TY - CONF TI - Effect of age on carcass and feather amino acid profile in turkeys AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Chen, F. AU - Thomas, L.N. T2 - Carolina Poultry Nutrition Conference C2 - 1997/// C3 - Proceedings of the Carolina Poultry Nutrition Conference CY - Charlotte, NC DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/12/3/ SP - 86–91 ER - TY - CONF TI - Effect of dietary inclusion of cottonseed meal on the performance and carcass characteristics of growing and finishing toms AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Garlich, J.D. AU - Kuiper, R. T2 - Carolina Poultry Nutrition Conference C2 - 1997/// C3 - Proceedings of the Carolina Poultry Nutrition Conference CY - Charlotte, NC DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/12/3/ SP - 92–96 ER - TY - CONF TI - A comparison of lactic acid fermentation and acidification with phosphoric acid as stabilization methods for ground poultry mortality AU - Middleton, T.F. AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - Carolina Poultry Nutrition Conference C2 - 1997/// C3 - Proceedings of the Carolina Poultry Nutrition Conference CY - Charlotte, NC DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/12/3/ SP - 99–101 ER - TY - CONF TI - Enzyme supplementation of broiler and turkey diets to enhance wheat utilization AU - Grimes, J.L. AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Crouch, A.N. T2 - Alltech’s 13th Annual Symposium C2 - 1997/// C3 - Proceedings of Alltech’s 13th Annual Symposium CY - Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// SP - 131–139 ER - TY - CONF TI - Alternative Turkey Management Systems AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - NC Turkey Industry Days Conference C2 - 1997/// C3 - Proceedings of the NC Turkey Industry Days Conference CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/10/22/ SP - 1–4 ER - TY - CONF TI - Organic Zinc, health, immunity and performance of meat poultry AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Kidd, M.T. T2 - Arkansas Nutrition Conference C2 - 1997/// C3 - Proceedings of the Arkansas Nutrition Conference CY - Fayetteville, AR DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/9/11/ SP - 20–28 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth and digestive function of turkeys surviving the poultry enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) AU - Odetallah, O. AU - Garlich, J.D. AU - Elhadri, L. AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 76 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 8 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of layer manure drying and processing systems AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - van Horne, P.L.M. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 76 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 140 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ventilated litter floor improves performance characteristics of broilers and turkeys AU - Veldkamp, T. AU - Middelkoop, J.H. AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 76 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 140 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhancement of cellular and humoral immunity by b-hydroxy-b-methylbutyrate in young broilers AU - Peterson, A.L. AU - Qureshi, M.A. AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Fuller, J. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 76 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 114 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Investigation of betaine as an osmolyte in turkeys AU - Shin, H.Y. AU - Garlich, J.D. AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 76 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 108 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of age on carcass and feather amino acid profile in turkeys AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Chen, F. AU - Thomas, L.N. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 76 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 82 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of hemicell supplementation of diets containing 44% and 48% CP soybean meal on the performance of turkey hens AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Odetallah, N. AU - Brewer, C.E. AU - Grimes, J.L. AU - Thomas, L.N. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 76 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 40 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cottonseed meal and sodium bicarbonate in diets for broilers in warm and cold environments AU - Garlich, J.D. AU - Shin, H.Y. AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 76 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 60 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Cytotoxicity of oxyradicals and the evolution of superoxide dismutases AU - Hassan, H.M. T2 - Oxygen, gene expression and cellular function A2 - Massaro, D. A2 - Clerch, L. T3 - Lung Biology series PY - 1997/// SP - 26–51 PB - Marcel Dekker SV - 15 ER - TY - CONF TI - Eukaryotic signal peptidase recognizes signal peptides asymmetrically AU - Ashwell, CM AU - Lively, MO T2 - FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA C2 - 1997/// C3 - FASEB JOURNAL DA - 1997/// VL - 11 SP - A1392-A1392 M1 - 9 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Paraformaldehyde effect on ruthenium red and lysine preservation and staining of the staphylococcal glycocalyx AU - Fassel, T.A. AU - Mozdziak, P.E. AU - Sanger, J.R. AU - Edmiston, C.E. T2 - Microscopy Research and Technique DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19970301)36:5<422::AID-JEMT12>3.0.CO;2-U VL - 36 IS - 5 SP - 422-427 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030945088&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Myonuclear accretion is a major determinant of avian skeletal muscle growth AU - Mozdziak, P.E. AU - Schultz, E. AU - Cassens, R.G. T2 - American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 272 IS - 2 41-2 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030970142&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Broiler Breeder Management AU - Brake, J. T2 - The Poultry Production Guide A2 - Ed., Naheeda Khan PY - 1997/// SP - 1-37 PB - Misset International ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heart rate and heart rate variability in male broilers at risk for sudden death syndrome AU - Blanchard, S. M. AU - Dewolf, D. K. AU - Ekwueme Okoli, T. C. AU - Degernes, L. A. AU - Garlich, J. D. T2 - Annals of Biomedical Engineering DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - S-63 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Incineration or composting: Cost comparison of the methods AU - Wineland, M. J. AU - Carter, T. A. AU - Anderson, K. E. T2 - Poultry Digest DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 56 IS - 6 SP - 22 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Consistent fowl cholera vaccination technique ensures protection AU - Rives, D. V. T2 - Zootecnica International DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 20 IS - 6 SP - 40 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immune status -- the role of vitamins AU - Brake, J. T2 - Feed Mix DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 21 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Wheat and enzymes for broiler, turkey diets differ in formulation AU - Grimes, J. L. AU - Crouch, A. N. T2 - Poultry Digest DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 56 IS - 7 SP - 20 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential for organic selenium to replace selenite in poultry diets AU - Edens, F. W. T2 - Zootecnica International DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 28 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutritional and osmoregulatory functions of betaine AU - Kidd, MT AU - Ferket, PR AU - Garlich, JD T2 - WORLDS POULTRY SCIENCE JOURNAL AB - Betaine, a donor of labile methyl groups, can spare choline and methionine but cannot replace these compounds in poultry diets. Betaine is synthesized from choline by choline oxidase and it can donate methyl groups to homocysteine to form methionine. Physiologically, betaine is one of several compounds used by cells to regulate osmotic pressure. Among the potential benefits of its inclusion in poultry feeds are sparing choline, carcass fat reduction and aiding cell osmoregulation. Some feed ingredients are natural sources of betaine per se. This review considers the metabolism, functions and applications of betaine in poultry. DA - 1997/6// PY - 1997/6// DO - 10.1079/wps19970013 VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - 125-139 SN - 0043-9339 KW - betaine KW - choline KW - methionine KW - osmoregulation KW - poultry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evidence that injection of vitamin A before mating may improve embryo survival in gilts fed normal or high-energy diets AU - Whaley, S. L. AU - Hedgpeth, V. S. AU - Britt, J. H. