TY - CONF TI - Novel applications to optimize feed efficiency in turkeys AU - Ferket, P.R. C2 - 2013/// C3 - Turkey Science Proceedings DA - 2013/// SP - 1–9 PB - Turkey Times ER - TY - CONF TI - The potential of feeding the perinatal chick in the hatchery: programming for efficiency and meat quality by in ovo and early feeding AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - 6a reunion Annual AECACEM C2 - 2013/// C3 - Proceedings 6a reunion Annual AECACEM CY - Queretaro, Mexico DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/2/20/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Impact of particle grind size of corn on broilers AU - Xu, Y. AU - Stark, C.R. AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Brake, J. T2 - 40th Annual Poultry Nutrition Conference C2 - 2013/// C3 - Proceedings 40th Annual Poultry Nutrition Conference CY - Sheraton Imperial Hotel, Raleigh, NC DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/11/12/ SP - 44 ER - TY - CONF TI - Effect of particle grind size of DDGS and SBM on feed manufacturing and broiler performance AU - Pacheco, W. AU - Stark, C.R. AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Brake, J. T2 - 40th Annual Poultry Nutrition Conference C2 - 2013/// C3 - Proceedings 40th Annual Poultry Nutrition Conference CY - Sheraton Imperial Hotel, Raleigh, NC DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/11/13/ SP - 55 ER - TY - CONF TI - Effect of β-mannanase on nutrients digestibility, gut morphology, and ileal mucin secretion AU - Ayoola, A.A. AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Malheiros, R.D. AU - Grimes, J. T2 - 40th Annual Poultry Nutrition Conference C2 - 2013/// C3 - Proceedings 40th Annual Poultry Nutrition Conference CY - Sheraton Imperial Hotel, Raleigh, NC DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/11/13/ SP - 70 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of in ovo feeding and programmed nutrition strategy on the growth performance and meat yield of Ross 708 Broilers AU - Ferket, P. AU - Ao, T. AU - Samuel, R. AU - Malheiros, R. AU - Ford, M. AU - Pescatore, A. AU - Cantor, A. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 92 IS - E-Supplement 1 SP - 79 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of roller mill ground corn inclusion and floor types on gastric development, live performance, and litter moisture in broilers, 2013 AU - Xu, Y. AU - Stark, C. AU - Ferket, P. AU - Brake, J. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 92 IS - E-Supplement 1 SP - 65 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of supplementing corn-DDGS diet with exogenous enzymes and direct-fed microbials on nutrient digestibility in turkey poults AU - Ayoola, A.A. AU - Malheiros, R.D. AU - Carvalho, L.V.F.M. AU - Indrakumar, S. AU - Romero, L.F. AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 92 IS - E-Supplement 1 SP - 36 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of a hydrocolloid hatchery supplement on consumption rate and weight loss of turkey poults AU - Malheiros, R.D. AU - Ayoola, A.A. AU - Carvalho, L.V.F.M. AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 92 IS - E-Supplement 1 SP - 32 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of particle size and inclusion level of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and pellet quality on growth performance and gastro-intestinal (GIT) development of broilers AU - Pacheco, W.J. AU - Fahrenholz, A.C. AU - Stark, C.R. AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Brake, J. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 92 IS - E-Supplement 1 SP - 14 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of corn particle size, dietary energy level, post pellet liquid fat application, and time-limited feeding on broiler live performance to 28 days of age AU - Auttawong, S. AU - Brake, J.T. AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Stark, C.R. AU - Yahav, S. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 92 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 195 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of roller mill ground corn inclusions on broiler growth performance, digesta retention time, and gastrointestinal tract characteristics AU - Xu, Y. AU - Stark, C. AU - Ferket, P. AU - Brake, J. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 92 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 196 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of β-mannanase supplementation of high and low fat diets on energy and protein utilization, gut morphology, and mucin secretion of turkey poults AU - Ayoola, A. AU - Ferket, P. AU - Malheiros, R. AU - Grimes, J. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 92 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 196 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of enzymes and direct-fed microbial (DFM) supplementation of diets containing 6 and 18% DDGS on the growth performance, gut morphology, and mucin secretion in turkey hens AU - Malheiros, R. AU - Ayoola, A. AU - Ferket, P. AU - Grimes, J. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 92 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 227 M3 - Abstract ER - TY - CONF TI - Effect of dietary zinc on broiler blood zinc protoporphyrin to heme ratio (ZPP/H), bone marrow color, and breast meat quality AU - Qudsieh, R.I. AU - Smith, D.P. AU - Brake, J. T2 - EggMeat Symposia 2013 C2 - 2013/// C3 - World’s Poultry Science Journal Proceedings CY - Bergamo DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/9/15/ VL - 69 M1 - Supplement UR - http://www.saysoft.net/meat13/search/papers/27.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Attenuated FNR deficient enterobacteria AU - Hassan, H. AU - Fink, R.C. AU - Evans, M.R. DA - 2013/5/7/ PY - 2013/5/7/ M1 - US8435506B2 M3 - Patent SN - US8435506B2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - RNA-SEQ ANALYSIS OF BROILER LIVER Transcriptome reveals novel responses to heat stress AU - Coble, DJ AU - Fleming, D AU - Persia, ME AU - Ashwell, CM AU - Rothschild, MF AU - Schmidt, CJ AU - Lamont, SJ T2 - The effects of biotic and abiotic stressors on gene expression in chickens DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 94 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Metabolic profiling of late-term turkey embryos by microarrays. T2 - Poultry science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 92 IS - 4 SP - 1011-1028 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Insulin-like growth factor-I gene polymorphism associations with growth, body composition, skeleton integrity and metabolic traits in chickens. AU - Al-Hassani, AS AU - Al-Hassani, DH AU - Abdul-Hassan, IA AU - Abbasi, HA AU - Kazemi, M AU - Ali, A AU - Javed, K AU - Ali, A AU - Akram, M AU - Pasha, HM AU - others T2 - Asian Journal of Poultry Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 13351-13354 ER - TY - CONF TI - Selective Sweeps In Lines Selected For Antibody Response To Sheep Red Blood Cells AU - Ashwell, Chris T2 - Plant and Animal Genome C2 - 2013/// C3 - Plant and Animal Genome XXI Conference DA - 2013/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Metabolic profiling of late-term turkey embryos by microarrays T2 - Poultry science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 92 IS - 4 SP - 1011-1028 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Atherosclerosis-susceptible and atherosclerosis-resistant pigeon aortic cells express different genes in vivo T2 - Poultry science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 92 IS - 10 SP - 2668-2680 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Corrigendum to “Molecular confirmation of Trichomonas gallinae and other parabasalids from Brazil using the 5.8S and ITS-1 rRNA regions” [Vet. Parasitol. 190 (1–2) (2012) 36–42] AU - Ecco, Roselene AU - Preis, Ingred S. AU - Vilela, Daniel A.R. AU - Luppi, Marcela M. AU - Malta, Marcelo C.C. AU - Beckstead, Robert B. AU - Stimmelmayr, Raphaela AU - Gerhold, Richard W. T2 - Veterinary Parasitology AB - a Departamento de Clinica e Cirurgia Veterinarias, Escola de Veterinaria, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil b Fundacao Zoo-Botânica de Belo Horizonte, Av. Otacilio Negrao de Lima 8000, 31365-450 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil c Department of Poultry Sciences, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA d Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, P.O. Box 69, Barrow, AK 99723, USA e Center for Wildlife Health, Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA DA - 2013/9// PY - 2013/9// DO - 10.1016/J.VETPAR.2013.04.019 VL - 196 IS - 3-4 SP - 552 SN - 0304-4017 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.VETPAR.2013.04.019 ER - TY - JOUR TI - College entrance examination score deficits in Ag-intensive, Rural, Socioeconomically Distressed North Carolina Counties: An inherent risk to the Post-secondary degree attainment for rural high school students AU - Herman, M.V. AU - Huffman, R.E. AU - Anderson, K.E. AU - Golden, J.B. T2 - NACTA DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 57 IS - 4 SP - 45–50 UR - https://www.nactateachers.org/attachments/article/2145/11%20Herman%20Dec2013.pdf ER - TY - CHAP TI - Nutrition and feed strategies to control the enteric ecosystem and gut health AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - Total Nutrition, The Importance of Intestinal Health in Poultry PY - 2013/// PB - Kemin Industries ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multi-peptide nLC-PC-IDMS-SRM-based Assay for the quantification of biomarkers in the chicken ovarian cancer model AU - Andrews Kingon, Genna L. AU - Petitte, James N. AU - Muddiman, David C. AU - Hawkridge, Adam M. T2 - Methods AB - A novel form of ovomacroglobulin/ovostatin (OVOS2) predicted from EST data was previously identified in the chicken ovarian cancer model using a mass spectrometry-based shotgun label-free proteomics strategy. The quantitative label-free data from plasma showed a significant increase over time with the spontaneous onset and progression of ovarian cancer making it a potential protein biomarker for further study. Two other proteins of interest identified from this initial study included vitellogenin-1 (Vit-1), a lipid-transport protein tied to egg production, and transthyretin (TTR), a retinol binding transport protein currently used in the clinical management of ovarian cancer. A multiplexed protein cleavage isotope dilution mass spectrometry (PC-IDMS) assay was developed to quantify OVOS2, Vit-1, and TTR by selected reaction monitoring (SRM). A total of 6 stable isotope labeled (SIL) peptide standards were used in the assay with three tryptic peptides from OVOS2, one for Vit-1, and two for TTR. The assay was developed for use with un-depleted raw plasma combined with the filter assisted sample preparation (FASP) method and its use was also demonstrated for matched ovary tissue samples. The PC-IDMS data for the two TTR peptides did not correlate with each other with more than a 10-fold difference in concentration for all 5 time points measured. The PC-IDMS data from the longitudinal plasma samples correlated well for OVOS2 and Vit-1 whereas TTR was inconclusive. Interestingly, the absolute amount for one of the OVOS2 SIL peptides was 2-fold less compared with the other two SIL peptides. These data illustrate the successes and challenges of qualifying quantitative levels of proteins from an in-gel digestion sample preparation followed by LC-MS/MS (GeLC) label-free discovery-based approach to a targeted SRM-based quantitative assay in plasma and tissues. DA - 2013/6// PY - 2013/6// DO - 10.1016/J.YMETH.2013.04.004 VL - 61 IS - 3 SP - 323-330 J2 - Methods LA - en OP - SN - 1046-2023 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.YMETH.2013.04.004 DB - Crossref KW - Proteomics KW - Quantification KW - Ovarian cancer KW - Chicken KW - Biomarkers ER - TY - CHAP TI - Animal Welfare Regulations and Food Production AU - Anderson, Kenneth E. T2 - Guide to US Food Laws and Regulations AB - Animal well-being is not a new issue and concerns are continuing to expand and gain favor in the developed countries where approximately 98% of the population is fed by 2%. The animal welfare regulations that impact food production are relatively recent in their development, global in nature and influence the free trade of food products of animal origin and ultimately their cost to the end consumer. The people involved in the animal welfare issue are many and diverse. American farmers and ranchers are viewed by 90% of the public as an essential part of the American life and 88% of the public thinks they do a good job of producing healthy food at a reasonable price. Each of the animal production companies need to work to get their company to develop and adopt animal care standards. PY - 2013/7/26/ DO - 10.1002/9781118227763.ch11 SP - 227-238 OP - PB - John Wiley & Sons, Ltd SN - 9781118227763 9781118227787 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118227763.ch11 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of Alternative Production and Management Environments on Layer Reproduction System Development AU - Anderson, K.E. AU - Klein, A.N. AU - Golden, J.B. T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science AB - Three different production environments were evaluated for their impact on laying hen reproduction by assessing the ovary and oviducts for the presence of physiological variations. The three environments included free-range (FR = 60), cage-free (CF = 55) and battery cage (BC = 50). The ovaries and oviducts from these hens were collected and weighed during necropsy, then stored in a freezer at -20°F for later