TY - JOUR TI - In ovo feeding of clostridiale strains modulate gut microbiome AU - Abousaad, S.M. AU - Malheiros, R.D. AU - Ferket, P.R. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2020/// PY - 2020/// VL - 99 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 130 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of housing environment on egg quality and solids of commercial brown egg layers AU - Alig, B.N. AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Malheiros, R.D. AU - Anderson, K.A. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2020/// PY - 2020/// VL - 99 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 53 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of housing environment and hen age on white shell egg solids and quality AU - Anderson, K.A. AU - Alig, B.N. AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Malheiros, R.D. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2020/// PY - 2020/// VL - 99 IS - Supplement SP - 52 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of housing environment on commercial white egg layer performance AU - Alig, B. AU - Ferket, P. AU - Malheiros, R. AU - Anderson, K. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2020/// PY - 2020/// VL - 99 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 51 ER - TY - CONF TI - The effect of housing environment on commercial brown egg layer performance AU - Alig, B. AU - Malheiros, R. AU - Ferket, P. AU - Anderson, K. C2 - 2020/// C3 - 2020 International Poultry Scientific Forum DA - 2020/// SP - 38 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparative Effects of Spray-Dried Plasma and Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate on Intestinal Development in Broiler Chicks AU - Jababu, Y. AU - Blue, C. AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Fasina, Y.O. T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science DA - 2020/3/15/ PY - 2020/3/15/ DO - 10.3923/ijps.2020.161.168 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 161-168 J2 - International J. of Poultry Science OP - SN - 1682-8356 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2020.161.168 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Handling Characteristic Evaluation of Free, Standard and Lipid Microencapsulated Vitamin and Mineral Premixes AU - Wedegaertner, Olivia AU - Fahrenholz, Adam AU - Bunod, Jean-Daniel AU - Fontaine, Jean AU - Ferket, Peter T2 - Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A DA - 2020/10/28/ PY - 2020/10/28/ DO - 10.17265/2161-6256/2020.05.002 VL - 10 IS - 5 J2 - JAST-A OP - SN - 2161-6256 2161-6256 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.17265/2161-6256/2020.05.002 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Can the digestibility of corn distillers dried grains with solubles fed to pigs at two stages of growth be enhanced through management of particle size using a hammermill or a roller mill? AU - Acosta, Jesus A. AU - Petry, Amy L. AU - Gould, Stacie A. AU - Jones, Cassandra K. AU - Stark, Charles R. AU - Fahrenholz, Adam C. AU - Patience, John F. T2 - TRANSLATIONAL ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the impact of reducing the mean particle size (PS) of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with a hammermill (HM) or with a roller mill (RM) on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), N, acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), and fiber components in growing and finishing pigs. Twenty-four growing barrows were housed in individual pens and were randomly assigned to a 3 × 2 factorial design (n = 8): three grinding methods [either corn DDGS ground with an HM to a PS of 450 μm; corn DDGS ground with an RM to a PS of 450 μm; and corn DDGS with a PS of 670 μm (not further ground)] and two body weight (BW) periods (growing pigs with an average initial BW of 54.7 ± 0.9 kg, and finishing pigs with an average initial BW of 107.8 ± 1.5 kg BW). Fecal samples were collected for each BW period in the last 3 d of an 11-d feeding period. Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker. Digestibility data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Results showed that finishing pigs tended to have better ATTD of DM than growing pigs (P = 0.09) and had increased ATTD of GE and N than growing pigs (P = 0.03 and P &lt; 0.01, respectively). On the other hand, growing pigs had better ATTD of AEE than finishing pigs (P = 0.01). Pig BW period did not affect the ATTD of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and hemicellulose. Reducing the mean PS of corn DDGS with either HM or RM (from 670 to 450 µm) improved the ATTD of DM and GE (P &lt; 0.01 and P &lt; 0.01), tended to improve the ATTD of N (P = 0.08), and improved the ATTD of AEE (P &lt; 0.01). No effect of reducing PS was observed for the ATTD of NDF, ADF, or hemicellulose. There were no differences between HM and RM in any of the ATTD variables tested. In conclusion, reducing PS of corn DDGS from 670 to 450 μm either with an HM or with an RM improved the digestibility of DM, GE, and AEE and modestly improved the digestibility of N in growing and finishing pigs. However, reducing the PS of corn DDGS did not affect the digestibility of fiber components. DA - 2020/7// PY - 2020/7// DO - 10.1093/tas/txaa171 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - SN - 2573-2102 KW - feed processing KW - feeding grinding KW - fiber digestibility KW - particle size distribution KW - swine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Two Blackhead Disease Outbreaks in Commercial Turkey Flocks Were Potentially Exacerbated by Poor Poult Quality and Coccidiosis AU - Chadwick, Elle AU - Beckstead, Robert T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - Field visits at two different farms suggest a correlation between commercial turkey (Meleagridis gallopavo) flocks having increased mortality from blackhead disease (histomoniasis) if they suffer from poor poult quality at placement and coccidiosis (Eimeria spp.) before age 6 wk. In both cases, the flocks were all-in/all-out with curtain-sided houses and received a coccidiosis vaccine on day of hatch. At Farm I 2018, poults from different hatcheries were placed in two houses on the same farm (Houses 1 and 2). House 2 had poults considered poor quality and suffered from mortality associated with coccidiosis at 2 and 4 wk of age. At 8 wk, blackhead disease was diagnosed in both houses by postmortem examination. House 2 had mortality of >2000 poults, and the subpopulation of necropsied poults had gross lesions characteristic of histomoniasis. Gross lesions associated with blackhead disease were only found in eight poults in House 1, which was populated with good-quality poults and did not have a second spike in mortality due to coccidiosis. The Farm II 2020 poults were delivered from the same hatchery onto a three-house farm (Houses A, B, and C). House C had poults that were considered poor quality and had mortality associated with coccidiosis at 3 wk of age. At 8–9 wk, House C had mortality approaching 1000 birds, with all poults examined postmortem having clinical signs of blackhead disease. Houses A and B were populated with good-quality poults and had no diagnosed mortality from coccidiosis or blackhead disease. The similarity of these two cases suggest that poult quality at placement coupled with coccidiosis before 6 wk of age can influence the severity of blackhead disease in commercial turkey flocks. DA - 2020/12// PY - 2020/12// DO - 10.1637/aviandiseases-D20-00052 VL - 64 IS - 4 SP - 522-524 SN - 1938-4351 KW - histomoniasis KW - coccidiosis KW - Histomonas meleagridis KW - Eimeria KW - turkey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of Limestone Particle Size and Potassium Supplementation on Growth Performance, Blood Physiology, and Breast Muscle Myopathy of Male Broiler Chickens AU - Joardar, Dinabandhu AU - Livingston, Kimberly A. AU - Edens, Frank W. AU - Nusairat, Basheer AU - Qudsieh, Rasha AU - Livingston, Matthew L. AU - Brake, John T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - The experiment investigated the effects of limestone particle size and dietary potassium (K) on live performance, blood physiology, and muscle myopathies in broilers raised to 35 days of age. A total of 384 Ross male broilers were placed in 24 floor pens and fed four diets during the starter (0–16 days of age) and grower (17–33 days of age) periods containing two limestone particle sizes (fine: 0.2 mm and coarse: 0.9 mm), and amended with either 0% basal K (K–) or 0.2% added dietary K (K+) as potassium carbonate to complete the 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Live performance was measured from 1–33 days of age. Blood physiology, woody breast (WB), and white striping (WS) scores were measured at 35 days of age. The K+ dietary treatment reduced ( P &lt; 0.05) feed intake and BWG when compared to K– during the starter and grower period. The K+ dietary treatment decreased blood Na (mmol/L), blood glucose (mg/dl), ionized blood Ca (mg/dl), TCO 2 (mmol/L), blood HCO 3 (mmol/L), and base excess in extracellular fluid (mmol/L) when compared to K– birds of similar body weight at 35 days of age ( P ≤ 0.05). Fine limestone diets tended to reduce WB scores (3.0 vs. 2.59) when compared to coarse limestone diets at 35 days of age ( P = 0.08). This study demonstrated that using 0.2% of K as potassium carbonate did not negatively affect FCR even though FI and BWG were reduced. Furthermore, fine limestone has the potential to