TY - CONF TI - In ovo nutrition: impact on gene expression, gut development, and growth performance AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Uni, Z. AU - Tako, E. AU - Foye, O. AU - de Oliveira, J. T2 - Annual Nutrition Conference C2 - 2005/// C3 - Proceedings of The Annual Nutrition Conference CY - Embassy Suites, Rogers, AR DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/9/13/ SP - 160–172 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of in ovo feeding solution osmolality on hatching turkeys AU - Ferket, P. AU - de Oliveira, J. AU - Ghane, A. AU - Uni, Z. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 84 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 118 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhancement of pre- and post-hatch development of turkeys by in ovo feeding AU - Ferket, P. AU - Uni, Z. AU - Foye, O. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 84 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 132 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of grain particle size and insoluble fiber content on Salmonella colonization and shedding in turkeys fed a corn-soybean meal diet AU - Santos, F. AU - Santos, A., Jr. AU - Ferket, P. AU - Sheldon, B. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 84 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 141 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reduction of intestinal Salmonella spp. Colonization in turkeys by dietary wheat and enzyme supplementation AU - Santos, A.A., Jr. AU - Ferket, P. AU - Grimes, J.L. AU - Santos, F.B.O. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 84 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 95 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Glycogen status of turkeys in ovo fed solutions containing beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), protein, and carbohydrates AU - Oliveira, J. AU - Ferket, P. AU - Uni, Z. AU - Warner, J. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 84 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 52 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genotypes, serotypes and antibiotic resistance profiles of isolated from commercial North Carolina turkey farms Salmonella AU - Santos, F. AU - D’Souza, D. AU - Jaykus, L. AU - Ferket, P. AU - Sheldon, B. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 84 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 34 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - CONF TI - Dietary inclusion of non-starch polysaccharides and enzymes discourages salmonella colonization in turkeys AU - Santos, A.A., Jr. AU - Santos, F.B.O. AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - 2005 Waste Management Symposium A2 - Havenstein, G.B. C2 - 2005/// C3 - The development of alternative technologies for the processing and use of animal waste CY - College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, N.C. State University, Sheraton Imperial, RTP, NC DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/10/5/ SP - 636–641 ER - TY - CONF TI - How nutrition affects gut health and pathogen colonization AU - Ferket, P. AU - Santos, A.A., Jr T2 - 2nd Alltech’s Brazilian Symposium C2 - 2005/// C3 - Proceedings 2nd Alltech’s Brazilian Symposium CY - Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/8/28/ SP - 30–46 ER - TY - CONF TI - Nutritional factors that affect leg problems in meat poultry: A review AU - Oviedo-Rondon, E.O. AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - 32nd Carolina Poultry Nutrition Conference C2 - 2005/// C3 - Proceedings 32nd Carolina Poultry Nutrition Conference CY - Sheraton Imperial Hotel, Research Triangle Park, NC DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/10/26/ SP - 58–88 ER - TY - CONF TI - Dietary Factors that affect gut health and pathogen colonization AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Santos, A.A. AU - Oviedo-Rondon, E.O. T2 - 32nd Carolina Poultry Nutrition Conference C2 - 2005/// C3 - Proceedings 32nd Carolina Poultry Nutrition Conference CY - Sheraton Imperial Hotel, Research Triangle Park, NC DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/10/26/ SP - 1–22 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of in ovo feeding of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) and arginine on jejunal expression and function in turkeys AU - Foye, O. AU - Ferket, P. AU - Uni, Z. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 84 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 41 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of in ovo feeding of arginine and/or beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on glycogen metabolism and growth in turkey poults AU - Foye, O. AU - Ferket, P. AU - Uni, Z. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 84 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 9 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of in ovo feeding of protein and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on nutrient digestion and absorption in neonatal turkey poults AU - Foye, O. AU - Ferket, P. AU - Uni, Z. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 84 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 95 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhancement of immunocompetance in salmonella-challenged and non-challenged broilers fed egg immunoglobulins from hyperimmunized laying hens AU - Plunske, R. AU - Ferket, P. AU - Koci, M. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 84 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 106 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on blood lipids and adiposity of rats fed diets rich in saturated versus unsaturated fat. AU - Kloss, R AU - Linscheid, J AU - Johnson, A AU - Lawson, B AU - Edwards, K AU - Linder, T AU - Stocker, K AU - Petitte, J AU - Kern, M T2 - Pharmacological research AB - Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) may decrease adiposity and improve blood lipid profiles under some conditions. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of CLA supplementation on blood lipid profiles and adiposity of rats fed a diet containing a primarily saturated fat versus a diet containing a primarily unsaturated fat. Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of four diets containing coconut oil, coconut oil with CLA, corn oil or corn oil with CLA. After 28 days, blood was collected and serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), and triacylglycerols (TG) were assessed. Food intake, body weights, and epididymal fat pads were measured. No significant differences (p>0.05) were noted among groups for amount of food consumed, weight gained, food efficiency ratio or serum TG concentrations. TC concentrations were lower (p<0.05) in the CLA-supplemented rats that were fed coconut oil but not those consuming corn oil. Serum HDL-C was lower (p<0.05) in rats consuming corn oil but was not significantly different (p>0.05) for CLA supplemented groups. Epididymal fat pads weighed significantly more (p<0.05) in the coconut oil fed group compared to the corn oil fed group, but there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the corn oil and coconut oil + CLA group. Overall, this study suggests that CLA is more beneficial for control of blood lipids and adiposity when supplemented to a diet rich in saturated versus unsaturated fat. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1016/j.phrs.2004.12.005 VL - 6 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/15829429 KW - CLA KW - cholesterol KW - lipids KW - adiposity ER - TY - CONF TI - USING CHICKEN GENOME SEQUENCES TO SEARCH FOR NEW MICROSATELLITE BIOMARKERS AU - Kuo, Alice AU - Fulton, Janet AU - Ashwell, Christopher C2 - 2005/// C3 - Plant and Animal Genome VX Conference Abstracts DA - 2005/// VL - 206 ER - TY - JOUR TI - changes in the efficiency of muscular contraction under pressure AU - Ozden, Ozkan AU - Black, Betty L AU - Ashwell, Christopher M AU - Tipsmark, Christian K AU - Borski, Russell J AU - others T2 - Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Use of biotechnology in nutrition research AU - Ashwell, Christopher M C2 - 2005/// C3 - CAROLINA POULTRY NUTRITION CONFERENCE DA - 2005/// VL - 32 SP - 107-116 ER - TY - JOUR TI - MICROSATELLITE MARKERS FROM CHROMOSOME 27 BY USING THE CHICKEN GENOME SEQUENCE (GENBANK BV680374-BV680405) AU - Kuo, Alice AU - Fulton, Janet AU - Ashwell, Christopher T2 - Genbank DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// ER - TY - CONF TI - GENOME-WIDE LINKAGE AND QTL MAPPING IN CHICKEN F2 POPULATIONS AU - Zhou, H AU - Deeb, Nader AU - Evock-Clover, C AU - Ashwell, CM AU - Lamont, SJ C2 - 2005/// C3 - Plant and Animal Genome VX Conference Abstracts DA - 2005/// SP - 209 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental and management factors affecting the welfare of chickens on commercial farms in the United Kingdom and Denmark stocked at five densities AU - Jones, TA AU - Donnelly, CA AU - Stamp Dawkins, M T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 84 IS - 8 SP - 1155-1165 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of chemically amended litter on broiler performances, atmospheric ammonia concentration, and phosphorus solubility in litter AU - Do, JC AU - Choi, IH AU - Nahm, KH T2 - Poultry science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 84 IS - 5 SP - 679-686 ER - TY - JOUR TI - ENVIRONMENT, WELL-BEING, AND BEHAVIOR AU - Do, JC AU - Choi, IH AU - Nahm, KH T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 84 SP - 679-686 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interactions among endocrine, nutritional and genetic factors controlling metabolism in the broiler AU - Rosebrough, RW AU - McMurtry, JP AU - Richards, MP AU - Mitchell, AD AU - Ramsay, TG AU - Ashwell, CM T2 - Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - 95-100 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Insulin-like growth factor-I gene polymorphism associations with growth, body composition, skeleton integrity, and metabolic traits in chickens AU - Zhou, H AU - Mitchell, AD AU - McMurtry, JP AU - Ashwell, CM AU - Lamont, Susan J T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 84 IS - 2 SP - 212-219 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expressed sequence tag analysis of Eimeria-stimulated intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in chickens AU - Min, Wongi AU - Lillehoj, Hyun S AU - Ashwell, Christopher M AU - Van Tassell, Curtis P AU - Dalloul, Rami A AU - Matukumalli, Lakshmi K AU - Han, Jae Y AU - Lillehoj, Erik P T2 - Molecular biotechnology DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - 143-149 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of the broiler’s ability to adapt to an early moderate deficiency of phosphorus and calcium AU - Yan, F AU - Angel, R AU - Ashwell, Christopher AU - Mitchell, Alva AU - Christman, M T2 - Poultry science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 84 IS - 8 SP - 1232-1241 ER - TY - JOUR TI - ENVIRONMENT, WELL-BEING, AND BEHAVIOR AU - Woodward, CL AU - Kwon, YM AU - Kubena, LF AU - Byrd, JA AU - Moore, RW AU - Nisbet, DJ AU - Ricke, SC T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 84 SP - 185-193 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assignment of 42 Microsatellite Markers from Chromosome 28 on Chicken Genome (Genbank Bv 680436-Bv680477) AU - Kuo, Alice AU - Fulton, Janet AU - Ashwell, Christopher T2 - Genbank DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chicken quantitative trait loci for growth and body composition associated with the very low density apolipoprotein-II gene AU - Li, H AU - Deeb, Nader AU - Zhou, H AU - Ashwell, CM AU - Lamont, Susan J T2 - Poultry science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 84 IS - 5 SP - 697-703 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary metformin effects on in vitro and in vivo metabolism in the chicken AU - Rosebrough, Robert W. AU - Ashwell, Christopher M. T2 - Nutrition Research AB - Chickens were fed diets containing 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 and 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 g metformin (MET)/kg diet in 2 separate experiments to determine whether MET (1,1 dimethylbiguanidine hydrochloride) regulated plasma glucose and, possibly, feed intake in broiler chickens. Feed intakes in the first experiment were equal, but, in the second experiment, MET at 5 and 10 g/kg reduced feed intake. The first series of diets had no effect on plasma glucose and lactate. The second series of dietary treatments did not affect plasma glucose but did increase plasma lactate, uric acid, and triglycerides linearly. In the second experiment, there were significant decreases in lipogenesis that accompanied increasing doses of MET. The increase in plasma lactic acid suggests that MET stimulates pyruvate kinase in the chicken, as it does in mammals. The lack of effect on plasma glucose also suggests that regulation occurs downstream of pyruvate in the chicken. These findings may explain MET's ability to reduce hepatic triglyceride synthesis and suppress appetite. DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1016/j.nutres.2005.03.001 VL - 25 IS - 5 SP - 491-497 J2 - Nutrition Research LA - en OP - SN - 0271-5317 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2005.03.001 DB - Crossref KW - biguanides KW - blood glucose KW - appetite KW - metabolism KW - chicken ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hy-Line W-36 and Hy-Line W-98 laying hens respond similarly to dietary phosphorus levels AU - Snow, J. L. AU - Rafacz, K. A. AU - Utterback, P. L. AU - Utterback, C. W. AU - Leeper, R. W. AU - Parsons, C. M. T2 - Poultry Science AB - Two experiments were conducted to determine if 2 laying hen strains, Hy-Line W-36 and Hy-Line W-98, would respond similarly to being fed corn-soybean meal diets (17% CP and 3.8% Ca) deficient in nonphytate P (NPP). In experiment 1, 3 diets with varying NPP levels (0.10, 0.14, and 0.45%) were fed to 6 replicate groups of 12 hens of each Hy-Line strain from 20 to 50 wk of age. Body weight, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, and NPP intake were higher for W-98 hens compared with W-36 hens throughout the 30-wk period. The 0.10% NPP dietary treatment was terminated for both strains at 35 wk of age due to similar low egg production. Within each strain, there was no significant difference in egg production performance for hens fed 0.14% NPP compared with hens fed 0.45% NPP. In experiment 2,3 diets with varying levels of NPP (0.10, 0.13, and 0.45%) were fed to 5 replicate groups of 12 hens of each Hy-Line strain from 95 to 112 wk of age. The 0.10% NPP treatment rapidly and severely depressed egg production and was terminated at 99 wk of age for both strains. In addition, egg production and egg mass were depressed similarly in both strains fed 0.13% NPP. In conclusion, this research indicates that Hy-Line W-36 and Hy-Line W-98 hens responded similarly to dietary NPP deficiency, suggesting that both strains have similar NPP requirements. DA - 2005/5/1/ PY - 2005/5/1/ DO - 10.1093/ps/84.5.757 VL - 84 IS - 5 SP - 757-763 J2 - Poultry Science LA - en OP - SN - 0032-5791 1525-3171 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.5.757 DB - Crossref KW - deficiency KW - laying hen KW - nonphytate phosphorus KW - phosphorus KW - requirement ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of various organic acids on phytate phosphorus utilization in chicks AU - Rafacz-Livingston, K. A. AU - Parsons, C. M. AU - Jungk, R. A. T2 - Poultry Science AB - Previous research from our laboratory has shown that citric acid improves phytate P utilization in chicks fed a P-deficient corn-soybean meal diet. The current study was conducted to determine if other organic acids also are effective, with an emphasis on gluconic acid. Four experiments were conducted in which 4 replicate groups of 5 crossbred chicks (New Hampshire x Columbian) were fed a P-deficient diet (0.16% nonphyate P) from 8 to 22 d of age. In Experiment 1, chick weight gain and tibia ash were significantly increased (P < 0.05) by 1.5 and 3% sodium gluconate (NaGlu), 1.5% calcium gluconate (CaGlu), 1.5 and 3% glucono-delta-lactone, and 1% 2-hydroxy-4-methylthio butanoic acid (Alimet). In experiment 2, tibia ash was significantly increased (P < 0.05) by 2% NaGlu, CaGlu, and citric acid in chicks fed the P-deficient diet but not in chicks fed a 0.45% nonphytate P diet, indicating that the organic acid responses were due to increased P utilization. In experiments 3 and 4, tibia ash was significantly increased by 3% NaGlu and 3% citric acid, but not by 3% fumaric acid or 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1% EDTA. The results of