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - The hypothesis was that administration of vitamin A before ovulation would improve embryo survival in gilts fed a high-energy diet intentionally to reduce embryo survival. Forty crossbred ([Landrace × Large White] × [Duroc × Hampshire]) gilts were fed control (5.5 Mcal ME/d) or high-energy (11.0 Mcal ME/d) diets from 7 d after second estrus until 11 to 12 d after third estrus. Gilts in each dietary group received (i.m.) corn oil or retinyl palmitate (1 × 10(6) IU, vitamin A) on d 15 after second estrus and were mated at third estrus. Blood for determination of progesterone and estradiol was collected twice daily. The uterus and ovaries were removed on d 11 or 12 after third estrus for assessment of number of CL, and number, size and aromatase activity of embryos. Neither diet nor vitamin treatment affected number of CL. The high-energy diet exerted a negative effect on number of embryos (P = .09) and embryo survival (P = .07), whereas vitamin A exerted a positive effect on number of embryos (P = .07) and embryo survival (P = .08). The high-energy diet increased variation in embryo diameter, whereas vitamin A reduced variation in diameter and increased average diameter. Neither diet nor vitamin treatment influenced aromatase activity of embryos. Diet and vitamin treatment interacted with day to influence serum progesterone, but not estradiol. Injecting vitamin A before estrus restored embryo survival to normal levels in gilts fed high-energy diets, and this may be attributable to decreased variation in size of embryos. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2527/1997.7541071x VL - 75 IS - 4 SP - 1071-1077 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of 'Clifford' soybean AU - Burton, JW AU - Carter, TE AU - Farmer, FS AU - Huie, EB T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 37, Issue 6 cropsci1997.0011183X003700060057x p. 1980-1980 Registration of Cultivars Registration of ‘Clifford’ Soybean J. W. Burton, Corresponding Author J. W. Burton [email protected] USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Corresponding author ([email protected]).Search for more papers by this authorT. E. Carter Jr., T. E. Carter Jr. USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorF. S. Farmer, F. S. Farmer USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorE. B. Huie, E. B. Huie USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this author J. W. Burton, Corresponding Author J. W. Burton [email protected] USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Corresponding author ([email protected]).Search for more papers by this authorT. E. Carter Jr., T. E. Carter Jr. USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorF. S. Farmer, F. S. Farmer USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorE. B. Huie, E. B. Huie USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 November 1997 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700060057xCitations: 5AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume37, Issue6November–December 1997Pages 1980-1980 RelatedInformation DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700060057x VL - 37 IS - 6 SP - 1980-1980 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Organic zinc sources and performance and health in poultry AU - Ferket, P. R. AU - Kidd, M.T. T2 - Proceedings of the Maryland Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// IS - 1997 SP - 37-43 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enzyme supplementation may improve bird performance AU - Grimes, J. L. AU - Crouch, A. N. T2 - Feedstuffs DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 69 IS - 22 SP - 18-193334 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quality control in feed manufacturing AU - Jones, F. T. T2 - Feedstuffs DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 69 IS - 30 SP - 138-141 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lead disrupts eicosanoid metabolism, macrophage function, and disease resistance in birds AU - Knowles, SO AU - Donaldson, WE T2 - BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1007/BF02783306 VL - 60 IS - 1-2 SP - 13-26 SN - 0163-4984 KW - Pb KW - phagocytosis KW - prostaglandins KW - Salmonella KW - thromboxanes ER - TY - JOUR TI - T-2 tetraol is cytotoxic to a chicken macrophage cell line AU - Kidd, MT AU - Qureshi, MA AU - Hagler, WM AU - Ali, R T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Cytotoxic effects of T-2 tetraol, a T-2 toxin derivative, on the MQ-NCSU chicken macrophage cell line were quantified by direct in vitro exposure. Macrophage cultures were exposed to 1, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 micrograms/mL of T-2 tetraol for 1 h. Macrophage viability after exposure to T-2 tetraol. Macrophage viability was reduced by increasing concentrations of T-2 tetraol (linear effect, P < or = 0.001; quadratic effect, P < or = 0.025). The ability of macrophages to adhere to glass surfaces was impaired by increasing concentrations of T-2 tetraol (linear effect, P < or = 0.003). This experiment demonstrates that T-2 tetraol is cytotoxic to chicken macrophages in vitro. DA - 1997/2// PY - 1997/2// DO - 10.1093/ps/76.2.311 VL - 76 IS - 2 SP - 311-313 SN - 0032-5791 KW - Fusarium KW - mycotoxin KW - T-2 tetraol KW - chicken KW - macrophage ER - TY - JOUR TI - The evolvement of Eosinophils in the pathogenesis of poult enteritis mortality syndrome AU - Edens, F. W. AU - Qureshi, M. A. AU - Mann, S. E. AU - Parkhurst, C. R. AU - Havenstein, G. B. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 76 IS - suppl. 1 SP - 535 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase and serum glucose in turkeys with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome AU - Doerfler, R. E. AU - Edens, F. W. AU - Mann, S. E. AU - Parkhurst, C. R. AU - Havenstein, G. B. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 76 IS - suppl. 1 SP - 538 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Eye and gonad: Role in the dual-oscillator circadian system of female Japanese quail AU - Underwood, H AU - Siopes, T AU - Edmonds, K T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AB - Experiments were conducted to determine the anatomic and physiological basis of the dual-oscillator circadian system of female Japanese quail. After blocking of ocular light perception by eye-patching, the circadian body temperature rhythm dissociates into two circadian components in continuous lighting (LL). One component free runs with a period significantly shorter than 24 h [mean period (tau) = 22.7 h] and is driven by an ocular pacemaker, whereas the other component free runs with a period significantly longer than 24 h (tau = 26.3 h). The long free-running rhythm is driven by the same circadian clock that drives the circadian rhythm of ovulation. The expression of the long free-running rhythm in LL depends on the presence of the ovary: body temperature rhythmicity is abolished by ovariectomy. The two free-running oscillators in eye-patched birds showed evidence of mutual interaction. Significantly, the phase relationships that occur as the two oscillators interact can determine whether or not ovulation occurs. The results are discussed in terms of an "internal coincidence" mechanism for photoperiodic time measurement. DA - 1997/1// PY - 1997/1// DO - 10.1152/ajpregu.1997.272.1.r172 VL - 272 IS - 1 SP - R172-R182 SN - 0363-6119 KW - thermoregulation KW - oviposition KW - suprachiasmatic nuclei KW - internal coincidence KW - circadian pacemaker ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of two Escherichia coli isolates associated with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome AU - Edens, FW AU - Qureshi, RA AU - Parkhurst, CR AU - Qureshi, MA AU - Havenstein, GB AU - Casas, IA T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Two colonial types (1 and 2) of Escherichia coli are represented predominantly in cultures isolated from turkey poults with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS). Biotype codes determined using two systems (BBL: 36570 and 34560 for colony types 1 and 2, respectively; API-20E: 5144572 and 5144512 for colony types 1 and 2, respectively) clearly establish these organisms as E. coli. These isolates were not clearly divergent from the general profile for E. coli, but colony type 2 differs from colony type 1 with regard to its negative reactions for ornithine decarboxylase and the fermentation of dulcitol, rhamnose, sucrose, and melibiose, suggesting that it is atypical. Colony type 1 is nonserotypable and nonmotile, whereas colony type 2 is serotyped as O136: motile because it has H antigens associated with flagella. Capsular antigens were not found, but thin capsules were seen on cells from both colony types in stained preparations. Cultural morphology was different with colony type 1 having a circular, mucoid, raised morphology and colony type 2 having an irregular, flat, rough morphology. Colony type 1 has a doubling time at 37 C of about 20 min, whereas colony type 2 doubles in 30 min. Furthermore, colony type 1 is a potent colicin producer, but colony type 2 is not a colicin producer. Both E. coli isolates have resistance profiles for multiple antibiotics. Each strain responds to third generation fluoroquinolone antibiotics by changing their biotypes and become resistant after culturing once in their presence. These E. coli are proposed as possible etiological links in the complex series of events that take place in poults susceptible to PEMS. DA - 1997/12// PY - 1997/12// DO - 10.1093/ps/76.12.1665 VL - 76 IS - 12 SP - 1665-1673 SN - 0032-5791 KW - poult enteritis and mortality syndrome KW - Escherichia coli KW - biotype KW - colony morphology KW - plate morphology ER - TY - PAT TI - Avian embryonic stem cells AU - Petitte, J. N. AU - Yang, Z.