analysis. The analysis included the oviduct length and the number of Post-Ovulatory Follicles (POFs), atretic follicles, hierarchical follicles (H = 12-40 mm), small yellow follicles (SY = 5-12 mm), large white follicles (LW = 2-5 mm), small white follicles (SW = <2 mm) and tumor numbers if present on each ovary. Free-range hens had significantly heavier oviduct weights, at 19.4 and 13.5% heavier than oviducts of battery cage and cage-free hens, respectively. The free-range hens also exhibited an increased presence of tumors as well as a n increased frequency of multiple tumors on the oviducts. Hens housed in the free-range and battery cage environments had increased numbers of LW follicles compared to the cage-free hens. In addition, the free- range hens had a significantly smaller number of SW follicles when compared to the battery cage hens. Contrary to the popular belief that birds raised in free-range or cage-free environments provide healthier production alternatives than conventional battery cages, this study does not suggest that there is a significant physiological impact on the reproductive capacity of hens housed in these different production environments. However, oviduct health appears to be better in the battery cage and cage-free environments. DA - 2013/4/1/ PY - 2013/4/1/ DO - 10.3923/ijps.2013.251.253 VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - 251-253 J2 - International J. of Poultry Science OP - SN - 1682-8356 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2013.251.253 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - CD4 T-helper cell cytokine phenotypes and antibody response following tetanus toxoid booster immunization AU - Livingston, Kimberly A. AU - Jiang, Xiaowen AU - Stephensen, Charles B. T2 - Journal of Immunological Methods AB - Routine methods for enumerating antigen-specific T-helper cells may not identify low-frequency phenotypes such as Th2 cells. We compared methods of evaluating such responses to identify tetanus toxoid- (TT) specific Th1, Th2, Th17 and IL10+ cells. Eight healthy subjects were given a TT booster vaccination. Blood was drawn before, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after vaccination and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were cultured for 7 days with TT, negative control (diluent), and a positive control (Staphylococcus enterotoxin B [SEB]). Activation markers (CD25 and CD69) were measured after 44 h (n = 8), cytokines in supernatant after 3 and 7 days, and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) of proliferated cells (identified by dye dilution) after 7 days (n = 6). Vaccination increased TT-specific expression of CD25 and CD69 on CD3+CD4+ lymphocytes, and TT-specific proliferation at 7, 14 and 28 days post vaccination. Vaccination induced TT-specific Th1 (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2) Th2 (IL-13, IL-5, and IL-4), Th17 (IL-17A) and IL-10+ cells as measured by ICS. TT-specific Th1 cells were the most abundant (12–15% of all TT-specific CD4+ T-cells) while IL10+ (1.8%) Th17 (1.1%) and Th2 cells (0.2–0.6%) were less abundant. TT-specific cytokine concentrations in PBMC supernatants followed the same pattern where a TT-specific IL-9 response was also seen. In conclusion, TT booster vaccination induced a broad T-helper cell response. This method of evaluating cytokine phenotypes may be useful in examining the impact of nutrition and environmental conditions on the plasticity of T-helper cell memory responses. DA - 2013/4// PY - 2013/4// DO - 10.1016/j.jim.2013.01.001 VL - 390 IS - 1-2 SP - 18-29 J2 - Journal of Immunological Methods LA - en OP - SN - 0022-1759 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2013.01.001 DB - Crossref KW - Tetanus KW - T-cell proliferation KW - Intracellular cytokine staining ER - TY - CHAP TI - Avian Astroviruses AU - Pantin-Jackwood, M. AU - Todd, D. AU - Koci, M.D. T2 - Astrovirus Research: Essential Ideas, Everyday Impacts, Future Directions PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1007/978-1-4614-4735-1_9 VL - 9781461447351 SP - 151-180 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84948148046&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Astrovirus Immunity AU - Krishna, N.K. AU - Koci, M.D. AU - Guix, S. T2 - Astrovirus Research: Essential Ideas, Everyday Impacts, Future Directions PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1007/978-1-4614-4735-1_5 VL - 9781461447351 SP - 79-95 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84948144983&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Interplay Between MDV and HVT Affects Viral miRNA Expression AU - Goher, Mohamed AU - Hicks, Julie A. AU - Liu, Hsiao-Ching T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - It is well established that herpesviruses encode numerous microRNAs (miRNAs) and that these virally encoded small RNAs play multiple roles in infection. The present study was undertaken to determine how co-infection of a pathogenic MDV serotype one (MDV1) strain (MD5) and a vaccine strain (herpesvirus of turkeys [HVT]) alters viral miRNA expression in vivo. We first used small RNA deep sequencing to identify MDV1-encoded miRNAs that are expressed in tumorigenic spleens of MDV1-infected birds. The expression patterns of these miRNAs were then further assessed at an early time point (7 days postinfection [dpi]) and a late time point (42 dpi) in birds with and without HVT vaccination using real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Additionally, the effect of MDV1 co-infection on HVT-encoded miRNAs was determined using RT-PCR. A diverse population of miRNAs was expressed in MDV-induced tumorigenic spleens at 42 dpi, with 18 of the 26 known mature miRNAs represented. Of these, both mdv1-miR-M4-5p and mdv1-miR-M2-3p were the most highly expressed miRNAs. RT-PCR analysis further revealed that nine MDV miRNAs were differentially expressed between 7 dpi and 42 dpi infected spleens. At 7 dpi, three miRNAs were differentially expressed between the spleens of birds co-infected with HVT and MD5 compared with birds singly infected with MD5, whereas at 42 dpi, nine miRNAs were differentially expressed. At 7 dpi, the expression of seven HVT-encoded miRNAs was affected in the spleens of co-infected birds compared with birds only receiving the HVT vaccine. At 42 dpi, six HVT-encoded miRNAs were differentially expressed between the two groups. Target prediction analysis suggests that these differentially expressed viral miRNAs are involved in regulating several cellular processes, including cell proliferation and the adaptive immune response.La interacción entre el virus de Marek y el herpesvirus de los pavos afecta a la expresión de micro ARN viral.Está bien establecido que los herpesvirus codifican numerosos micro ARN (con las siglas en inglés miRNAs) y que estas pequeñas moléculas de ARN codificadas viralmente juegan múltiples papeles en la infección. El presente estudio se realizó para determinar como la co-infección entre una cepa patógena (MD5) del virus de Marek serotipo 1 (MDV1) y una cepa vacunal (herpesvirus de los pavos [HVT]) altera la expresión de los genes micro ARN viral in vivo. Se utilizó por primera vez la secuenciación profunda de moléculas pequeñas de ARN para identificar micro ARN codificado por el virus de Marek serotipo 1 que se expresan en los bazos con tumores en las aves infectadas por el virus de Marek 1. Los patrones de expresión de micro ARN fueron valorados mediante PCR en tiempo real (RT-PCR), de manera temprana (7 días después de la infección) y tardíamente (42 días después de la infección) en las aves con y sin vacunación con el herpesvirus de los pavos. Además se determinó el efecto de la co-infección con el virus de Marek serotipo 1 sobre el micro ARN codificado por el herpesvirus de los pavos mediante PCR en tiempo real. Se expresó una población diversa de micro ARN en los bazos con tumores inducidos por el virus de Marek a los 42 días después de la infección, con 18 micro ARNs maduros representados de los 26. De éstos, tanto el mdv1-miR-M4-5p y el mdv1-miR-M2-3p fueron los micro ARN más expresados. El análisis por PCR en tiempo real reveló que nueve micro ARN del virus de Marek se expresan diferencialmente entre 7 y 42 días después de la infección en los bazos infectados. A los siete días después de la infección, tres micro ARN fueron expresados diferencialmente en los bazos de las aves co-infectadas con el herpesvirus de los pavos y la cepa MD5 en comparación con las aves infectadas con el virus MD5 por separado, mientras que a los 42 días después de la infección, nueve micro ARNs fueron expresados diferencialmente. A los siete días después, la expresión de siete micro ARNs codificados por el herpesvirus de los pavos se vio a DA - 2013/6// PY - 2013/6// DO - 10.1637/10440-110112-reg.1 VL - 57 IS - 2 SP - 372-379 SN - 1938-4351 KW - MDV1 KW - HVT KW - microRNA KW - MD5 KW - immune response ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of creep feeding and supplemental glutamine or glutamine plus glutamate (Aminogut) on pre- and post-weaning growth performance and intestinal health of piglets AU - Cabrera, Rafael A. AU - Usry, James L. AU - Arrellano, Consuelo AU - Nogueira, Eduardo T. AU - Kutschenko, Marianne AU - Moeser, Adam J. AU - Odle, Jack T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY AB - Creep feeding is used to stimulate piglet post-weaning feed consumption. L-Glutamine (GLN) is an important source of fuel for intestinal epithelial cells. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of creep feeding and adding GLN or AminoGut (AG; containing glutamine + glutamate) to pre- and post-weaning diets on pig performance and intestinal health. Litters (N = 120) were allotted to four treatments during 14-21 d of lactation: 1) No creep feed (NC, n = 45); 2) creep fed control diet (CFCD, n = 45); 3) creep fed 1% GLN (CFGLN, n = 15); 4) creep fed .88% AG (CFAG, n = 15). After weaning, the NC and CFCD groups were sub-divided into three groups (n = 15 each), receiving either a control nursery diet (NC-CD, CFCD-CD) or a diet supplemented with either GLN (NC-GLN, CFCD-GLN) or with AG (NC-AG, CFCD-AG). Litters that were creep fed with diets containing GLN or AG also were supplemented with those amino acids in the nursery diets (CFGLN-GLN, CFAG-AG). Glutamine was added at 1% in all three post-weaning diet phases and AG was added at .88% in phase 1 and 2 and at .66% in phase 3.Feed conversion (feed/gain) showed means among treatment means close to significance (P = 0.056) and Tukey's test for pairwise mean comparisons showed that Pigs in the CFGLN-GLN group had the best feed conversion (feed/gain) in the first three-week period post-weaning, exceeding (P = 0.044) controls (CFCD-CD) by 34%. The NC-AG group had (P = 0.02) the greatest feed intake in the last three week of the study, exceeding controls (CFCD-CD) by 12%. CFGLN-GLN, CFCD-GLN and sow reared (SR) pigs had the greatest (P = 0.049) villi height exceeding the CFCD-AG group by 18%, 20% and 19% respectively. The CFAG-AG group had the deepest (P = 0.001) crypts among all treatments. CFGLN-GLN, CFCD-GLN and SR groups had the greatest (P = 0.001) number of cells proliferating (PCNA) exceeding those in the NC-CD group by 43%, 54% and 63% respectively. Sow reared pigs showed the greatest (P = 0.001) intestinal absorption capacity for xylose and mannitol.Supplementation of creep feed and nursery diets with GLN and/or AminoGut in the first three week improved feed conversion possibly due to improved intestinal health. DA - 2013/8/3/ PY - 2013/8/3/ DO - 10.1186/2049-1891-4-29 VL - 4 SP - SN - 2049-1891 KW - Creep feeding KW - Glutamine KW - Growth performance KW - Intestinal health KW - SEM KW - Villi ER - TY - JOUR TI - Current State of Marek's Disease Virus MicroRNA Research AU - Hicks, Julie A. AU - Liu, Hsiao-Ching T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - MicroRNA (miRNA) is a major family of small RNAs that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression. Small RNA profiling studies have revealed that some viruses, particularly large DNA viruses, such as Marek's disease virus (MDV), encode their own set of miRNAs. There are currently 406 viral miRNAs in miRBase, of which 392 are encoded by herpesviruses. To date, 26 MDV-1 miRNAs, 36 MDV-2 miRNAs, and 28 herpesvirus of turkeys miRNAs have been identified. Interestingly, herpesvirus miRNAs appear to have spatial conservation, located in clusters within repeat regions, but lack sequence conservation. Two clusters of MDV-1 miRNA have been identified, one located near the MEQ gene and one within the latency-associated transcript (LAT). miRNA profiling studies have shown that MDV miRNA are differentially expressed between strains and stages of infection. For example, mdv1-miR-M4 and mdv1-miR-M2-3p are three- and sixfold higher, expressed, respectively, in vv strains compared to vv strains. A recent study found that deletion or seed region mutation of mdv1-miR-M4 reduces viral oncogenicity, suggesting a link between mdv1-mir-M4 and lymphoma development in MDV-infected birds. Taken together, current research suggests that viral miRNAs are a key component of MDV pathogenesis.Estudio Recapitulativo—Estado actual de la investigación sobre micro ARN en la enfermedad de Marek.Las moléculas de micro ARN (miRNA) son una familia de moléculas pequeñas de ARN que regulan de manera postranscripcional la expresión de genes. Los estudios de los perfiles de moléculas pequeñas de ARN han revelado que algunos virus, particularmente virus ADN grandes como el virus de Marek codifican su propio conjunto de micro ARN. Actualmente existen 406 moléculas de micro ARN en la base de datos miRBase, de las cuales 392 están codificadas por herpesvirus. Hasta la