this study showed that NaGlu, CaGlu, glucono-delta-lactone, Alimet, and citric acid, but not fumaric acid or EDTA, improved phytate P utilization in chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet. DA - 2005/9/1/ PY - 2005/9/1/ DO - 10.1093/ps/84.9.1356 VL - 84 IS - 9 SP - 1356-1362 J2 - Poultry Science LA - en OP - SN - 0032-5791 1525-3171 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.9.1356 DB - Crossref KW - organic acids KW - gluconate KW - phosphorus KW - phytate KW - chicks ER - TY - JOUR TI - Citric acid improves phytate phosphorus utilization in crossbred and commercial broiler chicks AU - Rafacz-Livingston, K. A. AU - Martinez-Amezcua, C. AU - Parsons, C. M. AU - Baker, D. H. AU - Snow, J. T2 - Poultry Science AB - Previous research in our laboratory has shown that citric acid (CA) improves phytate P utilization in New Hampshire x Columbian (NHC) crossbred chicks fed a P-deficient corn-soybean meal diet. The current study was conducted to determine if CA is also effective in commercial broiler chicks (Ross x Ross). In 3 experiments, 4 replicate groups of 5 male NHC chicks and male commercial chicks were fed corn-soybean meal diets varying in CA and nonphytate P (NPP) from 8 to 22 d of age. In experiment 1, a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial treatment arrangement was used to evaluate the effect of 2 levels of CA (0 and 3%) and NPP (0.13 and 0.28%) in NHC chicks and commercial chicks. The commercial chicks, but not the NHC chicks, fed the 0.13% NPP diet had to be removed from the experiment after 3 to 5 d due to very poor growth and severe leg problems. Chick weight gain and tibia ash were significantly increased (P < 0.05) by CA in both types of chicks. In experiment 2, the same 2 x 2 x 2 factorial treatment arrangement was again used except that the NPP levels were 0.18 and 0.28%. Tibia ash was increased significantly (P < 0.05) with the addition of CA in both breeds of chicks; response was greater at 0.18% NPP than at 0.28% NPP. In experiment 3, graded levels of CA (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4%) were evaluated in commercial chicks fed diets containing 0.18% NPP. Tibia ash increased linearly (P < 0.05) as CA increased from 0 to 4%. The average increase in bone ash resulting from 3% CA supplementation in experiments 2 and 3 was 41%. These results indicate that CA markedly improved phytate P utilization in NHC and Ross x Ross commercial broiler chicks. DA - 2005/9/1/ PY - 2005/9/1/ DO - 10.1093/ps/84.9.1370 VL - 84 IS - 9 SP - 1370-1375 J2 - Poultry Science LA - en OP - SN - 0032-5791 1525-3171 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.9.1370 DB - Crossref KW - citric acid KW - phosphorus KW - crossbred chick KW - broiler chick ER - TY - MGZN TI - Rearing nutrition and feeding for female broiler breeders AU - Brake, J. T2 - The Poultry Professional magazine, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 3 SP - 4–6 M1 - 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evolution of the management of yield-type female broiler breeders. [Günümüzde yetiştirilen broiler damızlıklarda (Tavuk) bakım-idare ile ilgili gelişmeler] AU - Brake, J. T2 - Performans DA - 2005/4// PY - 2005/4// VL - 78 SP - 41 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evolution of the management of male broiler breeders. [Günümüzde yetiştirilen broiler damızlıklarda (Horoz) bakım-idare ile ilgili gelişmeler] AU - Brake, J. T2 - Performans DA - 2005/9// PY - 2005/9// VL - 83 SP - 51 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microbial Quality of Cool Water Washed Shell Eggs AU - Jones, D.R. AU - Musgrove, M.T. AU - Caudill, A.B. AU - Curtis, P.A. AU - Northcutt, J.K. T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science AB - 3 Abstract: A study was conducted to examine the effects of cool water washing on the microbial quality of shell eggs. Six dual tank wash water temperature schemes were examined for their ability to reduce naturally occurring aerobic bacteria and inoculated Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). The wash water schemes were: T1= 48.9 C; T2 = 48.9 C, 23.9 C; T3 = 48.9 C, 15.6 C; T4 = 23.9 C; T5 = 15.6 C; and T6 = 23.9 C, 15.6 C. All wash o o o o o o o o o water tanks were maintained from 10.5-11.5 pH throughout the study. Eggs were exposed to the wash water temperature schemes in a pilot egg washer with recirculating wash water tanks. The total amount of time eggs were exposed to the wash water combinations was 60 s. Following washing, all eggs were sprayed with a 48.9 C, 200 ppm chlorine rinse solution. Eggs were stored and sampled for 9 wks. External aerobic o populations were lowest for T1 (typical U.S. wash water configuration), followed by T2 and T3. Aerobic surface contamination was greatest in T5 eggs. All treatments reduced SE levels in a similar manner as detected by shell and membrane emulsion and egg contents pools after enrichment. Commercial application of cool water shell egg processing will be investigated to determine the potential of thi s technology to enhance the safety and quality of shell eggs. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.3923/ijps.2005.938.943 VL - 4 IS - 12 SP - 938--943 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of diacetoxyscirpenol and fusaric acid on poults: Individual and combined effects of dietary diacetoxyscirpenol and fusaric acid on turkey poult performance AU - Fairchild, A. S. AU - Grimes, J. L. AU - Porter, J. K. AU - Croom, W. J. AU - Daniel, L. R. AU - Hagler, W. M. T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science AB - Turkey poults were randomly placed in batteries and fed one of four dietary treatments: control (C); control plus 4ppm diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS); control plus 300ppm Fusaric Acid (FA); and control plus 4ppm DAS and 300ppm FA (FD). There were 10 poults per pen with 6 replicate pens per treatment. Individual BW, BW gains (BWG) and feed consumption by pen were determined at d6, d12, and d18. Period and cumulative feed to gain were calculated. Mouth lesions were scored for treatments at d18. On d18 poults were euthanized for determination of organ weights and jejunal histomorphometrics. FA had no effect on BW or BWG at any period compared to C. Poults fed FD had reduced BW and BWG compared to C, while poults fed DAS had lower BW than all treatments at every period. Poults fed FA or C had better feed to gain (P<0.05) than poults fed DAS or FD at d6. There were no differences among the treatments at d12 or d18. Poults fed FA had significantly lower relative intestine wt than poults fed the other diets, and significantly higher relative bursa wt at d18 when compared to poults fed DAS or FD. DAS, FA and FD altered intestinal architecture. Poults fed DAS or FD had higher mouth lesion scores than poults fed FA or C, but mouth lesion scores in DAS and FD poults were not different from each other. Dietary DAS resulted in decreased poult performance, while dietary FA had little or no effect. Fusaric acid fed in combination with DAS resulted in some protective effect towards DAS. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.3923/ijps.2005.350.355 VL - 4 IS - 6 SP - 350 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Incubator temperature and oxygen concentrations during the plateau stage in oxygen uptake affect turkey embryo plasma T4 and T3 concentrations AU - Christensen, V. L. AU - Wineland, M. J. AU - Yildirum, I. AU - Fairchild, B. D. AU - Ort, D. T. AU - Mann, K. M. T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science AB - Avian embryo thyroid responses to incubator temperature and oxygen concentrations during the plateau stage in oxygen consumption were measured. It was hypothesized that turkey embryo thyroid responds in a limited way at this critical time to environmental conditions to modulate basal metabolism. Turkey embryos were exposed to one of four incubator temperatures (36, 37, 38 or 39 C) beginning on the o 25 day of incubation at the onset of the plateau, a time when plasma thyroxine (T ) and triiodothyronine (T ) th 4 3 concentrations normally increase. Blood was collected and thyroid hormone concentrations were measured at pipping (27 day) and hatching (28 day). Elevated temperatures depressed T and T concentrations and th th 3 4 increased the T to T ratios. In a second experiment four oxygen concentrations (17, 19, 21 or 23% oxygen) 3 4 were provided to the embryos using identical procedures. The 21% treatment significantly reduced T and 3 T at pipping compared to all other treatments, but 23% oxygen increased plasma T and the T to T ratio 4 3 3 4 compared to all other treatments. The 17% oxygen treatment elevated T compared to all other treatments. 3 At hatching, 23% oxygen elevated T and T to T ratios compared to all other treatments. When temperature 3 3 4 and oxygen treatments were applied together in a factorial arrangement, temperature and oxygen affected T and T hormone concentrations independently but did not interact. Therefore, we conclude that 3 4 temperature and oxygen are independent stimuli of the avian embryonic thyroid gland during the plateau stage, and that incubator temperature and oxygen concentrations can modulate development of turke y embryos by changing plasma T and T concentrations. 3 4 DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.3923/ijps.2005.268.273 VL - 4 IS - 5 SP - 268 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Eggshell conductance and incubator ventilation as factors in embryo survival and poult quality AU - Christensen, V. L. AU - Wineland, M. J. AU - Ort, D. T. AU - Mann, K. M. T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.3923/ijps.2005.818.826 VL - 4 IS - 11 SP - 818 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Muscle development in the late embryonic and early post-hatch poult AU - Moore, D.T. AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - mozdziak, T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.3923/ijps.2005.138.142 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 138-142 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34548478053&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recycling paper products into litter material AU - Grimes, J. L. T2 - World Poultry (Doetinchem, Netherlands) DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// SP - 19 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phytase helps to reduce the phosphorus load into the environment AU - Grimes, J. L. AU - Godwin, J. L. T2 - World Poultry (Doetinchem, Netherlands) DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 21 IS - 9 SP - 13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enzyme supplementation may improve diets AU - Grimes, J. L. AU - Godwin, J. L. T2 - World Poultry (Doetinchem, Netherlands) DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 21 IS - 8 SP - 14 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Artificial insemination (poultry) AU - Christensen, V. L. T2 - Merck veterinary manual A2 - Kahn, C.M. A2 - Line, S. PY - 2005/// PB - Whitehouse Station, N.J. : Merck SN - 0911910506 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Synthesis of dipyrrin-containing architectures AU - Muthukumaran, Kannan AU - Zaidi, Syeda Huma H. AU - Yu, Lianhe AU - Thamyongkit, Patchanita AU - Calder, Matthew E. AU - Sharada, Duddu S. AU - Lindsey, Jonathan S. T2 - JOURNAL OF PORPHYRINS AND PHTHALOCYANINES AB - Dipyrrins are valuable precursors to dyes [dipyrrinatoboron difluoride, bis(dipyrrinato)-zinc(II) complexes] and serve as ligands in a variety of self-assembled materials. Six new dipyrrin-containing architectures have been synthesized. The architectures include bis(dipyrrinato) complexes containing copper(II) or palladium(II), a dipyrrin bearing a protected phosphonic acid unit, a porphyrin bearing two dipyrrins in a trans configuration, a linear diphenylethyne-linked dipyrromethane-dipyrrin building block, and a triad composed of two zinc porphyrins joined via an intervening bis(dipyrrinato)copper(II) complex. Two porphodimethenatozinc complexes were prepared and found to have Φ f ≤ 0.002 (in toluene at room temperature), which is substantially less than the analogous bis(dipyrrinato)zinc complexes. Taken together, the syntheses described herein should broaden access to dipyrrins for use as complexation motifs in supramolecular chemistry and as pigments in light-harvesting applications. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1142/S108842460500085X VL - 9 IS - 10-11 SP - 745-759 SN - 1099-1409 KW - self-assembly KW - dipyrrin KW - dipyrromethene KW - porphodimethene KW - dihydroporphyrin KW - metal complex KW - porphyrin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular characterization of Listeria monocytogenes of the serotype 4b complex (4b, 4d, 4e) from two turkey processing plants AU - Eifert, J. D. AU - Curtis, P. A. AU - Bazaco, M. C. AU - Meinersmann, R. J. AU - Berrang, M. E. AU - Kernodle, S. AU - Stam, C. AU - Jaykus, L. -A. AU - Kathariou, S. T2 - FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE AB - Most foodborne outbreaks of listeriosis have been found to involve a small number of closely related strains of Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b. The ecology of these organisms and their reservoirs in nature or in the processing plant environment, however, remain poorly understood. Surveys of environmental samples from two turkey processing plants in the United States indicated presence of L. monocytogenes of the serotype 4b complex (serotype 4b and the closely related serotypes 4d and 4e). In addition, environmental and raw product samples from one plant repeatedly yielded isolates with genetic markers typical of two major serotype 4b epidemic clonal groups, ECI and ECII. The pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles of these isolates, however, were clearly distinct from those of confirmed epidemic-associated strains. Furthermore, we observed minor but consistent differences in PFGE profiles of isolates that harbored ECI- or ECII-specific genetic markers, and that were obtained at different sampling times from the same plant. The findings suggest processing plant persistence (or repeated introductions) and genomic diversification of L. monocytogenes serotype 4b isolates that harbor ECI- or ECII-specific genetic markers. Such diversification would need to be taken into consideration in further efforts to elucidate the evolution and epidemiology of these organisms. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1089/fpd.2005.2.192 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 192-200 SN - 1556-7125 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Strain persistence and fluctuation of multiple-antibiotic resistant Campylobacter coli colonizing turkeys over successive production cycles AU - Lee, Bong Choon AU - Reimers, Nancy AU - Barnes, H. John AU - D'Lima, Carol AU - Carver, Donna AU - Kathariou, Sophia T2 - FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE AB - The dynamics of colonization of turkeys by thermophilic campylobacters that are resistant to multiple antibiotics is poorly understood. In this study, we monitored cecal colonization of turkeys by Campylobacter over three successive production cycles at the same farm. Campylobacter isolated from the ceca was predominantly C. coli in all three flocks. Isolates with two distinct fla types that represented a single clonal group based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and that were resistant to multiple antibiotics (tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin, erythromycin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin) predominated throughout the three production cycles. The relative prevalence of each fla type, however, varied significantly from one flock to the next. The repeated isolation of these multiresistant C. coli from successive flocks likely reflected persistence of the organisms in currently unknown reservoirs in the production environment or, alternatively, repeated introduction events followed by establishment of these bacteria in each successive flock. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1089/fpd.2005.2.103 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 103-110 SN - 1556-7125 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutrition and management of heat-stressed pullets and laying hens AU - Balnave, D AU - Brake, J T2 - WORLDS POULTRY SCIENCE JOURNAL AB - Maximum daily temperatures in excess of 30°C are common in many table egg-producing regions of the world. Such temperatures require the application of specialized management and nutrition if laying hens are to produce eggs near their genetic potential. Environmentally-modified buildings have been shown to be especially advantageous for commercial layers that are housed in high density cage facilities. Directing air movement onto floor-housed birds has also been found to maximize heat loss and was beneficial as long as the air temperature did not exceed body temperature. This latter procedure was especially useful where sporadic incidences of heat stress were common.Nutritional manipulation of the diet also offers advantages, especially in overcoming problems of reduced appetite. This principle has been shown to apply to both growing pullets and adult layers. Recent research has confirmed that optimum production during lay depends on the adult hen having an adequate gut capacity and sufficient nutrition during rearing. Egg production during moderate heat stress can be improved by increasing the intake of protein relative to energy but energy requirements will likely increase in severe heat stress. Dietary supplementation with ascorbic acid and vitamin E and a supply of cool drinking water have also been reported to improve production during lay but the response to the latter treatment varied with genotype. DA - 2005/9// PY - 2005/9// DO - 10.1079/wps200565 VL - 61 IS - 3 SP - 399-406 SN - 1743-4777 KW - heat stress KW - growing pullets KW - laying hens KW - heat loss KW - dietary manipulation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of posthatch feed deprivation on heparan sulfate proteoglycan, syndecan-1, and glypican expression: Implications for muscle growth potential in chickens AU - Velleman, SG AU - Mozdziak, PE T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The heparan sulfate proteoglycans, syndecan-1 and glypican-1 (glypican), are low affinity receptors for fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). Because FGF2 stimulates skeletal muscle cell proliferation but inhibits differentiation, changes in FGF2 signaling due to early posthatch feed deprivation may play a significant role in modulating muscle growth. To study the effect of early posthatch feed deprivation in chickens on heparan sulfate proteoglycan relative protein concentration, syndecan-1 expression, and glypican mRNA expression, pectoralis major muscle tissue was isolated from pretreatment d 0 chicks and chicks fed or feed deprived for 3 d, and after d 3 feeding was resumed in the feed-deprived birds until d 7. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan protein concentration was measured by ELISA analysis and was significantly decreased in the feed-deprived birds beginning at d 2 (P < 0.05). The expression of syndecan-1 and glypican was measured by semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Syndecan-1 expression was unaffected by feed withdrawal and refeeding (P > 0.05). Glypican mRNA expression was decreased in the muscle tissue from feed-deprived birds at d 3 (P < 0.05), but by d 7, after initiating feeding on d 4, it was significantly elevated compared with in muscle tissue from chicks maintained on feed (P < 0.05). The results from the present study demonstrate that the heparan sulfate proteoglycan protein concentration and syndecan-1 and glypican mRNA expressions are differentially affected by early posthatch feed deprivation, which may alter signaling events associated with muscle growth. DA - 2005/4// PY - 2005/4// DO - 10.1093/ps/84.4.601 VL - 84 IS - 4 SP - 601-606 SN - 0032-5791 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-18944375236&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - chicken KW - feed deprivation KW - glypican KW - proteoglycan KW - skeletal muscle ER - TY - JOUR TI - Putative transposases conserved in Exiguobacterium isolates from ancient Siberian permafrost and from contemporary surface habitats AU - Vishnivetskaya, TA AU - Kathariou, S T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Gram-positive bacteria of the genus Exiguobacterium have been repeatedly isolated from Siberian permafrost ranging in age from 20,000 to 2 to 3 million years and have been sporadically recovered from markedly diverse habitats, including microbial mats in Lake Fryxell (Antarctic), surface water, and food-processing environments. However, there is currently no information on genomic diversity of this microorganism or on the physiological strategies that have allowed its survival under prolonged freezing in the permafrost. Analysis of the genome sequence of the most ancient available Exiguobacterium isolate ( Exiguobacterium sp. strain 255-15, from 2 to 3 million-year-old Siberian permafrost) revealed numerous putative transposase sequences, primarily of the IS 200 /IS 605 , IS 30 , and IS 3 families, with four transposase families identified. Several of the transposase genes appeared to be part of insertion sequences. Southern blots with different transposase probes yielded high-resolution genomic fingerprints which differentiated the different permafrost isolates from each other and from the Exiguobacterium spp. type strains which have been derived from diverse surface habitats. Each of the Exiguobacterium sp. strain 255-15 transposases that were used as probes had highly conserved homologs in the genome of other Exiguobacterium strains, both from permafrost and from modern sites. These findings suggest that, prior to their entrapment in permafrost, Exiguobacterium isolates had acquired transposases and that conserved transposases are present in Exiguobacterium spp., which now can be isolated from various modern surface habitats. DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005/11// DO - 10.1128/AEM.71.11.6954-6962.2005 VL - 71 IS - 11 SP - 6954-6962 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Early post-hatch fasting induces satellite cell self-renewal AU - Moore, DT AU - Ferket, PR AU - Mozdziak, PE T2 - COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AB - Early post-hatch satellite cell kinetics are an important aspect of muscle development, and understanding the interplay between fasting and muscle development will lead to improvements in muscle mass following an illness, and optimal meat production. The objective of this experiment was to test the influence of immediate post-hatch fasting on satellite cells in the poult. Male Nicholas poults (Meleagris gallopavo) were placed into two treatments: a fed treatment with immediate access to feed and water upon placement and a fasted treatment without access to feed and water for the first three days post-hatch. 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected intra-abdominally in all poults to label mitotically active satellite cells. The pectoralis thoracicus muscle was harvested two hours following the BrdU injection. Immunohistochemistry for BrdU, Pax7, Bcl-2, Pax7 with BrdU, and determining myofiber cross-sectional area along with computer-based image analysis was used to study muscle development. Fed poults had higher body masses throughout the experiment (P< or =0.01), and they had higher pectoralis thoracicus muscle mass (P< or =0.01) at ten days of age than the fasted poults. Fed poults had higher satellite cell mitotic activity at three days and four days of age (P< or =0.01) compared to the fasted poults. However, Pax7 labeling index was higher in the fasted poults (P< or =0.01) at three days, four days, and five days post-hatch than the fed group. Similarly Bcl-2 labeling was higher in the fasted than in the fed group at three days post-hatch. Therefore, fasting depleted proliferating satellite cells indicated by the lower BrdU labeling in the fasted poults compared to the fed poults, and conserved the satellite cell proliferative reserve indicated by the higher level of Pax7 labeling for the fasted poults compared to the fed poults. DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005/11// DO - 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.08.007 VL - 142 IS - 3 SP - 331-339 SN - 1531-4332 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-27644486955&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - fasting KW - feed deprivation KW - Pax7 KW - BrdU KW - Bcl-2 KW - turkey KW - avian KW - muscle ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization and enzymatic degradation of Sup35NM, a yeast prion-like protein AU - Chen, CY AU - Rojanatavorn, K AU - Clark, AC AU - Shih, JCH T2 - PROTEIN SCIENCE AB - Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are believed to be caused by an unconventional infectious agent, the prion protein. The pathogenic and infectious form of prion protein, PrPSc, is able to aggregate and form amyloid fibrils, very stable and resistant to most disinfecting processes and common proteases. Under specific conditions, PrPSc in bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) brain tissue was found degradable by a bacterial keratinase and some other proteases. Since this disease-causing prion is infectious and dangerous to work with, a model or surrogate protein that is safe is needed for the in vitro degradation study. Here a nonpathogenic yeast prion-like protein, Sup35NM, cloned and overexpressed in E. coli, was purified and characterized for this purpose. Aggregation and deaggregation of Sup35NM were examined by electron microscopy, gel electrophoresis, Congo red binding, fluorescence, and Western blotting. The degradation of Sup35NM aggregates by keratinase and proteinase K under various conditions was studied and compared. These results will be of value in understanding the mechanism and optimization of the degradation process. DA - 2005/9// PY - 2005/9// DO - 10.1110/ps.041234405 VL - 14 IS - 9 SP - 2228-2235 SN - 1469-896X KW - BSE KW - prion KW - PrPSc KW - Sup35NM KW - yeast prion KW - prion surrogate protein KW - enzymatic degradation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Responses of coccidia-vaccinated broilers to essential oil blends supplementation up to forty-nine days of age AU - Oviedo-Rondon, EO AU - Clemente-Hernandez, S AU - Williams, P AU - Losa, R T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - Coccidiosis control may become a greater problem as the use of growth-promoting antibiotics (GPA) and ionophores declines. Vaccination with live oocysts may turn into a popular alternative to the use of coccidiostats in broilers, although cocci vaccination is frequently linked to temporary lower performance in young flocks. This experiment evaluates the dietary supplementation of 2 specific essential oil (EO) blends (Crina Poultry and Crina Alternate), either as alternatives to GPA and ionophores (BMD + Coban) or as feed additives that help to improve the performance of cocci-vaccinated broilers. Live performance and lesion scores were observed. These 2 specific EO blends differ in their efficacy to promote growth. Chickens that were not cocci vaccinated and were fed Crina Poultry had better feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the unmedicated control treatment in the starter period. The same EO improved FCR in cocci-vaccinated birds in the finisher period in comparison to the negative control group, but those responses were not significantly different from other treatments or significant at 49 d of age. No significant differences were observed in lesion scores at 37 d. Diets supplemented with a GPA-ionophore combination consistently supported the best BW gain and FCR in each period and the entire grow-out period. No significant beneficial or deleterious effects on live performance were observed due to these specific EO blends in cocci-vaccinated broilers. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1093/japr/14.4.657 VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 657-664 SN - 1537-0437 KW - broiler chicken KW - feed additive KW - cocci vaccination KW - essential oil KW - coccidiosis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of hen age and number of inseminated sperm on the number of holes hydrolyzed in the inner perivitelline layer of turkey eggs AU - Fairchild, BD AU - Christensen, VL T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - Eggs from young turkey breeder hens have a higher rate of early embryonic mortality (EEM) than eggs from older hens. Preliminary field data indicated that increased sperm concentration decreased the incidence of EEM in eggs from young hens. Possible explanations for decreased EEM following insemination with more concentrated sperm may include altered sperm binding and hydrolyzing of the inner perivitelline layer (IPVL) of eggs from hens of different ages. The current study examined differences in the number of sperm penetration (SP) holes hydrolyzed in the IPVL in hens at 2 different ages when inseminated with 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, or 800 million viable sperm. Hens (12/treatment) were inseminated on d 14 and 21 after photostimulation (32 and 33 wk of age) and were inseminated again at 12 and 13 wk of egg production (44 and 45 wk of age). The SP holes hydrolyzed in the IPVL were counted in the 1,098 eggs produced in the 3 wk following each insemination period. The number of SP holes hydrolyzed in the IPVL was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater in younger hens than older hens. Furthermore, the number of SP holes was significantly greater (P ≤ 0.01) with the 400 and 800 million insemination doses as compared with the other 4 insemination doses. There was no interaction between hen age and sperm insemination dose. In conclusion, the absence of an interaction between hen age and insemination dose suggests that factors other than numbers of sperm binding to the IPVL influence EEM. These factors may be a combination of oviduct influences and IPVL properties that change as the hen ages. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1093/japr/14.3.576 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 576-581 SN - 1537-0437 KW - turkey KW - spermatozoa KW - perivitelline layer KW - sperm-ovum interaction KW - insemination dose ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of disinfectant efficacy when applied to the floor of poultry grow-out facilities AU - Payne, JB AU - Kroger, EC AU - Watkins, SE T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - A common practice is to wash and disinfect poultry grow-out barns after used litter has been removed. Because the floor of poultry barns includes the presence of soil and organic matter, a study was conducted to determine if disinfectants are effective in reducing bacterial and fungal populations. Commercial broiler houses were chosen as the test sites for the field trials. After the litter was removed from the facility, the floor was swept clean in the middle of the barn and between feed and water lines. Floor plots (1 ft2) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 disinfectant treatments. The disinfectants evaluated were a phenolic compound, a quaternary ammonium compound, a nascent oxygen compound, and a compound that contains potassium peroxymonosulfate and sodium chloride as the active ingredients. Laboratory trials were also conducted to test the same 4 disinfectants. Nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium (NAL-SAL) was inoculated onto sterile topsoil in metal pans. Each disinfectant was applied as a coarse spray (field trials) or via pipette (laboratory trials), and surface samples were taken over time. Samples were cultured to determine total aerobic bacterial plate counts, yeast and mold counts, and the prevalence of Campylobacter spp., and Salmonella spp., for the field trials, whereas the laboratory trial samples were cultured for populations of NAL-SAL. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of Campylobacter for any of the treated plots compared with the control plots for the field trials. Significant microbial population reductions were observed for most of the disinfectants tested in both field and laboratory trials. Results indicate that disinfectant type, application rate, time of exposure, and organic matter can impact total aerobic bacterial, yeast and mold, and Salmonella populations on the surface of soil. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1093/japr/14.2.322 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 322-329 SN - 1537-0437 KW - disinfectant KW - poultry house sanitation KW - Salmonella ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dam and sire effects on sperm penetration of the perivitelline layer and resulting fecundity of different lines of turkeys AU - Christensen, VL AU - Fairchild, BD AU - Ort, DT AU - Nestor, KE T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - All birds studied thus far are able to store spermatozoa within their oviducts for periods that can vary from several days to weeks, depending upon the species. Turkeys have a relatively long storage period compared with chickens, an observation that leads to the suggestion that sperm residing within the oviduct may interact with sperm entering the oviduct from later inseminations. Multiple sources of sperm within the oviduct also lead to the hypothesis that sperm competition may be important for the maintenance of fertility and embryo livability in turkeys. The current study tested the hypothesis that selection for economically important traits in lines of turkeys may have an effect on sperm competition as measured by the ability to hydrolyze holes in the perivitelline layer, fertilize, and produce viable offspring. Lines of turkeys selected for egg production or rapid growth were compared with their respective randombred control lines. Reciprocal crosses of dams and sires of the selected and control lines were made to determine inherent sire and dam roles in sperm competition. Selection for increased egg production increased hydrolysis of the perivitelline layer and improved fertility but decreased early embryo death while increasing embryo deaths at pipping compared with controls, and these effects were primarily determined by the dam. Selection for increased body weight has created an interaction between dams and sires for sperm hydrolysis of the inner perivitelline layer, fertility and embryo survival. Thus, we concluded that genetic selection for economically important traits may affect sperm hydrolysis of the perivitelline layer and the subsequent fertility, and embryo livability. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1093/japr/14.3.483 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 483-491 SN - 1056-6171 KW - turkey KW - sperm penetration KW - perivitelline layer KW - fertility ER - TY - JOUR TI - Versazyme supplementation of broiler diets improves market growth performance AU - Odetallah, NH AU - Wang, JJ AU - Garlich, JD AU - Shih, JCH T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 32 floor pens in a completely randomized block design and grown to 6 wk of age. Birds in experiment 1 were fed 1 of 2 basal diets supplemented with or without a protease containing feed additive, Versazyme (VZ). The 4 treatments were 1) control (C), a corn-soybean meal diet that contained 95% of amino acids recommended by NRC except for threonine and isoleucine; 2) C + 0.1% VZ (wt/wt) (C+) in the starter diet only; 3) high (HP) amino acid diet, a corn-soybean meal diet with 100 to 105% of amino acid recommended by NRC except for threonine and isoleucine; and 4) HP + 0.1% VZ (wt/wt) (HP+) in starter diet only. Supplementing both diets with VZ improved BW and feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 21 d of age and BW at 42 d of age. Cumulative 42-d FCR was only improved in birds fed the HP+ diet. Birds in experiment 2 received the following treatments: 1) HP, 2) HP + 0.1% VZ batch A (wt/wt) (A) in starter diet only, and 3) HP + 0.1% VZ batch B (wt/wt) (B) in starter diet only. Enzyme supplementation improved 22-d BW and FCR. There was no significant difference in BW at 43 d of age. Both A and B improved overall FCR (1.758 and 1.751 vs. 1.79 for A and B vs. HP, respectively). In conclusion, supplementation of starter broiler diets with VZ resulted in improved market growth performance. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1093/ps/84.6.858 VL - 84 IS - 6 SP - 858-864 SN - 1525-3171 KW - market weight KW - growth performance KW - broiler KW - diet KW - enzyme supplementation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thyroid hormone and prolactin profiles in male and female turkeys following photostimulation AU - Proudman, JA AU - Siopes, TD T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The turkey hen, a photosensitive bird, will become photorefractory (PR) during the reproductive cycle and will cease laying despite a stimulatory day length. This response is thought to be "programmed" by hormonal events early in the reproductive cycle. The turkey tom, in contrast, produces semen for extended periods and has not been shown to exhibit PR. We compared hormone profiles following photostimulation of hens and toms to assess differences that might program one, but not the other, for PR. We photostimulated with 16 h light per day and measured plasma prolactin (PRL), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) weekly for 12 wk, and again at 16 and 22 wk. Hens were fed ad libitum, and toms were moderately feed-restricted. Results showed increasing PRL levels following photostimulation in hens, with peak levels occurring at about the time of peak egg production, and declining thereafter. Toms maintained significantly lower concentrations of PRL (P < 0.0001) than hens after 2 wk of photostimulation. A highly significant sex by time interaction in plasma T3 levels was observed due to extreme fluctuations in males. Similar, often reciprocal, fluctuations in mean T4 concentrations also occurred in males. We recycled the toms and repeated blood collections under identical conditions, but with ad libitum feeding to determine if feed restriction may have produced these unusual results. This study revealed an initial significant decline in plasma T3 levels and an increase in T4 levels immediately following photostimulation, and then steady (T4) or slowly rising (T3) levels through 12 wk photostimulation. We conclude that PRL profiles of toms and hens differ markedly during the reproductive cycle, lending support to the suggestion that rising PRL may mediate the onset of PR. Further study is needed to determine if the low plasma T3 levels in males may be related to delayed PR. The extreme fluctuations in plasma T3 and T4 levels of toms receiving relatively mild feed restriction suggest a need for further study of the metabolic effects of feed restriction in turkeys. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1093/ps/84.6.942 VL - 84 IS - 6 SP - 942-946 SN - 1525-3171 KW - prolactin KW - thyroxine KW - triiodothyronine KW - turkey KW - photorefractoriness ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thermal resistance of Salmonella enterica serotypes, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus in high solids liquid egg mixes AU - Li, X AU - Sheldon, BW AU - Ball, HR T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - Decimal reduction times (D-values) were determined for Salmonella enterica serotypes, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus in two high solids egg mixes designated A and B (water activity [a(w)] = 0.76 and 0.82; solids = 53.12 and 52.63%; pH = 5.09 and 5.29; viscosity = 183 and 119 centipoise/s, respectively) using a low-volume (0.06 ml) sealed glass capillary tube procedure. For Salmonella, D-values ranged from 0.035 (70 degrees C) to 0.193 min (64 degrees C) in product A and from 0.048 to 0.193 min in product B. For Listeria, D-values ranged from 0.133 (70 degrees C) to 0.440 min (64 degrees C) in product A and from 0.074 to 0.364 min in product B. For Staphylococcus, D-values ranged from 0.332 (70 degrees C) to 1.304 min (64 degrees C) in product A and from 0.428 to 1.768 min in product B. For Listeria, the D-values of all heating temperatures were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in product A than in product B. The similar trend was also observed for Salmonella and Staphylococcus but only at 66 degrees C for Salmonella and 64 degrees C for Staphylococcus. Greater temperature dependence was observed for Salmonella inactivation in the low a(w) and low pH product (A), while the product (B) with the higher a(w) and pH had greater temperature dependence for Listeria. Compared across both egg mixes and all heating temperatures, the Staphylococcus strains were from 6.2 to 11.7 times more heat resistant than S. enterica serotypes and from 2.2 to 7.5 times more heat resistant than L. monocytogenes. DA - 2005/4// PY - 2005/4// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-68.4.703 VL - 68 IS - 4 SP - 703-710 SN - 1944-9097 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Structural control of the photodynamics of boron-dipyrrin complexes AU - Kee, HL AU - Kirmaier, C AU - Yu, LH AU - Thamyongkit, P AU - Youngblood, WJ AU - Calder, ME AU - Ramos, L AU - Noll, BC AU - Bocian, DF AU - Scheidt, WR AU - Birge, RR AU - Lindsey, JS AU - Holten, D T2 - JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B AB - Boron−dipyrrin chromophores containing a 5-aryl group with or without internal steric hindrance toward aryl rotation have been synthesized and then characterized via X-ray diffraction, static and time-resolved optical spectroscopy, and theory. Compounds with a 5-phenyl or 5-(4-tert-butylphenyl) group show low fluorescence yields (∼0.06) and short excited-singlet-state lifetimes (∼500 ps), and decay primarily (>90%) by nonradiative internal conversion to the ground state. In contrast, sterically hindered analogues having an o-tolyl or mesityl group at the 5-position exhibit high fluorescence yields (∼0.9) and long excited-state lifetimes (∼6 ns). The X-ray structures indicate that the phenyl or 4-tert-butylphenyl ring lies at an angle of ∼60° with respect to the dipyrrin framework whereas the angle is ∼80° for mesityl or o-tolyl groups. The calculated potential energy surface for the phenyl-substituted complex indicates that the excited state has a second, lower energy minimum in which the nonhindered aryl ring rotates closer to the mean plane of the dipyrrin, which itself undergoes some distortion. This relaxed, distorted excited-state conformation has low radiative probability as well as a reduced energy gap from the ground state supporting a favorable vibrational overlap factor for nonradiative deactivation. Such a distorted conformation is energetically inaccessible in a complex bearing the sterically hindered o-tolyl or mesityl group at the 5-position, leading to a high radiative probability involving conformations at or near the initial Franck−Condon form of the excited state. These combined results demonstrate the critical role of aryl-ring rotation in governing the excited-state dynamics of this class of widely used dyes. DA - 2005/11/3/ PY - 2005/11/3/ DO - 10.1021/jp0525078 VL - 109 IS - 43 SP - 20433-20443 SN - 1520-5207 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of selenium on heat shock protein 70 expression in heat stressed turkey embryos (Meleagris gallopavo) AU - Rivera, RE AU - Christensen, VL AU - Edens, FW AU - Wineland, MJ T2 - COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AB - Heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) family of proteins, which functions as molecular chaperones, has been associated with tolerance to stressors in avian species. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace mineral incorporated into the selenoenzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx). GSHpx reduces oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH) in the GSH/GSSG antioxidant system and protects cells from oxidative damage. This study was conducted to examine if the relationship between dietary supplementation of selenium to turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) hens and the embryonic exspression of hsp70 and GSHpx activity in heat stressed embryos. Livers of embryos developing in eggs from turkey hens fed diets with or without supplemental Se were analyzed for hsp70 concentration and GSHpx activity before and after recovery from a heating episode. Before heat stress, hsp70 concentrations were equivalent in each treatment, but GSHpx activity was maximized in the SE treatment group. After recovery from the heating episode, hsp70 concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the non-Se-supplemented groups, but in the Se-supplemented groups the hsp70 concentrations were not different from pre-stress concentrations. In the pre-stress Se-supplemented group, liver GSHpx activity was significantly higher than GSHpx activity in the non-Se-supplemented embryo livers, and in the livers from embryos recovering from heat stress, GSHpx activity in the non-Se-supplemented group was lower than the pre-stress activity and significantly lower than the GSHpx activity in liver from Se-supplemented embryos recovering from heat distress. Se supplementation to the dams resulted in a significant increase in their embryos and that condition would facilitate a decreased incidence of oxidative damage to cells. A more reduced redox status in embryos from Se-supplemented dams decreased the need for cellular protection attributed to stress induced hsp70 and presumably allows heat distressed embryos to resume normal growth and development than embryos from dams with inadequate selenium nutrition. DA - 2005/12// PY - 2005/12// DO - 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.09.006 VL - 142 IS - 4 SP - 427-432 SN - 1531-4332 KW - embryo KW - stress KW - hsp70 KW - glutathione peroxidase KW - selenium ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimation of most probable number Salmonella populations on commercial North Carolina turkey farms AU - Santos, FBO AU - Li, X AU - Payne, JB AU - Sheldon, BW T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - Salmonellae are one of the primary causes of human gastroenteritis in the United States. Although there are many foods that may be contaminated with Salmonella, poultry products are one of the major vehicles for transmitting this organism to humans. However, the national incidence of poultry product contamination with Salmonella has declined since adoption of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) food safety program. Further reductions in carcass contamination may require other approaches such as the adoption of on-farm pathogen reduction strategies. In this study Salmonella prevalence and populations from fresh excreta and litter composite samples taken from 12 commercial turkey farms were enumerated using the most probable number (MPN) method and compared as a function of farm, season (summer and winter), and bird age (3 vs. 19 wk). Moreover, litter pH, temperature, moisture content, water activity, and ammonia levels were monitored. All farms were Salmonella positive for at least one season, and populations ranged from <1 log MPN/g to >5.3 log MPN/g. Of the 48 separate fecal and litter composite samples analyzed, 70 and 79% were Salmonella-positive, respectively. Although the MPN enumeration method is much more labor intensive and costly than the prevalence method, it yields estimates of Salmonella populations instead of merely indications of presence or absence of the organism. Moreover, our findings demonstrated that the MPN method is significantly more sensitive compared with the prevalence procedure (for fecal samples). This study also demonstrated that Salmonella can be present at high populations during turkey production and that their populations and prevalence were significantly impacted by flock age (litter) and season by farm interactions (fecal). Furthermore, litter Salmonella populations appear to be associated with the interrelated parameters of litter pH, ammonia and moisture content. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1093/japr/14.4.700 VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 700-708 SN - 1537-0437 KW - turkey KW - farm KW - Salmonella population KW - litter KW - feces ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enzymatic and microbiological inhibitory activity in eggshell membranes as influenced by layer strains and age and storage variables AU - Ahlborn, G AU - Sheldon, BW T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Eggshell membranes (ESM) have been shown to exhibit antibacterial activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the enzymatic and biological [decimal reduction times (D-values)] activities of ESM as a function of bird breed, age, and ESM stabilization treatments. Younger White Leghorn (WL) hens produced ESM with 28% higher lysozyme activity than Rhode Island Red (RIR) layers. In contrast, older WL layers produced ESM with 17% less lysozyme activity than ESM from RIR layers. Similarly, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (beta-NAGase) ESM activities differed by hen age within breeds with younger hens yielding 14 to 16% more enzyme activity. D54 degrees C-values of Salmonella Typhimurium cells preexposed to WL ESM did not differ as a function of bird age (33, 50, and 81 wk). The ESM Lysozyme and beta-NAGase activities varied somewhat over a 6-mo storage study after treatment with 1 of 5 stabilization methods [i.e., storage at 4 degrees C, -20 degrees C, or ambient air storage after freeze drying, air drying (23 degrees C), or forced-air drying (50 degrees C)]. Both air and forced-air drying yielded significant reductions in beta-NAGase and lysozyme ESM activity (ca 12 to 30%) after the initial 24 h and then remained fairly stable during the extended storage. Freeze-dried samples retained the most enzymatic activity (95%) throughout the 6-mo trial, whereas refrigerated ESM lost 20 and 18% of the beta-NAGase and lysozyme activities, respectively. Frozen ESM lost 22% of the beta-NAGase activity, whereas lysozyme was nearly unaffected after 6 mo. The ESM biological activities against S. Typhimurium were not adversely impacted by layer breed or age. No significant loss in biological activity of ESM was detected 24 h after processing or after 6 mo of storage for refrigerated, frozen, and freeze-dried membranes, whereas significant reductions were observed for air- and heat-dried ESM. These findings demonstrate that ESM enzyme and biological activities are relatively constant across layer breeds and over extended storage. Based on these and other findings, ESM may have potential commercial value as a processing adjuvant in food and pharmaceutical product applications. DA - 2005/12// PY - 2005/12// DO - 10.1093/ps/84.12.1935 VL - 84 IS - 12 SP - 1935-1941 SN - 1525-3171 KW - eggshell membrane KW - beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase KW - lysozyme KW - stability KW - inhibitory activity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of virginiamycin and a man mannanoligosaccharide-virginiamycin shuttle program on the growth and performance of large white female turkeys AU - Parks, CW AU - Grimes, JL AU - Ferket, PR T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Shuttle programs involving dietary supplementation of mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) and virginiamycin (VM) were evaluated in turkeys by their effects on growth performance, body weight uniformity, and carcass yield characteristics. Diets containing no growth promoter (control), VM (22 mg/kg), or a shuttle program (MOS-VM) of MOS (0 to 6 wk of age at 500 mg/ kg) and VM (6 to 14 wk of age at 22 mg/kg) were fed to Hybrid female turkeys. All diets were formulated to exceed NRC nutrient requirements. Each treatment was assigned to 8 replicate floor pens containing 20 birds that were reared from 1 to 98 d of age. Body weights and feed consumption were recorded at 3-wk intervals, and mortality and culled birds were recorded daily. At the conclusion of the trial, 2 birds per pen were randomly chosen for carcass yield analysis. Feeding VM alone significantly (P < 0.05) increased body weight compared with control fed birds during all periods. The MOS-VM shuttle program resulted in early growth depression for birds less than 3 wk of age, possibly influenced by an unplanned cold stress, but better growth than the nonmedicated control birds after 6 wk of age. Birds fed VM had superior (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio from 0 to 3 wk, which persisted until 14 wk (P < 0.10). There were no treatment effects on overall feed consumption, uniformity, mortality, or cull rate. Processing yields or weight of various parts were also unaffected by treatment. DA - 2005/12// PY - 2005/12// DO - 10.1093/ps/84.12.1967 VL - 84 IS - 12 SP - 1967-1973 SN - 1525-3171 KW - turkey KW - virginiamycin KW - mannanoligosaccharide KW - growth KW - shuttle program KW - carcass yield ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary strategies for reduced phosphorus excretion and improved water quality AU - Maguire, RO AU - Dou, Z AU - Sims, JT AU - Brake, J AU - Joern, BC T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Cost effective feeding strategies are essential to deal with P surpluses associated with intensive animal agriculture and the consequent impact on water quality. Reduction of P overfeeding, use of feed additives to enhance dietary P utilization, and development of high available phosphorus (HAP) grains have all been shown to decrease fecal P excretion without impairing animal performance. Much progress has been made, but more research will be needed to refine these strategies to maximize reductions in P excretion while maintaining animal performance. Recent research has focused on the impact of modifying dietary P on the forms of P excreted and the mobility of P in soils amended with these manures, with strong treatment trends becoming evident in the literature. In general, dietary strategies have been developed that can effectively reduce the total P concentration in manures produced, and combining strategies usually leads to greater reductions than individual practices. However, the impact of different approaches on the solubility of P in manures and amended soils has been more variable. Soluble P remains of particular concern due to links between solubility of P in manure and P losses from manure-amended soils. In this paper, we outline the major strategies for reducing dietary P in different species, review the literature on the impact of these approaches on P forms in manures and amended soils, and discuss the potential beneficial effects on animal agriculture and the environment. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.2134/jeq2004.0410 VL - 34 IS - 6 SP - 2093-2103 SN - 1537-2537 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of early nutrition on satellite cell dynamics in the young turkey AU - Moore, DT AU - Ferket, PR AU - Mozdziak, PE T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Early posthatch satellite cell mitotic activity is an important aspect of muscle development. An understanding of the interplay between nutrition and satellite cell mitotic activity will lead to more efficient meat production. The objective of this study was to test the influence of the leucine metabolite, beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), and feed deprivation on muscle development in the early posthatch poult. Male Nicholas poults were placed on 1 of 4 treatments: immediately fed a starter diet with 0.1% HMB (IF-HMB), immediately fed a starter diet containing 0.1% Solka-Floc for a control (IF-No HMB), feed and water withheld for 48 h immediately posthatch and then fed the HMB diet (WF-HMB), and feed and water withheld for 48 h immediately posthatch and then fed the control starter diet (WF-No HMB). 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected intra-abdominally into all poults to label mitotically active satellite cells. The pectoralis thoracicus was harvested 2 h after the BrdU injection. Immunohistochemistry for BrdU, Pax7, and laminin along with computer-based image analysis was used to study muscle development. IF-HMB poults had higher body weights (P < 0.01) at 48 h and 1 wk of age and had higher satellite cell mitotic activity at 48 h of age (P < 0.01) compared with the IF-No HMB and WF poults. Therefore, dietary supplementation of HMB may have an anabolic effect on early posthatch muscle. DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1093/ps/84.5.748 VL - 84 IS - 5 SP - 748-756 SN - 1525-3171 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-19044397721&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate KW - 5-bromo-2 '-deoxyuridine KW - feed deprivation KW - Pax7 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Marker-free chromosomal integration of the manganese superoxide dismutase gene (sodA) from Streptococcus thermophilus into Lactobacillus gasseri AU - Bruno-Barcena, JM AU - Azcarate-Peril, MA AU - Klaenhammer, TR AU - Hassan, HM T2 - FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS AB - A strategy for functional gene replacement in the chromosome of Lactobacillus gasseri is described. The phospho-β-galactosidase II gene (lacII) was functionally replaced by the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene (sodA) from Streptococcus thermophilus, by adapting the insertional inactivation method described for lactobacilli [Russell, W.M. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 2001 Efficient system for directed integration into the Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus gasseri chromosomes via homologous recombination. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67, 4361–4364]. L. gasseri carrying the heterologous sodA gene grew on lactose as efficiently as the wild-type parent. An active MnSOD was expressed in the transgenic strain, and the enzyme migrated on PAGE-SOD activity gels to the same position as that of MnSOD from S. thermophilus. The expression of MnSOD from a single copy of sodA integrated in the chromosome of L. gasseri provided enhanced tolerance to hydrogen peroxide, and extended the viability of carbon/energy starved cultures stored at 25 °C. This is the first report showing the successful utilization of the pORI plasmids system to generate marker-free gene integration in L. gasseri strains. DA - 2005/5/1/ PY - 2005/5/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.03.044 VL - 246 IS - 1 SP - 91-101 SN - 1574-6968 KW - functional gene replacement KW - manganese superoxide dismutase KW - oxidative stress KW - Lactobacillus gasseri KW - lactic acid bacteria KW - probiotics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of dietary phosphorus and phytase levels on the reproductive performance of large white turkey breeder hens AU - Godwin, JL AU - Grimes, JL AU - Christensen, VL AU - Wineland, MJ T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary P levels and dietary phytase enzyme (E) inclusion on Large White turkey breeder hen reproductive performance from 31 to 62 wk of age. Hens were placed in a curtain-sided house with 48 pens (10 birds per pen; 8 pens per treatment) at 31 wk and were fed a breeder ration with treatments as follows: HP, dietary available P = 0.55%; HPE, HP + E; MP, dietary available P = 0.35%; MPE, MP + E; LP, dietary available P = 0.17%; and LPE, LP + E. Feed and water were available ad libitum for 28 wk of lay. Diets were fed in mash form, and all other nutrients were formulated to meet or exceed NRC requirements. All hens were photostimulated in January (31 wk) with 15.5 h of light daily. Production data were recorded on a pen basis. Individual bird BW and feed consumption, by pen, were determined at monthly intervals from 31 to 62 wk. Hens were observed for weekly reproductive performance for hen housed egg production, hen-day egg production, settable eggs, cumulative settable eggs, hens out of lay, and hen mortality and for biweekly performance for egg fertility, hatchability of all eggs, hatchability of fertile eggs, egg weight loss, conductance, conductance constant (k), and embryonic mortality. Egg weight, eggshell thickness, egg components, and albumen and yolk P were measured monthly. At 62 wk of age, hen tibia P, plasma P, total fecal P, and water-soluble fecal P were determined. Decreasing dietary P resulted in no decreases in reproductive performance for turkey breeder hens to 62 wk. Additionally, decreased dietary P resulted in decreased total fecal P and water-soluble fecal P. Feeding turkey breeder hens dietary phytase enzyme resulted in significantly fewer hens going out of lay; however, this was not reflected in hen housed egg production. It was concluded that phosphorus could be lowered in turkey breeder hen diets, compared with current surveyed industry levels, without impairing reproductive performance. DA - 2005/3// PY - 2005/3// DO - 10.1093/ps/84.3.485 VL - 84 IS - 3 SP - 485-493 SN - 1525-3171 KW - turkey breeder hen KW - phosphorus KW - phytase KW - reproductive performance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Broiler diet modification and litter storage: Impacts on phosphorus in litters, soils, and runoff AU - McGrath, JM AU - Sims, JT AU - Maguire, RO AU - Saylor, WW AU - Angel, CR AU - Turner, BL T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Modifying broiler diets to mitigate water quality concerns linked to excess phosphorus (P) in regions of intensive broiler production has recently increased. Our goals were to evaluate the effects of dietary modification, using phytase and reduced non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) supplementation, on P speciation in broiler litters, changes in litter P forms during long-term storage, and subsequent impacts of diets on P in runoff from litter-amended soils. Four diets containing two levels of NPP with and without phytase were fed to broilers in a three-flock floor pen study. After removal of the third flock, litters were stored for 440 d at their initial moisture content (MC; 24%) and at a MC of 40%. Litter P fractions and orthophosphate and phytate P concentrations were determined before and after storage. After storage, litters were incorporated with a sandy and silt loam and simulated rainfall was applied. Phytase and reduced dietary NPP significantly reduced litter total P. Reducing dietary NPP decreased water-extractable inorganic phosphorus (IP) and the addition of dietary phytase reduced NaOH- and HCl-extractable organic P in litter, which correlated well with orthophosphate and phytic acid measured by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), respectively. Although dry storage caused little change in P speciation, wet storage increased concentrations of water-soluble IP, which increased reactive P in runoff from litter-amended soils. Therefore, diet modification with phytase and reduced NPP could be effective in reducing P additions on a watershed scale. Moreover, efforts to minimize litter MC during storage may reduce the potential for dissolved P losses in runoff. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.2134/jeq2004.0413 VL - 34 IS - 5 SP - 1896-1909 SN - 1537-2537 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The relationship between sperm hydrolysis of the perivitelline layer and embryonic livability AU - Christensen, VL AU - Fairchild, BD AU - Ort, DT T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - The hypothesis was proposed that altered sperm hydrolysis of the germinal disc area of the ovum affects embryonic survival. Genetics and damaged spermatozoa were the 2 factors tested. Both factors affect embryonic livability. The mechanism of sperm selection was proposed to be in the oviduct or at the ovum during fertilization. To test the hypothesis, sperm hydrolysis from the creation of holes in the perivitelline layer and embryonic mortality were compared in 3 lines of turkeys representing the past 50 yr of turkey genetics. In the newer lines compared with older, sperm hydrolysis decreased and embryo livability at the first week of embryonic development declined, but embryo livability during the fourth week improved. The same lines were inseminated with 0- or 24-h-stored semen. Although penetration of the perivitelline layer by fresh sperm cells declined in modern lines, penetration of 24-h-stored sperm cells did not. When inseminated with 24-h-stored semen, all 3 lines showed depressed embryo livability compared with fresh semen at wk 1 of embryo development but improved embryo livability at wk 4 of development. In experiment 2, specific comparisons of single-trait selected lines with unselected control lines indicated that selection for rapid growth has increased sperm hydrolysis of the perivitelline layer by 24-h-stored sperm, but selection for increased egg production has not. In vitro sperm hydrolysis of the perivitelline layer was examined only for the growth-selected line in experiment 3. The in vitro technique was used to examine perivitelline layer hydrolysis without oviduct effects. The data indicated no differences in holes in the perivitelline layer for lines or sperm storage. Thus, the data suggest that a reduction in the penetration of sperm through the perivitelline layer results in improved embryo livability at wk 4 of development, but we saw no association with wk 1 embryo livability. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1093/japr/14.1.60 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 60-68 SN - 1056-6171 KW - sperm hydrolysis KW - embryo viability KW - fertility KW - turkey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isolation and selection of lactic acid bacteria as biocontrol agents for nonacidified, refrigerated pickles AU - Reina, LD AU - Breidt, F AU - Fleming, HP AU - Kathariou, S T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AB - ABSTRACT: A nonacidified, deli-type pickle product was used as a model system to study the potential use of biocontrol as a means to prevent the growth of pathogens in minimally processed fruits and vegetables (MPFV). Fresh pickling cucumbers were blanched and brined with sterile spices and garlic oil. The product was stored at 5 °C for 3 wk and then transferred to various abuse temperatures (16 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C). Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated and characterized as potential biocontrol agents, and the isolates were tested for bacteriocin-like activity. A total of 118 LAB isolates were obtained. Among the LAB identified were species of Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, Weissella, and Enterococcus. Three isolates showed transient bacteriocin activity against—Listeria monocytogenes, and 7 isolates (Lactococcus) had bacteriocin-like activity against other LAB. Although it did not produce a bacteriocin, a Lactobacillus curvatus isolate (LR55) was found to have desirable characteristics for use as a biocontrol (competitive exclusion) culture to enhance the safety of nonacidified deli-type pickles. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb09050.x VL - 70 IS - 1 SP - M7-M11 SN - 1750-3841 KW - lactic acid bacteria KW - minimally processed vegetables KW - bacteriocin KW - biocontrol ER - TY - JOUR TI - In-package pasteurization combined with biocide-impregnated films to inhibit Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium in Turkey bologna AU - McCormick, KE AU - Han, IY AU - Acton, JC AU - Sheldon, BW AU - Dawson, PL T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AB - ABSTRACT: The inhibitory effects of in-package pasteurization (3–5D, decimal reduction times) combined with a nisin (7%, w/w) containing wheat gluten film were tested over an 8-wk storage period against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium populations inoculated on refrigerated bologna. Bologna slices subjected to the in-package pasteurization process reducedL. monocytogenes populations 3.8- to 7.0-log colony-forming units (CFU)/g, and the remaining population fluctuated between 1.2- and 38-log CFU/g over the 2-mo storage period. S. Typhimurium was reduced 5.7- to 7.3-log CFU/g, and the remaining population progressively declined from 100 to <10 CFU/g over 2 mo of storage. The wheat gluten film containing nisin was effective in reducing the population of L. monocytogenes (2.75-log reduction with pasteurization; 1-log reduction without pasteurization), but was not effective against S. Typhimurium (<1-log reduction). Combining both treatments significantly reduced the L. monocytogenes populations and prevented outgrowth over the 2-mo storage period but provided no added inhibitory effect against S. Typhimurium compared with only pasteurization. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb09046.x VL - 70 IS - 1 SP - M52-M57 SN - 1750-3841 KW - in-package pasteurization KW - antimicrobial films KW - bologna KW - Listeria monocytogenes KW - Salmonella Typhimurium ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spontaneous recovery of photosensitivity by turkey breeder hens given prolonged exposure to long day lengths AU - Siopes, TD T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Three experiments were done to examine spontaneous photosensitivity (SP) and the associated renewal of egg production in Large White turkey breeder hens. In experiment 1, hens were photostimulated with 16 h of light:8 h of dark in December for 54 wk. In experiment 2, SP was examined in a different season than experiment 1. One group of hens was recycled and then photostimulated with 16 h of light:8 h of dark for 23wk. Another group of hens was not recycled and received 16 h of light:8 h of dark throughout the experiment. Egg production was used to assess SP in both experiments 1 and 2. Experiment 3 was designed to produce SP and renewed egg production during prolonged exposure (64 wk) to constant, long day lengths and to evaluate circulating thyroid hormones immediately prior to the renewal of egg production. Egg production was recorded daily to assess SP, and blood samples were taken weekly for radioimmunoassay for thyroid hormones. In both experiments 1 and 2, there was SP and renewed egg production, and this occurred in the fall season. Egg production increased gradually from less than 5% to a peak of 67% (experiment 1) and 38% (experiment 2) in November. In experiment 3, SP occurred in the fall, and egg production increased gradually and was similar to control hens from 8 wk of lay to the end of the experiment. Both groups also had similar declines in egg production following a decrease in photoperiod at wk 24 of the experiment. In the 8-wk period preceding the onset of laying, there were no significant differences between control and SP hens in plasma thyroid hormone levels. In both groups, there was a significant time effect for plasma triiodothyronine, expressed as a parabolic pattern of change. It was concluded that for turkey hens maintained in prolonged and constant long day lengths that SP and renewal of egg production occurs in the fall season. This response was independent of season of photostimulation, did not alter photoresponsiveness to shorten day lengths, and was preceded by a parabolic increase in plasma triiodothyronine. DA - 2005/9// PY - 2005/9// DO - 10.1093/ps/84.9.1470 VL - 84 IS - 9 SP - 1470-1476 SN - 1525-3171 KW - photosensitivity KW - turkeys KW - light KW - thyroid hormones KW - photorefractoriness ER - TY - JOUR TI - Oviposition pattern, egg weight, fertility, and hatchability of young and old broiler breeders AU - Zakaria, AH AU - Plumstead, PW AU - Romero-Sanchez, H AU - Leksrisompong, N AU - Osborne, J AU - Brake, J T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Two experiments were conducted to investigate egg weight, fertility, hatchability, and embryonic mortality in relation to time of oviposition of young and old broiler breeder flocks. In experiment 1, eggs were collected from 2 flocks (34 and 59 wk) for 2 d at hourly intervals between 0700 and 1900 h. Most eggs were laid between 0700 and 1300 h, but eggs were laid later in the day by the old flock. Weights of early laid (C1) eggs were significantly greater than middle laid (Cs) and the late laid (Ct) eggs in the young flock, whereas late laid eggs (Ct) were significantly smaller than early laid (C1) and middle laid (Cs) eggs in the old flock. In experiment 2, eggs from experiment 1 were categorized as early laid first-in-sequence (C1) eggs (0700 to 0800 h), the mid-sequence (Cs) eggs (0900 to 1200 h), and the late laid terminal-in-sequence (Ct) eggs (1300 to 1700 h). These eggs were incubated to determine fertility, hatchability, and stage of embryonic mortality relative to oviposition time and flock age. Fertility declined with flock age, but there were no differences due to time of oviposition. There were no differences in hatchability of fertile eggs or embryonic mortality relative to time of oviposition (sequence position) or flock age. These results suggested that although there were differences in egg weight among eggs at different times of the day (different sequence positions), there were no differences in fertility, fertile hatchability, or embryonic mortality in naturally mated broiler breeders. DA - 2005/9// PY - 2005/9// DO - 10.1093/ps/84.9.1505 VL - 84 IS - 9 SP - 1505-1509 SN - 1525-3171 KW - broiler breeder KW - egg sequence KW - oviposition time KW - fertility KW - hatchability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling energy utilization and growth parameter description for broiler chickens AU - Sakomura, N. K. AU - Longo, F. A. AU - Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. AU - Boa-Viagem, C. AU - Ferraudo, A. T2 - Poultry Science AB - Two experiments were conducted to develop and evaluate a model to estimate ME requirements and determine Gompertz growth parameters for broilers. The first experiment was conducted to determine maintenance energy requirements and the efficiencies of energy utilization for fat and protein deposition. Maintenance ME (MEm) requirements were estimated to be 157.8, 112.1, and 127.2 kcal of ME/kg(0.75) per day for broilers at 13, 23, and 32 degrees C, respectively. Environmental temperature (T) had a quadratic effect on maintenance requirements (MEm = 307.87 - 15.63T + 0.3105T(2); r2= 0.93). Energy requirements for fat and protein deposition were estimated to be 13.52 and 12.59 kcal of ME/g, respectively. Based on these coefficients, a model was developed to calculate daily ME requirements: ME = BW(0.75) (307.87 - 15.63T + 0.3105 T2) + 13.52 Gf + 12.59 Gp. This model considers live BW, the effects of environmental temperature, and fractional fat (Gf) and protein (Gp) deposition. The second experiment was carried out to estimate the growth parameters of Ross broilers and to collect data to evaluate the ME requirement model proposed. Live BW, empty feather-free carcass, weight of the feathers, and carcass chemical compositions were analyzed until 16 wk of age. Parameters of Gompertz curves for each component were estimated. Males had higher growth potential and higher capacity to deposit nutrients than females, except for fat deposition. Data of BW and body composition collected in this experiment were fitted into the energy model proposed herein and the equations described by Emmans (1989) and Chwalibog (1991). The daily ME requirements estimated by the model determined in this study were closer to the ME intake observed in this trial compared with other modelxs. DA - 2005/9/1/ PY - 2005/9/1/ DO - 10.1093/ps/84.9.1363 VL - 84 IS - 9 SP - 1363-1369 J2 - Poultry Science LA - en OP - SN - 0032-5791 1525-3171 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.9.1363 DB - Crossref KW - factorial method KW - growth parameter KW - metabolizable energy requirement KW - modeling energy utilization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lesser mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) emergence after mechanical incorporation of poultry litter into field soils AU - Calibeo-Hayes, D. AU - Denning, S. S. AU - Stringham, S. M. AU - Watson, D. W. T2 - Journal of Economic Entomology AB - Lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), emergence from North Carolina field soils was evaluated in a controlled experiment simulating land application of turkey litter and again in field studies. Adult lesser mealworms were buried in central North Carolina Cecil red clay at depths of 0, 8, 15, 23, and 30 cm and the beetles emerging from the soil counted 1, 3, 7, 10, 13, 17, 21, 24, and 28 d after burial. Beetles emerged from all depths and differences among depths were not significant. Beetles survived at least 28 d buried in the soil at depths < or =30 cm. In seasonal field studies, lesser mealworm emergence from clay soil with poultry litter incorporated by disk, mulch and plow was compared with emergence from plots with no incorporation. Incorporation significantly reduced beetle emergence when poultry litter containing large numbers of beetles was applied to clay field soils during the summer (F = 3.45; df = 3, 143; P = 0.018). Although mechanical incorporation of poultry litter reduced beetle emergence relative to the control, greatest reductions were seen in plowed treatments. Beetle activity was reduced after land application of litter during colder months. Generally, lesser mealworm emergence decreased with time and few beetles emerged from the soil 28 d after litter was applied. Similarly, mechanical incorporation of poultry litter into sandy soils reduced beetle emergence (F = 4.06; df = 3, 143; P < 0.008). In sandy soils typical of eastern North Carolina, disk and plow treatments significantly reduced beetle emergence compared with control. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1093/jee/98.1.229 VL - 98 IS - 1 SP - 229-235 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of organic selenium on hsp70 response of heat-stressed and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli-challenged broiler chickens (Gallus gallus) AU - Mahmoud, KZ AU - Edens, FW T2 - COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY AB - The effect of dietary selenium yeast, a source of organic selenium, on heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) responses, redox status, growth and feed utilization were evaluated either in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli-challenged (EPEC) or in heat-stressed (HS) male broiler chickens grown to 42 days of age. One day-old chicks in experiment 1 were challenged orally with EPEC (106 cfu/chicken on day 1 and boosted by water application on days 2, 3, and 4) and fed diets with or without selenium yeast. Body weight (BW), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and total mortality were determined at 42 days of age, and this was followed by collection of ileal tissue for the quantification of total glutathione (TGSH), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and hsp70 in randomly selected chickens from each treatment. In experiment 2, male broiler chickens were fed diets with or without selenium yeast under a thermoneutral rearing condition. At four weeks of age, blood and hepatic tissue were collected from chickens maintained in the thermoneutral environment and from chickens subjected to HS (40 °C for 1 h) and analyzed for TGSH, GSH, GSSG, and hsp70. Selenium yeast improved BW, FCR, and decreased mortality in both control and EPEC-challenged chicks. Selenium yeast significantly attenuated hsp70 expression in EPEC-challenged chickens and in those subjected to HS. The EPEC challenge increased TGSH and GSSG levels and decreased GSH / GSSG ratio. However, GSSG level accumulated in chickens fed diets without selenium supplementation resulting in a lower GSH / GSSG ratio in the selenium yeast-fed group. Heat stress increased GSSG level and decreased GSH / GSSG ratio. Selenium yeast-fed groups maintained higher levels of GSSG before and after HS with a resultant lower GSH / GSSG ratio. The hsp70 response was significantly less in those chickens fed selenium yeast and challenged with either EPEC or HS than in those chickens given no supplemental selenium. The results of this study suggest that selenium yeast supplementation had imparted resistance to oxidative stress associated with enteric bacteria infection and to high temperature exposure. It is believed that the resistance to the stressors was due to an improved redox status of the selenium yeast-fed chickens. DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1016/j.cca.2005.05.005 VL - 141 IS - 1 SP - 69-75 SN - 1878-1659 KW - selenium KW - chicken KW - Escherichia coli KW - heat stress KW - hsp70 KW - glutathione ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhancement of cellular and humoral immunity following embryonic exposure to melatonin in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) AU - Moore, CB AU - Siopes, TD T2 - GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY AB - Two experiments were performed to determine the effect of in ovo melatonin supplementation on the ontogeny of immunity in the Large White turkey poult. Different levels of melatonin were injected into the air cell of the egg 4 days prior to hatch. In Experiment 1, turkey embryos received 3 ml of solution containing 200, 100, 50, 25, 10, or 1 microg/ml of melatonin. The hatchability at each dose was determined and compared to vehicle-injected controls. In Experiment 2, only poults from melatonin treatments in Experiment 1 that resulted in normal hatchability (10 and 1 microg/ml) were used. Lymphoproliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P) and primary antibody responses to Chukar red blood cells (CRBC) were determine at five time intervals: 0, 1, 7, 14, and 21 days post-hatch. At each of these times, including 28 days post-hatch, treatment effects on body weights were determined. At 28 days post-hatch, bursal, thymic, and splenic weights were obtained. In ovo melatonin administration significantly accelerated (P0.05) the development of cell-mediated (PHA-P) and humoral (CRBC) immune responses, and these responses were significantly elevated above vehicle-injected controls through 21 days post-hatch. No effect was observed on bursal, thymic, splenic or body weights. These data suggest that embryonic exposure to melatonin enhances post-hatch immune development and responsiveness. DA - 2005/9/1/ PY - 2005/9/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.03.008 VL - 143 IS - 2 SP - 178-183 SN - 1095-6840 KW - melatonin KW - immune response KW - turkey poults KW - neonate KW - embryonic ER - TY - JOUR TI - Culture of chicken embryos in surrogate eggshells AU - Borwornpinyo, S AU - Brake, J AU - Mozdziak, PE AU - Petitte, JN T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The chick embryo is a classical model to study embryonic development. However, most researchers have not studied the effect of embryonic manipulation on chick hatchability. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of egg orientation and type of sealing film on the hatchability of cultured embryos. Windows were made in the small end of recipient surrogate chicken eggshells, and donor embryos were placed into the recipient eggshell for the first 3 d of incubation. Survival over the first 3 d was maximized (P < 0.05) when windowed eggs sealed with Saran Wrap were positioned with the window-end down compared with window-end up. Three-day-old cultured embryos were transferred into recipient turkey eggshells, sealed with cling film, and cultured until hatch. Water weight loss of the surrogate eggshell cultures regardless of cling film type was not significantly different from control intact eggs. The embryos cultured in turkey eggshells and sealed with Handi Wrap exhibited higher hatchability (75% +/- 10.2%) than cultures sealed with Saran Wrap (45.2% +/- 13.8%). Hatchability of control intact eggs (86.4% +/- 5.3%) was not significantly (P > 0.05) different from the hatchability of eggs sealed with Handi Wrap, which suggested that Handi Wrap was an excellent sealant for chick embryos cultured after 3 d of incubation. DA - 2005/9// PY - 2005/9// DO - 10.1093/ps/84.9.1477 VL - 84 IS - 9 SP - 1477-1482 SN - 1525-3171 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/16206571 KW - surrogate eggshell KW - avian embryo culture KW - transgenic bird KW - hatchability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in chicken intestinal zinc exporter mRNA expression and small intestinal functionality following intra-amniotic zinc-methionine administration AU - Tako, E AU - Ferket, PR AU - Uni, Z T2 - JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY AB - A 303-bp cDNA of intestinal zinc exporter (ZnT1) was isolated from chicken jejunum by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and sequenced, and showed 42% homology to Homo sapiens and Rattus novergicus intestinal ZnT1 genes. This specific probe was used to examine the effect of zinc-methionine (ZnMet) administration on the mRNA expression of ZnT1 and on small intestinal development and functionality. In this study, ZnMet was injected into the naturally consumed amniotic fluid of 17-day-old chicken embryos. The ZnT1 gene showed an approximately 200% increase in its mRNA levels from 48 h post-ZnMet injection, as compared to the control. An analysis of the gene expression of the brush-border enzymes and transporters showed increased mRNA expression of sucrase isomaltase, leucine-aminopeptidase, sodium-glucose cotransporter and Na+K+ATPase transporter (Na+K+ATPase) from 48 h post-ZnMet injection, in comparison to controls. Significant increases (P<.05) in the biochemical activity of the brush-border enzymes and transporters, and in jejunal villus surface area were detected from day of hatch (96 h post-ZnMet injection) as compared to controls. These results suggest that ZnMet administration into prenatal intestine via injection into the amniotic fluid enhances intestinal development and improves its functionality. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.01.002 VL - 16 IS - 6 SP - 339-346 SN - 1873-4847 KW - chicken KW - embryo KW - small intestine KW - zinc-methionine KW - ZnT1 transporter ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expression and localization of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha mRNA in the porcine ovary AU - Boonyaprakob, U. AU - Gadsby, J. E. AU - Hedgpeth, V. AU - Routh, P. A. AU - Almond, G. W. T2 - Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 69 IS - 3 SP - 215-222 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enzymatic degradation of a prion-like protein, Sup35NM-His6 AU - Wang, JH AU - Borwornpinyo, R AU - Odetallah, N AU - Shih, JCH T2 - ENZYME AND MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY AB - Recent studies indicate that enzymatic treatment of the infectious PrPSc prion under defined conditions could be an effective method to inactivate infectious prions. However, field studies on prion inactivation are hampered by restricted access to the dangerous and expensive infectious prion material. Hence, a surrogate marker for infectious prions would facilitate more practical prion inactivation research. Protein Sup35p, a non-pathogenic prion-like protein produced in yeast, has physical and chemical properties very similar to the BSE prion. Sup35NM-His6, a derivative of Sup35p, was produced from Escherichia coli by gene cloning, protein expression and purification. Monomeric Sup35NM-His6 is soluble. When aggregated, it forms prion-like amyloid, insoluble and resistant to proteases. Similar to BSE prion, a pre-heating step renders this protein digestible by proteinase K, subtilisin and keratinase but not collagenase and elastase. These results indicated that Sup35NM-His6, being simple and inexpensive to produce and non-pathogenic, can be a potential ideal candidate of prion surrogate protein in the study of prion inactivation and prevention of prion diseases. DA - 2005/4/1/ PY - 2005/4/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.12.023 VL - 36 IS - 5-6 SP - 758-765 SN - 1879-0909 KW - yeast prion KW - Sup35p KW - Sup35NM KW - proteases KW - bovine spongiform encephalopathy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Production of germline chimeric chickens following the administration of a busulfan emulsion AU - Song, YH AU - S D'Costa, AU - Pardue, SL AU - Petitte, JN T2 - MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT AB - Busulfan (1,4-butanediol dimethanesulfonate) was used to deplete endogenous germ cells for the enhanced production of chicken germline chimeras. Utilizing immunohistochemical identification of primordial gem cells (PGCs) in Stage 27 chicken embryos, two delivery formulations were compared relative to the degree of endogenous PGC depletion, a busulfan suspension (BS) and a solublized busulfan emulsion (SBE). Both busulfan treatments resulted in a significant reduction in PGCs when compared to controls. However, the SBE resulted in a more consistent and extensive depletion of PGCs than that observed with the BS treatment. Repopulation of SBE-treated embryos with exogenous PGCs resulted in a threefold increase of PGCs in Stage 27 embryos. Subsequently, germline chimeras were produced by the transfer of male gonadal PGCs from Barred Plymouth Rock embryos into untreated and SBE-treated White Leghorn embryos. Progeny testing of the presumptive chimeras with adult Barred Plymouth Rock chickens was performed to evaluate the efficiency of germline chimera production. The frequency of germline chimerism in SBE-treated recipients increased fivefold when compared to untreated recipients. The number of donor-derived offspring from the germline chimeras also increased eightfold following SBE-treatment of the recipient embryos. These results demonstrated that the administration of a busulfan emulsion into the egg yolk of unincubated eggs improved the depletion of endogenous PGCs in the embryo and enhanced the efficiency of germline chimera production. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 70: 438–444, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. DA - 2005/4// PY - 2005/4// DO - 10.1002/mrd.20218 VL - 70 IS - 4 SP - 438-444 SN - 1098-2795 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/15685638 KW - germline KW - chimera KW - busulfan KW - chicken ER - TY - JOUR TI - The influence of dietary sodium chloride, Arginine : Lysine ratio, and methionine source on apparent ileal digestibility of arginine and lysine in acutely heat-stressed broilers AU - Chen, J AU - Li, X AU - Balnave, D AU - Brake, J T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The present study was carried out to determine the ileal digestibility of Arg and Lys in acutely heat-stressed broilers using diets varying in Arg:Lys ratio, NaCl concentration, and Met Source. Male broilers were maintained at 22 degrees C from 21 to 33 d of age and then at 32 degrees C from 33 to 38 d of age. From 28 to 38 d of age, birds were fed a diet with an Arg:Lys ratio of 1.05 and 3 g of supplemental NaCl/kg of diet with or without L-arg free base to increase the Arg:Lys to 1.35, and with or without 3 g/kg of additional NaCl. Methionine was supplied as equimolar amounts of DL-Met or 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid in a 2 x 2 x 2 design. At 38 d of age, digesta were collected from the terminal ileum, and amino acid analyses were conducted on feed and digesta samples and compared with acid-insoluble ash (dietary celite) to calculate the apparent ileal digestibilities of Lys and Arg. Increasing the NaCl concentration and the presence of HMB significantly decreased the digestibility of both Arg and Lys, whereas increasing the Arg:Lys ratio increased the digestibility of only Arg but did increase BW gain (P = 0.08). An interaction between dietary NaCl and Arg:Lys ratio as well as the 3-way interaction suggested that dietary NaCl could affect the apparent ileal digestibility of Arg and Lys at certain Arg:Lys ratios and the response may be influenced by the Met source. DA - 2005/2// PY - 2005/2// DO - 10.1093/ps/84.2.294 VL - 84 IS - 2 SP - 294-297 SN - 1525-3171 KW - arginine KW - lysine KW - sodium chloride KW - ileal digestibility KW - amino acid ER - TY - JOUR TI - Science of odor as a potential health issue AU - Schiffman, S. S. AU - Williams, C. M. T2 - Journal of Environmental Quality DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 129-138 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phytase supplementation and reduced-phosphorus turkey diets reduce phosphorus loss in runoff following litter application AU - Maguire, R. O. AU - Sims, J. T. AU - Applegate, T. J. T2 - Journal of Environmental Quality DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 359-369 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth responses to dietary energy and lysine at high and low ambient temperature in male turkeys AU - Veldkamp, T AU - Kwakkel, RP AU - Ferket, PR AU - Verstegen, MWA T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The effects of ambient temperature (T; 18 vs. 28 degrees C), dietary energy level [E; 90, 100, and 110% of NRC (1994) recommendations], and dietary lysine level [LYS; 105 vs. 120% of NRC (1994) recommendations], and their interactions on feed intake, BW gain, feed:gain ratio, and carcass yields of male turkeys were studied from 29 to 140 d of age. The experiment was designed as a split plot, including T as the main plot and E and LYS as the subplot, with 60 pens containing 10 male turkeys each. Overall, feed intake, BW gain, and feed:gain ratio were significantly lower at high compared with low T. Feed intake decreased linearly as E increased and was more pronounced at low compared with high T. Metabolizable energy intake increased more at high compared with low T as E increased. Turkeys that were fed the highest E gained less weight until 84 d of age than those fed the lowest E. Dietary lysine was not the limiting amino acid because birds showed no response to extra lysine. Feed:gain decreased linearly as E level increased. Until 84 d of age, feed:gain decreased more at low compared with high T as E level increased. Breast meat yields were lower, and thigh, drum, and wing yields were higher at high than at low T. The highest E resulted in lower cold carcass yields, and breast meat yields, and higher thigh and drum yields than the lowest E. Dietary lysine level did not affect carcass yield. The results imply that when dietary lysine levels are adequate, dietary energy may be increased above NRC (1994) to improve feed efficiency, but some of the limiting amino acids after lysine may be increased in high-density diets to optimize breast meat yield. Particularly at high temperature in the period after 16 wk of age, dietary energy contents may be increased to at least 110% of NRC (1994) because turkeys will need more energy to dissipate heat. DA - 2005/2// PY - 2005/2// DO - 10.1093/ps/84.2.273 VL - 84 IS - 2 SP - 273-282 SN - 0032-5791 KW - ambient temperature KW - dietary energy KW - dietary lysine KW - growth response KW - turkey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Urinary excretion of collagen degradation markers by sows during postpartum uterine involution AU - Belstra, BA AU - Flowers, WL AU - Croom, WJ AU - DeGroot, J AU - See, MT T2 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE AB - Incomplete uterine involution is the putative cause of the increased embryo mortality and reproductive failure often exhibited by sows that lactate for less than 21 days. Since such short lactation lengths are common in American swine production, an effective technique to monitor the postpartum involution process and test this hypothesis might be valuable. Rapid and extensive catabolism of uterine collagen is essential for normal postpartum involution. The objective of this study was to characterize postpartum excretion of two biochemical markers of collagen degradation. In experiment I, urine samples were collected from five sows every other day from the day before parturition (day −1), through a 21-day lactation, to day 8 postweaning. The collagen crosslinks hydroxylysyl pyridinoline (HP), which is present in many tissues, and lysyl pyridinoline (LP), which is primarily concentrated in bone, were assayed by both ELISA and HPLC. Urinary levels of both free (ELISA) and total (HPLC) HP and LP increased (P < 0.001) approximately two-fold during lactation. The mean molar ratio of total HP:LP increased (P < 0.001) from 6.6 ± 1.6 at day 1 to a maximum of 10.2 ± 1.5 at day 7 postpartum and averaged 9.1 ± 0.3 for the entire sampling period. These data are consistent with a postpartum increase of soft tissue collagen catabolism since bone has a low HP:LP ratio of 4 and soft tissues like the uterus have a high HP:LP ratio of ≥20 because they contain only trace amounts of LP. Since HPLC (total) and ELISA (free) crosslinks estimates were highly correlated (r = 0.85–0.91, P < 0.001) in experiment I, only the less technical ELISA technique was used in experiment II. Urine samples were collected from 21 sows every third day from day 1 to 19 of lactation. Sows from this second group exhibited one of four distinct crosslinks excretion patterns: peak on day 1 (n = 3), peak on day 7 (n = 4), peak on day 10, 13 or 16 (n = 7), or no peak (n = 7). This variation of postpartum crosslinks excretion among sows was not related to parity, body weight, lactation body weight change, litter size, or litter birth weight. Overall, data from experiments I and II indicate that urinary HP does increase postpartum in a pattern temporally consistent with uterine involution. However, significant variation among sows in the magnitude and timing of peak HP excretion was evident. DA - 2005/1// PY - 2005/1// DO - 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.04.035 VL - 85 IS - 1-2 SP - 131-145 SN - 1873-2232 KW - embryo mortality KW - lactation KW - postpartum KW - sow KW - uterine involution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Elastin defects in the lungs of avian and murine models of homocysteinemia AU - Starcher, B AU - Hill, CH T2 - EXPERIMENTAL LUNG RESEARCH AB - Homocysteinemia in animals is associated with disruption of the elastic fiber component of the extracellular matrix, resulting in vascular complications. The authors have utilized both avian and murine models to investigate the effects of homocysteinemia on lung development and repair following injury. Days old chicks were fed a diet containing 2% methionine for 3 weeks. Pregnant mice were given 2% methionine in the diet and feeding continued for up to 6 weeks after birth. The lungs were removed and examined for defects in elastin fiber formation. Methionine levels were elevated 20-fold in the serum from chicks receiving the methionine and 10-fold in pregnant mice. The elastic fibers in the parabronchi and air capillaries of chicks receiving methionine were thin and clearly disrupted. In the 2% methionine neonatal pups, normal lung development was prevented and the alveoli were significantly enlarged. However, after the pups reached 10 days of age the 2% methionine lungs did not differ histologically from the normal controls. Fetal mice reflected the same serum methionine levels as the dams fed the 2% methionine diet, yet after birth the serum levels of the neonates returned to control levels within 3 days. The authors found that the high serum methionine levels of the dams were not transferred to the milk, allowing the pups to reverse the histopathology observed early and then develop normally. The ability of the lung to replace elastin following elastase injury was not different in mice raised on the 2% methionine diet compared to controls. The studies show that continuous exposure of the developing lung to high circulating levels of methionine/homocysteine can result in major disruptions of elastic fibers and lung architecture. However, young mammals such as the mouse are protected from extended lung pathology because toxic levels of methionine are not transferred through the mothers milk. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1080/01902140600611629 VL - 31 IS - 9-10 SP - 873-885 SN - 0190-2148 KW - elastin KW - homocysteinemia KW - methionine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Planning our future: The poultry science association strategic plan AU - Hester, PY AU - Alvarado, CZ AU - Bilgili, SF AU - Denton, JH AU - Donoghue, AM AU - Giesen, A AU - Hargis, BM AU - Kessler, JW AU - Madison, FN AU - Malone, GW AU - Mavrolas, P AU - Noll, SL AU - Pescatore, AJ AU - Ricks, CA AU - Robinson, FE AU - Shirley, RB AU - Sifri, M AU - Smith, MO AU - Stonerock, RH AU - Wilson, JL AU - Wineland, MJ AU - Beck, MM AU - Saylor, WW T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - 1Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; 2Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409; 3Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849; 4Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701; 5Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Poultry Science Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701; 6Novus International, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri 63141; 7Poultry Science Association, Savoy, Illinois 61874; 8Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Georgetown, Delaware 19947; 9Institute for Conservation Leadership, Bozeman, Montana 59715; 10Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108; 11Department of Animal Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546; 12Embrex, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; 13Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5; 14Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912; 15Animal Health/Nutrition, Archer-Daniels-Midland Co., Quincy, Illinois 62301; 16Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996; 17Akey, Inc., Marysville, Ohio 43040; 18Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30605; 19Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh , North Carolina 27695; 20Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583; and 21Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 DA - 2005/12// PY - 2005/12// DO - 10.1093/ps/84.12.1814 VL - 84 IS - 12 SP - 1814-1815 SN - 0032-5791 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Metastatic adenocarcinoma in the lungs of older laying hens AU - Alfonso, M AU - Adochiles, L AU - Hendrickson, VM AU - Carver, DK AU - Rodriguez, GC AU - Barnes, HJ T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - As part of a study on ovarian and oviductal adenocarcinomas in older laying hens, 676 commercial egg-laying chickens were necropsied at 4 yr of age. Tumors were identified in 305 (45.1%) of the hens. Grossly visible metastatic tumors in the lungs of a few birds prompted collection of lungs from 228 affected hens for histologic examination. Metastatic adenocarcinomas were identified histologically in the lungs of 42 of the 228 hens (18.4%). The number of tumors and extent of involvement of the lung parenchyma varied from minimal to extensive. Tumor emboli were occasionally seen in pulmonary vessels. Metastatic foci showing expansive or invasive growth were identified. These findings indicate that vascular spread of adenocarcinomas is more common than previously thought in chickens, and the lungs are often involved with metastatic tumors, primarily from the reproductive tract. DA - 2005/9// PY - 2005/9// DO - 10.1637/0005-2086(2005)49[430:MAITLO]2.0.CO;2 VL - 49 IS - 3 SP - 430-432 SN - 0005-2086 KW - neoplastic diseases KW - avian adenocarcinoma KW - reproductive tract KW - lung metastases KW - older laying hens ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multiple roles for elastic fibers in the skin AU - Starcher, B AU - Aycock, RL AU - Hill, CH T2 - JOURNAL OF HISTOCHEMISTRY & CYTOCHEMISTRY AB - Dermal elastic fibers are believed to have a primary role in providing elastic stretch and recoil to the skin. Here we compare the structural arrangement of dermal elastic fibers of chick skin and different animal species. Most elastic fibers in chick skin are derived from cells that line the feather follicle and/or smooth muscle that connects the pterial and apterial muscle bundles to feather follicles. Elastic fibers in the dermis of animals with single, primary hair follicles are derived from cells lining the hair follicle or from the ends of the pili muscle, which anchors the muscle to the matrix or to the hair follicle. Each follicle is interconnected with elastic fibers. Follicles of animals with primary and secondary (wool) hair follicles are also interconnected by elastic fibers, yet only the elastic fibers derived from the primary follicle are connected to each primary follicle. Only the primary hair follicles are connected to the pili muscle. Human skin, but not the skin of other primates, is significantly different from other animals with respect to elastic fiber organization and probably cell of origin. The data suggest that the primary role for elastic fibers in animals, with the possible exception of humans, is movement and/or placement of feathers or hair. DA - 2005/4// PY - 2005/4// DO - 10.1369/jhc.4a6484.2005 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - 431-443 SN - 0022-1554 KW - elastic fibers KW - skin KW - follicle ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isolation of chicken primordial germ cells using fluorescence-activated cell sorting AU - Mozdziak, PE AU - Angerman-Stewart, J AU - Rushton, B AU - Pardue, SL AU - Petitte, JN T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Presently, it is difficult to undertake germ line modification of the chicken with primordial germ cells (PGC) because it has been difficult to efficiently fractionate the PGC from the total somatic cell population. The objective of this study was to develop a method that allows isolation of an enriched population of viable PGC from embryonic blood and embryonic gonadal tissue. Blood was harvested from early chick embryos (stages 13 to 15), and cells were liberated from the gonads of stage 27 chick embryos. Subsequently, viable PGC were labeled with anti-stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1), which was detected with goat-anti-mouse IgM-fluorescein isothiocyanate. Fluorescently labeled cells were sorted from the unlabeled cells using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and the identities of the PGC were confirmed using periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining or anti-embryonic mouse antigen-1 (EMA-1) staining followed by microscopic evaluation. Finally, PGC were sorted from somatic cells of sex-identified embryos. Less than 0.1% of the blood cell population was collected as SSEA-1-positive cells. Similarly, approximately 2% of the gonadal cell population were collected as SSEA-1-positive cells. Therefore, fewer (-1,000 to 9,000) PGC were recovered from each isolate. Placing the sorted SSEA-1-positive cells on a glass slide from a microcentrifuge tube resulted in a recovery rate of 53 to 73% relative to the number detected by FACS. Furthermore, the proportions of sorted cells that stained with PAS or anti-EMA-1 following sorting were 92+/-4% PAS positive and 94+/-1% anti-EMA-1 positive. Finally, the sorted SSEA-1-positive cells were maintained in vitro to demonstrate their viability after sorting. It was demonstrated that it is possible to label blood and gonadal chicken PGC with SSEA-1 and subsequently to sort viable SSEA-1-positive PGC from somatic cells. DA - 2005/4// PY - 2005/4// DO - 10.1093/ps/84.4.594 VL - 84 IS - 4 SP - 594-600 SN - 1525-3171 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-18944382538&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 KW - gonad KW - periodic acid-Schiff KW - embryonic mouse antigen-1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In ovo feeding improves energy status of late-term chicken embryos AU - Uni, Z AU - Ferket, PR AU - Tako, E AU - Kedar, O T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Maintenance of glucose homeostasis during late-term embryonic development is dependent upon the amount of glucose held in reserve primarily in the form of glycogen in the liver and upon the degree of glucose generated by gluconeogenesis from protein first mobilized from amnion albumen and then from muscle. Insufficient glycogen and albumen will force the embryo to mobilize more muscle protein toward gluconeogenesis, thus restricting growth of the late-term embryo and hatchling. We hypothesize that administration of available carbohydrates to the amnion will improve glycogen reserves and spare muscle protein mobilization for gluconeogenesis during late-term embryonic and posthatch neonatal development. Our hypothesis was tested by comparing BW gain, liver glycogen reserves, and muscle weight of in ovo fed and control embryos during last days of embryonic incubation until 25 d after hatching. We examined, using 600 birds from 2 different strains of commercial boilers, body and muscle weights and glycogen reserves following feeding embryos at d 17.5 of incubation with a solution containing maltose, sucrose, dextrin, and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB). Providing carbohydrates and HMB to late-term embryos increased hatching weights by 5 to 6% over controls, improved liver glycogen by 2- to 5-fold, and elevated relative breast muscle size by 6 to 8%. These weight advantages were sustained through the end of the experiments at 25 d of age. It is reasonable to assume that the elevated glycogen levels in the in ovo treatment reduce the need to produce glucose via gluconeogenesis and, therefore, contribute to less use of muscle protein and hence a greater percentage of pectoral muscle weight in the in ovo birds. DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1093/ps/84.5.764 VL - 84 IS - 5 SP - 764-770 SN - 1525-3171 KW - chicken KW - embryo KW - in ovo feeding KW - body weight KW - glycogen ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immunity and resistance to astrovirus infection AU - Koci, MD T2 - VIRAL IMMUNOLOGY AB - Astroviruses are one of the leading causes of acute viral enteritis in infants, and are recognized as a clinically important pathogen in the elderly and the immunocompromised. In spite of this, we still know very little about the immune response to astrovirus infection. Clinical observations and human volunteer studies have indicated a role for the humoral response and suggest neutralizing antibodies are important in limiting infection. Studies of human intestinal biopsies have suggested that cellular immunity; specifically CD4+ T-cells may also be involved in the anti-astrovirus response. Additionally, various animal models have indicated potential roles for the innate immune system in controlling infections. How these various effector arms of the immune system collaborate to result in immunity and resistance to astrovirus infection is still unknown. This review summarizes our current understanding of the immune response to this pathogen and highlights the key concepts that still need to be addressed. Until we understand the role of the immune system in astrovirus infection or other enteric viruses, we will continue to be limited in our ability to treat and control gastrointestinal diseases. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1089/vim.2005.18.11 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 11-16 SN - 0882-8245 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-17844369466&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - High levels of dietary carbohydrate increase glucose transport in poult intestine AU - Suvarna, S AU - Christensen, VL AU - Ort, DT AU - Croom, WJ T2 - COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AB - The hypothesis was proposed that the carbohydrate in the first diet fed to turkey hatchlings upregulates the glucose transport system. Heavy and light body mass poults were observed to determine differences in glucose transport and carbohydrate digestion. Poults were weighed immediately posthatching. Heavy poults were at least ±2 S.D. above the mean whereas light poults were at least ±S.D. below the population mean (62.5 ± 0.4). Each group was randomly assigned to one of two diets. One diet contained 50% carbohydrate and the remaining diet had 15% carbohydrate. Although the diets were isocaloric, differing carbohydrate (corn starch) and fat (cottonseed oil) content had significant effects on body masses within 3 days. Poults fed low carbohydrate weighed more than those on high carbohydrate perhaps because fat is a preferred energy substrate in the neonatal turkey. Greater carbohydrate in the diet increased glucose uptake and maltase activity compared to diets containing more fat. Heavier poults at hatching remained heavier at 3 days posthatching. No differences between body mass categories were noted in glucose uptake measurements. Thus, differences seen in growth rates may not be attributed to glucose transport in the jejunum. It is concluded that turkeys belong to the class of birds in which the poults respond to more carbohydrate in the diet by increasing plasma T3 concentrations, upregulating the glucose transport system, and increasing enzymatic activity as with maltase. DA - 2005/7// PY - 2005/7// DO - 10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.03.008 VL - 141 IS - 3 SP - 257-263 SN - 1531-4332 KW - glucose transport KW - jejunum KW - poult KW - dietary carbohydrate KW - intestine KW - turkey KW - birds ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of transgenic hybrid corn (VIP3A) in broiler chickens AU - Brake, J. AU - Faust, M. AU - Stein, J. T2 - Poultry Science AB - A 49-d feeding study evaluated whether standard broiler diets prepared with Syngenta Seeds VIP3A transgenic derived corn grain had any unanticipated adverse effects on male or female broiler chickens as compared with diets prepared with nontransgenic (isoline) control corn grain. Two commercial lots of grain grown in North Carolina during the 1999 (NC 1999) and 2000 (NC 2000) seasons were included for reference purposes. Broiler growth was excellent with males reaching 3466 g and females reaching 2882 g at 49 d of age. Final BW of the VIP3A, isoline, and NC 1999 corn groups were within 21.1 g, whereas the NC 2000 group was 42.4 g lower than the lowest of this group. There was no overall corn source effect on adjusted feed conversion ratio (FCR) or mortality to 49 d of age. Carcass analysis demonstrated no differences in percentage yield due to corn source among males and females other than percentage wings in females. Comprehensive clinical chemical analyses of blood taken from representative birds at 49 d of age showed no differences due to corn sources. The transgenic VIP3A hybrid diets numerically supported the most rapid broiler chicken growth, the second lowest mortality rate and best FCR, without practical differences in carcass yield. The few differences found in this study were not unique to a given corn source but instead appeared to be distributed equally across the diet groups evaluated in the study. Although it was not clear whether small differences in performance were attributable to the transgenic corn per se or were due to possible slight differences in overall composition of the formulated diets, it was clear that the transgenic corn had no deleterious effects on broiler performance and carcass yield in this study. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1093/ps/84.3.503 VL - 84 IS - 3 SP - 503-512 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of an asporogenic Bacillus licheniformis for the production of keratinase AU - Wang, JJ AU - Greenhut, WB AU - Shih, JCH T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AB - Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1 is a keratin-degrading, spore-forming bacterium isolated from a poultry waste digester. A sporulation-deficient mutant of B. licheniformis PWD-1, named B. licheniformis WBG, was developed and characterized.The mutation was generated using the splicing by overlap extension PCR method (Gene SOEing) to create 256 bp deletion in the spoIIAC gene, which encodes an essential sporulation-specific sigma factor. In vivo gene replacement was accomplished with the use of a temperature-sensitive plasmid that is able to integrate and excise the nucleotide fragment 256 bp from the B. licheniformis chromosome. PCR analysis and DNA sequencing confirmed the spoIIAC gene deletion. Heat-treatment assays and electron microscopy verified the absence of spores.This asporogenic strain is able to express normal levels of keratinase when compared with its wild-type host.In this study, a method of constructing a stable sporulation-defective strain was developed. It can be potentially useful as a tool to generate asporogenic strains of Bacillus that retain their industrial capabilities for production of exoproteases and other exozymes. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02515.x VL - 98 IS - 3 SP - 761-767 SN - 1364-5072 KW - asporogenic Bacillus KW - Bacillus licheniformis KW - keratinase ER -