-M. C2 - 1997/// DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vitamin E exposure modulates prostaglandin and thromboxane production by avian cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system AU - Qureshi, MA AU - Gore, AB T2 - IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY AND IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY AB - The production of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) by turkey blood monocytes and a chicken mononuclear phagocytic cell line MQ-NCSU after exposure to vitamin E (VE) was examined. Turkey embryos were exposed in ovo to 0 and 10 international units (IU) of VE; blood monocytes were collected at 2 weeks of age and cultured. MQ-NCSU macrophage monolayers were exposed to 0, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 IU VE. The monocyte/macrophage cultures were exposed to 1 μg/mL bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Non-stimulated parallel cultures were maintained as controls. The PGE2 and TXB2 levels were quantitated in culture supernatants by a competitive ELISA. Blood monocytes from the 10 IU VE poults produced lower PGE2 levels as compared with the 0 IU VE controls. Upon stimulation with LPS, monocytes from the 10 IU VE group exhibited levels of PGE2 that were higher than the 0 IU VE group. Levels of TXB2 were not quantitated in the poult blood monocyte culture supernatants. The PGE2 and TXB2 levels in the supernatant of the VE treated MQ-NCSU macrophage cultures were lower than the 0 IU VE controls. Stimulation with LPS resulted in increased PGE2 and TXB2 production by the VE-exposed macrophages. The results from this study suggest that in ovo or in vitro exposure with VE may either upregulate or downregulate PGE2 and TXB2 production by monocytes/macrophages, and that this production may be dependent upon the exposure to a variety of external stimuli and/or the state of macrophage activation. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.3109/08923979709007669 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 473-487 SN - 1532-2513 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transient hypothyroidism reinitiates egg laying in turkey breeder hens: Termination of photorefractoriness by propylthiouracil AU - Siopes, T T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - A study was conducted to determine the effects of transient hypothyroidism induced by propylthiouracil (PTU) on termination of photorefractoriness and reinitiation of lay in turkey breeder hens. The PTU was given for 6- or 8-wk periods via the feed and at various doses to yearling hens that had been continuously exposed to long photoperiods [16 h light (L):8 h dark (D)] for at least 25 wk. There was a dose-dependent cessation of lay as well as deletion of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) during the treatment period. Hens receiving 0.1% PTU or more had little or no circulating thyroid hormones after 2 wk of treatment. Furthermore, resumption of a normal rate and duration of egg laying occurred following withdrawal of the PTU, without any changes in photoperiod. However, this effect only occurred in those hens that had received PTU doses of 0.1% or more and only when the treatment had been given for greater than 6 wk. The resumption of normal levels of egg laying occurred in the absence of a typical preceding molt. Body weights, livability, and fertility and hatchability of eggs from these hens were similar to those of controls. Clearly, turkey hens can be effectively recycled by pharmacological manipulation of the thyroid gland and the results are supportive of thyroid hormone(s) involvement in maintaining photorefractoriness in turkey hens. DA - 1997/12// PY - 1997/12// DO - 10.1093/ps/76.12.1776 VL - 76 IS - 12 SP - 1776-1782 SN - 0032-5791 KW - thyroid KW - photorefractoriness KW - propylthiouracil KW - photoperiod KW - turkey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ahemeral lighting of turkey breeder hens. 2. Early age at lighting and reproductive performance AU - Siopes, TD AU - Neely, ER T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - An experiment was conducted to determine whether ahemeral lighting (AH) could be used to obtain increased egg weight and poult weight and otherwise normal reproductive performance in Large White turkey hens lit as early as 26 wk of age. The experimental design utilized a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments that evaluated two light cycle lengths (24 h, control and 28 h, ahemeral) at two hen ages (26 and 30 wk). Treatments were continued for 24 wk and the following variables were measured: BW, feed intake, onset and rate of lay, fertility, hatchability, incidence of floor eggs, egg weight, poult production, and poult weight. As compared to the response of hens in the control lighting treatment, ahemeral lighting increased egg weight and poult weight early in the lay period only and resulted in delayed onset of lay (+3.4 d) and depressed egg production (-7 eggs to 54 wk of age). Percentage fertility and hatchability were similar between ahemeral and control treatment groups. However, ahemeral lighting decreased the number of poults per hen when started at 26, but not 30, wk of age. Hens photostimulated early at 26 wk of age were delayed in onset of lay by 5.9 d but produced more eggs per hen to 54 wk of age (95.8) than hens photostimulated at 30 wk (89.7); however, during equivalent lay periods, egg production was similar between the two groups. Early lighting did not have an adverse effect on fertility, hatchability, or poults per hen but egg weight and poult weight were depressed. It was concluded that although ahemeral lighting increased egg weight and poult weight in turkey hens photostimulated early, continuous application of ahemeral lighting throughout the lay period had adverse effects on some components of reproductive performance. DA - 1997/12// PY - 1997/12// DO - 10.1093/ps/76.12.1783 VL - 76 IS - 12 SP - 1783-1788 SN - 0032-5791 KW - turkey KW - ahemeral light KW - egg weight KW - photoperiod KW - poult weight ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immersion heat treatments for inactivation of Salmonella enteritidis with intact eggs AU - Schuman, JD AU - Sheldon, BW AU - Vandepopuliere, JM AU - Ball, HR T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AB - The effects of water-bath immersion heat treatments on the inactivation of Salmonella enteritidis within intact shell eggs were evaluated. Six pooled strains of Salm. enteritidis (ca 3 x 10(8) cfu, inoculated near the centre of the yolk) were completely inactivated within 50-57.5 min at a bath temperature of 58 degrees C and within 65-75 min at 57 degrees C (an 8.4 to 8.5-D process per egg). Following the initial 24 to 35-min come-up period, semilogarithmic survivor curves obtained at 58 and 57 degrees C yielded apparent decimal reduction times (D-values) of 4.5 and 6.0 min, respectively. Haugh unit values increased during heating, while yolk index and albumen pH values were unaffected. Albumen clarity and functionality were affected by the thermal treatments; therefore, extended whip times would be required for meringue preparation using immersion-heated egg whites. Immersion-heated shell eggs could provide Salmonella-free ingredients for the preparation of a variety of minimally-cooked foods of interest to consumers and foodservice operators. DA - 1997/10// PY - 1997/10// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1997.00253.x VL - 83 IS - 4 SP - 438-444 SN - 1364-5072 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The origin of the avian germ line and transgenesis in birds AU - Petitte, JN AU - Karagenc, L AU - Ginsburg, M T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The origin of the germ cell lineage in vertebrates is a fundamental question that has preoccupied developmental biologists. Recent work on the origin of the avian germ line has extended and clarified our understanding of the temporal and spatial segregation of primordial germ cells (PGC) during prestreak stages of development. The germ cells first appear at Stage X (Eyal-Giladi and Kochav, 1976) in the