fecha, se han identificado 26 moléculas de micro ARN del virus de Marek 1, 36 del virus de Marek 2 y 28 del herpesvirus de pavos. De manera interesante, las moléculas de micro ARN de los herpesvirus parecen ser conservadas de manera espacial, localizados en grupos dentro de regiones repetidas, pero carecen de secuencias conservadas. Dos grupos del virus de Marek 1 han sido identificados, uno se encuentra localizado cerca del gene MEQ y otro dentro del transcripto asociado con la latencia (LAT). Los estudios de perfiles de micro ARN han demostrado que las moléculas de micro ARN del virus de la enfermedad de Marek se expresan de manera diferente de acuerdo a las cepas o al estado de infección. Por ejemplo, las moléculas mdv1-miR-M4 y mdv1-miR-M2-3p se expresan de tres y seis veces más, respectivamente en las cepas muy virulentas plus en comparación con las cepas muy virulentas. Un estudio reciente demostró que la deleción o una mutación en la región de la semilla de mdv1-miR-M4 reduce la oncogénesis viral, lo que sugiere un vínculo entre mdv1-mir-M4 y el desarrollo de linfomas en las aves infectadas con Marek. Considerando todo, la investigación reciente sugiere que las moléculas de micro ARN virales son un componente clave en la patogénesis de la enfermedad de Marek. DA - 2013/6// PY - 2013/6// DO - 10.1637/10355-090812-review.1 VL - 57 IS - 2 SP - 332-339 SN - 1938-4351 KW - herpesvirus KW - MDV KW - microRNA KW - gene regulation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tuberal hypothalamic expression of the glial intermediate filaments, glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin across the turkey hen (Meleagris gallopavo) reproductive cycle: Further evidence for a role of glial structural plasticity in seasonal reproduction AU - Steinman, Michael Q. AU - Valenzuela, Anthony E. AU - Siopes, Thomas D. AU - Millam, James R. T2 - GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY AB - Glia regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in birds and mammals. This is accomplished mechanically by ensheathing gonadotrophin-releasing hormone I (GnRH) nerve terminals thereby blocking access to the pituitary blood supply, or chemically in a paracrine manner. Such regulation requires appropriate spatial associations between glia and nerve terminals. Female turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) use day length as a primary breeding cue. Long days activate the HPG-axis until the hen enters a photorefractory state when previously stimulatory day lengths no longer support HPG-axis activity. Hens must then be exposed to short days before reactivation of the reproductive axis occurs. As adult hens have discrete inactive reproductive states in addition to a fertile state, they are useful for examining the glial contribution to reproductive function. We immunostained tuberal hypothalami from short and long-day photosensitive hens, plus long-day photorefractory hens to examine expression of two intermediate filaments that affect glial morphology: glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin. GFAP expression was drastically reduced in the central median eminence of long day photosensitive hens, especially within the internal zone. Vimentin expression was similar among groups. However, vimentin-immunoreactive fibers abutting the portal vasculature were significantly negatively correlated with GFAP expression in the median eminence, which is consistent with our hypothesis for a reciprocal relationship between GFAP and vimentin expression. It appears that up-regulation of GFAP expression in the central median eminence of turkey hens is associated with periods of reproductive quiescence and that photofractoriness is associated with the lack of a glial cytoskeletal response to long days. DA - 2013/11/1/ PY - 2013/11/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.08.001 VL - 193 SP - 141-148 SN - 1095-6840 KW - Meleagris gallopavo KW - GnRH KW - Glia KW - GFAP KW - Vimentin KW - Photoperiod ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of a GntR-Family Response Regulator LbrA in Listeria monocytogenes Biofilm Formation AU - Wassinger, Andrew AU - Zhang, Lu AU - Tracy, Erin AU - Munson, Robert S., Jr. AU - Kathariou, Sophia AU - Wang, Hua H. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - The formation of Listeria monocytogenes biofilms contributes to persistent contamination in food processing facilities. A microarray comparison of L. monocytogenes between the transcriptome of the strong biofilm forming strain (Bfm(s)) Scott A and the weak biofilm forming (Bfm(w)) strain F2365 was conducted to identify genes potentially involved in biofilm formation. Among 951 genes with significant difference in expression between the two strains, a GntR-family response regulator encoding gene (LMOf2365_0414), designated lbrA, was found to be highly expressed in Scott A relative to F2365. A Scott A lbrA-deletion mutant, designated AW3, formed biofilm to a much lesser extent as compared to the parent strain by a rapid attachment assay and scanning electron microscopy. Complementation with lbrA from Scott A restored the Bfm(s) phenotype in the AW3 derivative. A second microarray assessment using the lbrA deletion mutant AW3 and the wild type Scott A revealed a total of 304 genes with expression significantly different between the two strains, indicating the potential regulatory role of LbrA in L. monocytogenes. A cloned copy of Scott A lbrA was unable to confer enhanced biofilm forming potential in F2365, suggesting that additional factors contributed to weak biofilm formation by F2365. DA - 2013/7/23/ PY - 2013/7/23/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0070448 VL - 8 IS - 7 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Processing of pelleted feeds using pelleted DDGS as an ingredient AU - Fahrenholz, A. C. AU - Behnke, K. C. AU - McKinney, L. J. T2 - Applied Engineering in Agriculture AB - An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of including pelleted and re-ground distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on pellet durability and pellet mill performance in pelleted corn-soy based swine diets. Pelleted and re-ground DDGS have the potential to greatly improve handling and shipping of DDGS because of improvements in material flow and bulk density. The pellet manufacturing experiments were completed at the Department of Grain Science and Industrys Feed Research Facility at Kansas State University. Pellet durability index (PDI), electrical energy consumption, production rate, and bulk density served as the response criteria. The levels of DDGS evaluated were 10%, 20%, and 30%. Diets containing pelleted and re-ground DDGS were compared to diets with unpelleted DDGS added at the same levels and to a control diet with no added DDGS. Concerning PDI, the diets containing pelleted and re-ground DDGS showed no significant differences from the control at any inclusion level, while the diets containing unpelleted DDGS at 20% and 30% had significantly lower pellet durability than the control. Concerning the production response criteria, the diets containing pelleted and re-ground DDGS were superior or equal to treatments containing unpelleted DDGS. The data demonstrates that pelleted and re-ground DDGS do not negatively impact pellet durability or pelleting performance, and in fact may offer slight benefits, and therefore can be considered as an option for improving some aspects of working with DDGS. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.13031/2013.42522 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 89-92 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transcriptional regulation by Ferric Uptake Regulator (Fur) in pathogenic bacteria AU - Troxell, Bryan AU - Hassan, Hosni M. T2 - FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY AB - In the ancient anaerobic environment, ferrous iron (Fe(2+)) was one of the first metal cofactors. Oxygenation of the ancient world challenged bacteria to acquire the insoluble ferric iron (Fe(3+)) and later to defend against reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the Fenton chemistry. To acquire Fe(3+), bacteria produce low-molecular weight compounds, known as siderophores, which have extremely high affinity for Fe(3+). However, during infection the host restricts iron from pathogens by producing iron- and siderophore-chelating proteins, by exporting iron from intracellular pathogen-containing compartments, and by limiting absorption of dietary iron. Ferric Uptake Regulator (Fur) is a transcription factor which utilizes Fe(2+) as a corepressor and represses siderophore synthesis in pathogens. Fur, directly or indirectly, controls expression of enzymes that protect against ROS damage. Thus, the challenges of iron homeostasis and defense against ROS are addressed via Fur. Although the role of Fur as a repressor is well-documented, emerging evidence demonstrates that Fur can function as an activator. Fur activation can occur through three distinct mechanisms (1) indirectly via small RNAs, (2) binding at cis regulatory elements that enhance recruitment of the RNA polymerase holoenzyme (RNAP), and (3) functioning as an antirepressor by removing or blocking DNA binding of a repressor of transcription. In addition, Fur homologs control defense against peroxide stress (PerR) and control uptake of other metals such as zinc (Zur) and manganese (Mur) in pathogenic bacteria. Fur family members are important for virulence within bacterial pathogens since mutants of fur, perR, or zur exhibit reduced virulence within numerous animal and plant models of infection. This review focuses on the breadth of Fur regulation in pathogenic bacteria. DA - 2013/10// PY - 2013/10// DO - 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00059 VL - 3 SP - SN - 2235-2988 KW - Ferric Uptake Regulator KW - iron KW - oxidative stress KW - gene regulation KW - pathogenic bacteria ER - TY - JOUR TI - Live performance of roasters raised in houses receiving different acidifier application rates AU - Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. AU - Shah, S. B. AU - Grimes, J. L. AU - Westerman, P. W. AU - Campeau, D. T2 - The Journal of Applied Poultry Research AB - The reutilization of litter is currently a common practice in broiler production due to several environmental and economic factors. The application of litter amendments in broiler houses is a popular practice that can reduce ammonia emissions from recycled litter by converting them to nonvolatile ammonium. Sodium bisulfate (SBS) is one of the acidifiers frequently used in broiler houses. Broilers raised to 9 wk may require higher acidifier application rates to prevent unhealthy NH3 levels throughout the flock than broilers raised to smaller sizes. A study with 6 flocks of roasters was conducted under commercial conditions to evaluate 4 levels of SBS. In a farm with 8 houses, 4 treatments were evaluated. In the control treatment 0.49 kg/m2 of SBS was applied to the brood chamber, whereas the low, medium, and high treatments received 0.49, 0.73, and 1.46 kg/m2, respectively, in the whole house. Data were obtained as the average of 2 houses with approximately 21,000 broilers per house in each of the 6 flocks evaluated. Results indicated no significant differences due to treatments on final average BW, FCR, mortality, or the majority of condemnation parameters. The significant reductions in NH3 levels observed in the whole flock across all 6 flocks receiving SBS treatments did not significantly improve broiler live performance or affect condemnations at the processing plant. DA - 2013/11/25/ PY - 2013/11/25/ DO - 10.3382/japr.2012-00716 VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 922-928 J2 - The Journal of Applied Poultry Research LA - en OP - SN - 1056-6171 1537-0437 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2012-00716 DB - Crossref KW - ammonia KW - roaster KW - litter amendment KW - sodium bisulfate ER - TY - JOUR TI - Involvement of Eukaryotic Small RNA Pathways in Host Defense and Viral Pathogenesis AU - Hicks, Julie AU - Liu, Hsiao-Ching T2 - VIRUSES-BASEL AB - Post-transcriptional gene regulation by small RNAs is now established as an important branch of the gene regulatory system. Many different classes of small RNAs have been discovered; among these are short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNA (miRNAs). Though differences in the processing and function of small RNAs exist between plants and animals, both groups utilize small RNA-mediated gene regulation in response to pathogens. Host encoded miRNAs and siRNAs are generated from viral RNA function in host defense and pathogenic resistance in plants. In animals, miRNAs are key regulators in both immune system development and in immune function. Pathogens, in particular viruses, have evolved mechanisms to usurp the host’s small RNA-mediated regulatory system. Overall, small RNAs are a major component of host defense and immunity in eukaryotes. The goal of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of the involvement of eukaryotic small RNA pathways in host defense and viral pathogenesis. DA - 2013/11// PY - 2013/11// DO - 10.3390/v5112659 VL - 5 IS - 11 SP - 2659-2678 SN - 1999-4915 KW - small RNA KW - immunity KW - pathogens ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evidence of a Chemopreventive Effect of Progestin Unrelated to Ovulation on Reproductive Tract Cancers in the Egg-laying Hen AU - Rodriguez, G. C. AU - Barnes, H. J. AU - Anderson, K. E. AU - Whitaker, R. S. AU - Berchuck, A. AU - Petitte, J. N. AU - Lancaster, J. M. AU - Wenham, R. M. AU - Turbov, J. M. AU - Day, R. AU - Maxwell, G. L. AU - Carver, D. K. T2 - Cancer Prevention Research AB - Epidemiologic, laboratory, and