reduce WB in breast muscle tissues; however, further research is needed to confirm these outcomes. DA - 2020/12/15/ PY - 2020/12/15/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2020.603284 VL - 7 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - limestone particle size KW - potassium KW - blood physiology KW - woody breast KW - white striping KW - broiler KW - performance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium, Strain NC983, Is Immunogenic, and Protective against Virulent Typhimurium Challenges in Mice AU - Troxell, Bryan AU - Mendoza, Mary AU - Ali, Rizwana AU - Koci, Matthew AU - Hassan, Hosni T2 - VACCINES AB - Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars are significant health burden worldwide. Although much effort has been devoted to developing typhoid-based vaccines for humans, currently there is no NTS vaccine available. Presented here is the efficacy of a live attenuated serovar Typhimurium strain (NC983). Oral delivery of strain NC983 was capable of fully protecting C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice against challenge with virulent Typhimurium. Strain NC983 was found to elicit an anti-Typhimurium IgG response following administration of vaccine and boosting doses. Furthermore, in competition experiments with virulent S. Typhimurium (ATCC 14028), NC983 was highly defective in colonization of the murine liver and spleen. Collectively, these results indicate that strain NC983 is a potential live attenuated vaccine strain that warrants further development. DA - 2020/12// PY - 2020/12// DO - 10.3390/vaccines8040646 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - SN - 2076-393X KW - Salmonella typhimurium KW - NC983 KW - vaccine KW - in vivo KW - infection KW - C57BL/6 mice KW - BALB/c mice KW - IgG ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clostridioides difficile carriage in animals and the associated changes in the host fecal microbiota AU - Thanissery, R. AU - McLaren, M. R. AU - Rivera, A. AU - Reed, A. D. AU - Betrapally, N. S. AU - Burdette, T. AU - Winston, J. A. AU - Jacob, M. AU - Callahan, B. J. AU - Theriot, C. M. T2 - ANAEROBE AB - The relationship between the gut microbiota and Clostridioides difficile, and its role in the severity of C. difficile infection in humans is an area of active research. Intestinal carriage of toxigenic and non-toxigenic C. difficile strains, with and without clinical signs, is reported in animals, however few studies have looked at the risk factors associated with C. difficile carriage and the role of the host gut microbiota. Here, we isolated and characterized C. difficile strains from different animal species (predominantly canines (dogs), felines (cats), and equines (horses)) that were brought in for tertiary care at North Carolina State University Veterinary Hospital. C. difficile strains were characterized by toxin gene profiling, fluorescent PCR ribotyping, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was done on animal feces to investigate the relationship between the presence of C. difficile and the gut microbiota in different hosts. Here, we show that C. difficile was recovered from 20.9% of samples (42/201), which included 33 canines, 2 felines, and 7 equines. Over 69% (29/42) of the isolates were toxigenic and belonged to 14 different ribotypes including ones known to cause CDI in humans. The presence of C. difficile results in a shift in the fecal microbial community structure in both canines and equines. Commensal Clostridium hiranonis was negatively associated with C. difficile in canines. Further experimentation showed a clear antagonistic relationship between the two strains in vitro, suggesting that commensal Clostridia might play a role in colonization resistance against C. difficile in different hosts. DA - 2020/12// PY - 2020/12// DO - 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102279 VL - 66 SP - SN - 1095-8274 KW - C. difficile KW - C. hiranonis KW - Microbiome KW - Ribotype KW - Antibiotic resistance KW - Animal KW - Canine KW - Equine KW - Feline ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chicken embryo development: metabolic and morphological basis for in ovo feeding technology AU - Givisiez, Patricia E. N. AU - Moreira Filho, Alexandre L. B. AU - Santos, Maylane R. B. AU - Oliveira, Heraldo B. AU - Ferket, Peter R. AU - Oliveira, Celso J. B. AU - Malheiros, Ramon D. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Broiler embryonic development depends on the nutrients that are available in the egg, which includes mostly water, lipids, and proteins. Carbohydrates represent less than 1%, and free glucose only 0.3%, of the total nutrients. Considering that energy requirements increase during incubation and metabolism is shifted toward the use of glycogen stores and gluconeogenesis from amino acids, extensive muscle protein degradation in the end of incubation can compromise chick development in the initial days after hatch. Significant prehatch changes occur in embryonic metabolism to parallel the rapid embryonic development. Oral consumption of the amniotic fluid begins around 17 d of incubation and promotes rapid development of the intestinal mucosa, which is characterized by morphological changes and increased expression and activity of enzymes and transporters. Furthermore, ingested substrates are stored as nutritional reserves to be used during hatching and in the first week after hatch. At hatch, this limited-nutrient store is directed to the functional development of the gastrointestinal tract to enable assimilation of exogenous nutrients. In ovo feeding is an alternative to deliver essential nutrients to chick embryos at this critical and challenging phase. The improved nutritional status and physiological changes triggered by in ovo feeding can resonate throughout the entire rearing period with significant health and economic gains. The present review addresses the main changes in metabolism and intestinal development throughout incubation, and also addresses scientific advances, limitations and future perspectives associated with the use of in ovo feeding that has been regarded as an important technology by the poultry industry. DA - 2020/12// PY - 2020/12// DO - 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.074 VL - 99 IS - 12 SP - 6774-6782 SN - 1525-3171 KW - in ovo feeding KW - incubation KW - intestinal development KW - metabolic pathways ER - TY - JOUR TI - Oviduct Fluke (Prosthogonimus macrorchis) Found Inside a Chicken Egg in North Carolina AU - Beckstead, R. B. AU - Anderson, K. AU - McDougald, L. R. T2 - AVIAN DISEASES DA - 2020/9// PY - 2020/9// DO - 10.1637/aviandiseases-D-20-00021.s1 VL - 64 IS - 3 SP - 352-353 SN - 1938-4351 KW - chicken KW - egg KW - oviduct fluke KW - Prosthogonimus macrorchis ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of high-oleic peanuts as an alternative feed ingredient on broiler performance, ileal digestibility, apparent metabolizable energy, and histology of the intestine AU - Toomer, Ondulla T. AU - Sanders, Elliot AU - Vu, Thien C. AU - Malheiros, Ramon D. AU - Redhead, Adam K. AU - Livingston, Matthew L. AU - Livingston, Kim A. AU - Carvalho, Luiz Victor AU - Ferket, Peter R. T2 - TRANSLATIONAL ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Locally grown feed ingredients of high energy and protein content, such as peanuts, maybe economically feasible alternatives to corn and soybean meal in broiler diets. Even though normal-oleic peanuts have been demonstrated to be a viable feed ingredient for poultry, few studies to date have examined the use of high-oleic peanuts (HO PN) as an alternative feed ingredient for broiler chickens. Thus, we aimed to determine the effect of feeding HO PN on broiler performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal morphology. Three isocaloric, isonitrogenous experimental diets were formulated with 1) dietary inclusion of ~10% coarse-ground whole HO PN; 2) a corn-soybean meal control diet with 5.5% added poultry fat; and 3) a control diet supplemented with 5.5% oleic fatty acid oil. Three-hundred Ross 708 broilers were randomly placed in 10 replicate pens per treatment with 10 chicks per pen and raised until 42 d. Body weights (BW) and feed intake were determined weekly, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. Jejunum samples were collected at 42 d for histomorphometric analysis. Analysis of variance was performed on all variables using a general linear mixed model in JMP Pro14. Broilers in the HO PN group had lower (P < 0.05) BW and higher FCR than other treatment groups at weeks 2 and 6. There were no significant differences in the jejunum villi surface area between the treatment groups. However, broilers fed the HO PN diet had greater (P = 0.019) apparent metabolizable energy relative to the other treatment groups, suggesting improved nutrient uptake of dietary fats and/or carbohydrates in the HO PN treatment group. However, additional studies are warranted to further define the nutritional value of HO PN as an alternative poultry feed ingredient. DA - 2020/7// PY - 2020/7// DO - 10.1093/tas/txaa137 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - SN - 2573-2102 KW - alternative feed ingredients KW - broiler chickens KW - feed digestibility KW - feed ingredients KW - high-oleic peanuts ER - TY - JOUR TI - Complete Genome Sequences of Six Lactobacilli Isolated from American Quarter Horses AU - Meinders, Rachael I. AU - Mendoza, Mary AU - Dickey, Allison N. AU - Scholl, Elizabeth H. AU - Hassan, Hosni M. T2 - MICROBIOLOGY RESOURCE ANNOUNCEMENTS AB - We report the complete circular genome sequences of six Lactobacillus strains and their plasmids, if any, from the fecal material of quarter horses at different ages. DA - 2020/11// PY - 2020/11// DO - 10.1128/MRA.00997-20 VL - 9 IS - 47 SP - SN - 2576-098X UR - https://doi.org/10.1128/MRA.00997-20 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of feed form, soybean meal protein content, and Rovabio Advance on poult live performance to 3 wk of age AU - Flores, K. R. AU - Fahrenholz, A. C. AU - Grimes, J. L. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Based on research reports, feed characteristics can increase poult growth via several factors. Two rearing experiments (EXP) were conducted to test the effects of feed form and ingredient quality in turkey poults. Bird performance and the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum morphology were observed in both EXP. Poults were reared in battery cages (48 cages in EXP 1 and 72 cages in EXP 2). Four dietary treatments with differing feed form and function factors were evaluated in EXP 1. A completely randomized block design with a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments consisting of 2 levels of fines, 2 soybean meal (SBM) sources, and 2 levels of an enzyme cocktail (Rovabio Advance) was tested in EXP 2. Poult BW, BW gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined in both EXP. Apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) was determined in EXP 2. Differences were considered to be statistically significant at P ≤ 0.05. Feeding increased feed crumble particle size with fewer fines in the starter feed resulted in an increased BWG accompanied by an increased FI. Reduced feed fines reduced AMEn when the dietary enzyme cocktail was not present. The feed formulation with 60% CP SBM resulted in a lower FI and an improved FCR. The enzyme cocktail interacted synergistically with screening and fed SBM source factors on the AMEn and FCR. It was concluded that both the feed form and quality, as used in this study, affect poult performance. DA - 2020/12// PY - 2020/12// DO - 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.009 VL - 99 IS - 12 SP - 6705-6714 SN - 1525-3171 KW - feed form KW - feed quality KW - particle size KW - enzyme KW - soybean meal ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transcriptomic and Morphological Analysis of Cells Derived from Porcine Buccal Mucosa—Studies on an In Vitro Model AU - Bryja, Artur AU - Latosiński, Grzegorz AU - Jankowski, Maurycy AU - Volponi, Ana Angelova AU - mozdziak, AU - Shibli, Jamil AU - Bryl, Rut AU - Spaczyńska, Julia AU - Piotrowska-Kempisty, Hanna AU - Krawiec, Krzysztof AU - Kempisty, Bartosz AU - Konwinska, Marta Dyszkiewicz T2 - Animals AB - Transcriptional analysis and live-cell imaging are a powerful tool to investigate the dynamics of complex biological systems. In vitro expanded porcine oral mucosal cells, consisting of populations of epithelial and connective lineages, are interesting and complex systems for study via microarray transcriptomic assays to analyze gene expression profile. The transcriptomic analysis included 56 ontological groups with particular focus on 7 gene ontology groups that are related to the processes of differentiation and development. Most analyzed genes were upregulated after 7 days and downregulated after 15 and 30 days of in vitro culture. The performed transcriptomic analysis was then extended to include automated analysis of differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC) images obtained during in vitro culture. The analysis of DIC imaging allowed to identify the different populations of keratinocytes and fibroblasts during seven days of in vitro culture, and it was possible to evaluate the proportion of these two populations of cells. Porcine mucosa may be a suitable model for reference research on human tissues. In addition, it can provide a reference point for research on the use of cells, scaffolds, or tissues derived from transgenic animals for applications in human tissues reconstruction. DA - 2020/12// PY - 2020/12// DO - 10.3390/ani11010015 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/1/15 KW - cell culture KW - oral mucosa KW - fibroblasts KW - DIC imaging ER - TY - JOUR TI - Research Note: Horizontal transmission and internal organ colonization by Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Kentucky in experimentally infected laying hens in indoor cage-free housing AU - Gast, Richard K. AU - Jones, Deana R. AU - Guraya, Rupa AU - Anderson, Kenneth E. AU - Karcher, Darrin M. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The transmission of Salmonella to humans via contaminated eggs is an international public health concern. S. Enteritidis is deposited inside eggs after colonizing reproductive tissues of infected hens. Diverse housing facility characteristics and flock management practices influence Salmonella persistence and transmission in poultry, but the food safety consequences of different housing systems for laying hens remain unresolved. The present study compared the horizontal transmission of infection and invasion of internal organs during the first 2 wk after experimental S. Enteritidis and S. Kentucky infection of laying hens in indoor cage-free housing. Groups of 72 hens were housed in isolation rooms simulating commercial cage-free barns, and 1/3 of the hens in each room were orally inoculated with either S. Enteritidis (2 rooms) or S. Kentucky (2 rooms). At 6 d and 12 d postinoculation, 12 inoculated and 24 contact-exposed hens in each room were euthanized, and samples of liver, spleen, ovary, oviduct, and intestinal tract were removed for bacteriologic culturing. All orally inoculated hens were positive for intestinal colonization by S. Enteritidis at 6 d postinfection, and 70.8% of contact-exposed hens had become colonized by 12 d. S. Enteritidis was isolated from 100% of livers and 50.0% of ovaries from inoculated birds at 6 d and from 41.7% of livers and 10.4% of ovaries from contact-exposed birds at 12 d. The majority of both orally inoculated and contact-exposed hens were positive for intestinal colonization by S. Kentucky at 6 d, but S. Kentucky was found in other internal organs of both inoculated and contact-exposed hens significantly (P < 0.05) less often than S. Enteritidis at both sampling intervals. These results indicate that Salmonella infection can spread rapidly and extensively among hens in cage-free indoor housing, including a high frequency of internal organ involvement for invasive S. Enteritidis. DA - 2020/11// PY - 2020/11// DO - 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.006 VL - 99 IS - 11 SP - 6071-6074 SN - 1525-3171 KW - Salmonella Enteritidis KW - Salmonella Kentucky KW - laying hens KW - cage-free housing KW - internal organs ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transcriptional Immune Signatures of Alveolar Macrophages and the Impact of the NLRP3 Inflammasome on Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) Replication AU - Hicks, Julie A. AU - Yoo, Dongwan AU - Liu, Hsiao-Ching T2 - VIRUSES-BASEL AB - Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is a contagious viral (PRRSV) disease in pigs characterized by poor reproductive health, increased mortality, and reductions in growth rates. PRRSV is known to implement immuno-antagonistic mechanisms to evade detection and mute host responses to infection. To better understand the cellular immunosignature of PRRSV we have undertaken transcriptome and immunomodulatory studies in PRRSV-infected porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). We first used genome-wide transcriptome profiling (RNA-seq) to elucidate PRRSV-induced changes in the PAM transcriptome in response to infection. We found a number of cellular networks were altered by PRRSV infection, including many associated with innate immunity, such as, the NLRP3 inflammasome. To further explore the role(s) of innate immune networks in PRRSV-infected PAMs, we used an NLRP3-specific inhibitor, MCC950, to identify the potential functionality of the inflammasome during PRRSV replication. We found that PRRSV does quickly induce expression of inflammasome-associated genes in PAMs. Treatment of PAMs with MCC950 suggests NLRP3 inflammasome activation negatively impacts viral replication. Treatment of PAMs with cell culture supernatants from macrophages subjected to NLRP3 inflammasome activation (via polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) transfection), prior to PRRSV infection resulted in significantly reduced viral RNA levels compared to PAMs treated with cell culture supernatants from macrophages subjected to NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition (MCC950 treatment/poly I:C transfection). This further supports a role for NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the innate macrophagic anti-PRRSV immune response and suggests that PRRSV is sensitive to the effects of NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Taken together, these transcriptome and immunoregulatory data highlight the complex changes PRRSV infection induces in the molecular immune networks of its cellular host. DA - 2020/11// PY - 2020/11// DO - 10.3390/v12111299 VL - 12 IS - 11 SP - SN - 1999-4915 KW - PRRSV KW - RNA-seq KW - macrophage KW - NLRP3 inflammasome ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sodium bisulfate feed additive aids broilers in growth and intestinal health during a