ventral surface of the area pellucida in a scattered pattern among polyingressing cells. Subsequently, the PGC gradually translocate from the epiblast to the hypoblast. The entire process appears to be dependent upon the maintenance of an organized area pellucida. Little is known about the regulatory events governing germ cell emergence during this period; however, the culture of dispersed blastodermal cells on a mouse fibroblast feeder layer can compensate for a disorganized area pellucida and offers an in vitro system to examine the molecular basis of germ cell development. Such basic information is valuable for current approaches towards the production of transgenic poultry with targeted changes to the genome through the use of avian embryonic stem cells or primordial germ cells. Refinement of the culture of primordial germ cells or their precursors should allow academic and industrial research laboratories to answer significant biological questions and to improve the genetic potential of commercial poultry stocks. A better understanding of the biology of avian primordial germ cells during early embryo development can only enhance this process. DA - 1997/8// PY - 1997/8// DO - 10.1093/ps/76.8.1084 VL - 76 IS - 8 SP - 1084-1092 SN - 1525-3171 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/9251133 KW - chick KW - embryo KW - primordial germ cells KW - SSEA-1 KW - stem cell factor ER - TY - JOUR TI - Proximal tibiotarsal cancellous bone mechanical properties in broilers AU - Capps, S. G. AU - Bottcher, Robert W. AU - Abrams, C. F. AU - Scheideler, S. E. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - Broiler leg abnormalities cause significant economic losses through decreased body weight gains andincreased mortalities. The mechanical properties of poultry cancellous bone could be contributory factors in lamenesscaused by these abnormalities. For example, a decreased elastic modulus indicates that the bone is less resistant todeformation. In the subchondral growth plate area, decreased deformation resistance could lead to greater incidences ofdamage to the growth plate, resulting in morphologic changes causing lameness. The objective of this study was toexamine the effects of age and of altering protein and amino acid nutrition on body weight, bone ash content, andcancellous bone compressive strength characteristics (strength, elastic modulus, and resilience).

Body weights increased as age increased, regardless of other factors. Bone ash content typically declined by nineweeks of age. A reduction in strength, elastic modulus, and resilience was seen at nine weeks of age with elastic modulusin the lateral region of proximal tibiotarsal cancellous bone being the exception. In general, bone ash content directlyaffected the measured bone strength parameters, i.e., a decrease in bone strength parameters occurred when bone ashcontent decreased. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.13031/2013.21363 VL - 40 IS - 5 SP - 1469-1473 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Principles of ex ovo competitive exclusion and in ovo administration of Lactobacillus reuteri AU - Edens, FW AU - Parkhurst, CR AU - Casas, IA AU - Dobrogosz, WJ T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The data that have been presented indicate that the in ovo use of competitive exclusion (CE) agents is feasible for both chickens and turkeys. However, there are many pitfalls that await the use of in ovo application of CE agents, including the use of nonspecies-specific intestinal microbes and the use of harmful proteolytic, gas-producing and toxin-producing intestinal microbes. Of the potential CE agents that have posthatch application, only Lactobacillus reuteri has been shown to be safe and effective in terms of not affecting hatchability and in having a prolonged effect in the hatched chick or poult. Lactobacillus reuteri administration in ovo increases its rate of intestinal colonization and decreases the colonization of Salmonella and Escherichia coli in both chicks and poults. Additionally, mortality due to in-hatcher exposure to E. coli or Salmonella is reduced with in ovo L. reuteri. Use of antibiotics in ovo may preclude the use of co-administered CE agents, but Gentamicin and L. reuteri are a compatible mixture when administered in ovo in separate compartments. Nevertheless, the intestinal morphology can be affected by both the CE agent and by antibiotics. Lactobacillus reuteri both in ovo and ex ovo will increase villus height and crypt depth, and Gentamicin in ovo causes a shortening and blunting of the villus. Both Gentamicin and L. reuteri in ovo suppress potentially pathogenic enteric microbes, but with diminished antibiotic effects shortening and blunting of the intestinal villi does not correct itself. Goblet cell numbers increase significantly on the ileum villus of chicks treated with Gentamicin in ovo, and this is presumably due to the increase in potentially pathogenic bacteria in the intestinal tract. Diminishing antibiotic effects posthatch would then negatively affect the absorption of nutrients and reduce growth at least in a transitory manner. Thus, L reuteri administration in ovo singly or in combination with Gentamicin followed by L reuteri via drinking water or feed appears to have potential to control many enteric pathogens in poultry. Additional work in the use of in ovo CE cultures is mandated because there is a world-wide movement to reduce antibiotic use in poultry due to increased microbial resistance to antibiotics. Use of naturally occurring intestinal bacterial cultures, either in mixed culture or as single well-defined cultures, has potential for immediate use in the poultry industry. DA - 1997/1// PY - 1997/1// DO - 10.1093/ps/76.1.179 VL - 76 IS - 1 SP - 179-196 SN - 1525-3171 KW - competitive exclusion KW - Lactobacillus reuteri KW - in ovo KW - hatchability KW - livability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Internal and external bacterial counts from shells of eggs washed in a commercial-type processor at various wash-water temperatures AU - Lucore, LA AU - Jones, FT AU - Anderson, KE AU - Curtis, PA T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - The effects of two egg holding temperatures (15.5 and 26.7°C) and three wash-water temperatures (15.5, 32.2, and 48.9°C) on internal and external shell surface bacterial counts were tested by using a commercial-type egg-processing unit. Two experiments consisting of five trials, each of which included 360 eggs per treatment for a total of 2,160 per trial, were conducted during two seasons (summer and winter) for a total of 10 replicates per experiment. During the performance of each replicate, counts from tryptic soy agar (TSA) and MacConkey agar (MAC) were obtained from 10 egg samples which were collected prior to processing (prewash), immediately after washing (postwash), and after as-day cooling period at 7.2°C (postcool). No growth was observed on MAC plates in either experiment, indicating that fewer than 100 counts were detected. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in the prewash, postwash, or postcool internal shell counts of eggs held at l5.5°C compared to internal counts of shells of eggs held at 26.7°C. Likewise, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in the prewash, postwash, or postcool internal shell counts obtained from eggs washed in l5.5°C water compared with internal shell counts obtained from eggs washed in water at 32.2 or 48.9°C. On the basis of our data, spray washing eggs in l5.5°C water does not appear to increase internal shell bacterial counts. Because warm or hot wash water increases egg temperatures markedly, a reexamination of cold-water processing procedures may be in order. DA - 1997/11// PY - 1997/11// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-60.11.1324 VL - 60 IS - 11 SP - 1324-1328 SN - 0362-028X KW - eggs KW - bacteria on eggshell KW - wash water temperature KW - egg washing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Egg handling and storage AU - Brake, J AU - Walsh, TJ AU - Benton, CE AU - Petitte, JN AU - Meijerhof, R AU - Penalva, G T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The temperature and relative humidity of storage, as well as the gaseous environment, interact with the fertile egg over time during storage in such a way as to affect the success of incubation either negatively or positively. This interaction occurs both above and below the "physiological zero", at which embryonic metabolism is minimal. This interaction below physiological zero implies that certain physical aspects of the egg must be affected by the environmental conditions. As the eggshell is a relatively fixed component, changes in albumen, shell membranes, cuticle, yolk, or embryo proper must account for these time- and environment-related effects. It is concluded that the major contributor is the albumen, as it is obviously the most dynamic component below physiological zero and is strategically positioned. DA - 