TY - CONF TI - Achieving Uniform Weight for Age AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - 32 Annual Poultry Health Conference, Poultry Industry Council for Research and Education C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the 32 Annual Poultry Health Conference, Poultry Industry Council for Research and Education CY - Guelph, Ontario DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/11/11/ SP - 33–35 ER - TY - CONF TI - The effects of various feed additives on food safety AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Gernat, A. AU - Grimes, J. T2 - Educational Forum, AFIA Microbial, enzyme, and forage technology council C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the Educational Forum, AFIA Microbial, enzyme, and forage technology council CY - Minneapolis, MN DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/5/7/ SP - 21–30 ER - TY - CONF TI - Managing gut health in a world without antibiotics AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - Alltech's 17th European, Middle Eastern, and African Lecture Tour C2 - 2003/// C3 - Harnessing Nature: practical applications of natural technologies CY - Dunboyne, Ireland DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential of secondary protein nutrients as feed ingredient in broiler chick diets AU - Sungwaraporn, Y. AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Middleton, T.F. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 82 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 25 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of strain on commercial turkey tom and hen performance AU - Godwin, J.L. AU - Grimes, J.L. AU - Crouch, A.N. AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 82 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 59 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of liter type on commercial turkey tom and hen performance AU - Grimes, J.L. AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Gernat, A.G. AU - Neely, E.R. AU - Israel, A.D. AU - Mann, K.M. AU - Godwin, J.L. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 82 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 59 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary mineral retention of growing and finishing turkeys AU - Santos, A.A., Jr. AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Grimes, J.L. AU - Santos, F.B.O. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 82 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 66 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of in ovo feeding of protein and carbohydrate on early growth and glycogen status of turkey poults AU - Foye, O.T. AU - Uni, Z. AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 82 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 71 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - BrdU administration to avian embryos AU - Moore, D.T. AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Mozdziak, P.E. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 82 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 82 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - CONF TI - The effects of various feed additives on food safety AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - Microbial, Enzyme, and Forage Technology Council. Educational Forum C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the Microbial, Enzyme, and Forage Technology Council. Educational Forum CY - Minneapolis, MN DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/5/7/ SP - 21–30 ER - TY - CONF TI - Future of in ovo technologies AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - Delmarva Breeder, Hatchery, & Growout Conference C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the Delmarva Breeder, Hatchery, & Growout Conference CY - Delmar, MD DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/9/10/ SP - 1–10 ER - TY - CONF TI - Controlling gut health without the use of antibiotics AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - 30th Annual Carolina Poultry Nutrition Conference C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the 30th Annual Carolina Poultry Nutrition Conference CY - Research Triangle Park, NC DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/10/30/ SP - 57–68 ER - TY - CONF TI - Antibiotic Free – What is happening in Europe and North America? AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - 32 Annual Poultry Health Conference, Poultry Industry Council for Research and Education C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the 32 Annual Poultry Health Conference, Poultry Industry Council for Research and Education CY - Guelph, Ontario DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/11/11/ SP - 8–9 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In ovo feeding increases glycogen content in the liver and muscle size in broiler hatchlings AU - Uni, Z. AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 82 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 11 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of in ovo feeding of carbohydrates and beta-methyl-beta-hydroxybutyrate (HMB) on the development of the digestive tract AU - Tako, E. AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Uni, Z. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 82 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 11 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of in ovo feeding of protein and beta-methyl-beta-hydroxybutyrate (HMB) on early growth and glycogen status of turkey poults AU - Foye, O.T. AU - Uni, Z. AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 82 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 11 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Citric acid improves phytate phosphorus utilization in two breeds of chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet AU - Rafacz, K.A. AU - Martinez, C. AU - Snow, J.L. AU - Baker, D.H. AU - Parsons, C.M. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 82 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 142 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimation of genetic parameters for fat deposition and carcass traits in broilers. AU - Zerehdaran, S AU - Hassani, S AU - Gharebash, AM AU - Khanahmadi, A AU - Farivar, F AU - Arthur, JA AU - Albers, GAA AU - Bessei, W AU - Blandford, D AU - Fulponi, L AU - others T2 - Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - pp-1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The development of homologous radioimmunoassay for chicken leptin AU - McMurtry, JP AU - Brocht, DM AU - Ashwell, Christopher AU - Allen, Patricia AU - Leach, R AU - Coon, C T2 - Poult. Sci DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 82 IS - Suppl 1 SP - 84 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ghrelin Gene Sequence and Expression in Lines of Chickens Selected for High and Low Body Weight AU - Kuo, A AU - BLACKSBURG, VA AU - Ashwell, Christopher AU - Richards, Mark AU - Poch, Stephen AU - Siegel, PVPI AU - BLACKSBURG, VA AU - Denbow, DVPI AU - BLACKSBURG, VA T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 82 IS - Suppl 1 SP - 62 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expression of selected genes related to lipid metabolism in broiler breeder chickens AU - Richards, Mark AU - Poch, Stephen AU - Coon, Craig AU - Rosebrough, Robert AU - Ashwell, Christopher AU - McMurty, J T2 - Journal of Nutrition DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 133 SP - 707-715 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of mucoadhesive patches for buccal administration of ibuprofen. AU - Behra, Ajay AU - Kumar Giri, Tapan AU - Krishna Tripathi, Dulal AU - Alexander, Amit AU - Abdollahi, M AU - Bahreini-Moghadam, A AU - Emami, B AU - Fooladian, F AU - Zafari, K AU - Ahmed, YAEG AU - others T2 - International Journal of Pharmacology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 8 IS - 5 SP - 331-336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutrient-Gene Interactions AU - Richards, Mark P AU - Poch, Stephen M AU - Coon, Craig N AU - Rosebrough, Robert W AU - Ashwell, Christopher M AU - McMurtry, John P T2 - J. Nutr DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 133 SP - 707-715 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hypoglycemia and reduced feed intake in broiler chickens treated with metformin AU - Ashwell, CM AU - Mcmurtry, John P T2 - Poultry science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 82 IS - 1 SP - 106-110 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feed restriction significantly alters lipogenic gene expression in broiler breeder chickens AU - Richards, Mark P AU - Poch, Stephen M AU - Coon, Craig N AU - Rosebrough, Robert W AU - Ashwell, Christopher M AU - McMurtry, John P T2 - The Journal of nutrition DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 133 IS - 3 SP - 707-715 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chicken quantitative trait loci for growth and body composition associated with transforming growth factor-beta genes AU - Li, Hui AU - Deeb, Nader AU - Zhou, Huaijun AU - Mitchell, AD AU - Ashwell, CM AU - Lamont, Susan J T2 - Poultry science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 82 IS - 3 SP - 347-356 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Association of Bmp Genes with Skeletal Integrity in Chickens AU - Zhou, Huaijun AU - Deeb, Nader AU - Mitchell, Alva AU - Ashwell, Christopher AU - Lamont, Susan T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 82 IS - Suppl 1 SP - 23 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutritional Strategies to Reduce Environmental Emissions from Non-Ruminants AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - van Heugten, E. AU - van Kempen, T.A. AU - Angel, R. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 80 IS - Electronic Supplement 2 SP - 2289 UR - http://www.asas.org/jas/symposia/esupp2/default.asp ER - TY - CHAP TI - Alternatives to antibiotics in poultry production: responses, practical experience and recommendations AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - Nutritional biotechnology in the feed and food industries A2 - Lyons, T.P. A2 - Jacques, K.A. PY - 2003/// SP - 57–67 PB - Nottingham University Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of Bio-Mos® and Antibiotic Feeding Programs in Broiler Diets Containing Copper Sulfate AU - Waldroup, P. W. AU - Oviedo-Rondon, Edgar O. AU - Fritts, C. A. T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science AB - A study was conducted to evaluate the response of broilers to diets containing a manna n oligosaccharide, antibiotics, or a combination of antibiotics and mannan oligosaccharide. All diets were supplemented with copper sulfate to provide 250 mg/kg Cu in diets fed to 42 d and 62.5 mg/kg Cu in diets from 42 to 56 d, in addition to the 10 mg/kg provided in the trace mineral mix. Bio-Mos®, a mannan oligosaccharide derived from the cell wall of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was added at 1 g/kg in diets fed to 42 d and at 0.75 g/kg in diets fed 42 to 56 d. The antibiotic program consisted of 55 mg/kg of bacitracin methylene disalicylate to 42 d of age followed by 16.5 mg/kg virginiamycin to 56 d of age. When the Bio-Mos® and 2 3 antibiotics were fed in combination, half the levels indicated above were fed. Twelve pens of 50 male broilers were fed each of the dietary treatments. Results of the study indicate that body weight of broilers was not significantly influenced by the antibiotic treatment, addition of Bio-Mos®, or the combination of antibiotics and Bio-Mos®. Feed conversion at 42 d was significantly improved by both the antibiotic treatment and by the addition of Bio-Mos®. At 56 d the feed conversion of birds fed the antibiotics or the combination of antibiotics and Bio-Mos® was improved compared to that of birds fed the negative control (P = 0.10). No significant effects on mortality, dressing percentage, or parts yield were observed. Possible interference of copper sulfate with the activity of the antibiotics and Bio-Mos® is discussed. DA - 2003/1/1/ PY - 2003/1/1/ DO - 10.3923/ijps.2003.28.31 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 28-31 J2 - International J. of Poultry Science OP - SN - 1682-8356 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2003.28.31 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Accuracy of OmniPro® Predictions for Amino Acid Needs Without Minimum Crude Protein Requirement AU - Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. AU - Fritts, C. A. AU - Waldroup, P. W. T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science DA - 2003/3/1/ PY - 2003/3/1/ DO - 10.3923/ijps.2003.178.182 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 178-182 J2 - International J. of Poultry Science OP - SN - 1682-8356 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2003.178.182 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of Electrolyte Balance in Low-Protein Diets on Broiler Performance and Tibial Dyschondroplasia Incidence AU - Murakami, A. E. AU - Franco, J. R. G. AU - Martins, E. N. AU - Oviedo Rondon, E. O. AU - Sakamoto, M. I. AU - Pereira, M. S. T2 - The Journal of Applied Poultry Research AB - A proper dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) is essential to ensure an optimum acid-base equilibrium and broiler performance. In low-CP diets, this balance can be affected by reduction of soybean meal and inclusion of high levels of synthetic amino acids. Although, some studies have related low-protein diets supplemented with amino acids and DEB, these relations are not well explained, because some research demonstrates confusion about the deficiency and balance of nutrients. The objective of these experiments was to evaluate the DEB effects of diets with low levels of protein supplemented with amino acids on broiler performance and bone development. Results indicated that DEB and CP content influenced broiler chick performance in the starter and growing periods. There was no significant effect due to the interaction between DEB and CP content for tibial dyschondroplasia incidence (TD) or in bone breaking resistance during the growing period of either experiment. The incidence of TD was reduced with 253 mEq/kg DEB in the starter period. DA - 2003/6/1/ PY - 2003/6/1/ DO - 10.1093/japr/12.2.207 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 207-216 J2 - The Journal of Applied Poultry Research LA - en OP - SN - 1056-6171 1537-0437 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/japr/12.2.207 DB - Crossref KW - electrolyte balance KW - low protein KW - tibial dyschondroplasia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Requirements of Sodium and Chloride by Leghorn Laying Hens AU - Murakami, A. E. AU - Sakamoto, M. I. AU - Franco, J. R. G. AU - Martins, E. N. AU - Oviedo Rondon, E. O. T2 - The Journal of Applied Poultry Research AB - Sodium and Cl are low-cost nutrients with great influence on feed conversion ratio (FCR), eggshell quality, and excreta moisture. Actual values of dietary requirements of these minerals for commercial laying hens are not well defined. These requirements were reevaluated in a factorial experiment using corn-soybean meal basal diets. No significant influence of Na and Cl levels was observed on egg production (%), egg weight (g), or feed intake (g/d), but levels of these minerals had variable effects on FCR, eggshell quality, and excreta moisture. The optimum requirement of Na changed according to the variable evaluated and level of Cl used. DA - 2003/6/1/ PY - 2003/6/1/ DO - 10.1093/japr/12.2.217 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 217-221 J2 - The Journal of Applied Poultry Research LA - en OP - SN - 1056-6171 1537-0437 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/japr/12.2.217 DB - Crossref KW - chloride KW - layer KW - requirement KW - sodium ER - TY - JOUR TI - Examining the cellular pathways involved in influenza virus induced apoptosis AU - Schultz-Cherry, S. AU - Koci, M. AU - Thompson, E. AU - Tumpey, T.M. T2 - Avian Diseases DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 47 IS - SPEC. ISS. SP - 968-971 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0141677673&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Astrovirus Induces Diarrhea in the Absence of Inflammation and Cell Death AU - Koci, M.D. AU - Moser, L.A. AU - Kelley, L.A. AU - Larsen, D. AU - Brown, C.C. AU - Schultz-Cherry, S. T2 - Journal of Virology AB - Astroviruses are a leading cause of infantile viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Very little is known about the mechanisms of astrovirus-induced diarrhea. One reason for this is the lack of a small-animal model. Recently, we isolated a novel strain of astrovirus (TAstV-2) from turkeys with the emerging infectious disease poult enteritis mortality syndrome. In the present studies, we demonstrate that TAstV-2 causes growth depression, decreased thymus size, and enteric infection in infected turkeys. Infectious TAstV-2 can be recovered from multiple tissues, including the blood, suggesting that there is a viremic stage during infection. In spite of the severe diarrhea, histopathologic changes in the intestine were mild and there was a surprising lack of inflammation. This may be due to the increased activation of the potent immunosuppressive cytokine transforming growth factor beta during astrovirus infection. These studies suggest that the turkey will be a useful small-animal model with which to study astrovirus pathogenesis and immunity. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1128/JVI.77.21.11798-11808.2003 VL - 77 IS - 21 SP - 11798-11808 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0142060825&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - MGZN TI - Raw material sampling: Managing nutrients and profits AU - Plumstead, P.W. AU - Brake, J. T2 - Feed Management DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 54 SP - 21, 22, 24 M1 - 2 ER - TY - MGZN TI - Methionine source comparisons depend on diet and temperature AU - Brake, J. AU - Balnave, D. T2 - Asian Poultry Magazine DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// SP - 24, 26, 28 N1 - Reprinted and distributed in Chinese RN - Reprinted and distributed in Chinese ER - TY - RPRT TI - Current status of “designer” soybeans – oil and protein Traits AU - Brake, J. AU - Wilson, R.F. AU - Burton, J.W. AU - Huber, S.C. AU - Israel, D.W. AU - Shannon, G. AU - Anand, S.C. AU - Sleper, D.A. AU - Pantalone, V.R. AU - Wilcox, J.R. T2 - American Soybean Association Technical Bulletin A3 - American Soybean Association DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M1 - AN36-2003 PB - American Soybean Association SN - AN36-2003 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Broiler breeder nutrition and management AU - Brake, J. T2 - American Soybean Association Technical Bulletin A3 - American Soybean Association DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M1 - PO51 PB - American Soybean Association SN - PO51 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Turkey litter treatment with hydrated lime AU - Stringham, M. AU - Watson, W. AU - Zurek, L. T2 - Zootecnica International DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// IS - 9 SP - 46 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Strategical changes in poultry diets to decrease the potential for nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in the environment AU - Gernat, A. AU - Ferket, P. T2 - Zootecnica International DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// IS - 6 SP - 46 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutritional treatment of diarrheoa and enteric problems AU - Ferket, P. R. T2 - World Poultry (Doetinchem, Netherlands) DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 19 SP - 8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In ovo peptide YY administration and jejunal glucose transport in hatchling turkey poults: Effects of dosage and genotype AU - Coles, B. A. AU - Croom, J. AU - Daniel, L. R. AU - Christensen, V. L. AU - Taylor, I. L. T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science AB - Two trials were conducted to investigate the efficacy of in ovo administration of various dosages of peptide YY (PYY) on jejunal glucose absorption in hatchling poults from two strains of turkeys, Egg Line (EL) selected for egg production and British United Turkey (BUT) selected for growth. In both trials, either 100 µl saline (1.025% w/v) or saline plus PYY were injected into the air cell of fertile EL and BUT line eggs at day 25 of incubation. At hatch, poults were euthanized by cervical dislocation, the jejunum removed and its weight and unstretched length recorded. Two to 4 mg cross-sections of the mid-jejunum were used to estimate active and passive glucose absorption using the accumulation of 3-O-methy-D-glucose (3OMG) in the presence and absence of phlorizin. In Trial 1, EL and BUT eggs were administered saline or saline plus 600 µg/kg egg wt, while in Trial 2, EL and BUT eggs were administered either saline or saline plus 300, 600, or 900 µg/kg egg wt. No differences were observed in hatchling body weights of poults from saline and PYY treated eggs from either line in both trials. In Trial 1, poults from EL treated eggs (600 µg/kg egg wt) had greater active jejunal 3OMG uptake compared with saline treated controls (332 vs. 270 ρmol/min/mg tissue, p<0.05, respectively). In Trial 2, poults from BUT eggs treated with 900 µg PYY/kg egg wt had greater (p<0.05) jejunal glucose transport than by the control group or the 600 µg PYY/kg egg wt group. Poults from EL eggs treated with PYY had non-significant increases in 3OMG uptake at all levels of PYY administration. BUT poults from eggs treated with 900 µg PYY/kg had heavier jejunums adjusted for body weight. In ovo PYY administration at day 25 of incubation increases active glucose transport in the intestinal tract of turkey poults, however, response and dosage varies with turkey line. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.3923/ijps.2003.1.6 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth of toms improves substantially AU - Ferket, P. R. T2 - Broiler Industry DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 4 IS - 7 SP - 38 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feed intake from A to Z AU - Ferket, P. R. AU - Gernat, A. G. T2 - Broiler Industry DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 4 IS - 8 SP - 14 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship of the eggshell conductance constant to neonatal cardiac physiology AU - Christensen, V. L. AU - Ort, D. T. AU - Grimes, J. L. T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science AB - The hypothesis was proposed that changes in functional qualities of eggs, or the eggshell conductance constant (k), may affect cardiac weight and physiology and predispose poults to a weakened condition. Improved knowledge of this relationship may allow selection of k to optimize hatchling cardiac health. Egg weights (EW), eggshell conductance (G) and lengths of the incubation period (IP) (the three components of k) were manipulated to determine their effect on the heart. Eggs were selected based on EW and G in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, eggs from the same strain were obtained from flocks of different ages so they differed in EW. Half of the eggs were exposed to increased temperature treatments resulting in shorter incubation periods (IP). Interactions of EW and G affected heart weight and metabolism in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, imposing short IP on different EW reduced cardiac weights as well as elevated glycogen to lactate ratios in the heart. Post-hatching growth was also depressed by k due to interactions of EW and IP. Thus, k affects cardiac weight and function and may contribute to weak poults. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.3923/ijps.2003.220.228 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 220 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship of the eggshell conductance constant to intestinal physiology AU - Christensen, V. L. AU - Ort, D. T. AU - Suvarna, S. AU - Croom, W. J. AU - Grimes, J. L. T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science AB - The hypothesis was proposed that eggshell conductance constants (k) alter embryonic intestinal development and affect growth post hatching. Egg weight (EW), eggshell conductance (G) and length of the incubation period (IP), the three components of the conductance constant were changed to determine their effect on intestinal physiology. Eggs were selected based on EW and G properties. Half of the selected eggs were incubated using a single stage temperature profile to shorten IP in each of two experiments. EW, G and IP interacted in the first experiment to affect intestinal growth and metabolism. In Experiment 2, k reduced intestinal weight in embryos as well as poults. EW and IP affected the size and maturity of intestinal tissue at the time of hatching. Differences in EW, G and IP observed at hatching were shown to affect the growth of poults for the first week following hatching. Thus, k may act to reduce growth in poults by affecting intestinal maturation. It is suggested that large eggs with low permeability may be at risk for weak poults. This may be especially true when they are exposed to shorter IP. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.3923/ijps.2003.207.213 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 207 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Physiological factors associated with weak neonatal poults (Meleagris gallopavo) AU - Christensen, V. L. AU - Ort, D. T. AU - Grimes, J. L. T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science AB - Management related deaths in turkey hatchlings remain a problem for turkey growers. The etiologies of such deaths also remain obscure. The hypothesis proposed by the current study was that weak poults identified by their characteristic behavior would differ physiologically from normal poults in a way that interferes with development of critical systems such as the cardiovascular and nervous system. Eight groups of 500 poults (from a 20-wk laying cycle) of the same breeder flock were examined. Each placement was in the same brooder house operated at identical conditions. Observations of flip-over poults were made at 6-h intervals for the initial wk of age. Identified poults (n = 12) were sacrificed and sampled immediately. Flip- over poults differed from controls only in depressed heart weight and plasma thyroid hormone concentrations. The identified poults did not differ from controls in body weight, liver weight, yolk weight, blood glucose or organ glycogen concentrations. In a second trial, reduced heart weights were noted along with reduced capability to maintain cardiac glycogen concentrations. The reduced heart weight or function may result in failure to provide nutrients for proper brain function. The data suggest that management to aid weak neonatal turkey poult deaths may need to focus on conditions fostering heart growth and function. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.3923/ijps.2003.7.14 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 7 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparison of the immune profile of commercial broiler strains when raised on marginal and high protein diets AU - Cheema, M. A. AU - Qureshi, M. A. AU - Havenstein, G. B. T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science AB - A study was conducted to compare the immunocompetence of four commercial broiler strains (Ross 3F8, Ross x Cobb, Ross 308 and Cobb x Cobb (CC)) that were fed either a marginal protein diet (D1) or a high protein diet (D2) for the starter and finisher diets, respectively. Strain CC showed comparatively higher and more persistent antibody titers against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) (P < 0.0182) as well as higher macrophage phagocytic function for SRBC uptake (P = 0.0118) than the other strains. The Ross 308 strain had significantly greater cell mediated immune response, as measured by T-lymphocyte proliferation response to phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P), P < 0.04) and Concanavalin-A (Con-A) (P < 0.0281), as well as for the chemotaxis response to formyl-met-leu-phe (P < 0.0019) than the other strains. The diet effect was variable for monocyte-macrophage functions, but birds on the high protein diets showed higher cell- mediated response than the birds on the low protein diets when measured by Con-A and PHA-P responses. An interaction between strains and diets was seen for antibody response with the Ross 308 showing higher titers on D1 while the CC had greater antibody response when raised on D2. These results suggest that genetic differences exist between various commercial broiler chicken lines for cell mediated, humoral and innate immune responses. Furthermore, dietary protein levels appear to influence the immune response levels of broiler chickens but the response obtained varies by strain. The results of these studies imply that immunocompetence is genetically controlled, and, therefore some measures of immunocompetence could be considered as a selection criterion while selecting for performance traits. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.3923/ijps.2003.300.312 VL - 2 IS - 5 SP - 300 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Turkey breeder hen weight control AU - Grimes, J. L. AU - Ferket, P. R. T2 - Zootecnica International DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// IS - 11 SP - 18 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heat treatment of turkey litter for reuse as bedding AU - Grimes, J. L. AU - Williams, C. M. AU - Godwin, J. L. AU - Smith, J. C. T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science AB - Local and national laws regulating poultry litter (PL) land application may require that PL be applied based on crop needs and PL nutrient content such as N and P. In addition, some may require monitoring of soil metals such as Cu and Zn. Even with efforts to decrease fecal nutrient excretion, there is also a need to extend the useful life of current bedding materials and to develop alternative uses of spent PL. Heat treatment of PL may extend bedding life and offer alternative uses of PL. The objective of this study was to determine if heat processed turkey litter (TL) can be reused as bedding for turkeys. Pine shavings (PS) which had been used as bedding to rear Large White male turkeys from hatch to 20 weeks of age was processed at 95 and 220 C in an enclosed auger system. Four litter treatments (LT) were used: 1) control - new PS (T ), o 1 2) TL processed at 95 C (T ), 3) a 70:30 (w/w) mixture of TL processed at 95 or 220 C (T ) and 4) a 95:5 o o 2 3 (w/w) mixture of TL processed at 95 or 220 C (T ). These bedding mixtures were placed in 36 floor pens in o 4 a randomized block design to provide 9 replicate pens per LT. Thirty Large White turkey hen poults were placed in each pen on day of hatch. The birds were reared to 14 wk. Mortality and feed consumption were monitored. Period and cumulative feed conversion (FC) ratios were calculated. Regression analysis of SAS, Inc. was used for data analysis. The LS Means procedure was used to separate treatment means (P<0.05). At 6 wks, T hens were heavier than T (1.78 kg), T (1.80 kg) or T (1.81 kg) hens. There were no differences 3 1 2 4 in BW at 10 (5.42 kg) or 14 wk (8.67 kg) among treatments. There were no differences in FC. The LT did not affect bird mortality. Litter treated by the heat process used for this study produces a bedding material suitable for rearing market turkeys. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.3923/ijps.2003.287.292 VL - 2 IS - 5 SP - 287 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of lime hydrate on the growth and development of darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus AU - Watson, D. W. AU - Denning, S. S. AU - Zurek, L. AU - Stringham, S. M. AU - Elliott, J. T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science AB - The addition of hydrated lime to poultry litter to control insects and pathogens has a history of support. We examined the effects of hydrated lime litter treatments on the darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus and the fungal pathogen Aspergillus. Hydrated lime application rates were calculated as poultry house equivalents; 22.6, 45.4, 56.7, 90.7 kg per 93 m (50, 100, 125 and 200 lbs per 1,000 ft ), groun d 2 2 DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.3923/ijps.2003.91.96 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 91 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Proceedings, North Carolina Animal Waste Management Workshop, Oct. 16-17, 2003, Sheraton Imperial Hotel, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina AU - Havenstein, G. B. CN - TD930.2 .N66 2003 DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// PB - Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecology meets endocrinology: environmental sex determination in fishes AU - Godwin, J AU - Luckenbach, JA AU - Borski, RJ T2 - EVOLUTION & DEVELOPMENT AB - Evolution & DevelopmentVolume 5, Issue 1 p. 40-49 Ecology meets endocrinology: environmental sex determination in fishes John Godwin, Corresponding Author John Godwin Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) Search for more papers by this authorJ. Adam Luckenbach, J. Adam Luckenbach Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USASearch for more papers by this authorRussell J. Borski, Russell J. Borski Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USASearch for more papers by this author John Godwin, Corresponding Author John Godwin Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) Search for more papers by this authorJ. Adam Luckenbach, J. Adam Luckenbach Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USASearch for more papers by this authorRussell J. Borski, Russell J. Borski Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 19 December 2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-142X.2003.03007.xCitations: 90Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES Baroiller, J. F., and D'Cotta H. 2001. Environment and sex determination in farmed fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol C 130: 399–409. Baroiller, J. F., Guigen Y., and Fostier A. 1999. 