animal evidence suggests that progestins and vitamin D may be potent ovarian cancer preventives. Our objectives were to evaluate progestins as reproductive tract cancer chemopreventives in the chicken, determine whether restricted ovulation affected the incidence of reproductive tract tumors, and assess whether vitamin D would confer cancer protection either alone or in addition to progestin. A total of 2,400 two-year-old Single Comb White Leghorns were randomized into six groups (400 each) with hormonal and dietary manipulation for 2 years as follows: (i) no intervention, regular feed/caloric intake, (ii) control, (iii) vitamin D, (iv) the progestin levonorgestrel, (v) vitamin D plus levonorgestrel, and (vi) the progestin Provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate). Groups 2 to 6 were caloric restricted to inhibit ovulation. Our results indicated that caloric restriction decreased egg production by more than 60%, and was associated with a greater than 70% decrease in reproductive tract cancers. Ovulatory events did not differ among the caloric-restricted groups (groups 2-6), except for the group receiving levonorgestrel, which had fewer ovulatory events than controls (P = 0.046). After correcting for egg production, birds receiving progestins had significantly fewer reproductive tract cancers [OR, 0.61; confidence interval (CI), 0.39-0.95; P = 0.03], with similar proportionate reductions in tumors arising in either the ovary or oviduct. Vitamin D did not significantly affect cancer incidence overall, or add to the cancer preventive effect of progestins. This study suggests a protective effect of progestins against ovarian and oviductal cancers. These data support the concept that progestins provide a chemopreventive effect unrelated to ovulation. DA - 2013/10/17/ PY - 2013/10/17/ DO - 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-12-0426 VL - 6 IS - 12 SP - 1283-1292 J2 - Cancer Prevention Research LA - en OP - SN - 1940-6207 1940-6215 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-12-0426 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and selenium levels on the performance, carcass yield, and blood changes in broilers AU - Hada, F. H. AU - Malheiros, R. D. AU - Silva, J. D. T. AU - Marques, R. H. AU - Gravena, R. A. AU - Silva, V. K. AU - Moraes, V. M. B. T2 - Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance, carcass and parts yield, and blood changes in broilers fed different protein, carbohydrate, and lipid levels. Birds were fed a commercial diet until seven days of age. On day 8, birds were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement (control diet, low protein diet, low carbohydrate diet or low lipid diet vs. supplementation of 0 or 0.3ppm organic selenium) with four replicates of 15 birds each. Broilers fed low protein presented lower body weight, feed intake, and worse feed conversion ratio on day 42, as well as lower carcass and breast yields, higher leg and abdominal fat yields, higher triglyceride and lower uric acid blood levels. Broilers fed the low carbohydrate diets presented low glucose levels on days 14 and 42.Creatine-kinase (CK) levels increased as birds aged. The livability of broilers fed the low protein diets improved and of those fed low carbohydrate diets worsened with dietary selenium addition on days 35 and 42. Selenium supplementation increased glucose levels in 42-d-old broilers. Changes in dietary protein caused more impact on broiler performance compared with carbohydrates and lipids. Changes in macronutrients caused metabolic changes in broilers. Selenium affected broiler livability as measured on days 35 and 42, and glucose blood levels. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1590/s1516-635x2013000400014 VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - 385-394 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comprehensive Assessment of Hormones, Phytoestrogens, and Estrogenic Activity in an Anaerobic Swine Waste Lagoon AU - Yost, Erin E. AU - Meyer, Michael T. AU - Dietze, Julie E. AU - Meissner, Benjamin M. AU - Worley-Davis, Lynn AU - Williams, C. Michael AU - Lee, Boknam AU - Kullman, Seth W. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AB - In this study, the distribution of steroid hormones, phytoestrogens, and estrogenic activity was thoroughly characterized within the anaerobic waste lagoon of a typical commercial swine sow operation. Three independent rounds of sampling were conducted in June 2009, April 2010, and February 2011. Thirty-seven analytes in lagoon slurry and sludge were assessed using LC/MS-MS, and yeast estrogen screen was used to determine estrogenic activity. Of the hormone analytes, steroidal estrogens were more abundant than androgens or progesterone, with estrone being the predominant estrogen species. Conjugated hormones were detected only at low levels. The isoflavone metabolite equol was by far the predominant phytoestrogen species, with daidzein, genistein, formononetin, and coumestrol present at lower levels. Phytoestrogens were often more abundant than steroidal estrogens, but contributed minimally toward total estrogenic activity. Analytes were significantly elevated in the solid phases of the lagoon; although low observed log KOC values suggest enhanced solubility in the aqueous phase, perhaps due to dissolved or colloidal organic carbon. The association with the solid phase, as well as recalcitrance of analytes to anaerobic degradation, results in a markedly elevated load of analytes and estrogenic activity within lagoon sludge. Overall, findings emphasize the importance of adsorption and transformation processes in governing the fate of these compounds in lagoon waste, which is ultimately used for broadcast application as a fertilizer. DA - 2013/12/3/ PY - 2013/12/3/ DO - 10.1021/es4026408 VL - 47 IS - 23 SP - 13781-13790 SN - 1520-5851 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of the microRNAome in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infected Macrophages AU - Hicks, Julie A. AU - Yoo, Dongwan AU - Liu, Hsiao-Ching T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), a member of the arterivirus family, is the causative agent of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS). PRRS is characterized by late term abortions and respiratory disease, particularly in young pigs. Small regulatory RNAs termed microRNA (miRNA) are associated with gene regulation at the post-transcriptional level. MiRNAs are known to play many diverse and complex roles in viral infections. To discover the impact of PRRSV infections on the cellular miRNAome, Illumina deep sequencing was used to construct small RNA expression profiles from in vitro cultured PRRSV-infected porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). A total of forty cellular miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed within the first 48 hours post infection (hpi). The expression of six miRNAs, miR-30a-3p, miR-132, miR-27b*, miR-29b, miR-146a and miR-9-2, were altered at more than one time point. Target gene identification suggests that these miRNAs are involved in regulating immune signaling pathways, cytokine, and transcription factor production. The most highly repressed miRNA at 24 hpi was miR-147. A miR-147 mimic was utilized to maintain miR-147 levels in PRRSV-infected PAMs. PRRSV replication was negatively impacted by high levels of miR-147. Whether down-regulation of miR-147 is directly induced by PRRSV or if it is part of the cellular response and PRRSV indirectly benefits remains to be determined. No evidence could be found of PRRSV-encoded miRNAs. Overall, the present study has revealed that a large and diverse group of miRNAs are expressed in swine alveolar macrophages and that the expression of a subset of these miRNAs is altered in PRRSV infected macrophages. DA - 2013/12/5/ PY - 2013/12/5/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0082054 VL - 8 IS - 12 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling the heterogeneous effects of retained austenite on the behavior of martensitic high strength steels AU - Wu, Q. AU - Shanthraj, P. AU - Zikry, M. A. T2 - International Journal of Fracture DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-319-04397-5_16 VL - 184 IS - 1-2 SP - 241-252 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of soybean meal source and particle size on broiler performance, nutrient digestibility, and gizzard development AU - Pacheco, W. J. AU - Stark, C. R. AU - Ferket, P. R. AU - Brake, J. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Although there have been several reports concerning the effects of particle size of cereal grains on productive performance of poultry, there is limited information about the effects of soybean meal (SBM) particle size on broiler performance. The objective of the present experiments was to evaluate the effects of SBM source and particle size on broiler performance, gizzard weight, and nutrient digestibility. The first experiment was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of 2 SBM sources: expeller-extracted (ESBM) and solvent-extracted (SSBM), and 2 particle sizes: coarse grind, 971 µm, and fine grind, 465 µm. The second experiment was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of 2 ESBM particle sizes: coarse grind, 1,290 µm, and fine grind, 470 µm, and 2 corn particle sizes: coarse grind, 1,330 µm, and fine grind, 520 µm. In the first experiment, there was an interaction (P < 0.05) between SBM source and particle size on BW at 49 d of age. No differences in BW were observed when birds were fed coarse SSBM or ESBM, whereas birds fed diets containing fine ESBM exhibited lower BW than birds fed diets containing fine SSBM. In the second experiment, fine-grind ESBM (P < 0.05) and corn (P < 0.01) produced greater 19-d BW than did coarse grind. A significant interaction (P < 0.01) between ingredient type and particle size revealed that chicks fed coarse particles of corn or ESBM exhibited higher protein digestibility compared with chicks fed only fine particles. Corn particle size had a greater effect on gizzard weight than ESBM particle size. Birds fed diets that contained coarse corn had larger gizzards than birds fed fine corn (P < 0.01), but differences in gizzard weight were not observed when birds were fed coarse or fine ESBM. Particles greater than 1,300 µm depressed BW but improved protein digestibility. DA - 2013/11// PY - 2013/11// DO - 10.3382/ps.2013-03186 VL - 92 IS - 11 SP - 2914-2922 SN - 1525-3171 KW - digestibility KW - gizzard KW - particle size KW - soybean meal ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of preincubation heating of broiler hatching eggs during storage, flock age, and length of storage period on hatchability AU - Gucbilmez, M. AU - Ozlu, S. AU - Shiranjang, R. AU - Elibol, O. AU - Brake, J. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The effects of heating of eggs during storage, broiler breeder age, and length of egg storage on hatchability of fertile eggs were examined in this study. Eggs were collected from Ross 344 male × Ross 308 broiler breeders on paper flats, held overnight (1 d) at 18°C and 75% RH, and then transferred to plastic trays. In experiment 1, eggs were obtained at 28, 38, and 53 wk of flock age. During a further 10 d of storage, eggs either remained in the storage room (control) or were subjected to a heat treatment regimen of 26°C for 2 h, 37.8°C for 3 h, and 26°C for 2 h in a setter at d 5 of storage. In experiment 2, eggs from a flock at 28 wk of age were heated for 1 d of a 6-d storage period. Eggs from a 29-wk-old flock were either heated at d 1 or 5 of an 11-d storage period in experiment 3. In experiment 4, 27-wk-old flock eggs were heated twice at d 1 and 5 of an 11-d storage period. Control eggs stored for 6 or 11 d were coincubated as appropriate in each experiment. Heating eggs at d 5 of an 11-d storage period increased hatchability in experiment 1. Although no benefit of heating 28-wk-old flock eggs during 6 d of storage in experiment 2 was observed, heating eggs from a 29-wk-old flock at d 1 or 5 of an 11-d storage period increased hatchability in experiment 3. Further, heating eggs from a 27-wk-old flock twice during 11 d of storage increased hatchability in experiment 4. These effects were probably due to the fact that eggs from younger flocks had been reported to have many embryos at a stage of development where the hypoblast had not yet fully developed (less than EG-K12 to EG-K13), such that heating during extended storage advanced these embryos to a more resistant stage. DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013/12// DO - 10.3382/ps.2013-03133 VL - 92 IS - 12 SP - 3310-3313 SN - 1525-3171 KW - egg storage incubation KW - flock age KW - storage period KW - hatchability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of fatty acid, cholesterol, vitamin A and E composition, and trans fats in eggs from brown and white egg strains that were molted or nonmolted AU - Anderson, Kenneth E. T2 - Poultry Science AB - The impact of egg color, hen strain, and molting on the nutritional composition of eggs is limited. Therefore, this study compared nutritional composition and component percentages of cage-produced shell eggs with respect to egg color, hen strain, and molt. Four strains were selected from the North Carolina Layer Performance and Management Test: Hy-Line Brown (HB) and Bovans Brown (BB), and Hy-Line W-36 (HW) and Bovans White (BovW) were selected. Two groups from each strain were selected and 2 groups of molted HW and BovW were selected and compared with their nonmolted counterparts to examine the molt's impact. Two sets of eggs from each replicate were collected simultaneously at 101 wk of age. One