1997/1// PY - 1997/1// DO - 10.1093/ps/76.1.144 VL - 76 IS - 1 SP - 144-151 SN - 1525-3171 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/9037701 KW - egg storage KW - albumen KW - hatchability KW - shell membranes KW - embryonic development ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of superoxide dismutase in Streptococcus thermophilus AU - Chang, S. K. AU - Hassan, H. M. T2 - Applied and Environmental Microbiology DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 63 IS - 9 SP - 3732-3735 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of nutrient intake during rearing of broiler breeder females on subsequent fertility AU - Walsh, TJ AU - Brake, J T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Broiler breeder females were grown to similar 20-wk BW with diets containing levels of CP ranging from 11 to 20% CP in four experiments. At 20 wk of age, the pullets were mixed with sex-separate reared males, grown with a 17% CP, 2.89 kcal ME/g diet. Treatment BW at 20 wk of age were between 1.94 and 2.11 kg per pullet. Birds were photostimulated at 20 wk of age. Irrespective of cumulative energy intake or 20-wk BW, pullets that consumed less than 1,180 g of CP exhibited reduced fertility. These results demonstrate a relationship between CP intake by females during rearing and subsequent fertility. DA - 1997/2// PY - 1997/2// DO - 10.1093/ps/76.2.297 VL - 76 IS - 2 SP - 297-305 SN - 0032-5791 KW - broiler breeder KW - fertility KW - crude protein KW - body weight KW - photostimulation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survival of an unirradiated Salmonella typhimurium marker strain inoculated in poultry feeds after irradiation AU - Ha, SD AU - Jones, FT AU - Kwon, YM AU - Ricke, SC T2 - JOURNAL OF RAPID METHODS AND AUTOMATION IN MICROBIOLOGY AB - The present study was designed to compare unirradiated Salmonella typhimurium survival during storage after inoculation in either irradiated or unirradiated poultry feed. The effects of irradiation (5 kGy) on the indigenous feed microflora and on the survival of marker strain of S. typhimurium contaminated after irradiation treatment were determined during 56 days of storage of either soybean meal (SBM) or meat and bone meal (MBM) based feeds. The initial aerobic bacterial populations were reduced more than 90% in both SBM (4.96 to 4.08 ± 0.03 log 10 CPU/g feed) and MBM (5.12 to 3.90 ± 0.03) by irradiation. Irradiation treatment reduced the average fungal counts during 56 days of storage in both SBM (4.24 to 2.74 ± 0.03) and MBM (4.38 to 2.15 ± 0.03) containing feeds. However, unirradiated S. typhimurium populations inoculated after irradiation of the feed were not different in either irradiated or nonirradiated SBM and MBM based feeds. Therefore, the differences in fungal versus bacterial sensitivity among the feed types and storage times suggests that gamma irradiation can alter the makeup of indigenous microbial populations in feed but this does not appear to have a discernible influence on subsequent survival of unirradiated S. typhimurium added as a dry inoculum after irradiation. DA - 1997/1// PY - 1997/1// DO - 10.1111/j.1745-4581.1997.tb00148.x VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 47-59 SN - 1060-3999 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Supplemental thyroid hormones and molting in turkey breeder hens AU - Queen, WH AU - Christensen, VL AU - May, JD T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The objective of the current study was to determine whether thyroid physiology may affect molting time in turkeys. Two trials using approximately 144 hens were conducted to elucidate thyroidal factors that limit the molting process. Thyroid hormones or a thyroid blocker (thiouracil) were given to the hens during a molt by supplementing the diet with thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), or thiouracil. Supplementing with T4 reduced the number of days to return to egg production, whereas supplementing with thiouracil or T3 prolonged days to first egg. The observations support previous suggestions of separate functions for T3 and T4 during molting. As had been observed many times previously, the feeding of thiouracil delayed the molt but did not completely stop the molting process. The hens fed thiouracil returned to 50% egg production nearly 10 d after the control group, whereas T3 prolonged the return to 50% egg production nearly 1 wk later. The data indicate the endogenous low levels of T4, but not T3 in modern strains of turkeys may contribute to a relatively longer molting period of turkey breeder hens induced to molt out of season. DA - 1997/6// PY - 1997/6// DO - 10.1093/ps/76.6.887 VL - 76 IS - 6 SP - 887-893 SN - 1525-3171 KW - molting KW - turkey KW - thyroid hormones KW - triiodothyronine KW - thyroxine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Jejunal glucose uptake and oxygen consumption in turkey poults selected for rapid growth AU - Fan, YK AU - Croom, J AU - Christensen, VL AU - Black, BL AU - Bird, AR AU - Daniel, LR AU - McBride, BW AU - Eisen, EJ T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Two lines of turkey poults, one selected for rapid growth at 16 wk of age (F line) and the other a randombred control line (RBC2) were used to investigate the effect of selection for rapid growth on jejunal O2 consumption and glucose transport as well as whole-body O2 consumption. All trials used unsexed poults and were designed as a randomized complete block with day and line as independent variables. In Trial 1, 120 turkey poults, fed a standard starter ration (25.5% CP), were used to examine the effect of selection on feed intake, body weight gain, and efficiency from hatching (Day 0) to 13 d of age. At Day 14, 36 of 60 birds from each line were killed to measure intestinal length and weight and jejunal O2 consumption after 18 h of feed deprivation. Compared with the RBC2 line, the F line had relatively shorter but heavier small intestinal segments when adjusted by 18 h feed-deprived body weight (FBW; P < 0.001). The F line consumed more O2 over the entire jejunum adjusted to FBW than RBC2 line (43.8 vs 34.6 nmol O2/min.g FBW; P < 0.001). Jejunal ouabain- and cycloheximide-sensitive O2 consumption were greater (P < 0.05) in the F line. In Trial 2, 16 14-d-old poults from each line were used to measure in vitro jejunal glucose transport rate. There was no difference in glucose transport of the jejunum (nanomoles per minute per gram of FBW) between the lines. In Trial 3, 20 poults from each line were used to measure whole-body O2 consumption at 7 to 10 d of age. The F and RBC2 lines had similar whole-body O2 consumption rate per gram of FBW. These data suggest that selection of turkeys for rapid growth at 16 wk of age did not increase efficiency of jejunal glucose uptake in 14-d-old turkey poults. DA - 1997/12// PY - 1997/12// DO - 10.1093/ps/76.12.1738 VL - 76 IS - 12 SP - 1738-1745 SN - 0032-5791 KW - turkey KW - small intestine KW - glucose active transport KW - respiration KW - genetic selection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ahemeral lighting of turkey breeder hens .1. Cycle length effects on egg production and egg characteristics AU - Siopes, TD AU - Neely, ER T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - A study was conducted to determine the effective range of light-dark cycle lengths for reproductive performance in turkey hens. The treatments consisted of seven different light-dark cycle lengths: 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, and 30 h each with a 15-h photophase per cycle. Data were collected for BW, feed intake, livability, onset and rate of egg production, egg weight (EW), shell thickness, and weight of egg components. The results indicate that turkey hens can be induced to lay eggs with light-dark cycle lengths other than 24 h (ahemeral) with practical extremes being about 23 to 28 h. Egg production in the ahemeral treatments never significantly exceeded that occurring in the 24 h group and the percentage of floor eggs increased at cycle lengths greater than 26 h and at 21 h. Cycle lengths of 21 and 30 h provided the most extreme deviations in the quantity and quality of eggs from those obtained on a 24 h cycle length. Shell thickness increased consistently as cycle lengths increased from 23 to 30 h. Egg weight increased in a curvilinear manner as cycle lengths increased or decreased from 24 h. This increase was associated with increases in shell, yolk, and albumen weight; however, the contribution by each was inconsistent, varying by cycle length as well as time on treatment. It may be concluded that an effective practical range of light-dark cycles for turkeys is 23 to 28 h and that 28 h is a reasonable limit to maximize EW and shell thickness while minimizing a reduction in egg production. DA - 1997/5// PY - 1997/5// DO - 10.1093/ps/76.5.761 VL - 76 IS - 5 SP - 761-766 SN - 0032-5791 KW - turkey KW - light KW - ahemeral KW - photoperiod KW - cycle length ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thermal resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila in liquid whole egg AU - Schuman, JD AU - Sheldon, BW AU - Foegeding, PM T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - Aeromonas hydrophila (AH) is a psychrotrophic spoilage bacterium and potential pathogen which has been isolated from a variety of refrigerated foods of animal origin, including raw milk, red meat, poultry, and commercially broken raw liquid whole egg (LWE). Decimal reduction times (D values) of 4 strains of AH (1 egg isolate, 2 egg processing plant isolates, 1 ATCC type strain) were determined in LWE using an immersed sealed capillary tube (ISCT) procedure. Initial populations (7.0 to 8.3 log CFU/tube in 0.05 ml LWE) were heated at 48, 51, 54, 57, and 60°C, and survivors were plated onto starch ampicillin agar (48 h at 28°C). D values ranged from 3.62 to 9.43 min (at 48°C) to 0.026 to 0.040 min (at 60°C). Both processing plant isolates were more heat resistant than the ATCC strain. Decimal reduction time curves (r2 ≤ 0.98) yielded ZD values of 5.02 to 5.59°C, similar to those for other non-spore-forming bacteria. D values of the most heat resistant AH strain were also determined in LWE at 48, 51, and 54°C using a conventional capped test tube procedure (10 ml/tube). Cells heated in test tubes yielded nonlinear (tailing) survivor curves and larger (P ≤ 0.05) apparent D values at each temperature than those obtained using the ISCT method. This study provides the first thermal resistance data for AH in LWE and the first evidence that straight-line semilogarithmic thermal inactivation kinetics may be demonstrated for Aeromonas using the ISCT procedure. DA - 1997/3// PY - 1997/3// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-60.3.231 VL - 60 IS - 3 SP - 231-236 SN - 0362-028X KW - liquid whole egg KW - Aeromonas KW - heat resistance KW - pasteurization ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of dietary Fermacto on layer hen performance AU - Grimes, JL AU - Maurice, DV AU - Lightsey, SF AU - Lopez, JG T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - An experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of Fermacto 500 (FER) as a nutritional aid in alleviating protein insufficiency caused by a decrease in ingredient protein quality in diets for laying hens. Egg production, egg weight, egg output, shell weight, and shell surface density were not affected by dietary treatments. Young hens fed FER produced a higher percentage of extra large eggs. Inclusion of FER improved feed conversion for you and old hens. Statistically significant differences were not detected in protein digestibility, though values were consistently higher in FER-fortified diets. Gastrointestinal transit time was significantly prolonged and determined metabolizable energy values of diets were higher when FER was included in the diet. Our results demonstrate that, under conditions of this study, inclusion of FER at 0.2% improved feed utilization, and this was associated with feed staying longer in the digestive tract. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1093/japr/6.4.399 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - 399-403 SN - 1056-6171 KW - egg proteins KW - egg shell quality KW - feed efficiency KW - fermentation feed KW - fermentation feed additive KW - SCWL laying hens ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of altering the dietary arginine to lysine ratio on the breast meat yield of broiler chickens at moderate and high temperatures AU - Gorman, I AU - Balnave, D AU - Brake, J T2 - AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AB - In 4 experiments broilers were housed at moderate or high temperatures and fed diets containing arginine : lysine (arg : lys) ratios ranging from 1·01 to 1·45 from 3 weeks of age until reaching a processing weight of 2·2 kg. The effects of temperature and arg : lys ratio on breast meat yield were determined. In the first 3 experiments, increasing the arg : lys ratio increased breast meat yield at moderate temperatures and reduced breast meat yield at high temperatures. Hypothesised response curves are presented to explain the different responses in breast meat yield to arg : lys ratio at moderate and high temperatures. Expt 4 was designed to test the validity of the hypothesised response curves. The pattern of the responses obtained from this experiment supports the hypothesis. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1071/A96085 VL - 48 IS - 5 SP - 709-714 SN - 0004-9409 KW - broilers KW - temperature KW - arginine KW - lysine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Risk of shedding salmonella organisms by market age hogs in a barn with open flush gutters AU - Davies, P. R. AU - Morrow, W. E. AU - Jones, F. T. AU - Deen, J. AU - Fedorkacray, P. J. AU - Gray, J. T. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 210 IS - 3 SP - 386-389 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Educational opportunities and challenges in poultry science: Impact of resource allocation and industry needs AU - Pardue, SL T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Because the number of Poultry Science departments in the U.S. has declined dramatically, and because scientist years and research funding for poultry, relative to other commodities, have also declined, a survey of poultry meat companies was conducted. Objectives of the survey were: to evaluate corporate concern over the status of Poultry Science departments, to categorize hiring patterns, to determine expectations for prerequisite skills of graduates, and to ascertain attitudes toward hiring of Associate-degreed students (A.S.). A two-page survey was distributed to corporate Vice Presidents or Directors of Human Resources of the 17 largest broiler and 10 largest turkey companies. When asked to gauge the difficulty they encountered in locating adequate numbers of Poultry Science graduates, 83% noted at least some difficulty. All respondents indicated concern over the loss of poultry programs in the U.S. and 44% noted "extreme" concern. There appears to be little resistance to hiring 2-yr A.S. degree graduates in Poultry Science. The relative scarcity of these programs is demonstrated by the fact that only one-third of the respondents had ever hired A.S. degree graduates. However, greater than 80% of the firms indicated they would hire these students. Finally, communication and business skills were more highly rated by human resources management than technical ability in Poultry Science. Given these results, academic programs must: develop curricula that reflect market-place expectations, enhance the efficiency of resource utilization, embrace new technologies that provide novel methods for information delivery, and reassess cooperative linkages among industrial and governmental organizations. DA - 1997/7// PY - 1997/7// DO - 10.1093/ps/76.7.938 VL - 76 IS - 7 SP - 938-943 SN - 0032-5791 KW - academic programs KW - curriculum KW - departmental status KW - resources ER - TY - JOUR TI - Atypical Escherichia coli strains and their association with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome AU - Edens, FW AU - Parkhurst, CR AU - Qureshi, MA AU - Casas, IA AU - Havenstein, GB T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - To date, no definitive etiology has been described for Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome (PEMS). However, two atypical Escherichia coli colony types are isolated consistently from moribund and dead poults afflicted with PEMS. To test the infectivity of these E. coli strains, poults were placed into floor pens in three isolation treatment rooms: 1) Control: no bacterial challenge, 2) E. coli colony Types 1 or 2 posthatch oral challenge: 10(8) cfu/per poult at 1 d, and 3) E. coli colony Types 1 or 2 posthatch oral challenge: 10(8) cfu/per poult at 6 d. Daily intramuscular injections of cyclophosphamide (100 micrograms per poult) from 1 to 5 d posthatch were given to half of the poults in each treatment. Atypical E. coli challenge caused BW depression, and cyclophosphamide treatment exacerbated the response. All E. coli-challenged poults developed diarrhea similar to PEMS. Mortality was increased by both atypical E. coli colony types, but at 21 d E. coli colony Type 2 caused greater mortality than colony Type 1. With cyclophosphamide treatment, mortality was exacerbated with both colony types, but colony Type 2 at 1 d caused the greatest mortality. Ultrastructural damage to ileum epithelium cell microvilli and subcellular organelles indicated that part of the BW depression could be attributed to malabsorption of nutrients. It was concluded that the atypical E. coli colony Types 1 and 2 play a significant role in the PEMS disease. DA - 1997/7// PY - 1997/7// DO - 10.1093/ps/76.7.952 VL - 76 IS - 7 SP - 952-960 SN - 0032-5791 KW - poult enteritis and mortality syndrome KW - Escherichia coli KW - atypical bacterial strains KW - turkey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence of Salmonella in finishing swine raised in different production systems in North Carolina, USA AU - Davies, PR AU - Morrow, WEM AU - Jones, FT AU - Deen, J AU - FedorkaCray, PJ AU - Harris, IT T2 - EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION AB - We compared the prevalence of salmonella in faecal samples from finishing pigs and in feed samples from swine herds in North Carolina, USA. Farms were either finishing sites using all-in/all-out management of buildings in multiple-site systems (14 farms) or farrow-to-finish systems using continuous flow management of finishing barns (15 farms). The two groups of herds differed with respect to several management variables. Salmonella were isolated from 565 of 2288 (24·6%) faecal samples and from at least 1 faecal sample on 24 of 29 (83%) farms. Predominant serotypes were S. derby , S. typhimurium (including copenhagen ), S. heidelberg , S. worthington and S. mbandaka . Fewer farrow-to-finish farms were detected as positive compared with all-in/all-out farms. Prevalence was lower for pigs raised on slotted floors compared with all other floor types, and was highest for pigs raised on dirt lots. Modern methods of raising pigs in multiple-site production systems, using all-in/all-out management of finishing pigs, appear to have no benefit in reducing the prevalence of salmonella compared with conventional farrow-to-finish systems. DA - 1997/10// PY - 1997/10// DO - 10.1017/S095026889700784X VL - 119 IS - 2 SP - 237-244 SN - 0950-2688 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitric oxide synthase activity and mRNA expression in chicken macrophages AU - Hussain, I AU - Qureshi, MA T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme was quantified in chicken macrophages. Macrophages from Cornell K-strain (B15B15), GB1 (B13B13), and GB2 (B6B6) chickens and a transformed cell line (MQ-NCSU) were incubated with or without varying concentrations of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The culture supernatants were tested for the presence of nitrite. Macrophages from either source produced minimal nitrite (< 4.4 microM/1 x 10(6) cells) levels without LPS stimulation. However, nitrite levels produced by K-strain (42 microM) and MQ-NCSU (41 microM) macrophages were higher (P < 0.05) than those produced by the GB1 (14 microM) and GB2 (14 microM) per 1 x 10(6) macrophages with optimum LPS concentration range of 50 ng to 1 microgram/mL. The addition of an L-arginine analog, NGMMLA, at a concentration of 200 microM completely abolished nitrite production. The addition of 10% vol/vol lymphokines exhibited an additive effect on nitrite production in conjunction with LPS. The increased nitrite production by the K-strain and MQ-NCSU macrophages corresponded to an increased expression of iNOS mRNA as compared to the mRNA produced by GB1 and GB2 macrophages. The iNOS mRNA kinetics study revealed that mRNA levels peaked between 6 to 12 h. The cells from avian lymphoid lineage failed to produce any detectable iNOS activity. These studies showed that macrophages from varying sources differ in NOS activity and implied that genetic background may dictate the extent of arginine-mediated contribution in various biological and immunological functions. DA - 1997/11// PY - 1997/11// DO - 10.1093/ps/76.11.1524 VL - 76 IS - 11 SP - 1524-1530 SN - 0032-5791 KW - nitric oxide synthase KW - macrophages KW - L-arginine KW - chicken ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immune system dysfunction during exposure to poult enteritis and mortality syndrome agents AU - Qureshi, MA AU - Edens, FW AU - Havenstein, GB T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome (PEMS) is a condition of yet undefined etiology. Affected flocks may exhibit 100% morbidity with mortality up to 50% or more between 2 to 4 wk of age. The current study reports the immune status of poults experimentally infected with PEMS agent(s) in various trials. When compared with the unchallenged controls, PEMS-infected poults had significant atrophy of the bursa (up to 2-fold), thymus (up to 11-fold), and spleen (up to 2-fold) (P < or = 0.05). When challenged with SRBC, PEMS-infected poults had 1 to 2 log2 lower anti-SRBC antibody titers than the controls (P < or = 0.05). Responsiveness to a mitogenic lectin, phytohemagglutinin-P, was reduced significantly in PEMS poults (P < or = 0.05). These data show that the immune system of the poults is compromised significantly during PEMS infection in terms of lymphoid organ integrity and humoral and cell-mediated immunity. These findings imply, therefore, that immune dysfunction may contribute to the mortality observed during PEMS outbreaks. DA - 1997/4// PY - 1997/4// DO - 10.1093/ps/76.4.564 VL - 76 IS - 4 SP - 564-569 SN - 0032-5791 KW - Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome KW - immune dysfunction KW - poult ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expression of the Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1 keratinase gene in B-subtilis AU - Lin, X AU - Wong, SL AU - Miller, ES AU - Shih, JCH T2 - JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY AB - The kerA gene which encodes the enzyme keratinase was isolated from the feather-degrading bacterium Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1. The entire gene, including pre-, pro- and mature protein regions, was cloned with Pker, its own promoter, P43, the vegetative growth promoter, or the combination of P43-Pker into plasmid pUB18. Transformation of the protease-deficient strain B. subtilis DB104 with these plasmids generated transformant strains FDB-3, FDB-108 and FDB-29 respectively. All transformants expressed active keratinase in both feather and LB media, in contrast to PWD-1, in which kerA was repressed when grown in LB medium. With P43-Pker upstream of kerA, FDB-29 displayed the highest activity in feather medium. Production of keratinase in PWD-1 and transformants was further characterized when glucose or casamino acids were supplemented into the feather medium. These studies help understand the regulation of kerA expression and, in the long run, can help strain development and medium conditioning for the production of this industrially important keratinase. DA - 1997/8// PY - 1997/8// DO - 10.1038/sj.jim.2900440 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 134-138 SN - 0169-4146 KW - keratinase KW - gene cloning KW - gene expression KW - Bacilli ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of an oxygen-enriched environment on the survival of turkey embryos between twenty-five and twenty-eight days of age AU - Christensen, VL AU - Donaldson, WE AU - Nestor, KE T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The hypothesis was tested that increased partial pressure of oxygen during the plateau (25 to 26 d of incubation for turkeys) and paranatal (27 to 28 d of incubation) stages of incubation may increase survival rates of turkeys from selected genetic lines. Partial pressure of oxygen inside the incubator cabinet was increased to 171 + 3 mm Hg of the barometric pressure during the plateau stage in oxygen consumption and compared to ambient oxygen (152 + 3 mm Hg). Turkey embryos from genetic lines selected for egg production (E) or growth (F) were compared to their respective randombred controls. These genetic lines have previously been shown to differ in egg weight, eggshell conductance, length of incubation period, embryonic gluconeogenesis, and survival rates during late incubation. Blood, liver, heart, and pipping muscle samples were obtained prior to pipping, at internal pipping and external pipping, and at hatching. The blood was analyzed for glucose concentration and the remaining tissues were assayed for glycogen concentrations. Survival rates were determined on approximately 2,200 eggs in each of three independent trials of the experiment. Interactions of oxygen treatment and genetic line were observed for embryonic survival, heart growth, and hepatic glycogen content. The data suggest that the response to increased oxygen tension in selected genetic lines has been diminished. It was concluded that embryos have been altered metabolically by genetic selection and the concomitant increase in mortality of selected lines during the plateau and paranatal stages is not simply the result of shell quality and hypoxia. DA - 1997/11// PY - 1997/11// DO - 10.1093/ps/76.11.1556 VL - 76 IS - 11 SP - 1556-1562 SN - 0032-5791 KW - turkey embryo KW - incubation KW - oxygen KW - metabolism KW - livability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of dietary vitamin E on the oxidative stability, flavor, color, and volatile profiles of refrigerated and frozen turkey breast meat AU - Sheldon, BW AU - Curtis, PA AU - Dawson, PL AU - Ferket, PR T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - In this study, the effect of varying dietary vitamin E levels on the oxidative stability, flavor, color, and volatile profiles of refrigerated and frozen turkey breast meat was examined. Nicholas