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Citing Literature Volume5, Issue1January 2003Pages 40-49 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1046/j.1525-142X.2003.03007.x VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 40-49 SN - 1525-142X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Photoresponsiveness of turkey breeder hens changes during the egg-laying season: Relative and absolute photorefractoriness AU - Siopes, TD AU - Proudman, JA T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Photosensitive species undergo neuroendocrine changes during a reproductive season that cause them to gradually become unresponsive to a photoperiod that initially stimulated reproduction. They may first become relatively photorefractory (rPR), when they will cease egg laying only if photoperiod is reduced, and then absolutely photorefractory (aPR), when they will cease laying despite long day length. Our objective was to test the photoresponsiveness of breeder turkey hens during egg production at various times following photostimulation and to relate photoresponsiveness to rPR and aPR as well as plasma levels of prolactin (PRL) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Hens were maintained in cages in light-controlled facilities and photostimulated at 31 wk of age (September) with a photoperiod of 16L:8D. At 8, 14, and 20 wk after photostimulation, treated hens received a 2-wk exposure to an 11.5L:12.5D photoperiod and were then returned to 16L:8D. Exposure to the shortened photoperiod at 8 wk of photostimulation resulted in three distinct responses of declining egg production: nonresponders (NR, 32.7% of hens), partial responders (PAR, 43.9%), or full responders (FR, 23.4%). Egg production returned to control levels following return to a 16L:8D photoperiod. This response repeated at the 14- and 20-wk treatment periods but with greater declines in egg production in the NR and PAR groups. The incidence of subsequent aPR in the NR, PAR, and FR groups was 5.7, 8.5 and 24%, respectively, as compared to 23.3% for the controls. Plasma LH and PRL concentrations also declined in response to 11.5L:12.5D and also rebounded following return to 16L:8D. The hormonal responses of NR, PAR, and FR were similar. We conclude that turkey hens exhibit varying degrees of rPR early during the egg laying season and that the incidence and severity of the rPR response increases as the laying season progresses. Further, PRL and LH levels did not reflect the differences in egg production among the responder and nonresponder groups to changes in photoperiod. DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// DO - 10.1093/ps/82.6.1042 VL - 82 IS - 6 SP - 1042-1048 SN - 0032-5791 KW - turkey KW - photorefractoriness KW - prolactin KW - photoresponsiveness KW - luteinizing hormone ER - TY - JOUR TI - Myonuclear accrestion-a brief review AU - Giamario, C. AU - Petitte, J. N. AU - Mozdziak, P. E. T2 - Animal Science Papers and Reports DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 21 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 121-131 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth responses to dietary lysine at high and low ambient temperature in male turkeys AU - Veldkamp, T AU - Kwakkel, R AU - Ferket, P AU - Kogut, J AU - Verstegen, M T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Several researchers have postulated that dietary lysine requirements for turkeys are dependent upon ambient temperature. To test and quantify this hypothesis, a factorial experiment was designed with four dietary lysine levels (75, 90, 105, and 120% of NRC lysine recommendations) from 1 d of age onward and two ambient temperatures (15 vs. 30 degrees C) from 4 wk of age onward. Growth performance and carcass yields were measured, and requirements were derived from the fitted exponential response curves at 95% of the maximum possible response above that of the basal diet. In the entire experiment no significant interaction effects between temperature and lysine were observed for feed intake, BW gain, and feed:gain ratio. Exponential curves gave a very good fit (R2 > 0.89) for feed intake, and BW gain responses to dietary lysine concentrations in all age intervals. The dietary lysine requirement was estimated to be 1.67 +/- 0.09%, 1.19 +/- 0.13%, 1.08%, and 0.94 +/- 0.35% from 29 to 56 d, 57 to 84 d, 85 to 114 d, and 115 to 140 d of age, respectively. High temperature decreased all absolute processing yields in kilograms but relative cold carcass yield and relative yields of thighs, drums, and wings were increased by high temperature. Relative breast meat yield and abdominal fat were decreased by high temperature. Turkeys at low temperature responded with more breast meat to high lysine than at high temperature. DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// DO - 10.1093/ps/82.11.1733 VL - 82 IS - 11 SP - 1733-1746 SN - 0032-5791 KW - ambient temperature KW - carcass yield KW - dietary lysine KW - growth performance KW - turkey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Boric acid dust as a component of an integrated cockroach management program in confined swine production AU - Zurek, L AU - Gore, JC AU - Stringham, SM AU - Watson, DW AU - Waldvogel, MG AU - Schal, C T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Boric acid dust treatments were evaluated as a tool for the integrated management of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), in commercial confined swine production. The efficacy of boric acid dust was comparable to that of an organic residual insecticide, cyfluthrin, which is commonly used to control cockroaches in this environment. Fall treatments suppressed the cockroach population for longer durations than treatments in the Spring. Boric acid dust is an effective, inexpensive, and low risk (to animal and human health, and the environment) alternative for the management of cockroaches in livestock production systems. DA - 2003/8// PY - 2003/8// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-96.4.1362 VL - 96 IS - 4 SP - 1362-1366 SN - 0022-0493 KW - German cockroach KW - boric acid KW - cyfluthrin KW - swine production KW - integrated pest management (IPM) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Production and characterization of bio-immobilized keratinase in proteolysis and keratinolysis AU - Wang, JJ AU - Swaisgood, HE AU - Shih, JCH T2 - ENZYME AND MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY AB - Extracellular production of keratinase–streptavidin fusion protein (KER–STP) was accomplished by the cloning of Bacillus subtilis with a transforming plasmid carrying the kerA-stp fusion gene. The fusion protein was readily immobilized onto a biotinylated solid matrix by mixing in the culture medium. The properties and reaction kinetics of free and immobilized keratinase (KE) were characterized and compared. Heat stability and pH tolerance were greatly improved by immobilization, but the catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) was reduced by eightfold. The yield of bio-immobilization using bioselective adsorption of the fusion protein was approximately 20%, as estimated from the activity of free KE. HPLC analysis of reaction products demonstrated the hydrolysis of feather keratin, casein, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) by the immobilized KE. The rates of reactions are lower than those of the free enzyme. On the other hand, the stability of the enzyme was greatly improved. DA - 2003/6/12/ PY - 2003/6/12/ DO - 10.1016/S0141-0229(03)00060-7 VL - 32 IS - 7 SP - 812-819 SN - 0141-0229 KW - keratinase KW - bio-immobililzation KW - streptavidin KW - fusion protein ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hatchability of chicken embryos following somite manipulation AU - Giamario, C AU - Petitte, JN AU - Mozdziak, PE T2 - BIOTECHNIQUES AB - BioTechniquesVol. 34, No. 6 BenchmarksOpen AccessHatchability of Chicken Embryos Following Somite ManipulationCarol Giamario, James N. Petitte & Paul E. MozdziakCarol GiamarioNorth Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author, James N. PetitteNorth Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author & Paul E. Mozdziak*Address correspondence to Dr. Paul Mozdziak, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7608/Scott Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. e-mail: E-mail Address: pemozdzi@unity.ncsu.eduNorth Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:24 Sep 2018https://doi.org/10.2144/03346bm01AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInReddit FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByNew methods for chicken embryo manipulationsMicroscopy Research and Technique, Vol. 21Identification of the lacZ insertion site and beta-galactosidase expression in transgenic chickens12 January 2006 | Cell and Tissue Research, Vol. 324, No. 1Avian Genetic Resource Banking: Can Fish Embryos Yield Any Clues for Bird Embryos?Poultry Science, Vol. 85, No. 2In ovo intraperitoneal administration of bromodeoxyuridine to avian fetusesDaniel T. Moore, Peter R. Ferket & Paul E. Mozdziak6 June 2018 | BioTechniques, Vol. 36, No. 1 Vol. 34, No. 6 Follow us on social media for the latest updates Metrics Downloaded 217 times History Published online 24 September 2018 Published in print June 2003 Information© 2018 Author(s)PDF download DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// DO - 10.2144/03346bm01 VL - 34 IS - 6 SP - 1128-1130 SN - 1940-9818 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/12813875 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Steroidogenic responses of pig corpora lutea to insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) throughout the oestrous cycle AU - Miller, EA AU - Ge, Z AU - Hedgpeth, V AU - Gadsby, JE T2 - REPRODUCTION AB - This study was designed to investigate the roles of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-type I receptor (IGF-IR) and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) in regulating progesterone secretion by pig corpora lutea during the oestrous cycle, and the signal transduction pathways involved in mediating the steroidogenic actions of IGF-I. Corpora lutea were collected on days 4, 7, 10, 13 and 15 or 16 of the oestrous cycle, enzyme dissociated and the luteal cells were cultured for 24 h in Medium 199 with IGF-I (0-100 ng ml(-1)), long R(3)-IGF-I (0-100 ng ml(-1)), anti-IGF-I (Sm 1.2B; 0-10 microg ml(-1)), anti-IGF-IR (alphaIR3; 0-2 microg ml(-1)), or IGF-I signal transduction pathway inhibitors (phosphatidylinositol (PI)-3-kinase: 100 nmol Wortmannin l(-1) and 10 micromol LY 294002 l(-1); MAP kinase: 50 micromol PD 98059 l(-1)) to investigate their effects on IGF-I (100 ng ml(-1)) stimulated progesterone secretion. Pig luteal cells displayed dose-dependent responses to IGF-I and long R(3)-IGF-I on days 4 and 7 of the oestrous cycle, but not on days 10-16. There was no difference in the ED(50) or V(max) (maximal response) values between IGF-I and long R(3)-IGF-I. Neither anti-IGF-I nor anti-IGF-IR had significant effects on progesterone secretion, at any dose or day. Wortmannin and LY 294002 blocked IGF-I stimulated progesterone secretion, but PD 98059 was without effect. Finally, IGF-I (6 microg) infused into the ovary on day 7 in vivo significantly increased progesterone secretion within 45 min of infusion. The conclusions of this study are: (1) IGF-I has steroidogenic actions only on 'young' (days 4-7) pig corpora lutea; (2) endogenous IGF-I and IGFBP are insufficient to modulate progesterone secretion in vitro; and (3) the steroidogenic actions of IGF-I are mediated via PI-3-kinase. DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// DO - 10.1530/rep.0.1250241 VL - 125 IS - 2 SP - 241-249 SN - 1470-1626 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mechanical transmission of turkey coronavirus by domestic houseflies (Musca domestica linnaeaus) AU - Calibeo-Hayes, D. AU - Denning, S. S. AU - Stringham, S. M. AU - Guy, J. S. AU - Smith, L. G. AU - Watson, D. W. T2 - Avian Diseases AB - Domestic houseflies (Musca domestica Linnaeaus) were examined for their ability to harbor and transmit turkey coronavirus (TCV). Laboratory-reared flies were experimentally exposed to TCV by allowing flies to imbibe an inoculum comprised of turkey embryo–propagated virus (NC95 strain). TCV was detected in dissected crops from exposed flies for up to 9 hr postexposure; no virus was detected in crops of sham-exposed flies. TCV was not detected in dissected intestinal tissues collected from exposed or sham-exposed flies at any time postexposure. The potential of the housefly to directly transmit TCV to live turkey poults was examined by placing 7-day-old turkey poults in contact with TCV-exposed houseflies 3 hr after flies consumed TCV inoculum. TCV infection was detected in turkeys placed in contact with TCV-exposed flies at densities as low as one fly/bird (TCV antigens detected at 3 days post fly contact in tissues of 3/12 turkeys); however, increased rates of infection were observed with higher fly densities (TCV antigens detected in 9/12 turkeys after contact with 10 flies/bird). This study demonstrates the potential of the housefly to serve as a mechanical vector of TCV. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1637/0005-2086(2003)047[0149:MTOTCB]2.0.CO;2 VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - 149-153 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Keratinase in starter diets improves growth of broiler chicks AU - Odetallah, NH AU - Wang, JJ AU - Garlich, JD AU - Shih, JCH T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a broad-spectrum protease enzyme, PWD-1 keratinase, upon supplementation to corn-soy starter diets on growth performance of broiler chickens. Three experiments were conducted. In each experiment, 1-d-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 24 cage pens of eight birds per pen in a completely randomized design of five experimental treatments and grown to 21 or 26 d of age. Treatments in experiments 1 and 2 were control (C, 21.39% CP), low protein (LP, 18% CP), and LP supplemented with 0.05, 0.1, or 0.15% enzyme preparation (wt/wt). Treatments in experiment 3 were control (C), C+ 0.1% enzyme preparation (C+E) fed starting at either 1 or 5 d of age, LP and LP+ 0.1% enzyme preparation (LP+E). Feeding the LP+E diet produced numerically higher BW at 21 d of age (experiments 1 and 3) and a significantly higher BW at 26 d of age (experiment 2; 1,025 and 1,032 g vs. 965 g for 0.1 and 0.15% vs. LP, respectively, P < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was also improved when chicks were fed the LP+E diet both at 21 (experiment 3) and 26 d of age (experiment 2). In experiment 3, supplementing the C diets with 0.10% enzyme resulted in improvements (P < 0.05) in BW whether the enzyme was supplemented starting at 1 d (767 vs. 695 g for C+E vs. C, respectively) or 5 d of age (764 vs. 695 g for C+E vs. C, respectively). FCR was numerically improved. Furthermore, diets supplemented with the enzyme at any level resulted in reduction of jejunal viscosity at 22 and 27 d of age (P < 0.05). Results of these experiments indicate that the growth of broiler chickens can be significantly improved by dietary supplementation with PWD-1 keratinase. DA - 2003/4// PY - 2003/4// DO - 10.1093/ps/82.4.664 VL - 82 IS - 4 SP - 664-670 SN - 1525-3171 KW - broiler KW - protease KW - keratinase KW - growth performance KW - starter feed ER - TY - JOUR TI - Investigating the possibility of monitoring lectin levels in commercial soybean meals intended for poultry feeding using steam-heated soybean meal as a model AU - Fasina, YO AU - Classen, HL AU - Garlich, JD AU - Swaisgood, HE AU - Clare, DA T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Native soybean lectins (SBL) could potentially have deleterious effects on young animals. The objectives of this study were to determine the optimum processing temperature and time at which SBL is inactivated and to investigate the possibility of using urease activity (UA) to predict residual lectin levels in soybean meal (SBM). Raw defatted SBM was steam-heated at incremental temperatures between 90 and 120 degrees C for 5 to 20 min in an autoclave. The processed meals were subjected to native-PAGE and measurement of total carbohydrate-binding lectin (TCBL), agglutinating lectin (AL), UA, and trypsin inhibitor (TI). Processing severity was evaluated by determining protein solubility in 0.2% potassium hydroxide. Results indicated that levels of all antinutrients (TCBL, AL, UA, and TI) decreased with increasing processing temperature (P < 0.05). The intensity of the lectin band on the electrophoresis gel was considerably reduced when meal was heated at 100 degrees C for 5 min. This result implied that lectin inactivation occurred at 100 degrees C. More than 90% of all the original antinutrient levels in the raw meal were destroyed when meals were heated at 100 degrees C for 5 min. Meals processed at 100 degrees C for 5 to 20 min had protein solubility values (80 to 85%) indicative of adequate processing. The denaturation pattern of UA was highly correlated with that of SBL (r > or = 0.73), indicating that UA could be used for monitoring lectin levels in commercial meals. We concluded that UA of 0.03 to 0.09 units of pH change are indicative of adequately processed meals that contain negligible