TY - JOUR TI - Development of an automated delivery system for in ovo feeding of turkey embryos AU - Heggen-Peay, C.L. AU - Garrell, M. AU - Doeling, V.W. AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 86 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 214 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inuence of in ovo feeding on turkey poult quality AU - de Oliveira, J. AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Wineland, M.J. AU - Oviedo-Rondon, E.O. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 86 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 318 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Supplementatin with MINTREX® organic trace minerals enhances intestinal health and feed efficiency of turkey poults AU - Biohorquez, D. AU - Santos, A. AU - Ferket, P. AU - Richards, J. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 86 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 782 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - CONF TI - Feed formulation strategies to optimize gut development and health AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Santos, A.A. T2 - World’s Poultry Veterinary Congress C2 - 2007/// C3 - Proceedings World’s Poultry Veterinary Congress CY - Beijing, China DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/10/11/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Fatores Dietéticos que Afetam a Saúde Intestinal e a Colonização por Patógenos AU - Santos, A.A. AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - Conferência APINCO de Ciência e Tecnologia Avícolas 2007 C2 - 2007/// C3 - Conferência APINCO de Ciência e Tecnologia Avícolas 2007 CY - Mendes Convention Center, Santos, São Paulo, Brasil DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/3/29/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of time-enhanced internet-based distance education in feed mill management and feed formulation AU - Ferket, P. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 86 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 463 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in the late term turkey embryo metabolism due to in ovo feeding AU - de Oliveira, J.E. AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Ashwell, C.M. AU - Uni, Z. AU - Heggen-Peay, C. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 86 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 214 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - In ovo-fed lactose augments small intestinal surface and body weight of 3 day-old turkey poults AU - Bohorquez, D.V. AU - Santos, A.A., Jr. AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 86 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 214 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - CONF TI - Transcript profiling of testes from boars divergently selected for testosterone production AU - Ashwell, MS AU - Druyan, S AU - Ashwell, CM AU - Cassady, JP T2 - AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA C2 - 2007/// C3 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE DA - 2007/// VL - 90 SP - 652-652 ER - TY - CONF TI - The expression patterns of HIF 1 alpha, HYOU1, HO1, and cTnT during embryonic development in the chicken heart AU - Druyan, S AU - Cahaner, A AU - Ashwell, CM T2 - AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA C2 - 2007/// C3 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE DA - 2007/// VL - 90 SP - 224-224 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Single strand conformation polymorphism in intron I of the chicken apoVLDL-II gene, and its relationship with triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein concentrations. AU - Furqon, A AU - Gunawan, A AU - Ulupi, N AU - Suryati, T AU - Sumantri, C AU - Sulandari, S AU - Zein, MSA AU - Paryanti, S AU - Sartika, T AU - Abubakar, E Suprijatna AU - others T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 16 IS - 11 SP - pp-5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification and characterization of a polymorphic mono-nucleotide microsatellite within 16S rRNA gene in chicken mitochondrial genome. AU - Yin, Juan AU - Zeng, Sheng-Cheng AU - Luo, Yu-Zhu AU - Han, Jian-Lin AU - Amirinia, C AU - Emrani, H AU - Arbabe, MAR AU - Torshizi, RV AU - Javaremi, AN AU - Barker, JS AU - others T2 - Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 6 IS - 8 SP - 1195-1199 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome-wide linkage analysis to identify chromosomal regions affecting phenotypic traits in the chicken. IV. Metabolic traits AU - Zhou, H AU - Evock-Clover, CM AU - McMurtry, JP AU - Ashwell, CM AU - Lamont, Susan J T2 - Poultry science DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 86 IS - 2 SP - 267-276 ER - TY - CONF TI - Long-term effects on the expression of the intestinal Na-P type IIb cotransporter in broilers fed phosphorus deficient diets early in life AU - Ashwell, CM AU - Angel, R T2 - AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA C2 - 2007/// C3 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE DA - 2007/// VL - 90 SP - 481-481 ER - TY - CONF TI - Improved phosphorus utilization in broilers fed phosphorus deficient diets early in life AU - Angel, R AU - Ashwell, CM T2 - AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA C2 - 2007/// C3 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE DA - 2007/// VL - 90 SP - 72-73 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome-wide linkage analysis to identify chromosomal regions affecting phenotypic traits in the chicken. III. Skeletal integrity AU - Zhou, H AU - Deeb, Nader AU - Evock-Clover, CM AU - Mitchell, AD AU - Ashwell, CM AU - Lamont, Susan J T2 - Poultry science DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 86 IS - 2 SP - 255-266 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome-Wide Linkage Analysis to Identify Chromosomal Regions Affecting Phenotypic Traits in the Chicken. II. Body Composition AU - Zhou, H AU - Evock-Clover, CM AU - McMurtry, JP AU - Ashwell, CM AU - Lamont, Susan J T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 86 IS - 2 SP - 267 ER - TY - JOUR TI - ENVIRONMENT, WELL-BEING, AND BEHAVIOR AU - Awad, WA AU - Aschenbach, , JR AU - Setyabudi, FMCS AU - Razzazi-Fazeli, E AU - Böhm, J AU - Zentek, J T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 86 SP - 15-20 ER - TY - CONF TI - Changes in the late term turkey embryo metabolism due to in ovo feeding T2 - AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA C2 - 2007/// C3 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE DA - 2007/// VL - 90 SP - 214-214 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of dietary gelatin supplementation on the expression of selected enterocyte genes, intestinal development and early chick performance AU - Fasina, YO AU - Moran, ET AU - Ashwell, CM AU - Conner, DE AU - Leslie, M AU - Mckee, , SR T2 - Int J Poult Sci DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 6 SP - 944-951 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal variation in sexual performance of Awassi rams AU - Kridli, R.T. AU - Abdullah, A.Y. AU - Obeidat, B.S. AU - Qudsieh, R.I. AU - Titi, H.H. AU - Awawadeh, M.S. T2 - Animal Reproduction DA - 2007/1// PY - 2007/1// VL - 4 IS - 1/2 SP - 38–41 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Specific transcriptional responses to juvenile hormone and ecdysone in Drosophila AU - Beckstead, Robert B. AU - Lam, Geanette AU - Thummel, Carl S. T2 - Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology AB - Previous studies have shown that ecdysone (E), and its immediate downstream product 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), can have different biological functions in insects, suggesting that E acts as a distinct hormone. Here, we use Drosophila larval organ culture in combination with microarray technology to identify genes that are transcriptionally regulated by E, but which show little or no response to 20E. These genes are coordinately expressed for a brief temporal interval at the onset of metamorphosis, suggesting that E acts together with 20E to direct puparium formation. We also show that E74B, pepck, and CG14949 can be induced by juvenile hormone III (JH III) in organ culture, and that CG14949 can be induced by JH independently of protein synthesis. In contrast, E74A and E75A show no response to JH in this system. These studies demonstrate that larval organ culture can be used to identify Drosophila genes that are regulated by hormones other than 20E, and provide a basis for studying crosstalk between multiple hormone signaling pathways. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.03.001 VL - 37 IS - 6 SP - 570-578 J2 - Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology LA - en OP - SN - 0965-1748 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.03.001 DB - Crossref KW - ecdysone KW - juvenile hormone KW - metamorphosis KW - gene regulation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prothoracicotropic Hormone Regulates Developmental Timing and Body Size in Drosophila AU - McBrayer, Zofeyah AU - Ono, Hajime AU - Shimell, MaryJane AU - Parvy, Jean-Philippe AU - Beckstead, Robert B. AU - Warren, James T. AU - Thummel, Carl S. AU - Dauphin-Villemant, Chantal AU - Gilbert, Lawrence I. AU - O'Connor, Michael B. T2 - Developmental Cell AB - In insects, control of body size is intimately linked to nutritional quality as well as environmental and genetic cues that regulate the timing of developmental transitions. Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) has been proposed to play an essential role in regulating the production and/or release of ecdysone, a steroid hormone that stimulates molting and metamorphosis. In this report, we examine the consequences on Drosophila development of ablating the PTTH-producing neurons. Surprisingly, PTTH production is not essential for molting or metamorphosis. Instead, loss of PTTH results in delayed larval development and eclosion of larger flies with more cells. Prolonged feeding, without changing the rate of growth, causes the overgrowth and is a consequence of low ecdysteroid titers. These results indicate that final body size in insects is determined by a balance between growth-rate regulators such as insulin and developmental timing cues such as PTTH that set the duration of the feeding interval. DA - 2007/12// PY - 2007/12// DO - 10.1016/j.devcel.2007.11.003 VL - 13 IS - 6 SP - 857-871 J2 - Developmental Cell LA - en OP - SN - 1534-5807 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2007.11.003 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - CA125 expression in spontaneous ovarian adenocarcinomas from laying hens AU - Jackson, Emily AU - Anderson, Ken AU - Ashwell, Chris AU - Petitte, James AU - Mozdziak, Paul E. T2 - Gynecologic Oncology AB - Currently, there is not a fully characterized model for human ovarian cancer; however, 2- to 4-year-old laying hens spontaneously develop ovarian tumors. CA125 expression is a hallmark of ovarian cancer in women. The major objective of this study was to characterize the in vitro growth of avian ovarian tumor cells, and CA125 expression in avian ovarian tumors.Immunohistochemistry was employed to evaluate CA125 expression in avian ovarian tumor tissue. A high temperature antigen retrieval step was an essential part of the CA125 staining procedure. In vitro growth curves were constructed for avian ovarian cancer cells. Western blotting was used to estimate the size of the CA125 reactive protein and to confirm CA125 expression.The growth of avian tumors in culture fits a sigmoidal curve for cell growth and suggests a cell cycle time of 28 h. The tumors taken from the chicken stained positive for CA125. Approximately 90% of cells isolated from avian ovarian tumors also stained positive for CA125. Western blots show a band of approximately 25 kDa when immunodetected with CA125.Similar to human ovarian tumors, chicken ovarian tumors express CA125. Cultured chicken ovarian cancer cells express CA125 and CA125 expression does not appear to change with time in culture. DA - 2007/1// PY - 2007/1// DO - 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.07.024 VL - 104 IS - 1 SP - 192-198 J2 - Gynecologic Oncology LA - en OP - SN - 0090-8258 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.07.024 DB - Crossref KW - ovarian cancer KW - chicken KW - avian KW - cancer markers KW - in vitro KW - Western blotting ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of Incubator Temperature and Oxygen Concentration at the Plateau Stage in Oxygen Consumption on Turkey Embryo Muscle Growth and Development AU - Christensen, V.L. AU - J. Wineland, M. AU - L. Grimes, J. AU - O. Oviedo, E. AU - . Mozdziak, P.S AU - T. Ort, D. AU - M. Mann, K. T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science DA - 2007/6/1/ PY - 2007/6/1/ DO - 10.3923/ijps.2007.406.412 VL - 6 IS - 6 SP - 406-412 J2 - International J. of Poultry Science OP - SN - 1682-8356 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2007.406.412 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Metabolic and physiological impact of probiotics or direct-fed-microbials on poultry: A brief review of current knowledge AU - Chichlowski, M. AU - Croom, J. AU - McBride, B.W. AU - Havenstein, G.B. AU - Koci, M.D. T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 6 IS - 10 SP - 694-704 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-36048940317&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microbiological challenges of poultry egg production in the US AU - Curtis, P. T2 - WORLDS POULTRY SCIENCE JOURNAL AB - Over the past 40 years there have been many changes in egg production and processing, as well as, the egg itself. Many of these changes have contributed to the microbial challenges of the egg that we face today. Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) and more recently Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg (SH) are the two organisms of most concern associated with eggs. Most U.S. egg producers utilize some type of control programme to ensure egg safety. Many use the United Egg Producers' “5-Start” Food Safety Programme. Commercial egg washing significantly reduced concentrations of aerobic bacteria, yeasts and moulds, Enterobacteriaceae, and E. coli on shell egg surfaces. However, refrigeration of eggs is often identified as one the most critical issues in minimizing the risks associated with Salmonella contamination in eggs. The condensation question always arises any time egg refrigeration is discussed. Moisture often condenses on the shell surface when cold eggs are moved from the cool storage into hot and/or humid conditions. Research has shown that the ability of any microbes present on the shell to penetrate the shell was not increased with egg sweating. Also, heat sensitivity of SE can be induced by exposure to low temperatures. Although low numbers of SE and SH can contaminate eggs via the transovarian or shell penetration route, these small numbers cannot be ignored. Storage at temperatures as low 4°C combined with natural defences does not completely prevent growth. Furthermore, rapid growth occurs at 25°C, so minimal temperature abuse could result in high levels of contamination within eggs. The need for proper management during production, properly controlled storage, cooking and serving is critical. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1017/s0043933907001481 VL - 63 IS - 2 SP - 301-307 SN - 1743-4777 KW - egg safety KW - cooking KW - egg washing KW - Salmonella KW - egg refrigeration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ontogeny of energy and carbohydrate utilisation of the precocial avian embryo and hatchling AU - Foye, O. T. AU - Ferket, P. R. AU - Uni, Z. T2 - AVIAN AND POULTRY BIOLOGY REVIEWS DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.3184/147020607X296033 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 93-101 SN - 1470-2061 KW - turkey KW - ontogeny of energy KW - carbohydrate utilisation KW - precocial avian embryo and hatchling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of combining nisin and/or lysozyme with in-package pasteurization on thermal inactivation of listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat turkey Bologna AU - Mangalassary, Sunil AU - Han, Inyee AU - Rieck, James AU - Acton, James AU - Jiang, Xiuping AU - Sheldon, Brian AU - Dawson, Paul T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - Achieving a targeted lethality with minimum exposure to heat and preservation of product quality during pasteurization is a challenge. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nisin and/or lysozyme in combination with in-package pasteurization of a ready-to-eat low-fat turkey bologna on the inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes. Sterile bologna samples were initially treated with solutions of nisin (2 mg/ml = 5,000 AU/ml = 31.25 AU/cm2), lysozyme (10 mg/ml = 80 AU/ml = 0.5 AU/cm2), and a mixture of nisin and lysozyme (2 mg/ml nisin + 10 mg/ml lysozyme = 31.75 AU/cm2). Bologna surfaces were uniformly inoculated with a Listeria suspension resulting in a population of approximately 0.5 log CFU/cm2. Samples were vacuum packaged and subjected to heat treatment (60, 62.5, or 65 degrees C). Two nonlinear models (Weibull and log logistic) were used to analyze the data. From the model parameters, the time needed to achieve a 4-log reduction was calculated. The nisin-lysozyme combination and nisin treatments were effective in reducing the time required for 4-log reductions at 62.5 and 65 degrees C but not at 60 degrees C. At 62.5 degrees C, nisin-lysozyme-treated samples required 23% less time than did the control sample to achieve a 4-log reduction and 31% less time at 65 degrees C. Lysozyme alone did not enhance antilisterial activity with heat. Results from this study can be useful to the industry for developing an efficient intervention strategy against contamination of ready-to-eat meat products by L. monocytogenes. DA - 2007/11// PY - 2007/11// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-70.11.2503 VL - 70 IS - 11 SP - 2503-2511 SN - 1944-9097 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Anti-inflammatory properties of Lactobacillus gasseri expressing manganese superoxide dismutase using the interleukin 10-deficient mouse model of colitis AU - Carroll, Ian M. AU - Andrus, Jason M. AU - Bruno-Barcena, Jose M. AU - Klaenhammer, Todd R. AU - Hassan, Hosni M. AU - Threadgill, Deborah S. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY AB - Emerging evidence has implicated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although intestinal epithelial cells produce the ROS-neutralizing enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), the protein and activity levels of copper/zinc (Cu/Zn) and manganese (Mn) SOD are perturbed in inflamed tissues of IBD patients. Thus we investigated the ability of MnSOD from Streptococcus thermophilus to reduce colitis symptoms in interleukin (IL) 10-deficient mice using Lactobacillus gasseri as a delivery vehicle. Cohorts of 13–15 IL-10-deficient mice were left untreated or supplemented with native L. gasseri or L. gasseri expressing MnSOD for 4 wk. Colonic tissue was collected and inflammation was histologically scored. The presence of innate immune cells was investigated by immunohistochemistry and the host antioxidant response was determined by quantitative PCR. It was demonstrated that L. gasseri was stably maintained in mice for at least 3 days. L. gasseri producing MnSOD significantly reduced inflammation in IL-10-deficient mice compared with untreated controls ( P < 0.05), whereas the anti-inflammatory effects of both native and MnSOD producing L. gasseri were more pronounced in males. The anti-inflammatory effects of L. gasseri were associated with a reduction in the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages. Transcripts of antioxidant genes were equivalent in colonic tissues obtained from control and probiotic-treated IL-10-deficient mice. This study demonstrates that L. gasseri producing MnSOD has significant anti-inflammatory activity that reduces the severity of colitis in the IL-10-deficient mouse. DA - 2007/10// PY - 2007/10// DO - 10.1152/ajpgi.00132.2007 VL - 293 IS - 4 SP - G729-G738 SN - 1522-1547 KW - probiotic KW - Lactobacilli KW - oxidative stress KW - inflammatory bowel disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - Absence of serotype-specific surface antigen in laboratory variants of epidemic-associated Listeria monocytogenes strains AU - Cheng, Ying AU - Yue, Lili AU - Elhanafi, Driss AU - Kathariou, S. T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Variants that lacked reactivity with the serotype 4b-specific monoclonal antibody c74.22 and that lost susceptibility to certain Listeria - or serotype 4b-specific phages were identified in the course of genetic studies with serotype 4b Listeria monocytogenes strains H7550 and F2381L (epidemic clones I and II, respectively). Our findings suggest that such variants can become inadvertently established under laboratory conditions and suggest caution in work involving serotype 4b strains and genetic constructs thereof. DA - 2007/10// PY - 2007/10// DO - 10.1128/AEM.00473-07 VL - 73 IS - 19 SP - 6313-6316 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of alternative molting programs and population on layer performance: Results of the thirty-fifth North Carolina layer performance and management test AU - Anderson, K. E. AU - Havenstein, G. B. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - A study involving 7 white-egg and 3 brown-egg commercial layer strains was conducted at the North Carolina Piedmont Research Station to assess the effects cage population 3-bird vs. 4-bird cages and alternative molt programs on performance through 113 wk of age (791 d). The flock was divided into 3 groups; not molted (NM), maintained in continuous production; molted using feed restriction (FR), an industry-type 14-d feed withdrawal molting program initiated at 463 d of age; and molted using a nonfasted/anorexic program (NF), in which an ad libitum supply of a low protein, low energy molt feed was provided. Productivity, egg size, and egg quality were monitored at 28-d periods throughout the test providing the performance data for the white-egg and brown-egg strains with regard to these management factors. Detailed results by strain are available on the following Web site: http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/poulsci/tech_info.html#layer. The performance for the 3-bird or 4-bird cage groups for either type of layer was similar, except that birds in 4-bird cages had higher feed consumption in the first production phase than did the birds in 3-bird cages. In the same time period the white-egg birds in the 3-bird cages had a greater percentage of cracked eggs and a smaller percentage of Grade A large eggs than those in 4-bird cages. No differences were observed in egg income for the 2 population sizes for either type of layer. However, due to their higher feed consumption, the white egg birds in the 4-bird cages had higher feed cost per hen for the first cycle, which was offset by the egg income component due to their increased production rate. The molted layers outperformed the nonmolted layers for both types of layers in terms of overall income over feed costs. The FR molted hens, under a program that has traditionally been used by commercial producers, outperformed NF-molted hens, indicating that further refinements are needed to make the NF program economically competitive with the FR molting program. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1093/japr/16.3.365 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 365-380 SN - 1537-0437 KW - laying hen KW - population KW - molting program KW - egg production KW - egg size KW - net income ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of alternative Molting programs and population on layer performance: Results of the thirty-fifth North Carolina layer performance and management test (vol 16, pg 965, 2007) AU - Anderson, K. E. AU - Havenstein, G. B. T2 - Journal of Applied Poultry Research DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 656-657 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diet modification to reduce phosphorus surpluses: A mass balance approach AU - Maguire, R. O. AU - Crouse, D. A. AU - Hodges, S. C. T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Diet modification to reduce phosphorus (P) concentrations in manures has been developed in response to environmental concerns over P losses from animal agriculture to surface waters. We used USDA-NASS statistics on animal numbers and crop production to calculate county scale mass balances for manure P production, P removed in harvested portion of crops, and the potential effects of diet modification. Although spreading manure evenly over all crop acreage within a county is unlikely to occur, these calculations give a good indication as to the impact diet modification to reduce P can have at a regional or national scale. There was a high degree of regional variability in manure P surpluses (e.g., with the large crop acreages in the grain belt leading to large P offtake in crops preventing most P surpluses). In 89% of counties, there was a deficit of manure P relative to crop P removal; therefore there was a manure P surplus in 11% of counties. Diet modification decreased the percentage of states with a manure P surplus from 11 to 8%, a decrease of approximately 27%. Diet modification decreased the percentage of counties with the greatest surpluses of manure P (>30 kg ha(-1)) from 3% of all counties to 1%. Diet modification to decrease manure P is an important part of strategies to alleviate environmental concerns associated with surplus manure P in many areas, but additional strategies to deal with manure P surpluses are needed in some areas. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.2134/jeq2006.0551 VL - 36 IS - 5 SP - 1235-1240 SN - 0047-2425 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determination of ileum microbial diversity of broilers fed triticale- or corn-based diets and colonized by Salmonella AU - Santos, F. B. O. AU - Sheldon, B. W. AU - Santos, A. A., Jr. AU - Ferket, P. R. AU - Lee, M. D. AU - Petroso, A. AU - Smith, D. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - Diversity of the bacterial communities in the ileum of broilers was characterized using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis separation of polymerase chain reaction amplicons of the V2–V3 variable regions of the 16S rDNA is a common method to profile community diversity and has been used to assess the effects of diet and antibiotics on the ileal bacterial community of chickens. Broilers raised either on litter floor or in cage batteries were fed either a finely ground corn- (control), a finely ground triticale-, or a whole triticale-based diet from 0 to 42 d. Microbial DNA was extracted from the ileum content of 42-d-old broilers, and the 16S rDNA gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and the amplicons separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Diversity indexes including richness, evenness, diversity, and pairwise similarity coefficients were calculated. Diversity indexes were related to the dietary treatments, housing designs, and to changes in Salmonella colonization of broiler ceca as characterized by the most probable number method. Higher microbial diversity indexes were observed among birds fed whole triticale-based diets and reared on litter floors. In contrast, finely ground grain treatments had lower diversity and higher Salmonella prevalence than the whole triticale treatment. The data indicated that combination of high dietary fiber content and increased coarseness of the diet by feeding whole triticale stimulated microbial community diversity and discouraged Salmonella colonization, perhaps through a competitive exclusion-type mechanism. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.3382/japr.2006-00105 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 563-573 SN - 1537-0437 KW - Salmonella KW - broiler KW - microbial diversity KW - triticale KW - whole grain KW - fiber ER - TY - JOUR TI - A novel bedding material made from cotton waste, gypsum, and old newsprint for rearing turkeys AU - Grimes, J. L. AU - Carter, T. A. AU - Gernat, A. E. AU - Godwin, J. L. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - Two experiments and 3 field trials were conducted to examine the usefulness of a novel bedding material for rearing Large White commercial turkeys. The control bedding was pine shavings (PS) in both experiments and all trials. The novel bedding, aGroChips (AC), is a chopped paper product made from cotton lint waste, gypsum, and old newsprint following a proprietary paper manufacturing process. In both experiments, hens and toms were reared according to typical industry techniques. In the first experiment, use of AC resulted in significantly (P <0.05) heavier toms and hens. In the second, the toms brooded and reared on AC were significantly (P <0.05) heavier than those brooded and reared on PS, whereas toms brooded on one bedding and then reared on the other were intermediate in weight. There were no differences in final cumulative FCR or carcass yield in either experiment. Three field trials were conducted with Large White commercial turkey hens in which the hens were brooded either on PS or AC, with both groups reared on PS. There was a mean increase of 0.2 kg in BW, a decrease (improvement) of 0.03 in FCR, and an increase of 3,200 kg per trial for AC-brooded birds (based on 16,000 hens placed per brooder house). A hard, dry litter crust was observed in the AC houses. With subsequent testing, further changes in the manufacturing process to create a hard, durable pellet may result in a more usable and useful bedding material. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.3382/japr.2007-00034 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 598-604 SN - 1537-0437 KW - turkey KW - turkey production KW - bedding KW - performance KW - body weight KW - feed conversion ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of early dietary amino acid levels on muscle satellite cell dynamics in turkeys AU - Nierobisz, L. S. AU - Felts, V. AU - Mozdziak, P. E. T2 - COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB - Understanding the relationship between nutrition and satellite cell activity will be beneficial in obtaining optimal muscle growth and meat production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of early post-hatch levels of dietary amino acids ± 0.88 NRC, 1.00 NRC, and 1.12 NRC), and feed deprivation on the satellite cell mitotic activity, pectoralis thoracicus muscle weight, and body weight of male turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). Birds from each treatment were injected with 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to label mitotically active cells. The right pectoralis thoracicus was harvested 1 h after BrdU injection for immunohistochemical and myofiber diameter analysis. On the third day post-hatch, satellite cell mitotic activity was the highest (P < 0.05) in the 0.88 NRC amino acid treatment group and the lowest (P < 0.05) in the feed-deprived group. On the fourth day post-hatch, feed-deprived birds exhibited the lowest (P < 0.05) satellite cell mitotic activity and muscle weight. At 140 days of age, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) between treatments in body weight or pectoralis thoracicus muscle weight. Research evaluating species-related differences in apoptotic events and in genes regulating cell proliferation may be necessary to devise feeding strategies aimed at obtaining optimal pectoralis thoracicus muscle yield at market age. DA - 2007/11// PY - 2007/11// DO - 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.06.006 VL - 148 IS - 3 SP - 286-294 SN - 1879-1107 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-35448939699&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - amino acids KW - feed deprivation KW - muscle KW - satellite cells KW - turkey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of diabetes determinants in woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) AU - Ange-van Heugten, K. D. AU - Burns, R. AU - Verstegen, M. W. A. AU - Jansen, W. L. AU - Ferket, P. R. AU - Heugten, E. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND ANIMAL NUTRITION AB - Woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) are a threatened specie in the wild with limited successful management in captivity due to diagnosed hypertension and suspected diabetic conditions. Six woolly monkeys with known hypertension problems were tested to determine if diabetes mellitus and current daily diet are underlying links to health problems for the captive population of this species. Blood and urine were collected and serum was analysed for fructosamine, glucose, glycated haemoglobin, insulin, triacylglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-Chol) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-Chol) while urine was tested for glucose concentrations. Diet disappearance was determined for 3 days prior to blood collection and nutrient content was calculated using Zoo Diet Analysis computer program. Serum analyses were within normal ranges (fructosamine (139-242 micromol/l), glucose (2.22-4.78 mmol/l), glycated haemoglobin (3.52-4.73%), insulin (6.2-13.0 microU/ml), triacylglycerides (0.38-3.4 mmol/l), total cholesterol (2.5-5.1 mmol/l), HDL-Chol (0.4-1.6 mmol/l) and LDL-Chol (1.8-3.4 mmol/l)). Urine glucose concentrations were below the detection limit. Diets were not limiting in starch and total sugars and were similar in non-starch polysaccharides. Potential dietary deficiencies were noted for vitamin A, vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus and selenium. When compared with the available primate reference ranges, the results do not indicate problems with diabetes mellitus or with glucose metabolism and therefore they are not causes of the diagnosed hypertension. Further research to ascertain the true cause of health related problems and the role of dietary factors is needed. DA - 2007/12// PY - 2007/12// DO - 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00679.x VL - 91 IS - 11-12 SP - 481-491 SN - 1439-0396 KW - diabetes KW - diet KW - fructosamine KW - glycated haemoglobin KW - lipids KW - woolly monkey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of dietary metabolizable energy and protein on early growth responses of broilers to dietary lysine AU - Plumstead, P. W. AU - Romero-Sanchez, H. AU - Paton, N. D. AU - Spears, J. W. AU - Brake, J. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Two studies evaluated effects of metabolizable energy (ME), digestible Lys (dLys), and amino acid (AA) balance on broiler performance. In experiment 1 diets contained 3 levels of ME (3,000, 3,100, and 3,200 kcal/kg) in combination with 4 levels of dLys (1.05, 1.13, 1.21, and 1.29%). A fixed proportion of dLys relative to CP and key indispensable AA was maintained in graded increments of CP from 21.9 to 26.9%. There was no interaction of ME and dLys for 21 d BW gain or adjusted feed conversion ratio, which improved linearly with dietary dLys. Increasing the dLys or ME had no effect on feed intake, and the linear improvement in performance was attributed to a step-wise increase in dLys when diets contained a balance of AA and CP. Experiment 2 evaluated broiler response to 20 d of age when diets contained graded increments in dLys while maintaining a fixed proportion of dLys relative to CP and indispensable AA (balanced CP), or when dLys was increased in diets by supplementing synthetic l-Lys to 1 of 2 basal diets with 22.0% CP (low CP) or 27.0% CP (high CP) without adjusting concentrations of other AA or CP. The BW gain of broilers fed the low CP diet series followed a quadratic response, and the dLys requirement was estimated to be 1.19 ± 0.03% (1.30% total Lys). By contrast, BW gain on both the high CP and balanced CP diet series increased linearly. The higher BW gain and continued response to dLys above 1.19% when CP and AA concentrations were increased confirmed that the dLys requirement of broilers was dependent on the dietary CP. When a fixed ratio of dLys to CP was applied and indispensable and dispensable AA were not limiting, broiler BW gain and adjusted feed conversion ratio responded positively to incremental dLys up to at least 1.32% (27.2% CP) and was independent of the dietary ME over a range from 3,000 to 3,200 kcal/kg. DA - 2007/12// PY - 2007/12// DO - 10.3382/ps.2007-00168 VL - 86 IS - 12 SP - 2639-2648 SN - 0032-5791 KW - broiler KW - protein KW - lysine KW - amino acid KW - metabolizable energy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary low-phytate mutant-M 955 barley grain alters phytate degradation and mineral digestion in sheep fed high-grain diets AU - Leytem, A. B. AU - Taylor, J. B. AU - Raboy, V. AU - Plumstead, P. W. T2 - ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AB - Greater production demands for ruminants require increased dietary inclusion of high-energy feeds. Grains and oil seeds are most commonly used to enhance diet energy density. However, use of such feeds proportionally increases the amount of dietary phytate phosphorus (P), which the ruminant may not be able to fully utilise. Our objectives for this study were to determine the extent of phytate degradation and mineral digestion in wethers fed high-grain diets consisting of either a non-mutant or low-phytate mutant barley grain. In two separate experiments, mature Columbia wethers (n = 7) fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulas and Columbia × Polypay wether lambs (n = 8) were individually fed one of two finishing diets formulated with either non-mutant Harrington (HARR) variety or low-phytate mutant-M 955 (M955) barley grains. Total-P intake was similar (P=0.46–0.70) between the M955 and HARR treatments for mature (5756 and 5550 mg/day, respectively) and lamb (5207 and 4894 mg/day, respectively) wethers. Dietary water-soluble P was 3.6 times greater in M955 versus HARR diets and phytate P was 11 times greater in HARR versus M955 treatment diets. Apparent total-P digestion was similar between M955 and HARR treatments (P=0.52–0.69). More monoester P was identified in the duodenal chyme of mature wethers fed HARR treatment diet, presumably due to incomplete hydrolysis of phytate P in the rumen. Feeding M955, compared to HARR, treatment diet resulted in greater (P<0.05) apparent partial-tract digestion of calcium (Ca) and total-tract digestion of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), and zinc in mature wethers and apparent total-tract digestion of Mg and Fe and retention of Ca, Fe, and Mg in wether lambs. These results indicate that phytate in diets formulated with Harrington variety barley grain may not be fully digested in the rumen. Subsequent passage of partially digested phytate from the rumen may interfere with mineral digestion in wethers fed high-grain diets. DA - 2007/10/22/ PY - 2007/10/22/ DO - 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.11.005 VL - 138 IS - 1 SP - 13-28 SN - 1873-2216 KW - phytate KW - M 955 mutant KW - barley KW - digestion KW - mineral KW - sheep KW - 31P-NMR ER - TY - JOUR TI - Broiler incubation. 1. Effect of elevated temperature during late incubation on body weight and organs of chicks AU - Leksrisompong, N. AU - Romero-Sanchez, H. AU - Plumstead, P. W. AU - Brannan, K. E. AU - Brake, J. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of increased egg temperature during the final third of incubation on BW, yolk sac, heart, and digestive organs of broiler chicks at hatching. Egg temperatures were found to be approximately 1.0 to 1.5°C higher than incubator air temperature. Elevated egg temperature (39.5°C) after embryonic day 14 generally accelerated hatching time but decreased the relative weight of the heart in all 3 experiments, whereas BW and relative weights of the gizzard, proventriculus, and small intestines were significantly smaller in 2 of 3 experiments as compared with the control (∼38.2°C). Relative weights of the yolk sac or liver were significantly larger due to elevated egg temperature in single experiments only. A striking feature of the chicks that developed at an elevated egg temperature was their white color as compared with the yellow color of chicks from eggs incubated at more normal temperatures. DA - 2007/12// PY - 2007/12// DO - 10.3382/ps.2007-00170 VL - 86 IS - 12 SP - 2685-2691 SN - 1525-3171 KW - incubation KW - egg temperature KW - embryo development KW - embryo organ KW - heart ER - TY - JOUR TI - The expression patterns of hypoxia-inducing factor subunit alpha-1, heme oxygenase, hypoxia upregulated protein 1, and cardiac troponin T during development of the chicken heart AU - Druyan, S. AU - Cahaner, A. AU - Ashwell, C. M. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Oxygen is one of the critical determinants of appropriate embryonic and fetal development, including cardiogenesis. When the demand of tissues for oxygen exceeds oxygen supply, hypoxic conditions develop. In the developing embryo, hypoxia is associated with increased fetal mortality, cerebrovascular anomalies, cardiovascular dysfunction, and altered angiogenesis. Tissue hypoxia may elicit a broad range of responses, many of which are dependent upon hypoxia-inducible transcription factors. Three genes that are stimulated by hypoxia—hypoxia-inducing factor subunit α-1, heme oxygenase, hypoxia upregulated protein 1, and cardiac troponin T, which is responsible for binding tropomyosin to regulate calcium binding and contractility of heart muscle—were examined in the embryonic heart of the chicken to determine if expression patterns were altered throughout development. On embryonic day (E) 7, all 3 hypoxic-induced genes were expressed at their highest levels, followed by a decrease from E7 to E19 followed by an increase between internal (E19) and external pipping (E20). The cardiac troponin T exhibited a similar expression level for E7 and E15 with a similar significant increase at E19 and E20. During these periods of development, significant changes in the primary gas exchange organs occur. Based on our observation of upregulation of these hypoxia response genes, it appears that tissue hypoxia is likely a normal component of embryonic development in the chicken based on the upregulation of hypoxia response genes. DA - 2007/11// PY - 2007/11// DO - 10.3382/ps.2007-00152 VL - 86 IS - 11 SP - 2384-2389 SN - 1525-3171 KW - hypoxia KW - gene expression KW - embryonic development ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of in ovo feeding arginine, beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl-butyrate, and protein on Jejunal digestive and absorptive activity in embryonic and neonatal turkey poults AU - Foye, T. AU - Ferket, P. R. AU - Uni, Z. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - In ovo feeding, injecting nutrients into the amnion of the avian embryo, may enhance jejunal nutrient uptake, activity of the intestinal enzymes, and posthatch growth. This hypothesis was tested in the following in ovo feeding (IOF) experiments. In experiment 1, 400 eggs were evenly distributed among 4 nutritional treatments at 23 d of embryonic development (23E) and administered 1 of 4 treatments as a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of arginine (ARG 0, 0.7%) and beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl-butyrate (HMB 0, 0.1%). Tissues were assayed for maltase, sucrase, and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) at 25E, hatch, and 3, 7, and 14 d. In experiment 2, all IOF procedures were repeated and treatments were administered at 21E: injected or noninjected control, 21% egg white protein (EWP), 21% EWP + 0.1% HMB. In experiment 3, two hundred eggs were evenly distributed among the following treatments at 23E: noninjected control or 0.7% ARG + 0.1% HMB + 21% EWP. Jejunal samples were assayed for glucose or alanine uptake at 23E, 25E, and hatch (experiment 2), and hatch and 7 d (experiment 3), respectively. All poults were fed a turkey starter diet ad libitum immediately upon hatching. There was a highly significant HMB x ARG interaction on jejunal sucrase, maltase, and LAP activities at 25E and 14 d. Poults in ovo (IO) fed HMB + ARG had approximately a 2- to 3-fold increase in jejunal sucrase, maltase, and LAP activities at 25E, and a 3-fold increase at 14 d, over other treatments. Poults IO fed EWP + HMB (experiment 2) had enhanced glucose uptake at 25E, whereas poults IO fed ARG + HMB + EWP (experiment 3) had enhanced alanine uptake at hatch and 7 d. These studies demonstrate that IOF ARG, HMB, and EWP may enhance jejunal nutrient uptake and digestion in turkeys. DA - 2007/11// PY - 2007/11// DO - 10.3382/ps.2007-00110 VL - 86 IS - 11 SP - 2343-2349 SN - 1525-3171 KW - in ovo feeding KW - jejunal KW - digestion KW - absorption KW - turkey ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of broiler breeder genetic strain and parent flock age on eggshell conductance and embryonic metabolism AU - Hamidu, J. A. AU - Fasenko, G. M. AU - Feddes, J. J. R. AU - O'Dea, E. E. AU - Ouellette, C. A. AU - Wineland, M. J. AU - Christensent, V. L. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The effect of genetic strain (Ross 308; Cobb 500) and parent flock age [young (29 wk), peak (Ross = 34 wk; Cobb = 36 wk), postpeak (40 wk), mature (45 wk), old (55 wk), and very old (59 wk)] on eggshell conductance and embryonic metabolism were examined. At each flock age, eggs from each strain were incubated for 21.5 d in individual metabolic chambers to measure embryonic O(2) intake and CO(2) output. From these data, the respiratory quotient (RQ) and metabolic heat production were calculated. Data were analyzed by the GLM procedure of SAS at P < or = 0.05. Neither strain nor flock age influenced conductance. Total embryonic O(2) consumption, CO(2) output, RQ, and metabolic heat production over the entire incubation period were not affected by strain. Daily differences existed between strains for embryonic O(2) intake (1, 7, 16, 17, 19, 20 d of incubation), CO(2) output (1 to 4, 16 to 20 d of incubation), and heat production (4, 7, 16 to 19 d of incubation). Embryos from young, mature, old, and very old flocks produced significantly more total embryonic heat over the entire 21 d (1,712, 1,677, 1,808, and 1,832, respectively) than embryos from peak (1,601) and postpeak (1,693) flocks. Average RQ for the entire incubation period was higher in embryos from mature flocks compared with all other flock ages. Daily differences among embryos from different flock ages were shown for O(2) consumption (all but d 8 of incubation), CO(2) production (all but d 7 and 9 of incubation), and heat output. The results showed that genetic strain and parent flock age influence daily embryonic metabolism, especially during the early and latter days of incubation. These daily differences coincide with the days of incubation having a higher incidence of embryonic mortality; these 2 factors may be related. Further investigation into the relationship between embryonic metabolic heat production and mortality during incubation may lead to the development of specific incubation conditions for different genetic strains and flock ages. DA - 2007/11// PY - 2007/11// DO - 10.3382/ps.2007-00265 VL - 86 IS - 11 SP - 2420-2432 SN - 1525-3171 KW - breeder strain KW - flock age KW - O-2 consumption KW - CO2 production KW - embryonic metabolism ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lighting for summer egg production by turkeys: day length and light intensity AU - Siopes, T. D. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - This experiment tested the hypothesis that typical poor egg production during the summer is a consequence of insufficient lighting and reduced photoperiodic drive. Large White turkey breeder hens were photostimulated at 30 wk of age with incandescent light on May 12 for summer (off-season) egg production and continued for 28 wk. The lighting treatments were given in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with day length and light intensity as main effects. Day lengths used were 15L:9D and 18L:6D, whereas the intensities were 567 ± 67 and 22 ± 2 lx. All the treatments were within a light-controlled building, and there were 8 replicate pens of 4 hens for each treatment. Data were collected, by pen, for onset and the rate of lay; BW and feed consumption at 4-wk intervals; and egg weight (EW) at 4-wk intervals including the weight of the first 14 eggs laid, livability, and plasma thyroid hormones for 8 wk postlighting. The rate of egg production through 28 wk of photostimulation was better in the hens receiving 18 than 15 h of light per day (14 eggs/hen difference) but was similar between the 2 intensity treatments. The lower number of eggs in the 15-h group was associated with a greater number of photorefractory hens than in the 18 h of light per day group (39 vs. 14%, respectively). Egg weights were similar between the 18 and 15 h of light/day treatment groups but was significantly greater in the low intensity treatment as compared with the high intensity treatment. We may conclude that by increasing photoperiodic drive by increased day length, but not light intensity, there results an improved summer egg production by turkeys and reduced incidence of photorefractoriness. Egg weight was best at a reduced light intensity. DA - 2007/11// PY - 2007/11// DO - 10.3382/ps.2007-00245 VL - 86 IS - 11 SP - 2413-2419 SN - 0032-5791 KW - photoperiod KW - light intensity KW - turkey KW - egg production KW - photorefractoriness KW - egg weight KW - thyroid hormone ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of moisture content on ammonia emissions from broiler litter: A laboratory study AU - Liu, Zifei AU - Wang, Lingjuan AU - Beasley, David AU - Oviedo, Edgar T2 - JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY DA - 2007/9// PY - 2007/9// DO - 10.1007/s10874-007-9076-8 VL - 58 IS - 1 SP - 41-53 SN - 1573-0662 KW - ammonia emissions KW - broiler litter ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of low temperature and culture media on the growth and freeze-thawing tolerance of Exiguobacterium strains AU - Vishnivetskaya, Tatiana A. AU - Siletzky, Robin AU - Jefferies, Natalie AU - Tiedje, James M. AU - Kathariou, Sophia T2 - CRYOBIOLOGY AB - Bacteria of the genus Exiguobacterium have been repeatedly isolated from ancient permafrost sediments of the Kolyma lowland of Northeast Eurasia. Here we report that the Siberian permafrost isolates Exiguobacterium sibiricum 255-15, E. sibiricum 7-3, Exiguobacterium undae 190-11 and E. sp. 5138, as well as Exiguobacterium antarcticum DSM 14480, isolated from a microbial mat sample of Lake Fryxell (McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica), were able to grow at temperatures ranging from −6 to 40 °C. In comparison to cells grown at 24 °C, the cold-grown cells of these strains tended to be longer and wider. We also investigated the effect of growth conditions (broth or surface growth, and temperature) on cryotolerance of the Exiguobacterium strains. Bacteria grown in broth at 4 °C showed markedly greater survival following freeze-thawing treatments (20 repeated cycles) than bacteria grown in broth at 24 °C. Surprisingly, significant protection to repeated freeze-thawing was also observed when bacteria were grown on agar at either 4 or 24 °C. DA - 2007/4// PY - 2007/4// DO - 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2007.01.008 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - 234-240 SN - 0011-2240 KW - low temperature growth KW - freeze-thawing KW - freezing tolerance KW - Exiguobacterium KW - cryotolerance KW - permafrost ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clonal population structure and specific genotypes of multidrug-resistant Campylobacter coli from turkeys AU - D'lima, C. B. AU - Miller, W. G. AU - Mandrell, R. E. AU - Wright, S. L. AU - Siletzky, R. M. AU - Carver, D. K. AU - Kathariou, S. T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Commercial turkey flocks in North Carolina have been found to be colonized frequently with Campylobacter coli strains that are resistant to several antimicrobials (tetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin, kanamycin, and ciprofloxacin/nalidixic acid). Such strains have been designated multidrug resistant (MDR). However, the population structure of MDR C. coli from turkeys remains poorly characterized. In this study, an analysis of multilocus sequence typing (MLST)-based sequence types (STs) of 59 MDR strains from turkeys revealed that the majority of these strains corresponded to one of 14 different STs, with three STs accounting for 41 (69%) of the strains. The major STs were turkey specific, and most (87%) of the strains with these STs were resistant to the entire panel of antibiotics mentioned above. Some (13%) of the strains with these STs were susceptible to just one or two of the antibiotics in this panel. Further subtyping using fla typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with SmaI and KpnI revealed that the major MDR STs corresponded to strains of related but distinct subtypes, providing evidence for genomic diversification within these STs. These findings suggest that MDR strains of C. coli from turkeys have a clonal population structure characterized by the presence of a relatively small number of clonal groups that appear to be disseminated in the turkey production system. In addition, the observed correlation between STs and the MDR profiles of the microbes indicates that MLST-based typing holds potential for source-tracking applications specific to the animal source (turkeys) and the antimicrobial resistance profile (MDR status) of C. coli . DA - 2007/4// PY - 2007/4// DO - 10.1128/AEM.02346-06 VL - 73 IS - 7 SP - 2156-2164 SN - 0099-2240 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Realistic views concerning poultry welfare AU - Anderson, K. E. AU - Koelkebeck, K. W. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The animal welfare (rights) issue we face today is not one that will be resolved through research or factual knowledge. It is an emotional issue that resides on philosophical beliefs that are often associated with the religion of an individual or his or her lack thereof. Individuals who oppose the use of animals for research, food, companionship, etc., based on personal feelings or philosophies, may never change their minds based on scientific facts. However, the opportunity we have is the minds of those people who have not yet made up their mind. We can instill in them a respect for life and a clear understanding that it is okay to utilize animals for companionship and for food production provided the animals are maintained under acceptable and reasonable conditions and that they are cared for in a humane manner. This issue will continue to be a tough battle, because, from past experience, animal rightists will sometimes stage animal abuse to prove their viewpoint. We must also realize that due to the nature of humans, not everyone who is responsible for animals, in both research and production settings, will properly care for them. Animal mistreatment or abuse is a major black eye for everyone, and it is always caused by individuals who do not handle animals in a humane and proper manner. However, we have to admit that humanity has reverted to some very deplorable states in history. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1093/ps/86.6.1251 VL - 86 IS - 6 SP - 1251-1252 SN - 0032-5791 KW - poultry KW - welfare KW - well-being ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genotypes, serotypes, and antibiotic resistance profiles of Salmonella isolated from commercial North Carolina Turkey farms AU - Santos, F. B. O. AU - D'Souza, D. H. AU - Jaykus, L. AU - Ferket, P. R. AU - Sheldon, B. W. T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - This study was designed to determine the serotypes, genotypes, and antibiotic resistance (AbR) patterns of 42 Salmonella isolates recovered from either fecal or litter samples of 12 commercial turkey farms across two seasons (summer and winter) and two ages (3 and 19 weeks). Isolates were serotyped on the basis of the Kauffmann-White scheme. Genotyping was done by restriction digestion of cDNA (XbaI) and subsequent pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The AbR was determined with Sensititre susceptibility plates. Serovar Kentucky was the most prevalent serotype (26%), followed by Senftenberg (19%), Muenster (17%), Mbandaka (10%), Javiana (7%), Hadar (5%), Heidelberg (5%), 8,(20):nonmotile (5%), Agona (2%), Infantis (2%), and 4,12:r:-(2%). Serovars Kentucky, Heidelberg, Hadar, and 8,(20):nonmotile were isolated only from the 19-week-old bird samples, whereas Senftenberg and Muenster were isolated only from the young birds (3 weeks old). Isolates within any one serotype showed minor PFGE banding pattern differences, but dendogram analysis indicated that sequence variability between serotypes was more significant than within serotypes. Isolates were resistant to tetracycline (86%), sulfisoxazole (71%), streptomycin (64%), gentamicin (41%), ampicillin (36%), kanamycin (26%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (7%), nalidixic acid (5%), cefoxitin (2%), and ceftiofur (2%). One isolate (Muenster) was resistant to nine antibiotics (2%), and the others were resistant to six (7%), five (12%), four (10%), three (21%), two (24%), and one (10%) antibiotic. Only two isolates (5%) were susceptible to all antibiotics tested. The AbR patterns were affected by age; on average, strains recovered from young birds were resistant to more than four drugs compared with fewer than three in older birds (P < 0.05). This study showed that Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes, genotypes and AbR patterns were affected by bird age but not by season or farm. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-70.6.1328 VL - 70 IS - 6 SP - 1328-1333 SN - 1944-9097 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of the effectiveness of two infectious bronchitis virus vaccine programs for preventing disease caused by a California IBV field isolate AU - Martin, Michael P. AU - Wakenell, P. S. AU - Woolcock, P. AU - B. O'Connor, T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - Infectious bronchitis virus CA99 serotype was isolated from several broiler flocks in Northern California. The virus caused late-onset respiratory disease and increased airsacculitis condemnation in affected flocks despite the use of an established infectious bronchitis virus vaccination program. An experimental study compared Holland/Arkansas and Massachusetts/Arkansas vaccination protocols to determine the efficacy of commercial infectious bronchitis virus vaccines in reducing respiratory disease and airsacculitis lesions found at processing that were associated with a CA99 field isolate. All vaccination groups were given Massachusetts/Connecticut strains of infectious bronchitis virus vaccines at age 1 day followed by vaccination with either Holland/Arkansas or Massachusetts/Arkansas vaccine strains at 18 days of age. Birds were challenged at age 31 days with a CA99 field isolate. Gross pathology, histopathology, and virus isolation were evaluated. Chickens vaccinated with Holland/Arkansas had marginally better protection against CA99 challenge than chickens vaccinated with Massachusetts/Arkansas, although differences were not statistically significant. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1637/0005-2086(2007)51[584:EOTEOT]2.0.CO;2 VL - 51 IS - 2 SP - 584-589 SN - 0005-2086 KW - airsacculitis KW - broiler chickens KW - CA99 KW - IBV vaccination KW - infectious bronchitis KW - poultry KW - respiratory disease KW - vaccination program ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disseminated Aspergillus flavus infection in broiler breeder pullets AU - Martin, Michael P. AU - Bouck, Karla Pecelunas AU - Helm, Julie AU - Dykstra, Michael J. AU - Wages, Dennis P. AU - Barnes, H. John T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - Increased morbidity and mortality occurred in a 5-wk-old broiler breeder replacement pullet flock. The affected broiler pullet flock was housed on the first floor of a two-story confinement building. Mortality increased to 0.1%/day compared to the flock on the second floor, which had mortality levels of less than 0.01%/day. Clinical signs in the affected chickens included inactivity, decreased response to stimuli, and anorexia. No respiratory or neurologic signs were observed. On necropsy, affected pullets were dehydrated and emaciated and had disseminated variably sized single or multiple heterophilic granulomas that contained intralesional septate and branching fungal hyphae. Lesions were extensive around the base of the heart in the thoracic inlet and in the kidneys. Other affected organs included eyelid, muscle, proventriculus, ventriculus, intestine, liver, spleen, lung, and heart. Aspergillus flavus was cultured from the visceral granulomas. The source of flock exposure to the organism was not determined. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1637/0005-2086(2007)51[626:DAFIIB]2.0.CO;2 VL - 51 IS - 2 SP - 626-631 SN - 1938-4351 KW - aspergillosis KW - Aspergillus flavus KW - Aspergillus fumigatus KW - chicken KW - mycosis KW - poultry ER - TY - JOUR TI - A P60 mutant of Listeria monocytogenes is impaired in its ability to cause infection in intragastrically inoculated mice AU - Faith, Nancy G. AU - Kathariou, Sophia AU - Neudeck, Brien L. AU - Luchansky, John B. AU - Czuprynski, Charles J. T2 - MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS AB - A spontaneous P60 mutant of Listeria monocytogenes was less able to cause systemic infection in A/J mice, following intragastric inoculation, than the parental wild type strain (SLCC 5764, serotype 1/2a). Significantly fewer CFU were recovered from internal organs (spleen, liver, gall bladder) and from the cecum of mice inoculated intragastrically with the P60 mutant than mice inoculated with wild type L. monocytogenes. The P60 mutant also exhibited a diminished ability to invade and multiply within Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. These findings indicate that P60 is required for maximal virulence of L. monocytogenes in the gastrointestinal tract of mice. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1016/j.micpath.2007.01.004 VL - 42 IS - 5-6 SP - 237-241 SN - 0882-4010 KW - Listeria monocytogenes KW - gastrointestinal KW - P60 KW - listeriosis KW - mice ER - TY - JOUR TI - What aspect of dietary modification in broilers controls litter water-soluble phosphorus: Dietary phosphorus, phytase, or calcium? AU - Leytem, A. B. AU - Plumstead, P. W. AU - Maguire, R. O. AU - Kwanyuen, P. AU - Brake, J. T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Environmental concerns about phosphorus (P) losses from animal agriculture have led to interest in dietary strategies to reduce the concentration and solubility of P in manures and litters. To address the effects of dietary available phosphorus (AvP), calcium (Ca), and phytase on P excretion in broilers, 18 dietary treatments were applied in a randomized complete block design to each of four replicate pens of 28 broilers from 18 to 42 d of age. Treatments consisted of three levels of AvP (3.5, 3.0, and 2.5 g kg(-1)) combined with three levels of Ca (8.0, 6.9, and 5.7 g kg(-1)) and two levels of phytase (0 and 600 phytase units [FTU]). Phytase was added at the expense of 1.0 g kg(-1) P from dicalcium phosphate. Fresh litter was collected from pens when the broilers were 41 d of age and analyzed for total P, soluble P, and phytate P as well as P composition by (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Results indicated that the inclusion of phytase at the expense of inorganic P or reductions in AvP decreased litter total P by 28 to 43%. Litter water-soluble P (WSP) decreased by up to 73% with an increasing dietary Ca/AvP ratio, irrespective of phytase addition. The ratio of WSP/total P in litter decreased as the dietary Ca/AvP ratio increased and was greater in the phytase-amended diets. This study indicated that while feeding reduced AvP diets with phytase decreased litter total P, the ratio of Ca/AvP in the diet was primarily responsible for effects on WSP. This is important from an environmental perspective as the amount of WSP in litter could be related to potential for off-site P losses following land application of litter. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.2134/jeq2006.0334 VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - 453-463 SN - 1537-2537 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using proteomics to understand avian systems biology and infectious disease AU - Liu, H.-C. S. AU - Hicks, J. A. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The proteome is defined as the protein complement to the genome. Proteomics is the study of the proteome. Several techniques are frequently used in proteomics; these include 2-hybrid systems, 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry. Systems biology is a scientific approach that takes into account the complex relationships among and between genes and proteins and determines how all of these interactions come together to form a functional organism. Proteomic tools can simultaneously probe the properties of numerous proteins and thus are a great aid to the emerging field of systems biology, in which the functional interactions of numerous proteins are studied instead of studying individual proteins as isolated entities. In the field of avian biology, proteomics has been used to study everything from the development and function of organs and systems to the interactions of infectious agents and the altered states that they induce in their hosts. DA - 2007/7// PY - 2007/7// DO - 10.1093/ps/86.7.1523 VL - 86 IS - 7 SP - 1523-1529 SN - 1525-3171 KW - proteomics KW - systems biology KW - infectious disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molting layers - Alternative methods and their effectiveness AU - Koelkebeck, K. W. AU - Anderson, K. E. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The molting of commercial layers has been under increased scrutiny by animal rights groups, who have said that this practice is highly stressful and one which negatively affects the welfare of the hen due to the initial period of fasting that has been used to stop egg production. In recent years, there has been a recognized need to develop practical alternatives to molting layers other than the use of fasting. Thus, the University of Illinois, University of Nebraska, North Carolina State University, and the University of California have all researched this area. In all of these studies, the methods involved comparing a normal fasting method (i.e., 5 to 13 d), to feeding low-energy and protein diets using ingredients such as wheat middlings, soybean hulls, and corn or diets with graded levels of added salt and without salt (University of Nebraska, University of California). The molt period (28 d) included full-feeding of these diets. In these studies, postmolt production performance for the nonfeed withdrawal techniques was comparable to the fasting method. Several researchers have also evaluated the behavioral repertoire of laying hens, which includes feeding, drinking, comfort, social, reproductive, and anti-predator behaviors. In addition, related behaviors such as aggression, escape-avoidance, and submission have been of particular interest as potential indicators of welfare during molting. In these studies, genetic selection, strain, density, or molt program do not appear to adversely influence the behavioral patterns during the molt. The behavior patterns displayed during a molt program appear consistent with the response to physiological changes that layers experience and do not appear to compromise the welfare status of the hens. Appetitive behaviors were not affected by strain but were affected by production phase and molting. Strain or production phase did not influence the frequency of aggressive and submissive acts. Thus, the use of alternative nonfeed withdrawal molting methods provide comparable laying hen well-being and may enhance the transition from a productive to a resting state. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1093/ps/86.6.1260 VL - 86 IS - 6 SP - 1260-1264 SN - 1525-3171 KW - molting KW - laying hen KW - behavior ER - TY - JOUR TI - FNR is a global regulator of virulence and anaerobic metabolism in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (ATCC 14028s) AU - Fink, Ryan C. AU - Evans, Matthew R. AU - Porwollik, Steffen AU - Vazquez-Torres, Andres AU - Jones-Carson, Jessica AU - Troxell, Bryan AU - Libby, Stephen J. AU - McClelland, Michael AU - Hassan, Hosni M. T2 - JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium must successfully transition the broad fluctuations in oxygen concentrations encountered in the host. In Escherichia coli , FNR is one of the main regulatory proteins involved in O 2 sensing. To assess the role of FNR in serovar Typhimurium, we constructed an isogenic fnr mutant in the virulent wild-type strain (ATCC 14028s) and compared their transcriptional profiles and pathogenicities in mice. Here, we report that, under anaerobic conditions, 311 genes (6.80% of the genome) are regulated directly or indirectly by FNR; of these, 87 genes (28%) are poorly characterized. Regulation by FNR in serovar Typhimurium is similar to, but distinct from, that in E. coli. Thus, genes/operons involved in aerobic metabolism, NO· detoxification, flagellar biosynthesis, motility, chemotaxis, and anaerobic carbon utilization are regulated by FNR in a fashion similar to that in E. coli . However, genes/operons existing in E. coli but regulated by FNR only in serovar Typhimurium include those coding for ethanolamine utilization, a universal stress protein, a ferritin-like protein, and a phosphotransacetylase. Interestingly, Salmonella -specific genes/operons regulated by FNR include numerous virulence genes within Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1), newly identified flagellar genes ( mcpAC , cheV ), and the virulence operon ( srfABC ). Furthermore, the role of FNR as a positive regulator of motility, flagellar biosynthesis, and pathogenesis was confirmed by showing that the mutant is nonmotile, lacks flagella, is attenuated in mice, and does not survive inside macrophages. The inability of the mutant to survive inside macrophages is likely due to its sensitivity to the reactive oxygen species generated by NADPH phagocyte oxidase. DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// DO - 10.1128/JB.00726-06 VL - 189 IS - 6 SP - 2262-2273 SN - 1098-5530 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary iron deficiency compromises normal development of elastic fibers in the aorta and lungs of chicks AU - Hill, Charles H. AU - Ashwell, Chris M. AU - Nolin, Shelly J. AU - Keeley, Fred AU - Billingham, Catherine AU - Hinek, Aleksander AU - Starcher, Barry T2 - JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB - Elastic fibers play a key role in the structure and function of numerous organs that require elasticity. Elastogenesis is a complex process in which cells first produce a microfibrillar scaffold, composed of numerous structural proteins, upon which tropoelastin assembles to be cross-linked into polymeric elastin. Recently, it was demonstrated that low concentrations of free iron upregulate elastin gene expression in cultured fibroblasts. The present studies were conducted to assess whether low-iron diets would affect the deposition of elastic fibers in an in vivo model. One-day-old chicks were fed semipurified diets containing 1.3 (low), 12 (moderate), and 24 (control) mg/kg of iron. After 3 wk, chicks in the low-iron group were underweight and anemic. Their aortas were smaller with significantly thinner walls than control chicks, yet elastin or collagen content did not decrease relative to total protein. They also demonstrated a significantly lower stress-strain resistance than the controls. Electron microscopy demonstrated that aortic and lung smooth muscle cells were vacuolated and surrounded by loose extracellular matrix and disorganized elastic lamellae with diffuse and fragmented networks of elastic fibers and microfibrils. Immunohistology demonstrated that fibrillin-3 (FBN3) was disorganized and markedly reduced in amount in aortas of the low-iron chicks. Elastin messenger RNA levels were not downregulated in the tissues from the low-iron-fed chicks; however, there was a significant reduction in expression of the FBN1 and FBN3 genes compared with control chicks. The studies indicate that iron deficiency had a pronounced negative effect on elastic fiber development and suggests that fibrillin may have an important role in this pathology. DA - 2007/8// PY - 2007/8// DO - 10.1093/jn/137.8.1895 VL - 137 IS - 8 SP - 1895-1900 SN - 1541-6100 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of two fly traps for the capture of horse flies (Diptera : Tabanidae) AU - Watson, D. W. AU - Denning, S. S. AU - Calibeo-Hayes, D. I. AU - Stringham, S. M. AU - Mowrey, R. A. T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - A 2-yr study was conducted to examine differences between two commercially available horse fly traps, the Epps® Biting Fly Trap (Farnum Co., Phoenix, AZ) and the Horse Pal® (Newman Enterprises, Omro, WI), placed on three horse farms located in central North Carolina. Traps captured over 8,422 tabanids, representing 4 genera and 19 species. Tabanus quinquevittatus Wiedemann was the most abundant fly collected (2345), followed by the T. lineola F. species complex (2087), T. fulvulus Weidemann (1397) and T. petiolatus Hine (839). Although the Horse Pal captured more flies than the Epps trap, fly capture differences between traps were not significant for the 2000 and 2001 summer seasons (F = 1.39; df = 3, 143; P ≤ 0.249). The Epps trap was most efficacious for early-season (June and July) trapping of T. quinquevittatus and the T. lineola complex in 2000. In contrast, the Horse Pal was more efficacious for these species during the same period in 2001. The Horse Pal was the preferred trap for relative ease in handling. DA - 2007/4// PY - 2007/4// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-42.2.123 VL - 42 IS - 2 SP - 123-132 SN - 0749-8004 KW - IPM KW - biting fly KW - horse fly KW - fly traps KW - Epps Trap KW - Horse Pal KW - tabanids KW - Tabanidae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sup35NM-His6 aggregates: A prion-like protein useful in prion degradation studies AU - Wang, Jeng-Jie AU - Borwornpinyo, Rattana AU - Shih, Jason C. H. T2 - ENZYME AND MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY AB - A prion-like protein, Sup35NM-His6, which is safe, easy to produce and able to aggregate into stable amyloid, was developed. This study was to test the feasibility of using Sup35NM-His6 amyloid as a marker for standard sterilization methods known to be effective in inactivating infectious prions. Also Sup35NM-His6 aggregates were spiked into cow brain tissue homogenates to mimic prions in tissues to determine if the aggregate protein could be specifically detected by Western blot at the nanogram level. Like mammalian prions, the proteinase K (PK) resistant fractions of Sup35NM-His6 remain intact after autoclaving. Treatments with 0.1N NaOH or 1.0% NaOCl also resulted in PK undigestible residues. Exposure to the strong denaturant guanidine thiocyanate (>3 M) destabilized and made the protein PK-digestible. Under strong alkaline conditions of 1.0N NaOH, 2.5% NaOCl, or a combination of NaOH (0.1 and 1.0N) with autoclaving, Sup35NM-His6 was completely hydrolyzed such that it was no longer detectable by Western blot. Overall, these tests suggest that Sup35NM-His6 could be a useful tool to assess the effectiveness of prion degradation for the prevention of TSE. DA - 2007/3/5/ PY - 2007/3/5/ DO - 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.09.019 VL - 40 IS - 4 SP - 976-981 SN - 0141-0229 KW - yeast prion KW - Sup35NM-His6 proteases KW - prion degradation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microarchitecture and spatial relationship between bacteria and ileal, cecal, and colonic epithelium in chicks fed a direct-fed microbial, PrimaLac, and salinomycin AU - Chichlowski, M. AU - Croom, W. J. AU - Edens, F. W. AU - McBride, B. W. AU - Qiu, R. AU - Chiang, C. C. AU - Daniel, L. R. AU - Havenstein, G. B. AU - Koci, M. D. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Direct-fed microbials (DFM) could serve as a potential alternative to the feeding of antibiotics in poultry production. In this study, the effects of providing a DFM were compared with the feeding of salinomycin on intestinal histomorphometrics, and microarchitecture was examined. Broiler chicks (n = 18 per treatment; trials 1 and 2) were fed a standard starter diet (control), control + PrimaLac (DFM; 0.3% wt/wt), and control + salinomycin (SAL; 50 ppm) from hatch to 21d. The birds were euthanized on d 21, and the ileal, jejunal, cecal, and colon tissues were dissected. Samples were examined by light microscopy (jejunum and ileum; trial 1) and scanning electron microscopy (ileum, cecum, and colon; trial 2). Feeding of the DFM increased intestinal muscle thickness (P < 0.05) up to 33% compared with the control treatment. The DFM group also had increased villus height and perimeter (P = 0.009 and 0.003, respectively) in jejunum. Segmented filamentous-like bacteria were less numerous in DFM-treated chicks than in the control chicks. Very few segmented filamentous-like bacteria were found near other microbes in the ileum. The DFM chicks had a larger number of bacteria positioned over or near goblet cells and in intervilli spaces. Bacteria in the colon were observed to be attached primarily around and within the crypts. Mucous thickness was less, and the density of bacteria embedded in the mucous blanket appeared to be lower in DFM-treated animals than in the control in all intestinal segments. The birds fed SAL had fewer bacteria and enterocytes in the ileum than in the control-and DFM-treated birds, and they had thicker and fewer microvilli. Because gastrointestinal track colonization by the DFM organisms can prevent the attachment of pathogens to the epithelium, spatial relationships, in this study, demonstrate the functionality of DFM and probiotics in preventing disease. It also supports previous observations that the feeding of salinomycin may alter intestinal function. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1093/ps/86.6.1121 VL - 86 IS - 6 SP - 1121-1132 SN - 1525-3171 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34547680556&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - broiler chicken KW - direct-fed microbial KW - scanning electron microscopy KW - histology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Follicular development and expression of the messenger ribonucleic acid for the inhibin/activin subunits in two genetic lines of turkey hens that differ in total egg production AU - Hoffman, J. B. AU - Benson, A. P. AU - Christensen, V. L. AU - Fairchild, B. D. AU - Davis, A. J. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The characterization of the follicular hierarchy and the expression of the mRNA for the inhibin/activin subunits was investigated in the follicles of 2 lines of turkey hens selected for over 40 generations for increased egg production (Egg line) or increased body weight (Growth line). The follicular hierarchies of 6 hens from the Egg and Growth lines were characterized in middle (45 wk of age) and late production (58 wk of age). Relative follicular weights for individual hierarchical follicles (>12 mm), pooled small yellow follicles (5 to 12 mm), and large white follicles (2 to 5 mm) were calculated. Total RNA was extracted for Northern blot analysis from individual granulosa cell layers of the F1 through F4 follicles, and from the combined granulosa and theca layers of small yellow follicles and large white follicles from an additional 6 hens from each genetic line. Egg line hens displayed a more distinct follicular size hierarchy than Growth line hens at 45 and 58 wk. Although total follicular weight relative to body size was greater at 45 and 58 wk of age for the Egg line hens than the Growth line hens, the total number of hierarchical follicles was greater in the Growth line hens at 45 and 58 wk of age. Expression of follistatin and the inhibin βB-subunit was highest in nonhierarchical follicles, whereas the expression of the inhibin α- and βA-subunits was highest in the hierarchical follicles. The inhibin α- and βA-subunit mRNA expression pattern in the 4 largest follicles of the Growth line hens was not similar to the Egg line hens or characteristic of laying hens that have a high rate of egg production. The unusual inhibin subunit mRNA expression in the largest hierarchical follicles of the Growth line hens may account for their development of an abnormal follicular size hierarchy and for their poor egg production. DA - 2007/5// PY - 2007/5// DO - 10.1093/ps/86.5.944 VL - 86 IS - 5 SP - 944-952 SN - 0032-5791 KW - turkey KW - follicle KW - inhibin KW - activin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feeding broiler breeder males. 3. Effect of feed allocation program from sixteen to twenty-six weeks and subsequent feed increments during the production period on body weight and fertility AU - Romero-Sanchez, H. AU - Plumstead, P. W. AU - Brake, J. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Two experiments were conducted to compare different feed allocation programs from 16 to 26 wk of age and during the subsequent production period on broiler breeder male BW and fertility. In experiment 1, Ross 344 males were randomly assigned to 3 rates (slow, medium, or fast) of weekly feed increase from 16 to 26 wk of age that provided a gradual increase from 85 to 110 g/male/d. Feed allocation was also increased 5 g/ male/d in a single increment at 55 wk of age after fertility had declined. In experiment 2, a 2 × 2 factorial design was used to evaluate the interaction between the slow and fast feeding programs described in experiment 1 in combination with 2 feeding programs (constant or increasing) during the subsequent production period. In experiment 1, the males on the fast feed program exhibited higher mortality after 32 wk of age and lower fertility after 46 wk of age. However, fertility recovered in all treatments after the feed allocation was increased at 55 wk of age. In experiment 2, the constant program elicited lower fertility from 36 to 55 wk. Males that received the slow feed program from 16 to 26 wk of age gained BW more slowly and apparently required less feed to sustain their BW throughout the production period. Increasing male feed allocation during the production period improved fertility. DA - 2007/4// PY - 2007/4// DO - 10.1093/ps/86.4.775 VL - 86 IS - 4 SP - 775-781 SN - 1525-3171 KW - broiler breeder KW - feeding program KW - fertility KW - body weight ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enzymes as feed additive to aid in responses against Eimeria species in coccidia-vaccinated broilers fed corn-soybean meal diets with different protein levels AU - Parker, J. AU - Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. AU - Clack, B. A. AU - Clemente-Hernandez, S. AU - Osborne, J. AU - Remus, J. C. AU - Kettunen, H. AU - Makivuokko, H. AU - Pierson, E. M. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 86 IS - 4 SP - 643-653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of genetic selection on behavioral profiles of single comb white Leghorn hens through two production cycles AU - Anderson, K. E. AU - Jones, D. R. AU - Davis, G. S. AU - Jenkins, P. K. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Four layer genetic stocks consisting of 3 Ottawa control strains (5, 7, and 10) and a commercial laying stock (CCS) were utilized to evaluate potential changes in behavioral profiles due to the effects of genetic selection through 2 production cycles. The Ottawa strains were started as random bred strains from the crosses of several popular commercial layers in 1950, 1959, and 1972, and the commercial strain used herein was from calendar year 1993, and its ancestors were involved in the formation of all of the random bred strains. The behavior study utilized 2 replicates from each strain that contained 4 cages, 6 hens/cage, for a total of 192 hens. Behavioral observations were recorded on 2 consecutive days beginning at 22 wk of age and every 28 d thereafter during the first production cycle, the molt period, and the second production cycle through 90 wk of age and periodic feather and Hansen's test scores recorded. Behavior profiles were similar between the control strains and the CCS, indicating that long-term genetic selection by commercial egg-type breeding firms to enhance production parameters has had no impact on laying strain behavior patterns. Appetitive behaviors were not affected by strain. During the molt, hens had reduced (P < 0.05) feeding and drinking frequencies in comparison with those observed during the first and second cycles. The data indicated that hens pecked inedible objects at a greater (P < 0.0001) frequency during the first cycle and molt than during the second cycle. Fearfulness scores were only influenced by production phase with the molt having the highest (P < 0.01) score of 3.46. Strain or production phase did not influence the frequency of aggressive and submissive acts. DA - 2007/9// PY - 2007/9// DO - 10.1093/ps/86.9.1814 VL - 86 IS - 9 SP - 1814-1820 SN - 1525-3171 KW - chicken KW - laying hen KW - molt KW - behavior KW - fearfulness ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of different animal waste treatment technologies on detection and viability of porcine enteric viruses AU - Costantini, Veronica P. AU - Azevedo, Ana C. AU - Li, Xin AU - Williams, Mike C. AU - Michel, Frederick C., Jr. AU - Saif, Linda J. T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Enteric pathogens in animal waste that is not properly processed can contaminate the environment and food. The persistence of pathogens in animal waste depends upon the waste treatment technology, but little is known about persistence of porcine viruses. Our objectives were to characterize the porcine enteric viruses (porcine noroviruses [PoNoVs], porcine sapoviruses [PoSaVs], rotavirus A [RV-A], RV-B, and RV-C) in fresh feces or manure and to evaluate the effects of different candidate environmentally superior technologies (ESTs) for animal waste treatment on the detection of these viruses. Untreated manure and samples collected at different stages during and after treatment were obtained from swine farms that used conventional waste management (CWM) and five different candidate ESTs. The RNA from porcine enteric viruses was detected by reverse transcription-PCR and/or seminested PCR; PoSaV and RV-A were also detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell culture immunofluorescence (CCIF) and experimental inoculation of gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs were used to determine RV-A/C infectivity in posttreatment samples. The PoSaV and RV-A were detected in pretreatment samples from each farm, whereas PoNoV and RV-C were detected in pretreatment feces from three of five and four of five farms using the candidate ESTs, respectively. After treatment, PoSaV RNA was detected only in the samples from the farm using CWM and not from the farms using the candidate ESTs. RV-A and RV-C RNAs were detected in four of five and three of four candidate ESTs, respectively, after treatment, but infectious particles were not detected by CCIF, nor were clinical signs or seroconversion detected in inoculated Gn pigs. These results indicate that only RV-A/C RNA, but no viral infectivity, was detected after treatment. Our findings address a public health concern regarding environmental quality surrounding swine production units. DA - 2007/8// PY - 2007/8// DO - 10.1128/AEM.00553-07 VL - 73 IS - 16 SP - 5284-5291 SN - 0099-2240 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Direct-fed microbial PrimaLac and salinomycin modulate whole-body and intestinal oxygen consumption and intestinal mucosal cytokine production in the broiler chick AU - Chichlowski, M. AU - Croom, J. AU - McBride, B. W. AU - Daniel, L. AU - Davis, G. AU - Koci, M. D. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The current study investigated whole-body O2 consumption, intestinal O2 consumption, and intestinal inflammation status through mucosal cytokine production on broiler chicks fed the direct-fed microbial PrimaLac. One hundred twenty 1-d-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental diets: standard starter diet (control), standard starter diet with added salinomycin (SAL), and standard starter diet with added PrimaLac (DFM). Birds were housed in 2 separate rooms, the control and SAL treatments in one room and the DFM in another. Intact ileal and cecal samples were collected on d 19, 20, and 21 after measuring whole-body O2 consumption using indirect calorimetry. The O2 up-take of ileal tissue was measured using an in vitro O2 monitor. Analysis of intestinal immune status of broilers was measured by the relative differences in mRNA of both pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines: interleukin-(IL) 1β, IL-6, and IL-10 using real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Broilers exhibited a 6 to 16% decrease in whole-body energy expenditures and up to a 47% decrease (P < 0.05) in ileal energy expenditures in the DFM group compared with other treatments. The reverse transcription-PCR data demonstrated that DFM consortium numerically altered both pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines within the ileum of 19-d posthatch broilers. These data suggest that direct-fed microbials like PrimaLac increase metabolic efficiency via changes in intestinal physiology and metabolism. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1093/ps/86.6.1100 VL - 86 IS - 6 SP - 1100-1106 SN - 1525-3171 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34547665641&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - broiler KW - direct-fed microbial KW - body energetics KW - cytokine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dam line and sire line effects on turkey embryo survival and thyroid hormone concentrations at the plateau stage in oxygen consumption AU - Christensen, V. L. AU - Havenstein, G. B. AU - Ort, D. T. AU - McMurtry, J. P. AU - Nestor, K. E. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Inheritance of embryo thyroid function was measured in lines of turkeys. Two lines that had been selected for either increased egg production (E) or increased 16-wk BW (F) and their respective randombred controls (i.e., RBC1 and RBC2) were examined. Reciprocal crosses of dams and sires from each selected line and its randombred control were made to estimate sire line and dam line effects. Orthogonal contrasts were used to determine if the differences found were due to the presence of additive, nonadditive, or maternal, sex-linked, or both, gene effects. With the data involved, sex-linkage and maternal effects could not be separated. Embryo survival was measured for all lines and their reciprocal crosses. Crossing the RBC1 sire and E dam also resulted in better embryo survival and lower death losses at pipping than for the other cross- or purelines. Reciprocal crosses of the F and RBC2 lines showed better total embryo survival, and they survived pipping better than the F or RBC2 purelines. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations differed between the reciprocal crosses at external pipping, but the effects were inconsistent for the 2 data sets. Reciprocal tests indicated that maternal, sex-linked, or both, effects were present for T3 concentrations at internal pipping in the E and RBC1 lines and at external pipping for the F and RBC2 lines. Reciprocal effects were significant for T4 at internal pipping for both data sets. The RBC1 sire embryos had significantly higher T3:T4 ratios than the E line sire embryos at internal and external pipping, and the pureline RBC1 embryos had consistently higher ratios than the pureline E embryos. The differences for the T3:T4 ratios between these 2 lines at internal pipping, external pipping, and hatch appeared to be consistently additive in nature, although significant nonadditive or heterotic effects were present for the ratio at external pipping. Similar effects on the T3:T4 ratio were observed for the F and RBC2 lines at external pipping. DA - 2007/9// PY - 2007/9// DO - 10.1093/ps/86.9.1861 VL - 86 IS - 9 SP - 1861-1872 SN - 1525-3171 KW - turkey KW - embryo survival KW - thyroid KW - thyroxine KW - triiodothyronine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Application of real-time ultrasound technology to estimate in vivo breast muscle weight of broiler chickens AU - Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. AU - Parker, J. AU - Clemente-Hernandez, S. T2 - BRITISH POULTRY SCIENCE AB - 1. Real-time ultrasound (RTU) is a fast, non-destructive and relatively inexpensive technique to estimate body composition in animals. 2. A total of 835 Hubbard, Ross and Cobb broilers from different flocks were randomly selected, weighed and two RTU measurements were taken from both sides of their breast muscles (BM). Immediately following ultrasonography, broilers were processed and dissected to determine carcase, boneless BM, leg quarter and wing weights. Data were utilised to develop multiple linear regression equations (MLRE) to estimate carcase part weights. 3. Factors such as sex, age or genetic line did not contribute significantly to the accuracy of the models. The measurement in the right side was consistently more efficient than the left for estimating BM weight. 4. The following MLRE was estimated from live body weight (BW) and RTU area images: BM (g) = −94·3476 + 0·1518 * BW (g) + 5·1644 * BM-RTU area (cm2) (R 2 = 0·97). 5. Due to the allometric relationships among body parts the following equations were also estimated: Legs (g) = −56·6738 + 0·2846 * BW (g) + 2·1570 * BM-RTU area (cm2) (R 2 = 0·98) and Total Meat Cuts (g) = −142·0567 + 0·4638 * BW (g) + 5·1236 * BM-RTU area (cm2) (R 2 = 0·99). 6. The results indicated that it was possible to estimate BM and other carcase cut weights with high accuracy from RTU measurements. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1080/00071660701247822 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 154-161 SN - 1466-1799 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of phosphorus level and phytase in broiler breeder rearing and laying diets on live performance and phosphorus excretion AU - Plumstead, P. W. AU - Romero-Sanchez, H. AU - Maguire, R. O. AU - Gernat, A. G. AU - Brake, J. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The effects of a reduced dietary nonphytate phosphorus (NPP) level and inclusion of phytase on broiler breeder performance and P concentrations in the litter and manure were investigated. Ross 308 broiler breeder pullets and Ross 344 cockerels were placed sex-separate in a blackout growing house and fed standard starter and grower diets to 9 wk of age. At 10 wk of age, 4 treatments (A, B, C, D) were assigned to each of 4 floor pens of 68 pullets and 1 pen of 50 cockerels. From 10 to 21 wk, treatments A to D contained 0.37, 0.27, 0.27, and 0.17% NPP, respectively, with 300 phytase units (FTU)/kg of phytase added to treatments B and D. At 21 wk of age, birds were photostimulated and transferred to a two-thirds slat-litter breeder house with 16 pens of 60 pullets and 6 cockerels. A laying diet was fed from 22 to 64 wk and NPP levels of treatments A to D were adjusted to 0.37, 0.27, 0.19, and 0.09%, respectively, and phytase addition to treatments B and D was increased to 500 FTU/kg. Analysis of the litter from growing pens showed no effect on litter total P when phytase replaced 0.1% of NPP. However, decreasing the dietary NPP by 0.1% without phytase reduced the litter total P by 18%. Water-soluble P (WSP) and the WSP:total P ratio decreased when the grower dietary NPP level was reduced to 0.17% with added phytase and was correlated with litter moisture levels in growing pens. During the laying period, a reduction in NPP from 0.37 to 0.09% with added phytase reduced both the manure total P and WSP by 42%. Hen-day egg production was highest on the lowest NPP diet with phytase, but fertility decreased when the dietary NPP was reduced below 0.37%. Results showed that phytase inclusion in a broiler breeder laying diet at the expense of all added P from dicalcium phosphate reduced the manure total P and WSP concentrations by 42%, with no effect on the number of chicks produced per hen housed. DA - 2007/2// PY - 2007/2// DO - 10.1093/ps/86.2.225 VL - 86 IS - 2 SP - 225-231 SN - 1525-3171 KW - broiler breeder KW - phosphorus KW - phytase KW - environment KW - litter ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of the performance of 1966-versus 2003-type turkeys when fed representative 1966 and 2003 turkey diets: Growth rate, livability, and feed conversion AU - Havenstein, G. B. AU - Ferket, P. R. AU - Grimes, J. L. AU - Qureshi, M. A. AU - Nestor, K. E. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Body weight, livability, and feed conversion of a randombred control turkey line (RBC2) started in 1966 at The Ohio State University was compared with that of modern commercial turkeys hatched in 2003 when fed representative 1966- and 2003-type diets from hatch (March 5, 2003) through 196 d of age. Each pen of modern turkeys consisted of 5 birds each of the Nicholas, British United Turkeys of America, and Hybrid strains. Eight groups (i.e., 2 strains (RBC2 vs. modern), 2 sexes, and 2 dietary regimens) were randomly assigned into each of 4 blocks of 8 litter floor pens (32 total) for growout. Using the BW performance of the 2 strains on the modern feed as the basis, the study showed that the 2003 turkeys were approximately twice as heavy as the 1966 RBC2 at the 4 slaughter ages and that tom weights have increased by 186, 208, 227, and 241 g/yr, and hen weights have increased by 164, 179, 186, and 205 g/yr at 112, 140, 168, and 196 d of age, respectively, over the past 37 yr. Cumulative feed conversion (kg of feed/kg of BW) was approximately 20% better in the 2003 tom turkey on the 2003 feed (2.638) than in the RBC2 tom on the 1966 feed (3.278) at 20 wk of age. Feed efficiency to 11 kg of BW in the 2003 toms (2.132 at 98 d of age) was approximately 50% better than in the RBC2 toms (4.208 at 196 d of age). The number of days to reach that weight was halved during this period of time. Growth performance during the different periods of the study appeared to be strongly affected by type of feed used and seasonal changes in ambient temperature. Overall livability was very good for all groups, but the mortality level of the RBC2 was consistently higher, although not significantly so, than for the modern birds. DA - 2007/2// PY - 2007/2// DO - 10.1093/ps/86.2.232 VL - 86 IS - 2 SP - 232-240 SN - 0032-5791 KW - turkey KW - body weight KW - feed conversion KW - livability KW - genetic change ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling the growth and death kinetics of Salmonella in poultry litter as a function of pH and water activity AU - Payne, J. B. AU - Osborne, J. A. AU - Jenkins, P. K. AU - Sheldon, B. W. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Contaminated poultry litter, serving as a reservoir for Salmonella, can be linked to both food safety concerns when contaminated birds enter processing plants and environmental concerns when used as a fertilizer. Predictive modeling allows for the estimation of microbial growth or inactivation as a function of controlling environmental growth factors. A study was conducted to observe the combined effects of pH and water activity (Aw) at a constant temperature on Salmonella populations in used turkey litter to predict microbial response over time. Litter, first pH-adjusted and then inoculated with a 3-strain Salmonella serovar cocktail to an initial concentration of ~107 cfu/g, was placed into individual sealed plastic containers with saturated salt solutions for controlling Aw. A balanced design including 3 Aw values (0.84, 0.91, 0.96), 3 pH values (4, 7, 9), and a constant temperature of 30°C was used, with litter samples periodically removed and analyzed for Salmonella populations, pH, and Aw. At each combination of environmental factors, the Churchill or exponential inactivation mathematical models were used to describe the growth and death of Salmonella over time. Salmonella populations exhibited growth (~2 log) with little decline up to 42 d in litter environments of pH 7 and 9 and a Aw of 0.96. As litter Aw and pH levels were reduced, populations declined, with the most drastic reductions (~5 log in 9 h) occurring in low-pH (4) and low-Aw (0.84) environments. Generalized models for bacterial growth and death under grouped pH environments were successfully developed to predict Salmonella behavior in litter over time. These findings suggest that the best management practices and litter treatments that lower litter Aw to ≤0.84 and pH to ≤4 are effective in reducing Salmonella populations. The use of a single equation to predict the growth and decline of Salmonella populations as a function of pH and Aw has potential application for use in the development of effective pathogen control strategies at the farm level. DA - 2007/1// PY - 2007/1// DO - 10.1093/ps/86.1.191 VL - 86 IS - 1 SP - 191-201 SN - 1525-3171 KW - Salmonella KW - mathematical modeling KW - litter KW - pH KW - water activity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feeding broiler breeder males. 2. Effect of cumulative rearing nutrition on body weight, shank length, comb height, and fertility AU - Romero-Sanchez, H. AU - Plumstead, P. W. AU - Leksrisompong, N. AU - Brake, J. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of 2 planes (low and high) of cumulative nutrient intake during the rearing period on performance of broiler breeder males. The low cumulative nutrition program supplied 29,580 kcal of ME and 1,470 g of CP, whereas the high cumulative nutrition program supplied 33,500 kcal of ME and 1,730 g of CP to photostimulation at 21 wk of age. Two diets (LoDiet and HiDiet) were used with a single feeding program in experiment 1. In experiment 2, a single diet with 2 feeding programs (LoFeed and HiFeed) was used. In experiment 1, the 2 diets were blended from 21 to 24 wk to provide a gradual transition to a single common laying breeder diet that was fed during the production period. At 21 wk of age in experiment 2, males were divided into light or heavy BW groups to complete a 2 × 2 factorial design during the production period. The high plane of nutrition increased BW, shank length, and comb height during the rearing period, but the differences disappeared after 28 wk of age. Retrospective analysis showed that the heavy males at 21 wk of age in experiment 2 were also the heaviest males at 8 wk of age. Both low plane groups (LoDiet in experiment 1 and LoFeed in experiment 2) exhibited better fertility during late production. A cumulative nutrient intake during the rearing period of 29,580 kcal of ME and 1,470 g of CP was minimally sufficient for subsequent male reproductive performance. DA - 2007/1// PY - 2007/1// DO - 10.1093/ps/86.1.175 VL - 86 IS - 1 SP - 175-181 SN - 1525-3171 KW - broiler breeder male KW - rearing nutrition KW - fertility KW - body weight KW - shank length ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feeding broiler breeder males. 1. Effect of feeding program and dietary crude protein during rearing on body weight and fertility of broiler breeder males AU - Romero-Sanchez, H. AU - Plumstead, P. W. AU - Brake, J. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to compare the effects of 2 male broiler breeder feed allocation programs (Concave or Sigmoid) during the rearing period to 26 wk of age and the interaction with dietary CP (12 or 17%) on BW and fertility. From 0 to 2 wk, all birds received a starter diet, after which, pens were randomly assigned to the 4 treatment combinations that ended at 26 wk of age. All males were weighed individually at 4, 8, 12, 16, 22, 26, 28, 32, 36, 40, 48, 52, 56, and 64 wk of age, and fertility was determined weekly from 27 to 32 wk of age and then every 2 wk to 64 wk of age. At 49 wk of age, the male feed allocation for all treatments was increased by 5 g/d. Even when fed the same as Sigmoid program males during the production period, males reared on the Concave feeding program lost BW from 32 to 40 wk of age and exhibited lower BW from 40 to 48 wk of age, which corresponded to a more rapid decrease in fertility. The 17% CP diet increased BW from 8 to 32 wk of age, but no significant differences were subsequently observed. The 12% CP rearing diet improved both weekly and cumulative fertility. A significant interaction between rearing feeding program and dietary CP during the third quartile period showed that the Concave program-17% CP diet combination was most negatively affected. The increase in male feed allocation at 49 wk restored fertility and caused differences among treatments to diminish. These data suggested that BW during the early rearing period did not affect fertility, but an increased BW due to either providing fast feed increments toward the end of the rearing period (Concave) or feeding a 17% CP diet produced males that were unable to sustain fertility after 40 wk of age without an appropriate allocation of feed. DA - 2007/1// PY - 2007/1// DO - 10.1093/ps/86.1.168 VL - 86 IS - 1 SP - 168-174 SN - 0032-5791 KW - broiler breeder KW - feeding program KW - crude protein KW - fertility ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of the immune response of 2003 commercial turkeys and a 1966 randombred strain when fed representative 2003 and 1966 turkey diets AU - Cheema, M. A. AU - Qureshi, M. A. AU - Havenstein, G. B. AU - Ferket, P. R. AU - Nestor, K. E. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The immunological performance of modern turkeys (one-third each of the Nicholas Turkey, British United Turkeys of America, and Hybrid Turkey strains) hatched in 2003 (2003 strain) was compared with that of a randombred control turkey strain (RBC2) established in calendar year 1966, when fed representative 1966 and 2003 type diets. The 2003 strain had a higher BW and bursa of Fabricius weight relative to total BW compared with the RBC2 strain (P = 0.0001) when measured at 12 and 13 d of age, respectively. Total antibody response against SRBC did not differ between strains, nor were any differences observed in the IgM antibody levels either during a primary or secondary SRBC challenge. However, RBC2 poults had higher IgG levels (P = 0.02) than the 2003 strain at 7 d post secondary SRBC challenge. No significant differences were observed in the phytohemagglutinin phosphate-mediated toe-web lymphoblastic response. However, the 2003-strain turkeys seemed to have a better swelling response (P = 0.06) than the RBC2-strain turkeys when measured at 24 h post phytohemagglutinin phosphate injection. The modern turkeys also had higher mononuclear phagocytic system function, as measured by clearance of carbon particles from the bloodstream 5 min post intravenous injection of colloidal carbon (P = 0.02). These results indicate that selection over the years of turkeys for improved performance traits has had no adverse effects on most of the immune system indicators when examined prior to sexual maturity in the current study. DA - 2007/2// PY - 2007/2// DO - 10.1093/ps/86.2.241 VL - 86 IS - 2 SP - 241-248 SN - 0032-5791 KW - genetic change KW - immunological change KW - diet KW - turkey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of the chicken small intestine type IIb sodium phosphate cotransporter AU - Yan, F. AU - Angel, R. AU - Ashwell, C. M. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Intestinal absorption and renal resorption play a critical role in overall phosphorus homeostasis in chickens. Using RNase-ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends PCR, we obtained a cDNA from the broiler small intestine that encodes a type IIb Na-dependent phosphate transporter. The cDNA has an open reading frame of 2,022 bp and predicts a 674-amino acid protein with a molecular mass of approximately 74 kDa. Prediction of membrane spanning domains based on the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the amino acids suggests 8 transmembrane domains, with both the NH2 and COOH termini being intracellular. The Na-inorganic phosphate (Pi) IIb cotransporter has relative high homology with other type II Na-Pi cotransporters but low homology with the type I or type III Na-Pi cotransporters. Northern blot analysis demonstrated the presence of a single mRNA transcript present predominantly in the small intestine, with the highest expression in the duodenum, followed by the jejunum and ileum. In situ hybridization indicated that the Na-Pi cotransporter mRNA is expressed throughout the vertical cryptvillus axis of the small intestine. Reduction of P in the diet of chicks from hatch to 4 d of age resulted in a significant induction of Na-Pi cotransporter mRNA expression in the small intestine. Further study is needed to elucidate its physiological role in intestinal phosphate absorption in chickens. DA - 2007/1// PY - 2007/1// DO - 10.1093/ps/86.1.67 VL - 86 IS - 1 SP - 67-76 SN - 1525-3171 KW - phosphate KW - transporter KW - cloning KW - small intestine KW - chicken ER - TY - JOUR TI - The incredible, edible, and therapeutic egg AU - Petitte, James N. AU - Mozdziak, Paul E. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Gene expression variation is shaped by both genetic and environmental effects, yet these two factors are rarely considered together in the context of adaptive evolution. We studied environmental influences on gene regulatory evolution in ...Changes in gene expression are thought to play a major role in adaptive evolution. While it is known that gene expression is highly sensitive to the environment, very few studies have determined the influence of genetic and environmental effects on ... DA - 2007/2/6/ PY - 2007/2/6/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.0611652104 VL - 104 IS - 6 SP - 1739-1740 SN - 0027-8424 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/17272493 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The absence of intervening sequences in 23S rRNA genes of Campylobacter coli isolates from turkeys is a unique attribute of a cluster of related strains which also lack resistance to erythromycin AU - Chan, Kamfai AU - Miller, William G. AU - Mandrell, Robert E. AU - Kathariou, Sophia T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - Certain Campylobacter strains harbor a transcribed intervening sequence (IVS) in their 23S rRNA genes. Following transcription, the IVS is excised, leading to fragmentation of the 23S rRNA. The origin and possible functions of the IVS are unknown. Furthermore, the distribution of IVS-harboring strains within Campylobacter populations is poorly understood. In this study, 104 strains of Campylobacter coli from turkeys, representing 27 different multilocus sequence typing-based sequence types (STs), were characterized in terms of IVS content and erythromycin susceptibility. Sixty-nine strains harbored IVSs in all three 23S rRNA genes, whereas the other 35 strains lacked IVSs from at least one of the genes. The STs of the latter strains belonged to an unusual cluster of C. coli STs (cluster II), earlier found primarily in turkey strains and characterized by the presence of the C. jejuni aspA103 allele. The majority (66/69) of strains harboring IVSs in all three 23S rRNA genes were resistant to erythromycin, whereas none of the 35 strains with at least one IVS-free 23S rRNA gene were resistant. Cluster II strains could be transformed to erythromycin resistance with genomic DNA from C. coli that harbored IVS and the A2075G transition in the 23S rRNA gene, associated with resistance to erythromycin in Campylobacter. Erythromycin-resistant transformants harbored both the A2075 transition and IVS. The findings suggest that the absence of IVS in C. coli from turkeys is characteristic of a unique clonal group of erythromycin-susceptible strains and that IVS can be acquired by these strains via natural transformation to erythromycin resistance. DA - 2007/2// PY - 2007/2// DO - 10.1128/AEM.01995-06 VL - 73 IS - 4 SP - 1208-1214 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantitative recovery of Listeria monocytogenes and select Salmonella serotypes from environmental sample media AU - Bazaco, M. C. AU - Eifert, J. D. AU - Williams, R. C. AU - Kathariou, S. T2 - Journal of AOAC International DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 90 IS - 1 SP - 250-257 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Salmonella populations and prevalence in layer feces from commercial high-rise houses and characterization of the Salmonella isolates by serotyping, antibiotic resistance analysis, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis AU - Li, X. AU - Payne, J. B. AU - Santos, F. B. AU - Levine, J. F. AU - Anderson, K. E. AU - Sheldon, B. W. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Salmonella species are recognized as a major cause of foodborne illnesses that are closely associated with the consumption of contaminated poultry and egg products. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the Salmonella populations and prevalence in layer feces during the laying cycle and molting of the hen and to characterize the layer fecal Salmonella isolates by serotyping, antibiotic resistance analysis, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Fecal samples were collected from a commercial layer complex consisting of 12 houses. Composite fecal samples across each row were collected as a function of bird age [18 wk (at placement), 25 to 28 wk (first peak of production cycle), 66 to 74 wk (molting), and 75 to 78 wk (second peak of production cycle)]. Bird ages and molting practice did not significantly affect (P > 0.05) Salmonella populations with an average of 1.25, 1.27, 1.20, and 1.14 log most probable number/g for the 18-, 25- to 28-, 66- to 74-, and 75- to 7-wk birds, respectively. However, the 18-wk birds had the highest prevalence of Salmonella (55.6%), followed by the 25- to 28-wk birds (41.7%), 75- to 78-wk birds (16.7%), and 66- to 74-wk birds (5.5%). Of the 45 Salmonella isolates characterized, the most predominant serovar was Salmonella Kentucky (62%). Thirty-five percent of the Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least 1 antibiotic. As expected, considerable genetic diversity was observed within and across the different serovars. DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// DO - 10.1093/ps/86.3.591 VL - 86 IS - 3 SP - 591-597 SN - 1525-3171 KW - Salmonella KW - layer feces KW - population KW - prevalence KW - characterization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic control of neonatal growth and intestinal maturation in turkeys AU - Christensen, V. L. AU - Ort, D. T. AU - Nestor, K. E. AU - Velleman, S. G. AU - Havenstein, G. B. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Turkey experimental lines E (selected 44 yr for increased egg production) and F (selected 38 yr for increased 16-wk BW) were mated reciprocally with the randombred control lines from which they were derived (RBC1 and RBC2, respectively), and the pure line and reciprocal cross poults were compared according to their hatch, 3- and 7-d BW, jejunum weight, jejunum length, and jejunal maltase and alkaline phosphatase activities. Orthogonal contrasts of the data from the pure line and reciprocal cross-poult data were used to estimate additive genetic effects, reciprocal effects (confounded maternal and sex-linked effects), and heterosis for each of the traits measured. Body weights at hatch and at 3 and 7 d of age were increased in the F line relative to the RBC2 line and were decreased in the E line relative to the RBC1 line. The genetic changes from long-term selection in the E and F lines have had concomitant effects on jejunum growth and function that parallel the changes in growth rate. The increased BW of the F line poults and the decreased BW of the E line poults relative to their randombred controls may be due to increases in the absorption of nutrients because of greater intestinal mass rather than to differences in glucose digestion. Concomitant changes in egg weight in the 2 selected lines appear to have resulted in maternal effects that have significantly affected neonatal BW and digestive system maturation. DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// DO - 10.1093/ps/86.3.476 VL - 86 IS - 3 SP - 476-487 SN - 0032-5791 KW - turkey KW - body weight KW - feed conversion KW - carbohydrate metabolism KW - inheritance ER -