turkey toms were reared on diets containing vitamin E levels as dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate equivalent to the NRC recommendations (12 and 10 IU/kg from 0 to 8 and 9 to 18 wk, respectively) and 5x, 10x, and 25x the NRC diet. Two other diets were evaluated and included feeding the NRC diet until 15 and 16 wk followed by a diet containing 20x the NRC vitamin E level. All turkeys were processed in a commercial turkey processing plant and breast meat scored for color. Breast meat was excised from four carcasses per treatment and evaluated after refrigeration (1 and 7 d) or frozen storage (30, 90, 150 d) for oxidative stability and sensory quality by TBA analysis, descriptive flavor profiling, and headspace gas chromatography. The TBA values were inversely related to the dietary vitamin E levels. Refrigerated samples had TBA values 78 to 88% lower for the 10x and 25x vitamin E treatments, respectively, than for the NRC control treatment. No differences in TBA values (refrigerated samples) were detected for the 10x, 25x, and 20x (3 wk feeding duration) or across all treatments for samples frozen for 5 mo. The 10x and 25x NRC diets produced the most typical and acceptable turkey meat flavors with the fewest oxidized off-flavor notes for both fresh and frozen samples as opposed to the more oxidized flavor notes detected in the control samples. Mean color scores increased, indicative of less pale meat, as the level and duration of feeding dietary vitamin E increased. These findings showed that varying dietary vitamin E levels significantly influenced the oxidative stability and functionality of turkey breast meat. DA - 1997/4// PY - 1997/4// DO - 10.1093/ps/76.4.634 VL - 76 IS - 4 SP - 634-641 SN - 0032-5791 KW - vitamin E KW - oxidation KW - turkey breast meat KW - sensory characteristics KW - stability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Filtering and the viability of turkey spermatozoa AU - Grimes, JL AU - Christensen, VL AU - Whittaker, R T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - The efficacy of turkey semen filtration was tested in six trials utilizing 63, 90, or 180 μm (M2, M3, CF) filters. Nonfiltered semen was compared to filtered semen using the modified ethidium bromide test for fresh and 24-hr stored semen in control buffer (100%) and stress buffer (20%) for all six trials. In the first four trials, filtered semen sometimes had higher sperm viability (P < .05) than nonfiltered semen. The response varied within and between trials with respect to filer, storage, and stress. In the other two trials, filtered semen shoed higher (P < .05) sperm viability than nonfiltered semen when the semen was stored for 24 hr and stressed with the 20% buffer. Filtration may be appropriate for semen collected under problematic circumstances and semen that will be stored and/or may be stressed. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1093/japr/6.1.34 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 34-38 SN - 1056-6171 KW - filtering KW - semen KW - spermatozoa KW - turkey KW - viability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plan de HACCP para plantas de clasificacion de huevos AU - Curtis, P.A. AU - Anderson, K.E. AU - Jones, F.T. T2 - Industria Avicola DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 44 IS - 10 SP - 10-12 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thermal resistance of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in liquid egg yolk and egg white AU - Schuman, JD AU - Sheldon, BW T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - Decimal reduction times (D values) were determined for Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes (five pooled strains per pathogen) in raw liquid egg yolk (pH 6.3) and liquid egg white (pH 8.2 versus 9.1) by using a low-volume (0.05 ml per sample) immersed sealed-glass capillary-tube procedure. For Salmonella , D values ranged from 0.087 min (at 62.2°C) to 0.28 min (at 60°C) in yolk. and from 1.00 min (at 58.3°C) to 7.99 min (at 55.1° C) in egg white (pH 8.2). For Listeria , D values ranged from 0.58 min (at 62.2°C) to 1.34 min (at 60°C) in yolk, and from 2.41 min (at 58.3°C) to 7.59 min (at 55. 1°C) in egg white (pH 9.1). Mean ZD values for Salmonella ranged from 3.54 to 4.33°C; for Listeria , ZD values ranged from 6.06 to 9.43°C. In egg white, the heat sensitivity of both pathogens was enhanced at pH 9.1, although this trend was more evident for Salmonella spp. than for L. monocytogenes over the temperature range tested. The results indicate that USDA-prescribed minimal pasteurization requirements for liquid egg yolk (equivalent to 3.9- to 22.1-D processes, on the basis of the present study) would be far more lethal to the Salmonella and L. monocytogenes strains tested than would the corresponding thermal processes for liquid egg white (equivalent to 0.7- to 2.2-D processes). DA - 1997/6// PY - 1997/6// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-60.6.634 VL - 60 IS - 6 SP - 634-638 SN - 0362-028X KW - egg white KW - egg yolk KW - Salmonella KW - Listeria KW - pasteurization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enzyme supplementation to enhance wheat utilization in starter diets for broilers and turkeys AU - Crouch, AN AU - Grimes, JL AU - Ferket, PR AU - Thomas, LN AU - Sefton, AE T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - Two trials, one using chicks and the other poults, were conducted to determine the efficacy of an enzyme designed to enhance the utilization of wheat non-starch polysaccharides in two sources of wheat. There were five treatment rations: corn-soybean meal (CSBM) and four other diets containing 40% wheat from two locations (North Carolina, NC, and western Canada, CN) supplemented with and without enzyme. Intestinal viscosity was decreased for both chicks and poults with enzyme supplementation of both wheat sources. Body weight gain was improved for both chicks and poults fed NC wheat. Birds fed NC wheat did not grow as well as birds fed CN wheat or corn-based diets. It was concluded that 1) supplementation of wheat sources for both chicks and poults lowered intestinal viscosity; 2) enzyme supplementation of NC wheat diets improved performance of chicks and poults; and 3) source of wheat affected chick and poult performance. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1093/japr/6.2.147 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 147-154 SN - 1056-6171 KW - body weight KW - chicks KW - enzyme KW - feed conversion KW - gut viscosity KW - poults KW - wheat ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhancement of humoral and cellular immunity by vitamin E after embryonic exposure AU - Gore, AB AU - Qureshi, MA T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - In the present study, the amnion of turkey and chicken embryos were injected 3 d prior to hatch with different levels of vitamin E (VE). In Experiments 1 and 2, turkey embryos received 10, 20, and 30 IU of VE. In Experiment 3, broiler embryos received 10 IU VE. In all three experiments, sham-injected control embryos (0 IU VE) received 300 microL of saline. In Experiments 1 and 2 (turkey embryos), 20 and 30 IU of VE reduced (P < or = 0.05) percentage hatchability below that of controls. At hatch, poults exhibited a dose related increase (P < 0.05) in plasma VE levels. Mean BW gain up to 35 d and relative bursa of Fabricius and spleen weights were not different among treatment groups. When challenged at 7 d posthatch, total (P < 0.05) and IgM (P < 0.08) anti-SRBC antibodies were higher in 10 IU VE poults than in controls. Immunoglobulin G levels did not differ among the treatment groups. Poults in the 10 IU VE group had higher (P < 0.002) numbers of Sephadex-elicited inflammatory exudate cells, as well as a greater percentage of phagocytic macrophages (P < 0.0001). Additionally, the numbers of SRBC per phagocytic macrophage were greater (P < 0.001), than in control poults at 4 wk of age. In Experiment 3, chick embryos exposed to 10 IU VE, exhibited no differences in hatchability, BW gain, or bursal and splenic weights from the sham-exposed group. However, total and IgM antibody responses against SRBC were greater (P < 0.01) in the 10 IU VE group at 7 d postinjection. A secondary SRBC challenge given at 14 d after primary injection resulted in higher total (P < 0.07) and IgG (P < 0.04) antibody responses in the 10 IU VE chicks than in the controls. Similarly, broiler chicks (10 IU VE) had more Sephadex-elicited abdominal exudate cells (P < 0.07), and greater macrophage phagocytic potential (P < 0.0001). In ovo VE exposure (10 IU) also increased nitrite production (P < 0.04) by chick macrophages. The results from this study demonstrated an enhanced antibody and macrophage response and suggest that in ovo exposure with VE may improve posthatch poult and broiler quality. DA - 1997/7// PY - 1997/7// DO - 10.1093/ps/76.7.984 VL - 76 IS - 7 SP - 984-991 SN - 0032-5791 KW - vitamin E KW - in ovo KW - avian KW - immunity ER -