lectin levels. DA - 2003/4// PY - 2003/4// DO - 10.1093/ps/82.4.648 VL - 82 IS - 4 SP - 648-656 SN - 0032-5791 KW - soybean meal KW - lectin KW - urease activity KW - trypsin inhibitor KW - protein solubility ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes in pH-adjusted pasteurized liquid whole egg AU - Schuman, JD AU - Sheldon, BW T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - Although the transmission of L. monocytogenes to humans via pasteurized egg products has not been documented, L. monocytogenes and other Listeria species have been isolated from commercially broken raw liquid whole egg (LWE) in both the United States and Ireland. Recent Listeria thermal inactivation studies indicate that conventional minimal egg pasteurization processes would effect only a 2.1- to 2.7-order-of-magnitude inactivation of L. monocytogenes in LWE; thus, the margin of safety provided by conventional pasteurization processes is substantially smaller for L. monocytogenes than for Salmonella species (a 9-order-of-magnitude process). The objective of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effects of nisin on the survival and growth of L. monocytogenes in refrigerated and pH-adjusted (pH 6.6 versus pH 7.5) ultrapasteurized LWE and in a liquid model system. The addition of nisin (1,000 IU/ml) to pH-adjusted ultrapasteurized LWE reduced L. monocytogenes populations by 1.6 to > 3.3 log CFU/ml and delayed (pH 7.5) or prevented (pH 6.6) the growth of the pathogen for 8 to 12 weeks at 4 and 10 degrees C. Bioactive nisin was detected in LWE at both pH values for 12 weeks at 4 degrees C. In subsequent experiments, Listeria reductions of > 3.0 log CFU/ml were achieved within 24 h in both LWE and broth plus nisin (500 IU/ml) at pH 6.6 but not at pH 7.5, and antilisterial activity was enhanced when nisin was added as a solution rather than in dry form. DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-66.6.999 VL - 66 IS - 6 SP - 999-1006 SN - 0362-028X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of transgenic event Bt11 hybrid corn in broiler chickens AU - Brake, J AU - Faust, MA AU - Stein, J T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - A feeding study evaluated whether standard broiler diets prepared with grain derived from Syngenta Seeds NK Brand Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Corn hybrids had any adverse effects on male or female broiler chickens. Four kinds of corn grain were used in this study: (1) grain from the Bt-expressing field corn hybrid N7070Bt, (2) grain from the N7070Bt hybrid that had been sprayed with Liberty brand herbicide (glufosinate) according to manufacturer's instructions (N7070Bt + Liberty), (3) grain from standard N7070 (non-Bt isoline of N707OBt) grain, and (4) a lot of North Carolina grown grain from the 2000 growing season (NC2000). The amino acid balance for the four lots of corn was similar relative to their crude protein content; however, the NC2000 corn had higher protein content. Diets with the higher protein NC2000 season corn were amended with a combination of sand, ground cardboard (Solka Floc), and poultry fat so that the metabolizable energy and crude protein content of the diluted diets would be similar to that of the isoline and transgenic diets. Growth of broilers was excellent with males being significantly heavier than females (2,497 g vs. 2,103 g) at 42 d of age. BW of live birds at 42 d was within 26 g for the three treatment groups fed corn that was from the same genetic background, i.e., the two Bt transgenic groups (N7070Bt, N7070Bt + Liberty), and the non-Bt N7070 isoline corn group, while BW for the NC2000 group was significantly lower by 93 g. There was no overall corn source effect on feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the isoline and transgenic corn sources to 42 d of age, but FCR was poorer for broilers consuming the commercial NC2000 corn. There was no overall effect of corn source on survivability to 42 d. Carcass analysis at 48 d demonstrated no differences in percentage carcass yield due to corn source among males and females. The transgenic N7070Bt and N7070Bt + Liberty hybrid diets supported excellent broiler chicken growth with mortality and FCR that were similar to that supported by the N7070 isoline control and better than rates from the commercial NC2000 corn without significant differences among treatment groups in carcass yield. It was clear that the transgenic corn had no deleterious or unintended effects on production traits of broiler chickens in this study. DA - 2003/4// PY - 2003/4// DO - 10.1093/ps/82.4.551 VL - 82 IS - 4 SP - 551-559 SN - 0032-5791 KW - transgenic corn KW - transgenic maize KW - N7070Bt corn KW - N7070Bt maize KW - broiler ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enzymatic degradation of prion protein in brain stem from infected cattle and sheep AU - Langeveld, JPM AU - Wang, JJ AU - Wiel, DFM AU - Shih, GC AU - Garssen, GJ AU - Bossers, A AU - Shih, JCH T2 - JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AB - Prions-infectious agents involved in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies-normally survive proteolytic and mild protein-destructive processes. Using bacterial keratinase produced by Bacillus licheniformis strain PWD-1, we tested conditions to accomplish the full degradation of prion protein (PrP) in brain-stem tissue from animals with bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie. The detection of PrPSc, the disease-associated isoform of PrP, in homogenates was done by Western blotting and various antibodies. The results indicated that only in the presence of detergents did heat pretreatment at >100 degrees C allow the extensive enzymatic breakdown of PrPSc to a state where it is immunochemically undetectable. Proteinase K and 2 other subtilisin proteases, but not trypsin and pepsin, were also effective. This enzymatic process could lead to the development of a method for the decontamination of medical and laboratory equipment. The ultimate effectiveness of this method of prion inactivation has to be tested in mouse bioassays. DA - 2003/12/1/ PY - 2003/12/1/ DO - 10.1086/379664 VL - 188 IS - 11 SP - 1782-1789 SN - 0022-1899 ER - TY - PAT TI - Enhancement of development of oviparous species by in ovo feeding AU - Uni, Z. AU - Ferket, P. R. C2 - 2003/// DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of frequency of turning from three to eleven days of incubation on hatchability of broiler hatching eggs AU - Elibol, O AU - Brake, J T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Hatching eggs from broiler breeder flocks at 37, 41, 59, and 63 wk of age were stored for 1 or 2 d at 18 C and 75% RH and then turned 24, 48, or 96 times per day from 3 to 11 d of incubation. All eggs were turned 24 times per day from 1 to 2 d and 12 to 18 d of incubation. Fertile hatchability was better at 37 and 41 wk of age than at 59 and 63 wk of age due primarily to increased early dead embryos. Fertile hatchability was increased by turning 96 times per day compared to either 24 or 48 times per day. This improvement was due to a reduction in late embryonic mortality. There was no significant interaction of flock age x turning in storage for fertile hatchability or embryonic mortality. DA - 2003/3// PY - 2003/3// DO - 10.1093/ps/82.3.357 VL - 82 IS - 3 SP - 357-359 SN - 0032-5791 KW - turning frequency KW - hatchability KW - embryonic mortality KW - broiler hatching egg ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survey of Shell Egg Processing Plant Sanitation Programs: Effects on Egg Contact Surfaces AU - Jones, D. R. AU - Northcutt, J. K. AU - Musgrove, M. T. AU - Curtis, P. A. AU - Anderson, K. E. AU - Fletcher, D. L. AU - Cox, N. A. T2 - Journal of Food Protection AB - Sanitation standard operating procedures (SSOPs) are an integral component of process control and are often the first step in the implementation of food safety regulations. The objective of this study was to assess and compare the efficacies of sanitation programs used in a variety of shell egg processing facilities. In-line, off-line, and mixed operations were evaluated. Sixteen direct or indirect egg contact surfaces were sampled in various shell egg processing facilities in the southeast United States. Samples were collected at the end of a processing day (POST) and again the next morning before operations began (PRE). Total aerobic plate counts (APCs) were obtained and Enterobacteriacae were enumerated. No significant differences (P > 0.05) between POST and PRE bacterial counts were found for the 16 sampling sites. In general, high APCs were found on the wall of the recirculating water tank both POST and PRE. The APCs for the rewash belt were considerably high for all plants sampled. APCs were also high for the vacuum loaders. APCs for washers and washer brushes were relatively low for most plants sampled. PRE and POST levels of plant sanitation, as determined by direct microbial plating, did not differ significantly. At this point, it is difficult to draw definitive conclusions about how rigid SSOPs should be for the shell egg processing industry. DA - 2003/8/1/ PY - 2003/8/1/ DO - 10.4315/0362-028x-66.8.1486 VL - 66 IS - 8 SP - 1486-1489 LA - en OP - SN - 0362-028X 1944-9097 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.8.1486 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Photostimulated fos-like immunoreactivity in tuberal hypothalamus of photosensitive vs. photorefractory turkey hens AU - Millam, , JR AU - Craig-Veit, CB AU - Siopes, TD T2 - GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY AB - Photorefractoriness in commercial turkey hens can be viewed as a failure of previously sexually stimulatory photoperiods to maintain egg production via activation of cGnRH I neurons, but the neural locus of photorefractoriness, i.e., where in the brain failure occurs, is not known. We used a c-fos antiserum that detects c-Fos and Fos-related antigens to characterize Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) as a measure of neuronal activation. FLI was measured in somatically mature, photosensitive hens (held on short photoperiods [8L:16D] for at least 10 weeks) before (non-photostimulated-photosensitive group) and after 48 h of exposure to long photoperiods (16L:8D; photostimulated-photosensitive group). We also measured FLI in hens that had become photorefractory, transferred to short photoperiods for 1 week--an insufficient time period to reverse photorefractoriness--and then exposed to long photoperiods for 48 h (photostimulated-photorefractory group). FLI was nearly absent in the tuberal hypothalamus of non-photostimulated-photosensitive hens but FLI was abundant in photostimulated-photosensitive hens. FLI was greatly reduced (P<0.01) in the rostral tuberal hypothalamus of photostimulated-photorefractory hens. All hens showed variable extra-tuberal FLI in locations associated with stress, e.g., paraventricular nucleus, lateral septal area, and nucleus taenia. Double-label fluorescence immunohistochemistry with c-fos antiserum and anti-Neu-N, a neuron-specific protein, showed that a substantial fraction of tuberal FLI-positive cells in photostimulated-photosensitive hens were neuronal. These results implicate neurons in the rostral tuberal hypothalamus as a potential neural locus of photorefractoriness, as FLI in this region appears coupled with cGnRH I activation in photostimulated-photosensitive but not photostimulated-photorefractory turkey hens. DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// DO - 10.1016/S0016-6480(03)00249-1 VL - 134 IS - 2 SP - 175-181 SN - 0016-6480 KW - turkey KW - hypothalamus KW - c-Fos KW - photoperiod KW - photorefractoriness KW - cGnRH I KW - vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Melatonin enhances cellular and humoral immune responses in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) via an opiatergic mechanism AU - Moore, CB AU - Siopes, TD T2 - GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY AB - It is known that melatonin has important immunomodulatory properties in the Japanese quail. However, the mechanism of melatonin action on the immune system is not clearly understood in avian species. In mammals, the immunostimulatory properties of melatonin are mediated by the release of opioid peptides from activated T-lymphocytes. The present study was performed to determine if these same melatonin-induced opioids (MIO) are involved with the immunoenhancing effects of melatonin in quail. Three treatment groups were given melatonin (50 microg/ml) in the drinking water ad libitum along with naltrexone, a known opioid receptor-blocking agent. Melatonin was administered throughout the 3 week study and each bird received a daily intramuscular injection of naltrexone at a dose of 0.1, 1.0, or 10.0 mg/kg. In addition, three control groups were established that received only melatonin, naltrexone, or diluent. Evaluation of the cellular and humoral immune responses was initiated after 2 weeks of treatments. A cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity reaction to phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P) was measured to evaluate the cellular immune response. To evaluate the humoral immune response, primary antibody titers were determined 7 days post-intravenous injection with a Chukar red blood cell (CRBC) suspension. Both the cellular and humoral immune responses were significantly increased by 22 and 34%, respectively, upon melatonin exposure as compared to quail receiving diluent only. Concomitant administration of naltrexone and melatonin significantly reduced the immunoenhancing effect of melatonin across all naltrexone doses. We conclude that melatonin enhances a cellular and humoral immune response in Japanese quail via an opiatergic mechanism. DA - 2003/5// PY - 2003/5// DO - 10.1016/S0016-6480(03)00011-X VL - 131 IS - 3 SP - 258-263 SN - 1095-6840 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interleukin-1 beta does not contribute to genetic strain-based differences in iNOS expression and activity in chicken macrophages AU - Dil, N AU - Qureshi, MA T2 - DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY AB - The expression of IL-1beta and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) from iNOS hypo (GB2, B(6)B(6)) and hyper (K-strain, B(15)B(15)) responder chickens was examined. Compared to GB2, macrophages from K-strain expressed higher iNOS mRNA as quantitated by reverse transcriptase polymerase (RT-PCR) chain reaction after stimulation with 1 microgram/ml of Escherichia coli (E. coli) lipopolysaccharide (LPS). On the contrary, IL-1beta mRNA expression was comparable between K and GB2 macrophages at 3h post-LPS stimulation but persisted up to 9h only in GB2 macrophages. The LPS-inducible interleukin-1 (IL-1) surface receptor expression, measured by flow cytometry, was higher in GB2 than on K-strain macrophages. Blocking of IL-1 receptor by the anti-IL-1 receptor antibody reduced the LPS-mediated iNOS expression by 50% as quantified by competitive RT-PCR. Furthermore, iNOS activity (nitrite) was also reduced to 50%. However, this magnitude of inhibition was similar in both K and GB2 macrophages. While these observations suggest that IL-1beta is involved in mediating LPS-induced iNOS expression and activity, the differential response of GB1 and K-strain macrophages in terms of LPS-induced iNOS expression and activity is unlikely to be modulated by IL-1beta. DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// DO - 10.1016/S0145-305X(02)00075-7 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 137-146 SN - 0145-305X KW - macrophage KW - lipopolysaccharide KW - inducible nitric oxide synthase KW - IL-1 beta KW - IL-1R(1) KW - PCR KW - chicken KW - genetic lines ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immune function in turkey breeder hens during the short day prelighting period and renewal of photosensitivity for egg production AU - Moore, CB AU - Siopes, TD T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Photorefractoriness (PR) in the turkey breeder hen is characterized by a lack of responsiveness to photoperiods that previously induced or maintained egg production. The consequence of PR is spontaneous regression of ovarian function and cessation of lay. Photosensitivity (PS) may be regained by giving at least 8 wk of short photoperiod (8L:16D) (light restriction). Following the transition from PR to PS, the birds may be photostimulated with long photoperiods, which allows for the recrudescence of ovarian function and normal egg production. Although the return of reproductive viability is the parameter for determining the successful recycle of ovarian function, there are no known reports of the physiological costs of this transition on immune function in the turkey breeder hen. We conducted an experiment to determine the immune responsiveness at various stages of recycle in the turkey breeder hen. Fifty photorefractory birds were selected and distributed equally among five treatment groups (time points). All birds were given an 8-wk period of light restriction (8L:16D) followed by a 12-wk period of photostimulation (16L:8D). The cellular (cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity CBH) and humoral (antibody titer) immune responses were determined in each