sample of eggs was broken into a 12-egg pool stomached for 3 min (n = 12 samples), then divided into six 50-mL tubes, sealed, and frozen to be sent for cholesterol, n-3 fatty acids, saturated fat, monounsaturated fats, polyunsaturated fats, β-carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E analyses. The other set of 12 eggs was then assessed for component percentages. The HW eggs had a greater (P < 0.05) percentage of yolk than the BovW eggs of 28.12 versus 27.00%, respectively; however, the BovW eggs had 1.0% more albumen. The HB and BB egg components were not different. Brown eggs were heavier (P < 0.01) than white eggs. White eggs had greater (P < 0.0001) percent yolk and the brown eggs had greater (P < 0.0001) percent albumen. The eggs from molted hens had a greater (P < 0.001) percent shell. Total fat content in the samples was (P < 0.05) higher in white eggs by 0.70% than brown eggs due to increased saturated and polyunsaturated fats. The molting of hens reduced (P < 0.01) saturated fats by 0.21% in the egg. Vitamin A levels were higher (P < 0.0001) in white eggs, and vitamin E was higher (P < 0.0001) in brown eggs. Strain and molt appear to influence nutrient composition and component percentages in eggs produced from laying hens. DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013/12// DO - 10.3382/ps.2013-03377 VL - 92 IS - 12 SP - 3259-3265 J2 - Poultry Science LA - en OP - SN - 0032-5791 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03377 DB - Crossref KW - layer KW - strain KW - molt KW - cage KW - egg nutrient composition ER - TY - JOUR TI - Broiler breeder feeding programs and trace minerals on maternal antibody transfer and broiler humoral immune response1 AU - Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. AU - Leandro, N. M. AU - Ali, R. AU - Koci, M. AU - Moraes, V. AU - Brake, J. T2 - The Journal of Applied Poultry Research AB - Breeder feed restriction may negatively affect broiler progeny immunity. Sources of trace minerals (TM) with higher bioavailability in breeder diets have been reported to enhance humoral and cellular immunity in broiler progeny. An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of breeder feeding programs and TM dietary sources on maternal antibody transfer and humoral immune response of progeny to a live vaccine against Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Cobb 500 breeders were fed according to 2 feed allocation programs, sigmoid late fast and sigmoid late slow, from 14 to 29 wk of age. From 56 to 62 wk of age, breeders were fed with either inorganic TM or an organic source (OTM) to replace 30% of Cu, Zn, and Mn. Progeny broilers were vaccinated intraocularly with La Sota NDV vaccine at 7 d of age. Blood samples were collected at hatching, 4, and 14 d postvaccination. Serum antibody levels against NDV were assessed by ELISA and cytokine expression by real time PCR. At hatching, late slow breeder progeny fed diets with 30% OTM had higher antibody titers as compared with progeny of breeders fed 100% inorganic TM. Similar results were observed 2 wk postvaccination. Breeder feeding programs and TM sources affected the expression level of IL-4 in NDV vaccinated broiler progeny. It was concluded that breeder feeding programs influenced humoral immune response to NDV vaccine in the broiler progeny, and 30% OTM may increase these responses. DA - 2013/9/1/ PY - 2013/9/1/ DO - 10.3382/japr.2012-00708 VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - 499-510 J2 - The Journal of Applied Poultry Research LA - en OP - SN - 1056-6171 1537-0437 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2012-00708 DB - Crossref KW - immunology KW - breeder KW - broiler KW - feeding program KW - organic mineral ER - TY - JOUR TI - Atherosclerosis-susceptible and atherosclerosis-resistant pigeon aortic cells express different genes in vivo AU - Anderson, J. L. AU - Ashwell, C. M. AU - Smith, S. C. AU - Shine, R. AU - Smith, E. C. AU - Taylor, R. L., Jr. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Spontaneous atherosclerosis in the White Carneau (WC-As) pigeon is inherited as a single gene disorder, and its progression closely mirrors the human disease. Representational difference analysis and microarray were used to identify genes that were differentially expressed between the susceptible WC-As and resistant Show Racer (SR-Ar) aortic tissue. The RNA extracted from 1-d-old squab aortas was used to make cDNA for each experiment. Fifty-six unique genes were found using representational difference analysis, with 25 exclusively expressed in the WC-As, 15 exclusive to the SR-Ar, and 16 nonexclusive genes having copy number variation between breeds. Caveolin and β-actin were expressed in the WC-As, whereas the proteasome maturation protein and the transcription complex CCR4-NOT were exclusive to the SR-Ar. Microarray analysis revealed 48 genes with differential expression. Vascular endothelial growth factor and p53 binding protein were among the 17 genes upregulated in the WC-As. Thirty-one genes were upregulated in the SR-Ar including the transforming growth factor-β signaling factor SMAD2 and heat shock protein 90. Genes representing several biochemical pathways were distinctly different between breeds. The most striking divergences were in cytoskeletal remodeling, proteasome activity, cellular respiration, and immune response. Actin cytoskeletal remodeling appears to be one of the first differences between susceptible and resistant breeds, lending support to the smooth muscle cell phenotypic reversion hypothesis of human atherogenesis. DA - 2013/10// PY - 2013/10// DO - 10.3382/ps.2013-03306 VL - 92 IS - 10 SP - 2668-2680 SN - 1525-3171 KW - atherosclerosis KW - pigeon KW - aorta KW - Show Racer KW - White Carneau ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hyperammonemia in cirrhosis induces transcriptional regulation of myostatin by an NF-kappa B-mediated mechanism AU - Qiu, Jia AU - Thapaliya, Samjhana AU - Runkana, Ashok AU - Yang, Yu AU - Tsien, Cynthia AU - Mohan, Maradumane L. AU - Narayanan, Arvind AU - Eghtesad, Bijan AU - Mozdziak, Paul E. AU - McDonald, Christine AU - Stark, George R. AU - Welle, Stephen AU - Prasad, Sathyamangla V. Naga AU - Dasarathy, Srinivasan T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Loss of muscle mass, or sarcopenia, is nearly universal in cirrhosis and adversely affects patient outcome. The underlying cross-talk between the liver and skeletal muscle mediating sarcopenia is not well understood. Hyperammonemia is a consistent abnormality in cirrhosis due to impaired hepatic detoxification to urea. We observed elevated levels of ammonia in both plasma samples and skeletal muscle biopsies from cirrhotic patients compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, skeletal muscle from cirrhotics had increased expression of myostatin, a known inhibitor of skeletal muscle accretion and growth. In vivo studies in mice showed that hyperammonemia reduced muscle mass and strength and increased myostatin expression in wild-type compared with postdevelopmental myostatin knockout mice. We postulated that hyperammonemia is an underlying link between hepatic dysfunction in cirrhosis and skeletal muscle loss. Therefore, murine C2C12 myotubes were treated with ammonium acetate resulting in intracellular concentrations similar to those in cirrhotic muscle. In this system, we demonstrate that hyperammonemia stimulated myostatin expression in a NF-κB-dependent manner. This finding was also observed in primary murine muscle cell cultures. Hyperammonemia triggered activation of IκB kinase, NF-κB nuclear translocation, binding of the NF-κB p65 subunit to specific sites within the myostatin promoter, and stimulation of myostatin gene transcription. Pharmacologic inhibition or gene silencing of NF-κB abolished myostatin up-regulation under conditions of hyperammonemia. Our work provides unique insights into hyperammonemia-induced myostatin expression and suggests a mechanism by which sarcopenia develops in cirrhotic patients. DA - 2013/11/5/ PY - 2013/11/5/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.1317049110 VL - 110 IS - 45 SP - 18162-18167 SN - 0027-8424 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84887303259&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - signaling KW - portosystemic shunting ER - TY - JOUR TI - Housing system and laying hen strain impacts on egg microbiology AU - Jones, D.R. AU - Anderson, K.E. T2 - Poultry Science AB - Alternative hen housing is becoming more commonplace in the egg market. However, a complete understanding of the implications for alternative housing systems on egg safety has not been achieved. The current study examines the impact of housing Hy-Line Brown, Hy-Line Silver Brown, and Barred Plymouth Rock hens in conventional cage, cage-free, and free range egg production systems on shell microbiology. Eggs were collected at 4 sampling periods. Egg shell emulsion pools were formed and enumerated for total aerobic organisms, Enterobacteriaceae, and yeast and mold counts. Hy-Line Brown and Hy-Line Silver Brown hens produced eggs with significantly (P < 0.05 and 0.001, respectively) different levels of aerobic organisms dependent on housing system. Eggs from conventional cages had significantly different (P < 0.05) levels of aerobic contamination in relation to hen strain with Hy-Line Silver Brown having the greatest (4.57 log cfu/mL). Hy-Line Brown and Barred Plymouth Rock hens produced eggs with significantly different (P < 0.01) levels of Enterobacteriaceae among housing systems with conventional caged eggs having the lowest level of contamination for the hen strains. There were no differences within each strain among housing systems for yeast and mold contamination. The study shows that hen strain has an effect on egg microbial levels for various housing systems, and egg safety should be considered when making hen strain selections for each housing system. DA - 2013/8// PY - 2013/8// DO - 10.3382/ps.2012-02799 VL - 92 IS - 8 SP - 2221-2225 J2 - Poultry Science LA - en OP - SN - 0032-5791 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02799 DB - Crossref KW - housing system KW - egg microbiology KW - laying strain KW - alternative production ER - TY - JOUR TI - Early postnatal kinetics of colostral immunoglobulin G absorption in fed and fasted piglets and developmental expression of the intestinal immunoglobulin G receptor AU - Cabrera, R. AU - Lin, X. AU - Ashwell, M. AU - Moeser, A. AU - Odle, J. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - The transport of IgG across the epithelial barrier and into the circulation is achieved in part by the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), and this provides passive immunity to the neonate. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of time and feeding state on IgG absorption, intestinal morphology, and expression of IgG receptors in the first 24 h postbirth. Twenty newborn pigs were obtained immediately after birth and fitted with umbilical arterial catheters. Colostrum was manually collected from 12 lactating sows and centrifuged to produce defatted colostrum. Piglets were orally gavaged with 32 mL defatted colostrum per kilogram of BW (given in 2 doses 1 h apart) either at birth (0 h) or at 12 h postbirth under either fed (milk replacer) or fasted (saline solution) condition (n = 5 per treatment). A fifth reference group (n = 5) was euthanized at birth. Blood was collected every hour for the first 2 h immediately after the catheter was inserted and then every 4 h until 12 h (i.e., 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h) for the treatment in which the defatted colostrum was given right after birth. For the treatment gavaged at 12 h postbirth, the sampling schedule was at 12, 13, 14, 16, 20, and 24 h. At 12 h postgavage, pigs were euthanized and jejunum tissues were collected for measurement of villi height, width, crypt depth, and gene expression of FcRn and β2-microglobulin (β2M) via reverse transcription PCR. Pig serum IgG concentration was determined by radial immunodiffusion. Data were analyzed according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (0 h-fed, 0 h-fasted, 12 h-fed, and 12 h-fasted). There was no interaction between the time (age) of offering defatted colostrum (0 vs. 12 h) and nutritional state (fed vs. fasted) for any of the measurements, and there were no differences between fed and fasted pigs. Serum IgG concentrations increased progressively with time. Piglets offered defatted colostrum at 0 h had greater (P < 0.05) overall IgG absorption and greater (P < 0.05) villi height than those offered defatted colostrum at 12 h postbirth. Abundance of mRNA of FcRn and β2M were normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Abundance of FcRn transcript was lower (P = 0.006) in pigs euthanized at birth compared with those euthanized at 12 h of age. In conclusion, the effects of delayed offering of defatted colostrum and age-dependent changes in IgG receptor were modest over the first 24 h of life. DA - 2013/1// PY - 2013/1// DO - 10.2527/jas.2011-4426 VL - 91 IS - 1 SP - 211-218 SN - 1525-3163 KW - colostral immunoglobulin G KW - immunoglobulin G receptor KW - serum immunoglobulin G ER - TY - JOUR TI - By-product of Tropical Vermicelli Waste as a Novel Alternative Feedstuff in Broiler Diets AU - Rungcharoen, P. AU - Therdthai, N. AU - Dhamvithee, P. AU - Attamangkune, S. AU - Ruangpanit, Y. AU - Ferket, P. R. AU - Amornthewaphat, N. T2 - ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES AB - Two experiments were conducted to determine physical and chemical properties of vermicelli waste (VW) and effect of VW inclusion levels on growth performance of broilers. In experiment 1, VW