worsened. Moreover, a seasonal effect was observed on both FPD and GS. Colder seasons, winter and autumn, were associated with increased FPD severity and GS. A negative effect of FPD and GS was observed on BW. In conclusion, FPD and GS are correlated with BW at market age and litter condition is a major factor in FPD development and walking ability in turkeys. DA - 2014/5/27/ PY - 2014/5/27/ DO - 10.3382/japr.2013-00848 VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 268-279 LA - en OP - SN - 1537-0437 1056-6171 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2013-00848 DB - Crossref KW - footpad dermatitis KW - turkey KW - gait score KW - litter condition KW - welfare KW - walking ability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of marinade containing thyme and orange oils on broiler breast fillet and whole wing aerobic bacteria during refrigerated storage AU - Thanissery, R. AU - Smith, D. P. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - Raw meat typically hosts spoilage organisms and sometimes hosts pathogens; to combat this, natural antimicrobial interventions have gained interest among consumers. In a previous study a marinade containing a thyme-orange essential oils combination (TOC) at the 0.5% level was found to inhibit Salmonella and Campylobacter species. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of a salt-phosphate marinade solution with 0.5% TOC (treatment) or without TOC (control) applied by vacuum tumbling on the shelf life of broiler breast fillets and whole wings. The total aerobic and facultative mesophiles (TAM) occurring naturally on these products during refrigerated storage for 14 d (at 1, 7, 10, and 14 d) were enumerated. A total of 48 (24 for each trial) skinless breast fillets and 48 (24 for each trial) whole wings were used for the 2 trials. For each trial, 12 of the 24 breast fillets or wings were marinated using the control marinade solution and the remaining 12 were marinated in the treatment marinade solution. On d 1, 7, 10, and 14, 3 treatment and 3 control breast fillets and wings were randomly selected for TAM enumeration. Sample rinsates were plated in duplicate and incubated at 35°C for 48 h. Thyme-orange combination marinade significantly reduced TAM numbers on d 1, 7, and 10 compared with the controls. Log reductions of 0.3, 0.9, and 1.1 were recorded on d 1, 7, and 10, respectively. The difference in TAM between the treated and untreated whole wings was not significant. Therefore, 0.5% TOC in marinade can be used as a natural antimicrobial to reduce TAM on skinless breast fillets; however, a higher concentration may be required for skin-on products. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.3382/japr.2013-00890 VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 228-232 SN - 1537-0437 KW - thyme oil KW - orange oil KW - total aerobic mesophiles KW - marination KW - essential oil ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pyruvate Protects Pathogenic Spirochetes from H2O2 Killing AU - Troxell, Bryan AU - Zhang, Jun-Jie AU - Bourret, Travis J. AU - Zeng, Melody Yue AU - Blum, Janice AU - Gherardini, Frank AU - Hassan, Hosni M. AU - Yang, X. Frank T2 - PLoS ONE AB - Pathogenic spirochetes cause clinically relevant diseases in humans and animals, such as Lyme disease and leptospirosis. The causative agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, and the causative agent of leptospirosis, Leptospria interrogans, encounter reactive oxygen species (ROS) during their enzootic cycles. This report demonstrated that physiologically relevant concentrations of pyruvate, a potent H2O2 scavenger, and provided passive protection to B. burgdorferi and L. interrogans against H2O2. When extracellular pyruvate was absent, both spirochetes were sensitive to a low dose of H2O2 (≈0.6 µM per h) generated by glucose oxidase (GOX). Despite encoding a functional catalase, L. interrogans was more sensitive than B. burgdorferi to H2O2 generated by GOX, which may be due to the inherent resistance of B. burgdorferi because of the virtual absence of intracellular iron. In B. burgdorferi, the nucleotide excision repair (NER) and the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathways were important for survival during H2O2 challenge since deletion of the uvrB or the mutS genes enhanced its sensitivity to H2O2 killing; however, the presence of pyruvate fully protected ΔuvrB and ΔmutS from H2O2 killing further demonstrating the importance of pyruvate in protection. These findings demonstrated that pyruvate, in addition to its classical role in central carbon metabolism, serves as an important H2O2 scavenger for pathogenic spirochetes. Furthermore, pyruvate reduced ROS generated by human neutrophils in response to the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) agonist zymosan. In addition, pyruvate reduced neutrophil-derived ROS in response to B. burgdorferi, which also activates host expression through TLR2 signaling. Thus, pathogenic spirochetes may exploit the metabolite pyruvate, present in blood and tissues, to survive H2O2 generated by the host antibacterial response generated during infection. DA - 2014/1/2/ PY - 2014/1/2/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0084625 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - e84625 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en OP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084625 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ferric Uptake Regulator-Dependent Antinitrosative Defenses in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Pathogenesis AU - Husain, Maroof AU - Jones-Carson, Jessica AU - Liu, Lin AU - Song, Miryoung AU - Saah, J. Royden AU - Troxell, Bryan AU - Mendoza, Mary AU - Hassan, Hosni AU - Vazquez-Torresa, Andres T2 - INFECTION AND IMMUNITY AB - Herein we report an important role for the ferric uptake regulator (Fur) in the resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to the reactive nitrogen species produced by inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase in an NRAMP1(r) murine model of acute systemic infection. The expression of fur protected Salmonella grown under normoxic and hypoxic conditions against the bacteriostatic activity of NO. The hypersusceptibility of fur-deficient Salmonella to the cytotoxic actions of NO coincides with a marked repression of respiratory activity and the reduced ability of the bacteria to detoxify NO. A fur mutant Salmonella strain contained reduced levels of the terminal quinol oxidases of the electron transport chain. Addition of the heme precursor δ-aminolevulinic acid restored the cytochrome content, respiratory activity, NO consumption, and wild-type growth in bacteria undergoing nitrosative stress. The innate antinitrosative defenses regulated by Fur added to the adaptive response associated with the NO-detoxifying activity of the flavohemoprotein Hmp. Our investigations indicate that, in addition to playing a critical role in iron homeostasis, Fur is an important antinitrosative determinant of Salmonella pathogenesis. DA - 2014/1// PY - 2014/1// DO - 10.1128/iai.01201-13 VL - 82 IS - 1 SP - 333-340 SN - 1098-5522 ER -