treatment group (sequential time points): prelight restriction, 2-wk light restriction, 7-wk light restriction, 2-wk photostimulation, and 12-wk photostimulation. After 2-wk light restriction, there was a reduction in the cellular (64.1%) and humoral (59.5%) immune responses from that of the PR hens at the start. After 7-wk light restriction, the humoral responses increased (33.5%) as compared to the 2-wk light restriction time point Upon photostimulation, both the cellular (23.3%) and humoral (52.4%) immune responses were reduced at 2 wk of photostimulation as compared to the prior 7-wk light restriction time point. Finally, there was a rise in cellular (45.7%) and humoral (72.3%) immune responses after 12 wk of photostimulation as compared to the prior 2-wk photostimulation time point. We concluded that recycling of PR turkey hens was associated with altered cellular and humoral immune responses characterized by initial decline then recovery in both the light restriction and the postphotostimulation periods. DA - 2003/1// PY - 2003/1// DO - 10.1093/ps/82.1.150 VL - 82 IS - 1 SP - 150-154 SN - 1525-3171 KW - turkey KW - immune KW - recycle KW - photoperiod KW - photorefractory ER - TY - JOUR TI - D- and z-values for Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium in packaged low-fat ready-to-eat turkey bologna subjected to a surface pasteurization treatment AU - McCormick, K AU - Han, IY AU - Acton, JC AU - Sheldon, BW AU - Dawson, PL T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The D-values of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium at various surface pasteurization temperatures were determined for low-fat turkey bologna. Four cm2 meat squares were sterilized by irradiation prior to inoculation with 0.1 mL of a 10(8) cfu/mL culture, aseptically packaged in a linear low-density polyethylene pouch, and vacuum-sealed. Thermal treatments were administered by submerging packages in a heated water bath maintained at various set temperatures. At an 85 degrees C water bath temperature, no L. monocytogenes cells were detected (<10(2)) after 10 s of exposure, whereas at 61 degrees C cells viable were detected (>10(2)) up to 10 min of heating. No S. Typhimurium cells (<10(2)) were detected after 10 s at 70 degrees C, but cells survived up to 7 min at 60 degrees C. The D-values for L. monocytogenes at 61 and 65 degrees C were 124 and 16.2 s, respectively; whereas S. Typhimurium D-values were 278 s at 57 and 81 s at 60 degrees C. Z-values were 4.44 and 5.56 degrees C, respectively, for L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimurium. This study demonstrated that significant reductions in bacterial populations and complete inactivation of S. Typhimurium and L. monocytogenes cells can be achieved using an in-package thermal pasteurization process. DA - 2003/8// PY - 2003/8// DO - 10.1093/ps/82.8.1337 VL - 82 IS - 8 SP - 1337-1342 SN - 1525-3171 KW - D-value KW - z-value KW - in-package pasteurization KW - turkey bologna KW - Listeria monocytogenes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bioimmobilization of keratinase using Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli systems AU - Wang, JJ AU - Swaisgood, HE AU - Shih, JCH T2 - BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING AB - Immobilized keratinase can improve stability while retaining its proteolytic and keratinolytic properties. Conventional purification followed by chemical immobilization is a laborious and costly process. A new genetic construct was developed to produce the keratinase-streptavidin fusion protein. Consequently, the purification and immobilization of the fusion protein onto a biotinylated matrix can be accomplished in a single step. The method was tested in both the Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli systems. In B. subtilis, the fusion protein was produced extracellularly and readily immobilized from the medium. In E. coli, the fusion protein was produced intracellularly in inclusion bodies; additional separation and renaturation processes were required prior to immobilization from the cell extract. The overall efficiencies were approximately the same, 24-28%, using both systems. DA - 2003/2/20/ PY - 2003/2/20/ DO - 10.1002/bit.10485 VL - 81 IS - 4 SP - 421-429 SN - 0006-3592 KW - keratinase KW - immobilization KW - streptavidin KW - fusion protein ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transfer of Salmonella and Campylobacter from stainless steel to romaine lettuce AU - Moore, CM AU - Sheldon, BW AU - Jaykus, LA T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - The degree of transfer of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was evaluated from a stainless steel contact surface to a ready-to-eat food (lettuce). Stainless steel coupons (25 cm2) were inoculated with a 20-μl drop of either C. jejuni or Salmonella Typhimurium to provide an inoculum level of ~106 CFU/28 mm2. Wet and dry lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. longifolia) pieces (9 cm2) were placed onto the inoculated stainless steel surface for 10 s after the designated inoculum drying time (0 to 80 min for C. jejuni; 0 to 120 min for Salmonella Typhimurium), which was followed by the recovery and enumeration of transferred pathogens (lettuce) and residual surface pathogens (stainless steel coupons). For transfers of Salmonella Typhimurium to dry lettuce, there was an increase from 36 to 66% in the percent transfer of the initial inoculum load during the first 60 min of sampling and then a precipitous drop from 66 to 6% in percent transfer. The transfer of Salmonella Typhimurium to wet lettuce ranged from 23 to 31%, with no statistically significant difference between recoveries over the entire 120-min sampling period. For C. jejuni, the mean percent transfer ranged from 16 to 38% for dry lettuce and from 15 to 27% for wet lettuce during the 80-min sampling period. The results of this study indicate that relatively high numbers of bacteria may be transferred to a food even 1 to 2 h after surface contamination. These findings can be used to support future projects aimed at estimating the degree of risk associated with poor handling practices of ready-to-eat foods. DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-66.12.2231 VL - 66 IS - 12 SP - 2231-2236 SN - 1944-9097 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ocular clocks are tightly coupled and act as pacemakers in the circadian system of Japanese quail AU - Steele, CT AU - Zivkovic, BD AU - Siopes, T AU - Underwood, H T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AB - Our previous studies showed that the eyes of Japanese quail contain a biological clock that drives a daily rhythm of melatonin synthesis. Furthermore, we hypothesized that these ocular clocks are pacemakers because eye removal abolishes freerunning rhythms in constant darkness (DD). If the eyes are indeed acting as pacemakers, we predicted that the two ocular pacemakers in an individual bird must remain in phase in DD and, furthermore, the two ocular pacemakers would rapidly regain coupling after being forced out of phase. These predictions were confirmed by demonstrating that 1) the ocular melatonin rhythms of the two eyes maintained phase for at least 57 days in DD and 2) after ocular pacemakers were forced out of phase by alternately patching the eyes in constant light, two components of body temperature were observed that fused into a consolidated rhythm after 5–6 days in DD, showing pacemaker recoupling. The ability to maintain phase in DD and rapidly recouple after out-of-phase entrainment demonstrates that the eyes are strongly coupled pacemakers that work in synchrony to drive circadian rhythmicity in Japanese quail. DA - 2003/1// PY - 2003/1// DO - 10.1152/ajpregu.00447.2002 VL - 284 IS - 1 SP - R208-R218 SN - 0363-6119 KW - melatonin KW - body temperature KW - eye KW - circadian KW - Coturnix ER - TY - JOUR TI - New nearctic record for Epitranus clavatus F. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) AU - Hoebeke, E. R. AU - Kaufmann, P. E. AU - Glenister, C. S. AU - Stringham, S. M. T2 - Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 105 IS - 4 SP - 1062-1063 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ionophores have limited effects on jejunal glucose absorption and energy metabolism in mice AU - Fan, Y. K. AU - Croom, J. AU - Eisen, E. J. AU - Spires, H. R. AU - Daniel, L. R. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Two experiments, Trial 1 (in vitro) and Trial 2 (in vivo), were conducted to examine the effects of ionophores, monensin, laidlomycin, and laidlomycin propionate on whole-animal O2 consumption, organ weights, jejunal glucose absorption, and O2 utilization, as well as growth, feed and water consumption, and feed efficiency. In Trial 1, 30 male Swiss-Webster mice, 8 wk old, were used to measure the in vitro effects of each of the ionophores at concentrations of 1.62 or 16.2 mM. Six combinations of three ionophores at two concentrations resulted in a total of eight treatments. All eight treatments were exposed to jejunal rings from a single mouse for a total of 30 observations per treatment. Jejunal rings were exposed to each ionophore treatment for 15 min. Laidlomycin propionate (16.2 mM) decreased (P < 0.02) glucose absorption, as estimated by H3-3-O-methyl glucose uptake compared with all other treatments, whereas laidlomycin propionate (1.62 mM) increased (P = 0.032) jejunal DM content compared with 16.2 mM laidlomycin propionate. In Trial 2, 40 5-wk-old mice were allotted into four treatments--control and 16.2 mM each of monensin, laidlomycin, and laidlomycin propionate--for a total of 10 observations per treatment. Ionophores were administered via the drinking water for 14 d. No ionophore treatment had any effect on whole-mouse O2 consumption. Monensin increased (P = 0.004) stomach size and decreased (P = 0.049) the efficiency of BW gain compared with controls. Laidlomycin propionate decreased (P = 0.032) the percentage of whole jejunum oxygen consumption due to oubain-sensitive respiration compared with control. The efficiency of intestinal glucose absorption was not changed due to treatment in either trial. Under the conditions of these studies, monensin, laidlomycin, and laidlomycin propionate had minimal and inconsistent effects on jejunal function and energy utilization in mice. This investigation suggests that changes in the energetic requirements of animals treated with ionophores are not an issue in animal production. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2527/2003.8182072x VL - 81 IS - 8 SP - 2072-2079 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase expression varies with age and nutrition status AU - Mozdziak, PE AU - Dibner, JJ AU - McCoy, DW T2 - NUTRITION AB - Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, and it is a popular internal standard for northern blot analysis. We examined GAPDH expression early in life when feed is either provided or not provided to animals.Male broiler chickens were provided a standard starter diet plus Oasis nutritional supplement (fed group; Novus International, St. Louis, MO, USA) or no feed (starved group) for the first 3 d posthatch. Subsequently, the standard starter diet was provided to all chickens between 3 and 7 d posthatch. RNA was extracted from the pectoralis thoracicus, and GAPDH expression was evaluated with quantitative northern analysis.GAPDH expression was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the fed than in the starved group at 3 d posthatch, suggesting that nutritional manipulations can alter GAPDH transcription. Similarly, GAPDH mRNA levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher at 7 d posthatch compared with all younger animals, suggesting that GAPDH is developmentally upregulated with advancing age.GAPDH expression changes with age and nutrition status in the early posthatch chick, suggesting that GAPDH is not a proper internal standard for muscle studies using quantitative northern analysis. DA - 2003/5// PY - 2003/5// DO - 10.1016/S0899-9007(02)01006-7 VL - 19 IS - 5 SP - 438-440 SN - 0899-9007 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037403786&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - skeletal muscle KW - northern analysis KW - nutrition KW - starvation KW - avian ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of a permeable, 5 cm thick, polyethylene foam lagoon cover AU - Miner, J. R. AU - Humenik, F. J. AU - Rice, J. M. AU - Rashash, D. M. C. AU - Williams, C. AU - Robarge, W. AU - Harris, D. B. AU - Sheffield, R. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - Anaerobic lagoons and liquid manure storage basins are widely used for the treatment and storage of livestockand poultry manure. Although relatively inexpensive to construct, these devices have been widely criticized based upon theirodor and ammonia release. A floating, permeable, composite cover manufactured from recycled polyethylene chips toppedwith a geotextile layer containing zeolite particles was evaluated under both laboratory and field conditions. Underlaboratory conditions, the cover was found essentially to eliminate odor release and to reduce ammonia emissions byapproximately 80%.

When installed on a 0.4 ha swine manure lagoon in eastern North Carolina, the cover survived severe storms and allowedeven intense rainfall to pass through without causing cover inundation. Under these field conditions, the cover was foundto reduce ammonia emissions approximately 80%. Odor emissions measured twice during one month of the study wereconsistently low in concentration and near neutral relative to quality, as determined by an analysis by a trained odor panel.Microbiological examination of the cover after four months of use showed an active population of aerobic bacteria andprotozoa; analysis showed that nitrifying, sulfide oxidizing, and methanotrophic bacteria were likely trophic components ofthe microbial populations observed. The surface of the cover became covered with an algal population within two weeks ofinstallation. This and other vegetative growth had no discernable impact on the performance of the cover. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.13031/2013.15442 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 1421-1426 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of organic forms of zinc on growth performance, tissue zinc distribution, and immune response of weanling pigs AU - Van Heugten, E. AU - Spears, J. W. AU - Kegley, E. B. AU - Ward, J. D. AU - Qureshi, M. A. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - This study was conducted to determine the effect of zinc level and source on growth performance, tissue Zn concentrations, intracellular distribution of Zn, and immune response in weanling pigs. Ninety-six 3-wk-old crossbred weanling pigs (BW = 6.45 +/- 0.17 kg) were assigned to one of six dietary treatments (four pigs per pen, four replicates per treatment) based on weight and litter origin. Treatments consisted of the following: 1) a corn-soybean meal-whey diet (1.2% lysine) with a basal level of 80 ppm of supplemental Zn from ZnSO4 (control; contained 104 ppm total Zn); 2) control + 80 ppm added Zn from ZnSO4; 3) control + 80 ppm added Zn from Zn methionine (ZnMet); 4) control + 80 ppm added Zn from Zn lysine (ZnLys); 5) control + 40 ppm added Zn from ZnMet and 40 ppm added Zn from ZnLys (ZnML); and 6) control + 160 ppm added Zn from ZnSO4. Zinc supplementation of the control diet had no effect on ADG or ADFI. Gain efficiency was less (P < 0.05) for pigs fed 80 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4 than for control pigs and pigs fed 160 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4. Organ weights, Zn concentration, and intracellular distribution of Zn in the liver, pancreas, and spleen were not affected (P = 0.12) by Zn level or source. Skin thickness response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was not affected (P = 0.53) by dietary treatment. Lymphocyte proliferation in response to PHA was greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed ZnLys than in pigs fed the control diet or the ZnML diet; however, when pokeweed mitogen was used, lymphocyte proliferation was greatest (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the ZnMet diet than pigs fed the control, ZnLys, ZnML, or 160 ppm ZnSO4 diets. Antibody response to sheep red blood cells was not affected by dietary treatments. Supplementation of 80 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4 or ZnMet and 160 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4 decreased (P < 0.05) the antibody response to ovalbumin on d 7 compared with control pigs, but not on d 14. Phagocytic capability of peritoneal exudate cells was increased (P < 0.05) when 160 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4 was supplemented to the diet. The number of red blood cells ingested per phagocytic cell was increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the diet supplemented with a combination of ZnMet and ZnLys and the diet with 160 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4. Results suggest that the level of Zn recommended by NRC for weanling pigs was sufficient for optimal growth performance and immune responses, although macrophage function may be enhanced at greater levels of Zn. Source of Zn did not alter these measurements. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2527/2003.8182063x VL - 81 IS - 8 SP - 2063-2071 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An improved cloning vector for construction of gene replacements in Listeria monocytogenes AU - Li, G. J. AU - Kathariou, S. T2 - Applied and Environmental Microbiology AB - ABSTRACT Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive, facultative intracellular bacterium implicated in severe food-borne illness (listeriosis) in humans. The construction of well-defined gene replacements in the genome of L. monocytogenes has been instrumental to several genetic studies of the virulence and other attributes of the organism. Construction of such mutations by currently available procedures, however, tends to be labor intensive, and gene replacement mutants are sometimes difficult to recover due to lack of direct selection for the construct. In this study we describe the construction and use of plasmid vector pGF-EM, which can be conjugatively transferred from Escherichia coli S17-1 to L. monocytogenes and which provides the genetic means for direct selection of gene replacements. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1128/AEM.69.5.3020-3023.2003 VL - 69 IS - 5 SP - 3020-3023 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Accelerating embryonic growth during incubation following prolonged egg storage 1. Embryonic livability AU - Christensen, VL AU - Grimes, JL AU - Wineland, MJ AU - Davis, GS T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The hypothesis was proposed that shorter incubation periods and faster growth rates for long-stored eggs would improve embryonic survival and poult hatchling quality. Increased incubation temperatures were tested for their efficacy in improving embryonic livability in fertilized eggs stored for 15 d prior to setting in the incubator compared to controls stored for only 3 d. Two temperature treatments were applied. In experiment 1, a 37.8 degrees C set point for dry bulb temperature was used to accelerate development for the initial 2 wk compared to the controls at 37.5 degrees C. Following treatment, the accelerated embryos were returned to the same machine as the controls. In experiment 2, higher temperature exposure was only for the initial week of incubation. The temperature and storage treatments were in a completely random 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. At the completion of 28 d of incubation, survival rates of all treatments were determined by opening all nonhatching eggs to differentiate truly fertilized eggs from unfertilized. Hatchability was determined by dividing the total number of poults on a hatching tray by the number of fertilized eggs on a tray. Incubator trays were the experimental unit. Tissues were sampled in both experiments to verify treatment effects on growth and metabolism. Hatching times were observed at 4-h intervals during the actual hatching process beginning at 25 d of incubation. It was concluded that delayed growth and depressed metabolism of fertilized turkey eggs stored for 15 d can be compensated for by exposure to higher incubation temperatures for the initial 1 or 2 wk of incubation. DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.1093/ps/82.12.1863 VL - 82 IS - 12 SP - 1863-1868 SN - 0032-5791 KW - egg storage KW - embryonic growth KW - hatchability KW - incubation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transgenic chickens expressing beta-galactosidase hydrolyze lactose in the intestine AU - Mozdziak, PE AU - Pophal, S AU - Borwornpinyo, S AU - Petitte, JN T2 - JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB - Chickens do not possess the necessary enzymes to efficiently hydrolyze lactose into glucose and galactose. The bacterial enzyme β-galactosidase can convert lactose into glucose and galactose. Transgenic chickens that carry the E. coli lacZ gene and express β-galactosidase could potentially utilize lactose as an energy source. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of the transgenic chicken small intestinal mucosa to hydrolyze lactose into glucose and galactose. Lactase activity was examined in the intestinal muscosa from wild-type chickens and two lines of chickens that carry the lacZ gene and express β-galactosidase. Lactase activity was significantly higher in both transgenic lines compared with wild-type birds (P < 0.05). The presence of the β-galactosidase enzyme was revealed by X-gal staining in the intestine of transgenic chickens, whereas it was not present in the wild-type chickens. Overall, it appears that inserting the lacZ gene, which encodes β-galactosidase, has resulted in a chicken that can utilize lactose as an energy source. This study demonstrates that transgenic technology can be used to modify nutrient utilization in domestic poultry. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1093/jn/133.10.3076 VL - 133 IS - 10 SP - 3076-3079 SN - 1541-6100 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/14519787 KW - lacZ KW - gene insertion KW - whey KW - milk KW - poultry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Total fumonisins are reduced in tortillas using the traditional nixtamalization method of mayan communities AU - Palencia, E AU - Torres, O AU - Hagler, W AU - Meredith, FI AU - Williams, LD AU - Riley, RT T2 - JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB - Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a maize mycotoxin. In tortilla preparation, maize is treated with lime (nixtamalization), producing hydrolyzed FB1 (HFB1) due to loss of the tricarballylic acid side chains. This study determined the following: 1) whether nixtamalization by Mayan communities reduces total fumonisins, and 2) the steps in the process at which reduction occurs. Tortillas prepared by the traditional process contained FB1, FB2 and FB3 and their hydrolyzed counterparts. There were equimolar amounts of FB1 and HFB1 in the tortillas, but the total fumonisins were reduced 50%. The total FB1 plus HFB1 in the residual lime water and water washes of the nixtamal accounted for 50% of the total FB1 in the uncooked maize. HFB1 and FB1 were present in a 1:1 mol/L ratio in the water washes of the nixtamal, the masa dough and the cooked tortillas, whereas the ratio of HFB1:FB1 in lime water after steeping was 21. Water washes contained 11% of the FB1 that was in the uncooked maize. The results show that the traditional method reduced the total fumonisins in tortillas and reduced the sphinganine elevation (a biomarker closely correlated with fumonisin toxicity) in cells treated with extracts of tortillas compared with cells treated with extracts of contaminated maize. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1093/jn/133.10.3200 VL - 133 IS - 10 SP - 3200-3203 SN - 0022-3166 KW - fumonisin B-1 KW - hydrolyzed fumonisin B-1 KW - maize KW - nixtamalization KW - tortillas ER - TY - JOUR TI - The influence of beta-glucan on immune responses in broiler chicks AU - Guo, YM AU - Ali, RA AU - Qureshi, MA T2 - IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY AND IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY AB - Beta‐1,3/1,6‐glucan (β‐glucan) was tested as a possible immunomodulator. Chicken macrophages from a macrophage cell line MQ‐NCSU and from abdominal exudate of broiler chickens were exposed to various concentrations of β‐glucan in vitro. In addition, day‐old broiler chicks were fed a diet containing 0, 20, and 40 mg/kg β‐glucan in the starter and 0, 20, and 20 mg/kg in the grower diet. Several baseline immune parameters were examined following such exposures. The results showed that β‐glucan exposure increased nitrite and interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) production as well as induced macrophage to proliferate in culture. However, IL‐6 production was not affected. Dietary β‐glucan supplementation increased the macrophage phagocytic activity, anti‐sheep red blood cells antibody response post‐boost, as well as the PHA‐P‐mediated lymphoproliferative response measured as a toe‐web swelling. The percentage of CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+/CD8+ double positive lymphocytes in the intestinal intraepithelial leukocytes was increased in β‐glucan supplemented chicks. Furthermore, the primary and secondary lymphoid organs such as bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen were larger in β‐glucan‐supplemented chicks as compared to the chicks on basal diet. The findings of these studies which showed that β‐glucan improves several base‐line immune responses in the chicken imply that β‐glucan can be used as a possible immunomodulator in food animals such as the chicken. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1081/IPH-120024513 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 461-472 SN - 0892-3973 KW - beta-glucan KW - immune functions KW - chicken ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survival and persistence of Campylobacter and Salmonella species under various organic loads on food contact surfaces AU - De Cesare, A AU - Sheldon, BW AU - Smith, KS AU - Jaykus, LA T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - Although many cases of Campylobacter and Salmonella enteritis have been attributed to the undercooking of poultry and other foods, cross-contamination between raw and cooked foods via food contact surfaces and worker contact has also been identified as a significant risk factor. Cross-contamination may be particularly important in relation to the high prevalence of contamination in raw poultry products and other foods and the low infectious doses that have been reported for Campylobacter species. Lag phase and decimal reduction times (D-values at 27 degrees C [81 degrees F] and 60 to 62% relative humidity) were determined for Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella species (five-strain pools) suspended in either a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution or Trypticase soy broth (TSB) and then inoculated (0.1-ml drop per surface) on 5-cm2 samples of Formica laminate (F), glazed ceramic tile (CT), 304 polished stainless steel (SS), and 100% cotton dishcloth (D). Triplicate samples were collected from each contact surface periodically, and the populations of surviving organisms were enumerated on Campy Cefex and brain heart infusion agars for C. jejuni and Salmonella species, respectively. Lag time and rate of inactivation were influenced by organism type, contact surface, and suspending medium. Initial mean lag times ranging from 60 to 190 min were followed by log-linear (r2 > 0.94) decreases in cell populations that varied across contact surfaces. D-values of 12.5, 19.1, 24.1, and 29.7 min and of 23.7, 10.5, 12.7, and 13.9 min were calculated for C. jejuni suspended in PBS and TSB and then spotted on D, F, SS, and CT surfaces, respectively. The times required to produce a 3-log reduction in population with PBS and TSB ranged from 102 (D) to 247 (F) min and from 112 (CT) to 167 (F) min, respectively. C. jejuni cells suspended in the nutritionally enriched medium (TSB) and spotted on the hard surfaces were inactivated about 1.4 times as fast as cells suspended in PBS. For the Salmonella test strains, D-values of 17.1, 426.6, 118.6, and 41.9 min and of 48.2, 1363.2, 481.8, and 134.2 min were calculated for cells suspended in PBS and TSB and then spotted on D, E SS, and CT surfaces, respectively. In contrast to C. jejuni, Salmonella serotypes were 1.7 to 3.3 times more persistent when suspended in TSB than when suspended in PBS and were 1.2 to 25.3 times more persistent than C. jejuni, depending on the contact surface and the type of suspension fluid (i.e., overall time required to achieve a 3-log reduction in population, lag time + 3 x D). These findings indicate that both the contact surface and the level of organic matter can influence the survival and persistence of C. jejuni and Salmonella species on food contact surfaces. DA - 2003/9// PY - 2003/9// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-66.9.1587 VL - 66 IS - 9 SP - 1587-1594 SN - 1944-9097 ER - TY - JOUR TI - RpoS-dependent stress response and exoenzyme production in Vibrio vulnificus AU - Hulsmann, A AU - Rosche, TM AU - Kong, IS AU - Hassan, HM AU - Beam, DM AU - Oliver, JD T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Vibrio vulnificus is an estuarine bacterium capable of causing rapidly fatal infections through both ingestion and wound infection. Like other opportunistic pathogens, V. vulnificus must adapt to potentially stressful environmental changes while living freely in seawater, upon colonization of the oyster gut, and upon infection of such diverse hosts as humans and eels. In order to begin to understand the ability of V. vulnificus to respond to such stresses, we examined the role of the alternate sigma factor RpoS, which is important in stress response and virulence in many pathogens. An rpoS mutant of V. vulnificus strain C7184o was constructed by homologous recombination. The mutant strain exhibited a decreased ability to survive diverse environmental stresses, including exposure to hydrogen peroxide, hyperosmolarity, and acidic conditions. The most striking difference was a high sensitivity of the mutant to hydrogen peroxide. Albuminase, caseinase, and elastase activity were detected in the wild type but not in the mutant strain, and an additional two hydrolytic activities (collagenase and gelatinase) were reduced in the mutant strain compared to the wild type. Additionally, the motility of the rpoS mutant was severely diminished. Overall, these studies suggest that rpoS in V. vulnificus is important for adaptation to environmental changes and may have a role in virulence. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1128/AEM.69.10.6114-6120.2003 VL - 69 IS - 10 SP - 6114-6120 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular characterization and functional analysis of the manganese-containing superoxide dismutase gene (sodA) from Streptococcus thermophilus AO54 AU - Andrus, JM AU - Bowen, SW AU - Klaenhammer, TR AU - Hassan, HM T2 - ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS AB - This report describes the isolation, sequencing, and functional analysis of the sodA gene, encoding Mn-superoxide dismutase, from Streptococcus thermophilus AO54. The gene was found to encode a 201 amino acid polypeptide with 88 and 83% identity to SodA from Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus agalacticae, respectively. Primer extension analysis revealed a transcriptional start site 27 nucleotides upstream of initiation codon. The gene was expressed in Escherichia coli and was able to rescue the growth of a sodAsodB mutant in a minimal-medium containing 10−6 M paraquat. A sodA mutant of S. thermophilus was constructed and found to be more sensitive to aerobic growth than its parent strain. Supplementing the medium with MnCl2 improved the growth of the mutant, only under microaerophilic conditions. The results suggest that sodA is essential for the aerobic growth of S. thermophilus. In the absence of functional SodA, manganese ions may provide partial protection against oxygen toxicity. DA - 2003/12/1/ PY - 2003/12/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.abb.2003.09.007 VL - 420 IS - 1 SP - 103-113 SN - 1096-0384 KW - Streptococcus thermophilus KW - superoxide dismutase KW - MnSOD KW - sodA sequence KW - sodA mutant KW - SOD-null mutant KW - oxygen sensitivity KW - manganese ions KW - DNA polymerase III ER - TY - JOUR TI - Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding proteins-2,-3,-4,-5 in porcine corpora lutea during the estrous cycle; evidence for inhibitory actions of IGFBP-3 AU - Ge, ZP AU - Miller, E AU - Nicholson, W AU - Hedgpeth, V AU - Gadsby, J T2 - DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY AB - In this study we measured protein concentrations of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) 2-5 in porcine corpora lutea (CLs) throughout the estrous cycle (Experiment 1), and examined the effects of IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-3 antibody (AB) on luteal progesterone (P4) secretion in vitro (Experiment 2). For Experiment 1, (CLs) and serum were collected on days (D) 4, 7, 10, 13, 15 and 16 of the estrous cycle (n = 5 animals per day). IGF-I was extracted from CLs and sera, and measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). IGFBPs were measured in CLs by ligand blots. For Experiment 2, CLs (from Experiment 1) were enzyme dissociated and luteal cells cultured (24 h) in Medium 199 (M199) containing (0-500 ng/ml) IGFBP-3 (+/-IGF-I; 100 ng/ml), or (0-10 microg/ml) IGFBP-3 AB. P4 in media was measured by RIA. In Experiment 1, luteal IGF-I concentrations (ng/g tissue) were maximal on day 4 and gradually decreased thereafter. Serum IGF-I concentrations (ng/ml) were highest on days 4 and 7, compared with days 10-15. Peak levels of luteal IGFBP-3 were also seen on days 4 and 7 of the cycle. Luteal IGFBP-2 concentrations showed a tendency to increase on day 16 (P < 0.05 versus day 10), but no significant changes in IGFBP-4 or -5 were seen. In Experiment 2, IGFBP-3 (w IGF) inhibited the steroidogenic actions of IGF-I, but had no significant actions alone (IGFBP-3 w/o IGF). Finally, IGFBP-3 AB stimulated P4 secretion on days 4 and 7, but not on days 10-16. We conclude that IGFBP-3 inhibits IGF-I actions in the porcine CL. DA - 2003/8// PY - 2003/8// DO - 10.1016/S0739-7240(03)00060-2 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 183-197 SN - 1879-0054 KW - IGF-I KW - IGFBP-3 KW - progesterone KW - corpus luteum KW - pig ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth, livability, and feed conversion of 1957 versus 2001 broilers when fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets AU - Havenstein, GB AU - Ferket, PR AU - Qureshi, MA T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Body weight, feed consumption, and mortality were measured in the 1957 Athens-Canadian Randombred Control (ACRBC) strain and in the 2001 Ross 308 strain of broilers when fed representative 1957 and 2001 diets. The dietary regimens were chosen to be representative of those used in the industry in 1957 vs. 2001. The 1957 diets were fed as mash, the 2001 starter was as crumbles, and the grower and finisher diets were pellets. Feed consumption and BW were recorded at 21, 42, 56, 70, and 84 d of age to cover the two broiler strains normal span of marketing ages. Mortality was low, and the mortality of the ACRBC was approximately half that of the modem strain. Average BW for the ACRBC on the 1957 diets were 176, 539,809, 1,117, and 1,430 g vs. 743, 2,672, 3,946, 4,808, and 5,520 g for the Ross 308 on the 2001 diets at 21, 42, 56, 70, and 84 d of age, respectively. The 42-d feed conversion (FC) on the 2001 and 1957 feeds for the Ross 308 were 1.62 and 1.92 with average BW of 2,672 and 2,126 g and for the ACRBC were 2.14 and 2.34 with average BW of 578 and 539 g, respectively. The Ross 308 broiler on the 2001 feed was estimated to have reached 1,815 g BW at 32 d of age with a FC of 1.47, whereas the ACRBC on the 1957 feed would not have reached that BW until 101 d of age with a FC of 4.42. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1093/ps/82.10.1500 VL - 82 IS - 10 SP - 1500-1508 SN - 0032-5791 KW - broiler KW - body weight KW - livability KW - genetic change KW - feed conversion ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expression and localization of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in pig corpora lutea during the oestrous cycle AU - Boonyaprakob, U. AU - Gadsby, J. E. AU - Hedgpeth, V. AU - Routh, P. AU - Almond, G. W. T2 - Reproduction (Cambridge, England) AB - Expression and localization of mRNAs for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor 1 (Flt) and VEGF receptor 2 (KDR) (VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2, respectively) were investigated in pig corpora lutea. Northern blot analysis of total RNA indicated hybridization of pig VEGF, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 cDNA probes to mRNA transcripts of approximately 3.9, 7.0 and 5.0 kb, respectively. The expression of mRNAs for VEGF and its receptors during the luteal phase (days 4, 7, 10, 13 and 15 after the onset of oestrus) were assessed by northern blot analysis, and hybridization signals were normalized to expression of pig 18S rRNA. Relative hybridization signals of expression of VEGF mRNA appeared to be constant; however, expression of VEGFR-1 mRNA was low on day 4, increased on day 7, and was higher on days 10, 13 and 15 (P<0.05, compared with day 4). In contrast, no changes in expression of mRNA for VEGFR-2 were evident on days 4-13, but a decrease was detected (P<0.05) at day 15. In situ hybridization revealed that VEGF mRNA was localized predominantly in large luteal cells, whereas both VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 were localized to small cells. These data indicate that the VEGF system may be involved in the regulation of luteal vasculature throughout the lifespan of the corpus luteum. Although the expression of VEGF mRNA was unchanged during the luteal phase, variations in the expression of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 mRNAs indicate that differential regulation of expression of the VEGF receptors may play a role in the control of VEGF-mediated vascular growth at different phases of development and maturation of the pig corpus luteum. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1530/rep.0.1260393 VL - 126 IS - 3 SP - 393-405 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carcass composition and yield of 1957 versus 2001 broilers when fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets AU - Havenstein, GB AU - Ferket, PR AU - Qureshi, MA T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The yield of carcass parts as well as levels of carcass fat, moisture, and ash were measured in the 1957 Athens-Canadian Randombred Control (ACRBC) and in the Ross 308 commercial broiler, when fed diets that were representative of those being fed during 1957 and 2001. The Ross 308 was used to represent 2001 commercial broilers. Comparisons of carcass weights of the Ross 308 on the 2001 diet versus the ACRBC on the 1957 diet showed they were 6.0, 5.9, 5.2, and 4.6 times heavier than the ACRBC at 43, 57, 71, and 85 d of age, respectively. Yields of hot carcass without giblets (fat pad included) were 12.3, 13.6, 12.2, and 11.1 percentage points higher for the Ross 308 than for the ACRBC at those ages. The yields of total breast meat for the Ross 308 were 20.0, 21.3, 21.9, and 22.2% and were 8.4, 9.9, 10.3, and 9.8 percentage points higher than for the ACRBC at those ages. Yields of saddle and legs for the Ross 308 broiler were approximately 31 to 32% over the four ages and were about 1.5 to 2% higher than for the ACRBC at the different ages. The Ross 308 averaged 13.7, 15.0, 18.6, and 18.5% whole carcass fat versus 8.5, 10.6, 12.7, and 14.0% for the ACRBC at the four ages. In conjunction with previous studies, the current data show that yield of broiler carcass parts has continued to increase over time and that genetics has been the major contributor to changes in yield. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1093/ps/82.10.1509 VL - 82 IS - 10 SP - 1509-1518 SN - 1525-3171 KW - broiler KW - carcass composition KW - diet KW - genetic change KW - yield ER - TY - JOUR TI - Accelerating embryonic growth during incubation following prolonged egg storage 2. Embryonic growth and metabolism AU - Christensen, V. L. AU - Grimes, J. L. AU - Wineland, M. J. AU - Davis, G. S. T2 - Poultry Science AB - The hypothesis was proposed that the improved embryonic livability observed when higher incubation temperatures were imposed on eggs stored for 15 d prior to setting might have basis in energy metabolism. To test the hypothesis, fertilized turkey eggs were incubated either for the first 2 wk of development (experiment 1) or only the first week of development (experiment 2) at 37.8 degrees C compared with controls incubated at 37.5 degrees C. In both experiments, eggs were stored for either 15 or 3 d prior to setting. Viable embryos were selected randomly from each storage-by-incubation period treatment combination at 25 to 28 d of incubation and were sampled for blood, heart, and skeletal muscle tissues. Tissues were weighed and assayed subsequently for glucose or glycogen content. In experiment 2, the randomly selected embryos from each treatment combination were sampled at 7, 14, 21, and 28 d of incubation. Embryos at 7 and 14 d were assayed on a whole body basis, whereas at 21 and 28 d the bodies were dissected, and heart, liver, and skeletal muscle tissues were weighed and assayed for glycogen and lactate. Blood samples were collected between 25 and 28 d of incubation as in experiment 1 and assayed for glucose, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and thyroid hormone concentrations. In both experiments, accelerated development was noted due to higher temperature and enhanced embryonic carbohydrate metabolism, and elevated thyroid hormone concentrations were observed compared with controls. It was concluded that a possible mechanism for the improved livability of faster growing embryos observed after prolonged egg storage might be due to better utilization of carbohydrate. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1093/ps/82.12.1869 VL - 82 IS - 12 SP - 1869-1878 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparison of the immune response of a 2001 commercial broiler with a 1957 randombred broiler strain when fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets AU - Cheema, MA AU - Qureshi, MA AU - Havenstein, GB T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Immunocompetence of the 2001 Ross 308 broiler strain and the 1957 Athens Canadian Randombred Control (ACRBC) strain was compared when they were given diets representative of those that were being used in 1957 and 2001. Antibody response against SRBC, in vivo lymphoproliferation against Phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P), and inflammatory and phagocytic responses of the macrophages were measured. The Ross 308 strain on the 2001 diet had higher BW at 24 d of age (P = 0.0001), whereas the ACRBC had greater lymphoid organ weights (except thymus) relative to BW (P < or = 0.003). The ACRBC strain showed greater antibody responses against SRBC than the 2001 Ross 308 birds for much of the trial (P < or = 0.0362). However, the Ross 308 broilers had greater PHA-P-induced toe-web swelling response (P < or = 0.0129). Inflammatory exudate cell numbers were higher in the Ross 308 broilers than in the ACRBC birds (P = 0.0261). The percentage of macrophages that phagocytized SRBC was comparable between the two strains, but the number of SRBC phagocytized by individual macrophages was higher (P = 0.0122) in the Ross 308 broiler than in the ACRBC chickens. Nitrite production by macrophages following lipopolysacharide stimulation was comparable between the two strains. Interactions of diet, strain, and sex were inconsistent among all parameters tested. In conclusion, the current study suggested that genetic selection for improved broiler performance has resulted in a decrease in the adaptive arm of the immune response but an increase in the cell-mediated and inflammatory responses. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1093/ps/82.10.1519 VL - 82 IS - 10 SP - 1519-1529 SN - 0032-5791 KW - broiler KW - diet KW - genetic change KW - immunocompetence KW - sex ER - TY - JOUR TI - Information needs related to extension service and community outreach AU - Bottcher, RW T2 - ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL AB - Air quality affects everyone. Some people are affected by air quality impacts, regulations, and technological developments in several ways. Stakeholders include the medical community, ecologists, government regulators, industries, technology providers, academic professionals, concerned citizens, the news media, and elected officials. Each of these groups may perceive problems and opportunities differently, but all need access to information as it is developed. The diversity and complexity of air quality problems contribute to the challenges faced by extension and outreach professionals who must communicate with stakeholders having diverse backgrounds. Gases, particulates, biological aerosols, pathogens, and odors all require expensive and relatively complex technology to measure and control. Economic constraints affect the ability of regulators and others to measure air quality, and industry and others to control it. To address these challenges, while communicating air quality research results and concepts to stakeholders, three areas of information needs are evident. (1) A basic understanding of the fundamental concepts regarding air pollutants and their measurement and control is needed by all stakeholders; the Extension Specialist, to be effective, must help people move some distance up the learning curve. (2) Each problem or set of problems must be reasonably well defined since comprehensive solution of all problems simultaneously may not be feasible; for instance, the solution of an odor problem associated with animal production may not address atmospheric effects due to ammonia emissions. (3) The integrity of the communication process must be preserved by avoiding prejudice and protectionism; although stakeholders may seek to modify information to enhance their interests, extension and outreach professionals must be willing to present unwelcome information or admit to a lack of information. A solid grounding in fundamental concepts, careful and fair problem definition, and a resolute commitment to integrity and credibility will enable effective communication of air quality information to and among diverse stakeholders. DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// DO - 10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00166-6 VL - 29 IS - 2-3 SP - 337-340 SN - 0160-4120 KW - air quality KW - community outreach KW - education KW - extension KW - stakeholders KW - technology transfer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of selenium sources on age-related and mild heat stress-related changes of blood and liver glutathione redox cycle in broiler chickens (Gallus domesticus) AU - Mahmoud, KZ AU - Edens, FW T2 - COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB - Selenium is an essential trace element that up-regulates a major component of the antioxidant defense mechanism by controlling the body's glutathione (GSH) pool and its major Se-containing antioxidant enzyme, glutathione peroxidase (GPX). Evidence has emerged suggesting that organic selenium, natural seleno-amino acids found in plants, grains and selenized yeast, maintains the antioxidant defense system more efficiently than inorganic selenium. Inorganic selenium is a pro-oxidant, whereas organic selenium possesses antioxidant properties itself. As a pro-oxidant, inorganic selenium is not suitable for animals or humans. Therefore, we examined the GSH-GPX system in broiler chickens and determined that organic selenium was indeed more beneficial than inorganic selenium. Chickens fed the organic selenium as Sel-Plex, a selenized yeast, had elevated GPX activity in both blood and liver in a thermoneutral environment and after heat distress. More importantly, the ability to reduce the oxidized glutathione (GSSG to 2 GSH) was enhanced and facilitated by maintenance of glutathione reductase activity. Organic selenium-fed chickens were less affected by mild heat distress than inorganic selenium-fed chickens, and this assessment was based upon less induction of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) in organic selenium-fed chickens. Our results clearly show that heat distress, a potent inducer of oxidative stress and hsp70, can be partially ameliorated by feeding organic selenium. We attribute this observation to an enhanced GSH-GPX antioxidant system in organic selenium-fed chickens. DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.1016/S1096-4959(03)00288-4 VL - 136 IS - 4 SP - 921-934 SN - 1096-4959 KW - antioxidant KW - glutathione KW - selenium KW - broiler KW - hsp70 KW - heat stress ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aflatoxin binders I: In vitro binding assay for aflatoxin B1 by several potential sequestering agents AU - Diaz, DE AU - Hagler, WM AU - Hopkins, BA AU - Whitlow, LW T2 - MYCOPATHOLOGIA DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1023/A:1023388321713 VL - 156 IS - 3 SP - 223-226 SN - 0301-486X KW - activated charcoal KW - aflatoxin B1 KW - calcium bentonite KW - esterified glucomannan KW - sodium bentonite ER - TY - JOUR TI - Responses of broilers at moderate or high temperatures to dietary arginine: lysine ratio and source of supplemental methionine activity AU - Chen, J AU - Hayat, J AU - Huang, B AU - Balnave, D AU - Brake, J T2 - AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AB - Recent studies have shown that the relative feed intake (FI) and bodyweight gain (BWG) responses of chronically heat-stressed broilers to equimolar additions of DL-methionine (DLM) or 2-hydroxy–4-(methylthio) butanoic acid (HMB; Alimet) can be altered by changing the arginine:lysine (arg:lys) ratio of the diet. However, no information is available concerning responses of broilers during acute heat stress. Broilers were exposed to either 22�C or 30�C during 3 consecutive 5-day experimental periods between 28 and 43 days of age. Responses to equimolar additions of the 2 sources of supplemental methionine activity were similar during exposure to 22�C at 28–33 days and 38–43 days of age. However, between 33 and 38 days of age, when the temperature was 30�C, increasing the dietary arg:lys ratio from 1.04 to 1.35 significantly improved the FI and BWG of broilers fed HMB, but not DLM. At an arg:lys ratio of 1.35, the BW gain of broilers fed HMB was significantly greater than that of broilers fed DLM. Therefore, under acute heat stress conditions the choice of a supplemental source of methionine activity should be dependent upon the dietary arg:lys ratio. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1071/AR02117 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - 177-181 SN - 0004-9409 KW - feed intake KW - bodyweight gain KW - DL-methionine KW - 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid KW - Alimet KW - acute heat stress ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of transgenic chickens expressing bacterial beta-galactosidase AU - Mozdziak, PE AU - Borwornpinyo, S AU - McCoy, DW AU - Petitte, JN T2 - DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS AB - Replication-defective retroviral vectors are efficient vehicles for the delivery of exogenous genes, and they may be used in the generation of transgenic animals. The replication-defective retroviral SNTZ vector carrying the lacZ gene with a nuclear localized signal was injected into the subgerminal cavity of freshly laid eggs. Subsequently, the eggs were allowed to hatch, and the chickens were screened for the lacZ gene by using the polymerase chain reaction. Eight of 15 male chickens that survived to sexual maturity contained the lacZ gene in their semen. Subsequently, these males were mated with wild-type female chickens. From one of the eight lacZ-positive G(0) males, two lacZ-positive male chickens were produced from a total of 224 G(1) progeny for a germline transmission rate of 0.89%. Both G(1) male chickens carrying the lacZ gene were mated with wild-type female chickens and 46.5% of the G(2) progeny contained the lacZ gene, which is consistent with the expected Mendelian 50% ratio for a heterozygous dominant allele. The product of the lacZ gene, nuclear localized beta-galactosidase, was expressed in primary myoblast cultures derived from G(2) chickens, and it was also expressed in whole G(2) chicken embryos. DA - 2003/3// PY - 2003/3// DO - 10.1002/dvdy.10234 VL - 226 IS - 3 SP - 439-445 SN - 1097-0177 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037370171&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - lacZ KW - myoblast KW - muscle KW - embryo KW - E. coli ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cloning of pig prostaglandin F-2 alpha(FP) receptor cDNA and expression of its mRNA in the corpora lutea AU - Boonyaprakob, U. AU - Gadsby, J. E. AU - Hedgpeth, V. AU - Routh, P. AU - Almond, G. W. T2 - Reproduction (Cambridge, England) AB - Changes in the expression and localization of luteal mRNA for PGF(2alpha) (FP) receptors may be critical in determining the luteolytic action of PGF(2alpha) in pig corpora lutea. In this study, a full-length FP receptor (FPr) cDNA was isolated and cloned from pig corpora lutea. This isolate (GenBank accession no. U91520) contains an open reading frame of 1086 bases coding for a protein of 362 amino acids with seven potential transmembrane domains. The predicted amino acid sequence of this isolate was 83% identical to the FPr amino acid sequence of other species including sheep, cattle and humans. Northern blot analysis showed the presence of an FPr message of about 5 kb in mRNA from pig corpora lutea. Relatively weak FPr mRNA expression was detected on day 4 and day 7 of the oestrous cycle. The expression was greater (P < 0.05) on days 10, 13 and 15 than on days 4 and 7. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that mRNA for FPr was expressed predominantly in the steroidogenic large luteal subtype of cell, although there was some expression in small luteal cells, with histological appearance of steroidogenic small cells. Localization of hybridization signals of FPr was observed in luteal tissue at all stages examined. These data demonstrate that FPr is expressed in pig corpora lutea throughout the oestrous cycle and that upregulation of the FPr mRNA occurs when the corpora lutea becomes sensitive to PGF(2alpha). Direct luteal targets of PGF(2alpha) appear to be primarily large steroidogenic cells in this species. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1530/rep.0.1250053 VL - 125 IS - 1 SP - 53-64 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Administration of triiodothyronine and dopamine to broiler chicks increases growth, feed conversion and visceral organ mass AU - Chang, SC AU - Lin, MJ AU - Croom, J AU - Fan, YK T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The influences of triiodothyronine (T3) or dopamine (DA) administration on growth, feed conversion, and visceral weights in broiler chicks between the ages of 6 and 12 d posthatch were investigated. In Trial 1, six chicks at age 6 d were randomly administered one of the following treatments: 0.37, 0.74, 1.48, and 2.96 micromol T3/kg BW or 0.07, 0.14, 0.28, and 0.56 micromol DA/kg BW. Both T3 and DA were administered via intraperitoneal injections between the end of sternum and the ends of os pubis, with 0.9% saline as the excepient. In addition, two groups of six birds each were either not injected or injected with excepient only, as controls. Four replications were carried out with a total of 264 chicks. Heart weight as a percentage of feed-deprived body weight (FDBW) of the chicks injected with 2.96 micromol T3/kg BW was heavier than that of controls. Other variables measured were not significantly different between treatments. In trial 2, six chicks at age 6 d were randomly administered, one of the following treatments: 0.56, 1.12, 2.24, and 4.48 micromol T3/kg diet or 0.40, 0.80, 1.60, and 3.20 micromol DA/kg diet as well as a nonsupplemented control. Four replications were carried out with 216 chicks. The results in Trial 2 showed that the effects of T3 (X, micromol/kg diet) on body weight gain (Y1, g) and feed consumption (Y2, g) were linear (Y1 = 310 - 21.5X, R2 = 0.868, P < 0.001 and Y2 = 398 - 22.3X, R2 = 0.765, P < 0.001, respectively). The feed conversion ratio, the weight of liver, the weights of various intestinal segments, the lengths of the duodenum, jejunum and the ileum, as well as weight per centimeter jejunal length, gizzard weight as percentage of FDBW, and the duodenal length per kilogram FDBW all had linear responses (P < 0.05) to the level of dietary supplementation of T3. The effect of dietary supplementation of T3 on the heart weight was quadratic (Y16 = 2.58 + 0.89X - 0.17 X2, R2 = 0.526, P < 0.01). Similarly, the weights of pancreas and gizzard, the heart weight as a percentage of FDBW and the pancreas weight as a percentage of FDBW all had second-order curve responses. Dietary DA supplementation exerted no effect on the variables measured except that the regression of the heart weight as a percentage of FDBW on dietary DA supplementation (X1, micromol/kg diet) existed, namely, Z1 = 0.64 + 0.24 X1 - 0.23 X1(2) + 0.05 X1(3) (R2 = 0.868, P < 0.05). DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// DO - 10.1093/ps/82.2.285 VL - 82 IS - 2 SP - 285-293 SN - 0032-5791 KW - triiodothyronine KW - dopamine KW - broiler KW - visceral organs KW - growth ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of time-temperature integrators and predictive modeling to evaluate microbiological quality loss in poultry products AU - Moore, CM AU - Sheldon, BW T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - The purpose of this study was to characterize the kinetics of the spoilage process of chicken drumsticks in order to evaluate the application of an enzyme process-based time-temperature integrator (TTI) as a continuous quality monitor of poultry products. Shelf life studies were conducted at several temperatures (3 to 20 degrees C) to characterize (i) the poultry spoilage process as a function of total aerobic bacteria and Pseudomonas species populations and (ii) the TTI chroma response function. Two types of poultry products were examined: ice-packed and chill-packed drumsticks. An enzyme-based TTI with a color change response from green to yellow was used. Activation energies for each of the poultry products and each of the bacterial populations were as follows: 21.8 +/- 1.6 kcal/mol (ca. 91.2 +/- 6.7 kJ/mol) for ice-packed drumsticks and total aerobic population, 18.8 +/- 4.5 kcal/mol ca. 78.7 +/- 18.8 kJ/mol) for ice-packed drumsticks and Pseudomonas spp., 17.0 +/- 2.3 kcal/mol (ca. 71.1 +/- 9.6 kJ/mol) for chill-packed drumsticks and total aerobic population, and 14.1 +/- 3.6 kcal/mol (ca. 59.0 +/- 15.1 kJ/mol) for chill-packed drumsticks and Pseudomonas spp. The activation energy calculated for the TTI, 19.1 +/- 1.8 kcal/mol (ca. 79.9 +/- 7.5 kJ/mol), was determined to be adequately close to that of the poultry spoilage process to make effective quality predictions possible. Initial bacteria levels on the chicken drumsticks were uniform and not judged as important limiting factors in the application of TTIs to poultry products. Because the poultry spoilage process was reasonably characterized on the basis of Arrhenius kinetics, there is further need to conduct validation studies to determine the ability of TTIs to provide a continuous quality monitoring system. DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-66.2.280 VL - 66 IS - 2 SP - 280-286 SN - 0362-028X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of time-temperature integrators for tracking poultry product quality throughout the chill chain AU - Moore, CM AU - Sheldon, BW T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - The goal of this study was to evaluate the application of one type of time-temperature integrator (TTI) to monitor the microbiological quality of ice-packed raw chicken drumsticks as a function of temperature exposure. A kinetics-based model was used to correlate the TTI chroma response to the number of bacteria on the drumstick surface under constant- and variable-temperature conditions. Two constant-temperature studies (4 and 15 degrees C) and one variable-temperature study (4 degrees C for 24 h, 15 degrees C for 24 h, 4 degrees C constant) were conducted to evaluate the applicability of the TTI under ideal and worst-case situations. During the constant-temperature studies, quality predictions made at the midpoint of the product shelf life were accurate within 15% for the observed bacterial populations. The accuracy of the TTI was marginal in the initial and final stages of the response period. During the variable-temperature study, the TTI response demonstrated positive history effects, whereby the observed rate constant is affected by previous temperature exposure. After the TTIs had been held at 15 degrees C for 24 h, the TTI response rate constant observed during subsequent storage at 4 degrees C was higher than what would be predicted for 4 degrees C. Further work will be needed to develop a continuous TTI-based quality monitoring system. However, because the microbiological quality of fresh poultry could be reliably predicted with kinetic models, fresh poultry products would be excellent candidates for a TTI-based quality monitoring system. DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-66.2.287 VL - 66 IS - 2 SP - 287-292 SN - 0362-028X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Myonuclear apoptosis occurs during early posthatch starvation AU - Pophal, S AU - Evans, JJ AU - Mozdziak, PE T2 - COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB - Apoptosis is a naturally occurring process; it is important for the final shape and size of developing tissues, and it is characterized by some morphological features such as plasma membrane blebbing, nuclear breakdown, chromosomal fragmentation and apoptotic bodies followed by phagocytosis. The objective of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of apoptosis in chickens immediately posthatch under fed and starved conditions. Male broiler chickens were or were not provided feed for the first 3 days posthatch. Chickens were killed immediately after hatch, at 1 day of age, at 2 days of age and at 3 days of age. The Pectoralis thoracicus was removed, fixed, dehydrated, cleared and embedded in paraffin. Muscle sections were labeled using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) for detection of apoptotic nuclei. Body weights were lower (P<0.05) in the starved compared to the fed group at 2 and 3 days posthatch. Myofiber cross-sectional area was only smaller (P<0.05) in the starved compared to the fed birds at 3 days posthatch. TUNEL-positive nuclei were present at all days for the fed and starved groups. The proportion of TUNEL-positive nuclei was higher (P<0.05) for the starved group at day 2 and day 3 posthatch compared to the fed group at 3 days posthatch. Apoptosis is a mechanism that contributes to the smaller myofiber size observed at 3 days posthatch. DA - 2003/8// PY - 2003/8// DO - 10.1016/S1096-4959(03)00148-9 VL - 135 IS - 4 SP - 677-681 SN - 1096-4959 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0042709390&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - apoptosis KW - starvation KW - chickens KW - skeletal muscle KW - myonucleus KW - TUNEL ER - TY - PAT TI - Gene transfer in poultry by introduction of embryo cells in ovo AU - Petitte, J. AU - Ricks, C. A. AU - Spence, S. E. C2 - 2003/// DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of malic acid on the growth kinetics of Lactobacillus plantarum AU - Passos, FV AU - Fleming, HP AU - Hassan, HM AU - McFeeters, RF T2 - APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.1007/s00253-003-1375-7 VL - 63 IS - 2 SP - 207-211 SN - 0175-7598 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does either the gastrointestinal peptide PYY or the neuropeptide NPY bind aluminium? AU - Korchazhkina, OV AU - Ashcroft, AE AU - Croom, J AU - Exley, C T2 - JOURNAL OF INORGANIC BIOCHEMISTRY AB - Peptide YY and neuropeptide Y are common peptides with a high degree of primary and tertiary structural homology. They are multifunctional and participate in a diverse array of distinct activities including regulation of gastrointestinal function and neural regulation of satiety. Recently both have been implicated in aluminium chemistry in vivo although their modus opperandi have not been determined. We have used molecular fluorescence, RP-HPLC, ESMS and equilibrium dialysis to identify if either peptide YY or neuropeptide Y will bind aluminium in vitro under near-physiological conditions. We were unable to demonstrate any direct interaction between either peptide and aluminium although we have speculated upon an in vivo mechanism whereby PYY, in particular, might form a stable complex with aluminium. DA - 2003/4/1/ PY - 2003/4/1/ DO - 10.1016/S0162-0134(03)00031-X VL - 94 IS - 4 SP - 372-380 SN - 0162-0134 KW - PYY KW - NPY KW - tyrosine fluorescence KW - aluminium KW - Alzheimer's disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in kinetics of carnitine palmitoyltransferase in liver and skeletal muscle of dogs (Canis familiaris) throughout growth and development AU - Lin, X AU - Odle, J T2 - JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB - This study was conducted to investigate developmental changes in the kinetics of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) within hepatic and skeletal muscle tissues of the canine species. Carnitine concentrations, CPT activity and the apparent K(m) for carnitine were measured in tissue homogenates from dogs in six age categories: newborn; 24-h-old; 3-, 6- and 9-wk-old; and adult. Hepatic CPT activity was low at birth, increased by 100% during the suckling period (P < 0.05) and then declined after weaning to adult levels. In contrast, CPT activity in muscle continued to increase with age, reaching adult levels after 9 wk. Congruent with CPT activity, nearly identical concentration profiles of liver and muscle acylcarnitines were observed. The apparent K(m) of hepatic CPT for carnitine also paralleled the increase in CPT activity during the suckling period; however, free and total liver carnitine concentrations declined by 50% during this time (P < 0.05). Beginning at 3 wk of age, the hepatic concentration of free carnitine was at or below the apparent K(m) of CPT for carnitine. A similar relationship existed in muscle of young dogs, but in adults, the free carnitine concentration was markedly increased and exceeded the apparent K(m) by 5-fold. Collectively, we infer that fatty acid oxidation capacity increases rapidly after birth in the canine, after ontogenic increases in CPT activity. Furthermore, based on the relatively low tissue carnitine concentrations when compared with the apparent carnitine K(m) of CPT, we suggest that carnitine may have an important role in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation and that increased dietary carnitine may improve fatty acid oxidative capacity in developing dogs. DA - 2003/4// PY - 2003/4// DO - 10.1093/jn/133.4.1113 VL - 133 IS - 4 SP - 1113-1119 SN - 0022-3166 KW - canine KW - carnitine KW - carnitine palmitoyltransferase KW - fatty acid oxidation KW - ontogeny ER - TY - JOUR TI - Avian macrophage and immune response: An overview AU - Qureshi, MA T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Macrophages belong to the mononuclear phagocytic system lineage. This cell type is unique in that it is a crucial player in both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The material described in this overview is a brief description of what I presented as a World's Poultry Science Association-sponsored lecture at the annual meetings of the Poultry Science Association in 2002. Therefore, I have not attempted to present an up-to-date review of literature on this topic. Rather, I have summarized some salient research accomplishments made by our research group over the years in the area of avian macrophage biology and function. DA - 2003/5// PY - 2003/5// DO - 10.1093/ps/82.5.691 VL - 82 IS - 5 SP - 691-698 SN - 0032-5791 KW - macrophage KW - macrophage functions KW - avians ER -