samples were randomly collected from vermicelli industry in Thailand to analyze nutritional composition. Vermicelli waste contained 9.96% moisture, 12.06% CP, 32.30% crude fiber (CF), and 0.57% ether extract (EE), as DM basis. The ratio of insoluble:soluble non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) was 43.4:8.9. A total of 120 chicks (6 pens per treatment and 10 chicks per pen) were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet or 20% VW substituted diet to determine the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen retention (AMEn) of VW. The AMEn of VW was 1,844.7±130.71 kcal/kg. In experiment 2, a total of 1,200 chicks were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments for 42-d growth assay. There were 300 chicks with 6 pens per treatment and 50 chicks per pen. The dietary treatments contained 0%, 5%, 10%, or 15% VW, respectively. All diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. From 0 to 18 d of age chicks fed VW diets had higher (p<0.001) feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with those fed the control diet. No difference was observed during grower and finisher phase (19 to 42 d). Chicks fed VW diets had lower relative weight of abdominal fat (p<0.001) but higher relative weight of gizzard (p<0.05) than those of chicks fed the control diet. Increasing VW inclusion levels increased ileal digesta viscosity (p<0.05) and intestinal villus height of chicks (p< 0.001). For apparent total tract digestibility assay, there were 4 metabolic cages of 6 chicks that were fed experimental treatment diets (the same as in the growth assay) in a 10-d total excreta collection. Increasing VW inclusion levels linearly decreased (p<0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of DM and CF. DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013/12// DO - 10.5713/ajas.2013.13133 VL - 26 IS - 12 SP - 1732-1741 SN - 1976-5517 KW - Apparent Metabolizable Energy KW - Apparent Total Tract Digestibility KW - Broiler KW - Growth KW - Vermicelli Waste ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bioavailability in chicks of zinc from zinc propionate AU - Brooks, M. A. AU - Grimes, J. L. AU - Lloyd, K. E. AU - Verissimo, S. AU - Spears, J. W. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the relative bioavailability of Zn from Zn propionate relative to feed-grade Zn sulfate using BW gain and bone Zn as response criteria. For the first 7 d posthatching, chicks were fed a semipurified starter diet deficient in Zn (22 mg of Zn/kg). From d 8 to 21 birds were fed a control (20 mg of Zn/kg) semipurified diet containing ground corn, soy protein concentrate, and dextrose. The control diet was supplemented with 0, 6, or 12 mg of Zn/kg of diet from feed-grade Zn sulfate or organic Zn propionate. Using corn in the diet increased the level of phytate, an important Zn antagonist in nonruminant animals. As supplemental dietary Zn increased, a dose-dependent increase was observed in feed intake, weight gain, total Zn intake, tibia Zn concentration, and total tibia Zn. Zinc supplementation improved FE (feed:gain), but not in a dose-dependent manner. Relative bioavailability of Zn was determined using weight gain, tibia Zn concentration, and total tibia Zn, assuming a value of 100% for feed-grade Zn sulfate. Using relative slope assay, relative bioavailability of Zn propionate was 119, 116, and 116% compared with Zn sulfate, respectively. We concluded, based on these results, that bioavailability of Zn from organic Zn propionate is greater than feed-grade Zn sulfate in the presence of dietary phytate. DA - 2013/6// PY - 2013/6// DO - 10.3382/japr.2012-00525 VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 153-159 SN - 1537-0437 KW - chick KW - trace mineral KW - bioavailability KW - zinc propionate KW - zinc sulfate ER - TY - JOUR TI - A mastoparan-derived peptide has broad-spectrum antiviral activity against enveloped viruses AU - Sample, Christopher J. AU - Hudak, Kathryn E. AU - Barefoot, Brice E. AU - Koci, Matthew D. AU - Wanyonyi, Moses S. AU - Abraham, Soman AU - Staat, Herman F. AU - Ramsburg, Elizabeth A. T2 - PEPTIDES AB - Broad-spectrum antiviral drugs are urgently needed to treat individuals infected with new and re-emerging viruses, or with viruses that have developed resistance to antiviral therapies. Mammalian natural host defense peptides (mNHP) are short, usually cationic, peptides that have direct antimicrobial activity, and which in some instances activate cell-mediated antiviral immune responses. Although mNHP have potent activity in vitro, efficacy trials in vivo of exogenously provided mNHP have been largely disappointing, and no mNHP are currently licensed for human use. Mastoparan is an invertebrate host defense peptide that penetrates lipid bilayers, and we reasoned that a mastoparan analog might interact with the lipid component of virus membranes and thereby reduce infectivity of enveloped viruses. Our objective was to determine whether mastoparan-derived peptide MP7-NH2 could inactivate viruses of multiple types, and whether it could stimulate cell-mediated antiviral activity. We found that MP7-NH2 potently inactivated a range of enveloped viruses. Consistent with our proposed mechanism of action, MP7-NH2 was not efficacious against a non-enveloped virus. Pre-treatment of cells with MP7-NH2 did not reduce the amount of virus recovered after infection, which suggested that the primary mechanism of action in vitro was direct inactivation of virus by MP7-NH2. These results demonstrate for the first time that a mastoparan derivative has broad-spectrum antiviral activity in vitro and suggest that further investigation of the antiviral properties of mastoparan peptides in vivo is warranted. DA - 2013/10// PY - 2013/10// DO - 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.07.014 VL - 48 SP - 96-105 SN - 1873-5169 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84886937495&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Mastoparan KW - Antiviral KW - Host defense peptide ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conservation and Distribution of the Benzalkonium Chloride Resistance Cassette bcrABC in Listeria monocytogenes AU - Dutta, Vikrant AU - Elhanafi, Driss AU - Kathariou, Sophia T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Analysis of a panel of 116 Listeria monocytogenes strains of diverse serotypes and sources (clinical, environment of food processing plants, and food) revealed that all but one of the 71 benzalkonium chloride-resistant (BC r ) isolates harbored bcrABC , previously identified on a large plasmid (pLM80) of the 1998-1999 hot dog outbreak strain H7858. In contrast, bcrABC was not detected among BC-susceptible (BC s ) isolates. The bcrABC sequences were highly conserved among strains of different serotypes, but variability was noted in sequences flanking bcrABC . The majority of the BC r isolates had either the pLM80-type of organization of the bcrABC region or appeared to harbor bcrABC on the chromosome, adjacent to novel sequences. Transcription of bcrABC was induced by BC (10 μg/ml) in strains of different serotypes and diverse bcrABC region organization. These findings reveal widespread dissemination of bcrABC across BC r L. monocytogenes strains regardless of serotype and source, while also suggesting possible mechanisms of bcrABC dissemination across L. monocytogenes genomes. DA - 2013/10// PY - 2013/10// DO - 10.1128/aem.01751-13 VL - 79 IS - 19 SP - 6067-6074 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in commercial laying stock performance, 1958–2011: thirty-seven flocks of the North Carolina random sample and subsequent layer performance and management tests AU - Anderson, K.E. AU - Havenstein, G.B. AU - Jenkins, P.K. AU - Osborne, J. T2 - World's Poultry Science Journal AB - AbstractThirty-seven layer performance tests have been conducted at North Carolina State University during the past 53 years. Originally established as the North Carolina Random Sample Layer Test (NCRSLT), all of the test flocks have been hatched and housed at the Poultry Unit of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Service's Piedmont Research Station at Salisbury, North Carolina. In 1988, the NCRSLT name was changed to the North Carolina Layer Performance and Management Test (NCLP&MT) reflecting changes in the testing procedures to include the evaluation of management practices used by commercial egg producers. Strain testing and evaluating the relative egg production of commercially available egg production stocks began in 1911, and the number of such Random Sample Tests in North America peaked at 23 in approximately 1968. The mission for the NCRSLT to provide an unbiased evaluation of the overall performance of strains, evolved to include the effects of various housing and husbandry practices on the performance of the genetic stocks entered into the test. Test results have been distributed to the industry throughout the USA as well as to producers in 22 other countries throughout the world. In addition, the internet site for the NCLP&MT http://poultry.ces.ncsu.edu/layer-performance/ allows the distribution of the results to many other interested university and government officials. This review of the first 37 North Carolina layer tests shows continuing improvements in egg production, reduction in body weight and feed consumption, increases in egg weight and feed conversion, improvements in liveability, and an improvement in egg quality from the commercially available white and brown egg strains. These changes have continued throughout the 50+ year history of the tests, and the changes observed have been brought about primarily by poultry breeding companies applying quantitative genetics for the improvement of the layer stocks used worldwide.Keywords:: laying hensgenetic selectionmoulting programmesegg productionegg qualitybody weightpopulation DA - 2013/9/1/ PY - 2013/9/1/ DO - 10.1017/s0043933913000536 VL - 69 IS - 3 SP - 489-514 J2 - World's Poultry Science Journal LA - en OP - SN - 0043-9339 1743-4777 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0043933913000536 DB - Crossref KW - laying hens KW - genetic selection KW - moulting programmes KW - egg production KW - egg quality KW - body weight KW - population ER - TY - JOUR TI - Preference Mapping of Lemon Lime Carbonated Beverages with Regular and Diet Beverage Consumers AU - Leksrisompong, P. P. AU - Lopetcharat, K. AU - Guthrie, B. AU - Drake, M. A. T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AB - The drivers of liking of lemon-lime carbonated beverages were investigated with regular and diet beverage consumers. Ten beverages were selected from a category survey of commercial beverages using a D-optimal procedure. Beverages were subjected to consumer testing (n = 101 regular beverage consumers, n = 100 diet beverage consumers). Segmentation of consumers was performed on overall liking scores followed by external preference mapping of selected samples. Diet beverage consumers liked 2 diet beverages more than regular beverage consumers. There were no differences in the overall liking scores between diet and regular beverage consumers for other products except for a sparkling beverage sweetened with juice which was more liked by regular beverage consumers. Three subtle but distinct consumer preference clusters were identified. Two segments had evenly distributed diet and regular beverage consumers but one segment had a greater percentage of regular beverage consumers (P < 0.05). The 3 preference segments were named: cluster 1 (C1) sweet taste and carbonation mouthfeel lovers, cluster 2 (C2) carbonation mouthfeel lovers, sweet and bitter taste acceptors, and cluster 3 (C3) bitter taste avoiders, mouthfeel and sweet taste lovers. User status (diet or regular beverage consumers) did not have a large impact on carbonated beverage liking. Instead, mouthfeel attributes were major drivers of liking when these beverages were tested in a blind tasting.Preference mapping of lemon-lime carbonated beverage with diet and regular beverage consumers allowed the determination of drivers of liking of both populations. The understanding of how mouthfeel attributes, aromatics, and basic tastes impact liking or disliking of products was achieved. Preference drivers established in this study provide product developers of carbonated lemon-lime beverages with additional information to develop beverages that may be suitable for different groups of consumers. DA - 2013/2// PY - 2013/2// DO - 10.1111/1750-3841.12028 VL - 78 IS - 2 SP - S320-S328 SN - 1750-3841 KW - carbonated beverages KW - external preference mapping KW - lemon-lime soda KW - sweeteners ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen mass balance in commercial roaster houses receiving different acidifier application rates AU - Shah, S. B. AU - Grimes, J. L. AU - Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. AU - Westerman, P. W. AU - Campeau, D. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - Broiler production has the potential to cause water and air pollution. Acidifiers such as sodium bisulfate (SBS) can reduce ammonia (NH3) emissions from broiler houses; NH3 is an important air pollutant that also affects bird health. Due to their longer grow-outs, roasters may require higher acidifier application rates to prevent unhealthy NH3 levels during the flock than ordinary broilers. Changes in NH3 emission with acidifier use may affect the partitioning of the input nitrogen (N) among the different N output pathways. Accounting for these output pathways through N mass balance provides a complete picture of N as it cycles through the roaster house. In a 2-yr study involving 9 flocks of roasters, 4 levels of SBS were applied to the litter in commercial roaster houses. Whereas the control treatment received up to 0.49 kg/m2 to the brood chamber, the high, medium, and low treatments received up to 1.46, 0.73, and 0.49 kg/m2, respectively, to the whole house. Ammonia-N emission decreased and N removed in cake and litter increased with SBS application rate. Nitrogen output components were averaged over the 4 treatments and expressed as percent of total N input or per unit mass of live weight (LW). Ammonia-N emission during grow-out, bird N exported, and cake and litter N removed accounted for 17.3% or 11.2 g/kg of LW, 38.9% or 25.1 g/kg of LW, and 22.4% or 14.4 g/kg of LW, respectively. We accounted for 79.1% of the total N inputs, with NH3-N losses during layout probably constituting the bulk of the unaccounted N. In addition to uncertainties in measurements of inputs and outputs, other factors that limited the ability to close the N mass balance were exclusion of feathers during cake and litter sampling, soil N leaching, and nitrous oxide emissions. DA - 2013/9// PY - 2013/9// DO - 10.3382/japr.2012-00704 VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - 539-550 SN - 1537-0437 KW - ammonia emission KW - cake KW - litter KW - feed KW - tissue KW - sodium bisulfate ER - TY - JOUR TI - Loss of Function of the Melanocortin 2 Receptor Accessory Protein 2 Is Associated with Mammalian Obesity AU - Asai, Masato AU - Ramachandrappa, Shwetha AU - Joachim, Maria AU - Shen, Yuan AU - Zhang, Rong AU - Nuthalapati, Nikhil AU - Ramanathan, Visali AU - Strochlic, David E. AU - Ferket, Peter AU - Linhart, Kirsten AU - Ho, Caroline AU - Novoselova, Tatiana V. AU - Garg, Sumedha AU - Ridderstrale, Martin AU - Marcus, Claude AU - Hirschhorn, Joel N. AU - Keogh, Julia M. AU - O'Rahilly, Stephen AU - Chan, Li F. AU - Clark, Adrian J. AU - Farooqi, I. Sadaf AU - Majzoub, Joseph A. T2 - SCIENCE AB - Melanocortin receptor accessory proteins (MRAPs) modulate signaling of melanocortin receptors in vitro. To investigate the physiological role of brain-expressed melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein 2 (MRAP2), we characterized mice with whole-body and brain-specific targeted deletion of Mrap2, both of which develop severe obesity at a young age. Mrap2 interacts directly with melanocortin 4 receptor (Mc4r), a protein previously implicated in mammalian obesity, and it enhances Mc4r-mediated generation of the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate, suggesting that alterations in Mc4r signaling may be one mechanism underlying the association between Mrap2 disruption and obesity. In a study of humans with severe, early-onset obesity, we found four rare, potentially pathogenic genetic variants in MRAP2, suggesting that the gene may also contribute to body weight regulation in humans. DA - 2013/7/19/ PY - 2013/7/19/ DO - 10.1126/science.1233000 VL - 341 IS - 6143 SP - 275-278 SN - 1095-9203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ancillary effects of different acidifier application rates in roaster houses AU - Shah, S. B. AU - Westerman, P. W. AU - Grimes, J. L. AU - Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. AU - Campeau, D. T2 - The Journal of Applied Poultry Research AB - High ammonia levels in broiler houses can reduce bird performance. Broiler producers commonly use acidifiers to reduce ammonia build-up. In addition to improving broiler performance, acidifiers can also provide other ancillary benefits such as reducing propane and electricity use and increasing cake (caked litter) N content. In this 2-yr study involving 9 flocks, 4 levels of an acidifier (sodium bisulfate) were applied to commercial roaster houses in eastern North Carolina. The control treatment had a sodium bisulfate application rate of up to 0.1 lb/ft2 to the brood chamber, whereas the high, medium, and low treatments had application rates of up to 0.3, 0.15, and 0.1 lb/ft2, respectively, to the whole house. No treatment effect was observed on propane or electricity use. However, compared with published studies involving smaller broilers, roasters required lesser amounts of propane and electricity. Linear regressions of propane and electricity use as a function of ambient temperature may help with decision making in roaster production. Brooding accounted for 88% of propane consumption. Reduced pH in the high treatment compared with the other treatments led to significantly higher ammonium concentration in the cake. DA - 2013/9/1/ PY - 2013/9/1/ DO - 10.3382/japr.2012-00693 VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - 565-573 J2 - The Journal of Applied Poultry Research LA - en OP - SN - 1056-6171 1537-0437 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2012-00693 DB - Crossref KW - propane KW - electricity KW - ammonia KW - nitrogen KW - fertilizer value KW - sodium bisulfate ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acidifier dosage effects on inside ammonia concentrations in roaster houses AU - Shah, Sanjay AU - Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. AU - Grimes, J. L. AU - Westerman, P. W. AU - Campeau, D. T2 - Applied Engineering in Agriculture AB - <italic>Abstract. </italic> Ammonia (NH3) in broiler houses can degrade bird performance. Acidifier such as, sodium bisulfate (SBS) applied to litter inside broiler houses can reduce NH3 release and thus improve bird performance. While there are multiple studies on acidifier effects on inside NH3 concentrations in broiler houses, there are no studies in roaster houses where big broiler birds are grown for 8 to 12 wk. The impact of different SBS application rates - High (1.46 kg/m2, whole house), Medium (0.73 kg/m2, whole house), Low (0.49 kg/m2, whole house), and Control (0.49 kg/m2, brood chamber) on inside NH3 concentrations was evaluated over six flocks of roaster chickens (~4 kg ea.). Ammonia concentrations were measured with acid scrubbers that sampled air at two locations (mid-house, end-house) 0.15 m above the litter. Inside NH3 concentrations were much higher in the cool-season versus warm-season flocks. Generally, higher acidifier application rates provided better NH3 suppression. Ammonia concentrations were ≤10 ppm during brooding, as well as for the entire duration of most warm-weather flocks with the High and Medium treatments. In the Low treatment, NH3 concentrations were ≤25 ppm during brooding but approached or exceeded 25 ppm with the Control treatment. During brooding, the High, Medium, and Low treatments resulted in significantly lower mid-house NH3 concentrations of 3, 6, and 14 ppm, respectively, versus the Control treatment (24 ppm). For a 62-d flock, mid-house NH3 concentrations were significantly lower in the High and Medium treatments versus the Control treatment; concentrations in the High, Medium, and Low treatments were reduced by 47%, 32%, and 20%, respectively, versus the Control treatment. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.13031/aea.29.9904 VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 573–580 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thermal treatments prior to and during the beginning of incubation affect phenotypic characteristics of broiler chickens posthatching AU - Piestun, Y. AU - Druyan, S. AU - Brake, J. AU - Yahav, S. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The significance and importance of the preincubation and incubation temperatures for broiler chickens has been elucidated by altering normal incubation conditions to study the effects on embryo development. Furthermore, only recently has convincing evidence that temperature could influence the sex ratio of avian offspring become available. The objective of this study was to elucidate the effects of temperature before or during (or both) the sex determination period of incubation on hatchability, apparent sex ratio, growth and development posthatching, and secondary sexual phenotypic characteristics. Two experiments were conducted in winter and summer using Cobb 500 fertile eggs that had been stored for 4 and 9 d, respectively. Four treatments of 180 eggs each were applied: control, preheating (Pre) 30.2°C for 12 h before incubation, heating (38.1°C) the embryos between embryonic d 0 (E0) and E5 (M) of incubation, and a combination of both (Pre+M). All 3 thermal treatments increased early embryonic deaths, but improved hatchability in both experiments. The point of 50% hatchability was achieved more rapidly in the treated eggs. The BW of males and females at 35 d of age in both experiments was numerically or significantly greater in the broilers that had been exposed to thermal treatments, which was coincident with a similar trend for increased relative breast muscle weight. Secondary sexual characteristics (comb, wattles, testes in males) were also affected by thermal treatments, being heavier in most cases, which may be attributed to the finding that the 3 thermal treatments resulted in numerically or significantly increased plasma testosterone concentration in both sexes and experiments. Differences in the level of significance between the experiments probably related to the length of storage period and the season in which each experiment took place. It was concluded that thermal treatments preincubation or during the sex determination period of incubation had, in general, a positive effect on hatchability, growth performance, and secondary sexual characteristics of broiler males and females, probably caused by the increase of plasma testosterone concentration in both sexes. DA - 2013/4// PY - 2013/4// DO - 10.3382/ps.2012-02568 VL - 92 IS - 4 SP - 882-889 SN - 1525-3171 KW - broiler embryo KW - preincubation KW - sex determination period KW - secondary sex characteristic KW - testosterone ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thermal manipulations during broiler incubation alter performance of broilers to 70 days of age AU - Piestun, Y. AU - Druyan, S. AU - Brake, J. AU - Yahav, S. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Recent decades have seen significant progress in the genetic selection of fast-growing broiler chickens. Whereas in many countries the average marketing age is 5 to 6 wk, the US, French, and other markets demand heavier broilers (~4 kg) that require a longer posthatching growing period. With greater age and greater BW, the ability to cope with hot weather conditions deteriorates, which can result in increased economic losses during periods of hot weather. Recent studies have demonstrated a long-lasting effect of intermittent thermal manipulation (TM) during embryogenesis, when it was applied for 12 h/d between embryonic (E) days E7 and E16, which was shown by improved thermotolerance during acute posthatching heat stress as well as improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) and breast muscle yield. The present study was designed to elucidate the effect of TM during embryogenesis on Cobb 500 broiler performance up to 70 d of age. Hatchability and male BW were not affected by TM, but TM females demonstrated a lower (P = 0.024) BW during the entire 70-d posthatching study. However, following embryonic TM, both sexes exhibited lower (P = 0.028 and P = 0.018 for males and females, respectively) feed intake and body temperature accompanied by improved FCR and greater breast muscle weight. In light of the present and previous studies, it was concluded that intermittent TM during broiler embryonic development had a long-lasting effect on energy balance that led to improved FCR and breast muscle yield. DA - 2013/5// PY - 2013/5// DO - 10.3382/ps.2012-02609 VL - 92 IS - 5 SP - 1155-1163 SN - 0032-5791 KW - broiler KW - thermal manipulation KW - feed conversion ratio KW - body temperature KW - breast muscle yield ER - TY - JOUR TI - Metabolic profiling of late-term turkey embryos by microarrays AU - Oliveira, J. E. AU - Druyan, S. AU - Uni, Z. AU - Ashwell, C. M. AU - Ferket, P. R. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The last stages of embryonic development are crucial for turkeys as their metabolism shifts to accommodate posthatch survival and growth. To better understand the metabolic change that occurs during the perinatal period, focused microarray methodology was used to identify changes in the expression of key genes that control metabolism of turkey embryos from 20 d of incubation (E) until hatch (E28). Gene expression patterns were evaluated in liver, pectoral muscle, and hatching muscle and were associated with measured embryonic growth and tissue glycogen concentration. Within the studied period, the expression of 60 genes significantly changed in liver, 53 in pectoral muscle, and 51 in hatching muscle. Genes related to lipid metabolism (enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, lipoprotein lipase, and thyroxine deiodinase) had reduced expression between E22 and E26, corresponding to the period of expected limited oxygen supply. In contrast, genes related to opposing pathways in carbohydrate metabolism, such as glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (hexokinases, glucose-6 phosphatase, phosphofructokinases, glucose 1-6 phosphatase, pyruvate kinase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase), or glycogenesis and glycogenolysis (glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase) had rather static expression patterns between E22 and E26, indicating their enzymatic activity must be under posttranscriptional control. Metabolic survey by microarray methodology brings new insights into avian embryonic development and physiology. DA - 2013/4// PY - 2013/4// DO - 10.3382/ps.2012-02354 VL - 92 IS - 4 SP - 1011-1028 SN - 1525-3171 KW - poultry embryo KW - turkey KW - gene expression KW - microarray KW - metabolism ER - TY - JOUR TI - Colonization of internal organs by Salmonella Enteritidis in experimentally infected laying hens housed in conventional or enriched cages AU - Gast, Richard K. AU - Guraya, Rupa AU - Jones, Deana R. AU - Anderson, Kenneth E. T2 - Poultry Science AB - More human illnesses caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis throughout the world have been linked to the consumption of contaminated eggs than to any other food vehicle. Deposition of this pathogen in the edible contents of eggs occurs when systemic infections of laying hens involve colonization of reproductive organs. In recent years, the consequences of different housing systems for laying flocks have become the focus of international attention from both animal welfare and public health perspectives. Nevertheless, many questions remain unresolved regarding the food safety implications of various laying hen production systems. The present study assessed the effects of 2 different housing types (conventional cages and colony cages enriched with perching, nesting, and scratching areas) on the invasion of internal organs by Salmonella Enteritidis in experimentally infected laying hens. In 2 trials, groups of laying hens housed in each cage system were orally inoculated with doses of 1.0 × 10(7) cfu of Salmonella Enteritidis. At 5 to 6 d postinoculation, hens were euthanized and samples of internal organs were removed for bacteriologic culturing. For both trials combined, Salmonella Enteritidis was recovered from 95.3% of cecal samples, with no significant differences observed between housing systems. However, Salmonella Enteritidis was detected at significantly (P < 0.05) higher frequencies from hens in conventional cages than from hens in enriched cages for samples of livers (96.9 vs. 75.0%), spleens (93.8 vs. 53.1%), ovaries (25.0 vs. 10.4%), and oviducts (19.8 vs. 2.1%). These results demonstrate that differences in housing systems for egg-laying flocks can affect the susceptibility of hens to colonization of internal organs by Salmonella Enteritidis. DA - 2013/2// PY - 2013/2// DO - 10.3382/ps.2012-02811 VL - 92 IS - 2 SP - 468-473 J2 - Poultry Science LA - en OP - SN - 0032-5791 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02811 DB - Crossref KW - Salmonella Enteritidis KW - chicken KW - internal organ KW - conventional cage KW - enriched cage ER - TY - JOUR TI - Infection with feline immunodeficiency Virus alters intestinal epithelial transport and mucosal immune responses to probiotics AU - Stoeker, Laura L. AU - Overman, Elizabeth L. AU - Nordone, Shila K. AU - Moeser, Adam J. AU - Simoes, Rita D. AU - Dean, Gregg A. T2 - VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AB - HIV infection is associated with intestinal mucosal dysfunction and probiotics offer the therapeutic potential to enhance the mucosal barrier in HIV+ patients. To evaluate the response of immunocompromised hosts to probiotics, we orally administered Lactobacillus acidophilus to cats with chronic feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection. FIV infection significantly affected transcellular, but not paracellular, transport of small molecules across the intestinal epithelium. Additionally, probiotic treatment of FIV+ cats resulted in changes in cytokine release and mucosal leukocyte percentages that were not paralleled in FIV- cats. These results suggest a novel role for FIV in upregulating transcellular transport across the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier and demonstrate the potential therapeutic use of probiotic bacteria to restore intestinal homeostasis. DA - 2013/5/15/ PY - 2013/5/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.01.017 VL - 153 IS - 1-2 SP - 146-152 SN - 0165-2427 KW - HIV KW - FIV KW - Lactobacillus KW - Mucosal immune system ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Determinants for Cadmium and Arsenic Resistance among Listeria monocytogenes Serotype 4b Isolates from Sporadic Human Listeriosis Patients AU - Lee, Sangmi AU - Rakic-Martinez, M. AU - Graves, L. M. AU - Ward, T. J. AU - Siletzky, R. M. AU - Kathariou, S. T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - In Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b isolates from sporadic listeriosis, heavy metal resistance was primarily encountered in certain clonal groups (ECI, ECII, and ECIa). All arsenic-resistant isolates harbored the arsenic resistance cassette previously identified in pLI100; ECIa harbored additional arsenic resistance genes and a novel cadmium resistance determinant in a conserved chromosomal locus. DA - 2013/4// PY - 2013/4// DO - 10.1128/aem.03551-12 VL - 79 IS - 7 SP - 2471-2476 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Farm and environmental distribution of Campylobacter and Salmonella in broiler flocks AU - Thakur, S. AU - Brake, J. AU - Keelara, S. AU - Zou, M. AU - Susick, E. T2 - RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in broilers and their distribution in the indoor and outdoor farm environment. Nine hundred samples (400 faecal; 300 indoor environment; 200 outdoor environment), were collected from 10 individual broiler houses on 10 farms. Campylobacter jejuni prevalence was significantly higher (P = 0.003) in faeces (29.5%; 118/400) than the environment (0.8%; 4/500) in contrast to Salmonella Typhimurium from faecal (8.8%; 35/400) and environmental (8.4%; n = 42/500) sources (P = 0.217). S. Typhimurium predominantly exhibited antimicrobial resistance (AR) to streptomycin (46%) and tetracycline (31.5%). C. jejuni isolates exhibited AR only to tetracycline (55.5%). The PFGE profile revealed 100% similarity between S. Typhimurium isolates from faecal and environmental sources. No relationship was detected between C. jejuni isolates. The low prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in the outdoor environment indicates that it may not be a significant reservoir for transmission of these pathogens on broiler farms. DA - 2013/2// PY - 2013/2// DO - 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.07.014 VL - 94 IS - 1 SP - 33-42 SN - 1532-2661 KW - Campylobacter KW - Salmonella KW - Broiler KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Genotyping KW - Transmission ER - TY - JOUR TI - Early Weaning Stress in Pigs Impairs Innate Mucosal Immune Responses to Enterotoxigenic E. coli Challenge and Exacerbates Intestinal Injury and Clinical Disease AU - McLamb, Brittney L. AU - Gibson, Amelia J. AU - Overman, Elizabeth L. AU - Stahl, Chad AU - Moeser, Adam J. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - The clinical onset and severity of intestinal disorders in humans and animals can be profoundly impacted by early life stress. Here we investigated the impact of early weaning stress in pigs on intestinal physiology, clinical disease, and immune response to subsequent challenge with enterotoxigenic F18 E. coli (ETEC).Pigs weaned from their dam at 16 d, 18 d, and 20 d of age were given a direct oral challenge of F18 ETEC at 26 d of age. Pigs were monitored from days 0 to 4 post-infection for clinical signs of disease. On Day 4 post-ETEC challenge, ileal barrier function, histopathologic and inflammatory cytokine analysis were performed on ileal mucosa.Early weaned pigs (16 d and 18 d weaning age) exhibited a more rapid onset and severity of diarrhea and reductions in weight gain in response to ETEC challenge compared with late weaned pigs (20 d weaning age). ETEC challenge induced intestinal barrier injury in early weaned pigs, indicated by reductions in ileal transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and elevated FD4 flux rates, in early weaned pig ileum but not in late weaned pigs. ETEC-induced marked elevations in IL-6 and IL-8, neutrophil recruitment, and mast cell activation in late-weaned pigs; these responses were attenuated in early weaned pigs. TNF levels elevated in ETEC challenged ileal mucosa from early weaned pigs but not in other weaning age groups.These data demonstrate the early weaning stress can profoundly alter subsequent immune and physiology responses and clinical outcomes to subsequent infectious pathogen challenge. Given the link between early life stress and gastrointestinal diseases of animals and humans, a more fundamental understanding of the mechanisms by which early life stress impacts subsequent pathophysiologic intestinal responses has implications for the prevention and management of important GI disorders in humans and animals. DA - 2013/4/24/ PY - 2013/4/24/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0059838 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A "successful allele" at Campylobacter jejuni contingency locus Cj0170 regulates motility; "successful alleles" at locus Cj0045 are strongly associated with mouse colonization AU - Artymovich, Katherine AU - Kim, Joo-Sung AU - Linz, John E. AU - Hall, David F. AU - Kelley, Lauren E. AU - Kalbach, Harrison L. AU - Kathariou, Sophia AU - Gaymer, Jean AU - Paschke, Brenda T2 - FOOD MICROBIOLOGY AB - Campylobacter jejuni is an important foodborne pathogen of humans and its primary reservoir is the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of chickens. Our previous studies demonstrated that phase variation to specific “successful alleles” at C. jejuni contingency loci Cj0045 (successful alleles carry 9G or 10G homopolymeric tracts) and Cj0170 (successful allele carries a 10G homopolymeric tract) in C. jejuni populations is strongly associated with colonization and enteritis in C57BL/6 IL-10 deficient mice. In the current study, we strengthened the association between locus Cj0170, Cj0045, and mouse colonization. We generated 8 independent strains derived from C. jejuni 11168 strain KanR4 that carried a Cj0170 gene disruption and these were all non motile. Two randomly chosen strains with the Cj0170 gene disruption (DM0170-2 and DM0170-6) were gavaged into mice. DM0170-2 and DM0170-6 failed to colonize mice while the control strain that carried a “successful” Cj0170 10G allele was motile and did colonize mice. In parallel studies, when we inoculated C. jejuni strain 33292 into mice, the “unsuccessful” Cj0045 11G allele experienced phase variation to “successful” 9G and 10G alleles in 2 independent experiments prior to d4 post inoculation in mice while the “successful” 9G allele in the control strain remained stable through d21 post inoculation or shifted to other successful alleles. These data confirm that locus Cj0170 regulates motility in C. jejuni strain KanR4 and is a virulence factor in the mouse model. The data also support a possible role of locus Cj0045 as a virulence factor in strain 33292 in infection of mice. DA - 2013/6// PY - 2013/6// DO - 10.1016/j.fm.2013.01.007 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 425-430 SN - 1095-9998 KW - Campyolbacter jejuni KW - Contingency genes KW - Genotype analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Calf birth weight, gestation length, calving ease, and neonatal calf mortality in Holstein, Jersey, and crossbred cows in a pasture system AU - Dhakal, K. AU - Maltecca, C. AU - Cassady, J. P. AU - Baloche, G. AU - Williams, C. M. AU - Washburn, S. P. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Holstein (HH), Jersey (JJ), and crosses of these breeds were mated to HH or JJ bulls to form purebreds, reciprocal crosses, backcrosses, and other crosses in a rotational mating system. The herd was located at the Center for Environmental Farming Systems in Goldsboro, North Carolina. Data for calf birth weight (CBW), calving ease (0 for unassisted, n=1,135, and 1 for assisted, n=96), and neonatal calf mortality (0 for alive, n=1,150, and 1 for abortions recorded after mid-gestation, stillborn, and dead within 48 h, n=81) of calves (n=1,231) were recorded over 9 calving seasons from 2003 through 2011. Gestation length (GL) was calculated as the number of days from last insemination to calving. Linear mixed models for CBW and GL included fixed effects of sex, parity (first vs. later parities), twin status, and 6 genetic groups: HH, JJ, reciprocal F(1) crosses (HJ, JH), crosses >50% Holsteins (HX) and crosses >50% Jerseys (JX), where sire breed is listed first. The CBW model also included GL as a covariate. Logistic regression for calving ease and neonatal calf mortality included fixed effects of sex, parity, and genetic group. Genetic groups were replaced by linear regression using percentage of HH genes as coefficients on the above models and included as covariates to determine various genetic effects. Year and dam were included as random effects in all models. Female calves (27.57±0.54 kg), twins (26.39±1.0 kg), and calves born to first-parity cows (27.67±0.56 kg) had lower CBW than respective male calves (29.53±0.53 kg), single births (30.71±0.19 kg), or calves born to multiparous cows (29.43±0.52 kg). Differences in genetic groups were observed for CBW and GL. Increased HH percentage in the calf increased CBW (+9.3±0.57 kg for HH vs. JJ calves), and increased HH percentage in the dams increased CBW (+1.71±0.53 kg for calves from HH dams vs. JJ dams); JH calves weighed 1.33 kg more than reciprocal HJ calves. Shorter GL was observed for twin births (272.6±1.1 d), female calves (273.9±0.6 d), and for first-parity dams (273.8±0.6 d). Direct genetic effects of HH alleles shortened GL (-3.5±0.7 d), whereas maternal HH alleles increased GL (2.7±0.6 d). Female calves had lower odds ratio (0.32, confidence interval=0.10-0.99) for neonatal calf mortality in second and later parities than did male calves. Maternal heterosis in crossbred primiparous dams was associated with reduced calf mortality. DA - 2013/1// PY - 2013/1// DO - 10.3168/jds.2012-5817 VL - 96 IS - 1 SP - 690-698 SN - 0022-0302 KW - crossbreeding KW - genetic group KW - Holstein KW - Jersey ER -