coccidiosis challenge AU - Chadwick, Elle AU - Rahimi, Shaban AU - Grimes, Jesse AU - Pitts, John AU - Beckstead, Robert T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Sodium bisulfate (SB) was evaluated on its ability to improve broiler growth and intestinal structure with(out) a coccidia challenge. One thousand two hundred Cobb500 day-old males were randomly assigned within 4 experimental groups with a 2 × 2 factorial design, with (out) SB in the diet and with(out) a day 0 coccidia challenge using a 10× dose of a commercial vaccine. At day 7, oocysts per gram of feces were determined. At day 0, 14, 28, and 41, BW and feed consumption were measured. At day 21, 20 birds per treatment were subjectively scored for coccidia lesions, and jejunal histologic samples were collected for villi measurements. Twenty additional birds were given fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran to determine gut permeability. At day 41, 10 birds per treatment had histologic samples collected. Statistical analysis was conducted in JMP Pro 14 using GLM procedure to compare disease state and diet. Means were separated using Dunnett's test (P ≤ 0.05) with the nonchallenged standard diet treatment that is considered the control. All parameters measured indicated an effect due to the coccidia inoculation. Therefore, effects of diet on (non)challenged treatments were determined using a Student t test (P ≤ 0.05). Limited differences due to diet were seen for the nonchallenged production data. Sodium bisulfate had a thinner villi base width (P = 0.04) on day 21 and greater villi height (P = 0.03), smaller base width (P = 0.04), thicker muscularis (P = 0.03), and lower crypt: height ratio (P = 0.01) on day 41. Challenged SB had similar gut permeability to the nonchallenged control (P = 0.94) on day 21. There was no difference in flock uniformity, feed intake, oocysts per gram of feces, or lesion scores between challenged treatments. Challenged SB had greater BW on day 14 (P < 0.0001), 28 (P < 0.0001), and 41 (P = 0.02). Feed conversion ratio from day 0 to 14 was also lower (P = 0.0002). Challenged SB had smaller crypts (P = 0.02) and therefore a smaller crypt: height ratio (P = 0.03) on day 21. Challenged control had a larger apical width (P = 0.03) and thicker muscularis (P = 0.04) on day 41. Overall, the addition of SB during coccidial enteropathy aided in BW, feed conversion ratio, and villi health with no observed effects on parasite cycling. DA - 2020/11// PY - 2020/11// DO - 10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.027 VL - 99 IS - 11 SP - 5324-5330 SN - 1525-3171 KW - broiler KW - coccidiosis KW - sodium bisulfate ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of stocking density on large white, commercial tom turkeys reared to 20 weeks of age: 1. growth and performance AU - Bartz, B. M. AU - Anderson, K. A. AU - Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. AU - Livingtson, K. AU - Grimes, J. L. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Industry standards for turkey stocking densities are variable and may not represent the more rapidly growing strains currently available. Therefore, a study was completed to evaluate 4 stocking densities: a nominal density (0.3525 m2/bird), 10% tighter density (0.3169 m2/bird), 10% looser density (0.3882 m2/bird), and 20% looser density (0.4238 m2/bird) on the effects on large white, commercial male turkeys with regard to performance from 5 to 20 wk of age. Brooding stocking density was fixed for all pens of birds with 60 birds per replicate pen at 0.46 m2/bird to 5 wk of age. Density treatments were applied from 5 to 20 wk by altering pen size with pen population held constant at 60 per pen. There were 4 pens of birds per density treatment. Birds were weighed individually at 0, 5, and 20 wk of age and performance parameters were calculated. There were no differences in bird performance at 5 wk, which was expected because stocking density was fixed. From 5 to 20 wk and at 20 wk, birds that were reared at the nominal standard (0.3525 m2/bird) and 10% tighter density (0.3169 m2/bird) had significantly lower body weight compared with the 10% looser density (0.3882 m2/bird) and 20% looser density (0.4238 m2/bird) (P = 0.03 and 0.01, respectfully). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) tended (P = 0.08) to be improved for birds reared at looser density. In addition, based on linear regression, as stocking density decreased (i.e., m2/bird increased), BW (P < 0.05) increased, and FCR (P = 0.10) tended to decrease (improve) at 20 wk. It was concluded that birds reared at looser density had improved performance. DA - 2020/11// PY - 2020/11// DO - 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.024 VL - 99 IS - 11 SP - 5582-5586 SN - 1525-3171 KW - Turkey KW - stocking density KW - growth KW - performance ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Role of the Adipokines in the Most Common Gestational Complications AU - Gutaj, Paweł AU - Sibiak, Rafał AU - Jankowski, Maurycy AU - Awdi, Karina AU - Bryl, Rut AU - mozdziak, AU - Kempisty, Bartosz AU - Wender-Ożegowska, Ewa T2 - International Journal of Molecular Sciences AB - Adipocytokines are hormonally active molecules that are believed to play a key role in the regulation of crucial biological processes in the human body. Numerous experimental studies established significant alterations in the adipokine secretion patterns throughout pregnancy. The exact etiology of various gestational complications, such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and fetal growth abnormalities, needs to be fully elucidated. The discovery of adipokines raised questions about their potential contribution to the molecular pathophysiology of those diseases. Multiple studies analyzed their local mRNA expression and circulating protein levels. However, most studies report conflicting results. Several adipokines such as leptin, resistin, irisin, apelin, chemerin, and omentin were proposed as potential novel early markers of heterogeneous gestational complications. The inclusion of the adipokines in the standard predictive multifactorial models could improve their prognostic values. Nonetheless, their independent diagnostic value is mostly insufficient to be implemented into standard clinical practice. Routine assessments of adipokine levels during pregnancy are not recommended in the management of both normal and complicated pregnancies. Based on the animal models (e.g., apelin and its receptors in the rodent preeclampsia models), future implementation of adipokines and their receptors as new therapeutic targets appears promising but requires further validation in humans. DA - 2020/12// PY - 2020/12// DO - 10.3390/ijms21249408 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/24/9408 KW - adiponectin KW - apelin KW - chemerin KW - gestational diabetes KW - irisin KW - leptin KW - omentin KW - preeclampsia KW - resistin KW - visfatin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of 20(S)-Hydroxycholesterol on Multilineage Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Isolated from Compact Bones in Chicken AU - Adhikari, Roshan AU - Chen, Chongxiao AU - Kim, Woo Kyun T2 - GENES AB - Bone health and body weight gain have significant economic and welfare importance in the poultry industry. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are common progenitors of different cell lineages such as osteoblasts, adipocytes, and myocytes. Specific oxysterols have shown to be pro-osteogenic and anti-adipogenic in mouse and human MSCs. To determine the effect of 20(S)-hydroxycholesterol (20S) on osteogenic, adipogenic, and myogenic differentiation in chicken, mesenchymal stem cells isolated from compact bones of broiler chickens (cBMSCs) were subjected to various doses of 20S, and markers of lineage-specific mRNA were analyzed using real-time PCR and cell cytochemistry. Further studies were conducted to evaluate the molecular mechanisms involved in lineage-specific differentiation pathways. Like human and mouse MSCs, 20S oxysterol expressed pro-osteogenic, pro-myogenic, and anti-adipogenic differentiation potential in cBMSCs. Moreover, 20(S)-Hydroxycholesterol induced markers of osteogenic genes and myogenic regulatory factors when exposed to cBMSCs treated with their specific medium. In contrast, 20S oxysterol suppressed expression of adipogenic marker genes when exposed to cBMSCs treated with OA, an adipogenic precursor of cBMSCs. To elucidate the molecular mechanism by which 20S exerts its differentiation potential in all three lineages, we focused on the hedgehog signaling pathway. The hedgehog inhibitor, cyclopamine, completely reversed the effect of 20S induced expression of osteogenic and anti-adipogenic mRNA. However, there was no change in the mRNA expression of myogenic genes. The results showed that 20S oxysterol promotes osteogenic and myogenic differentiation and decreases adipocyte differentiation of cBMSCs. This study also showed that the induction of osteogenesis and adipogenesis inhibition in cBMSCs by 20S is mediated through the hedgehog signaling mechanism. The results indicated that 20(S) could play an important role in the differentiation of chicken-derived MSCs and provided the theory basis on developing an intervention strategy to regulate skeletal, myogenic, and adipogenic differentiation in chicken, which will contribute to improving chicken bone health and meat quality. The current results provide the rationale for the further study of regulatory mechanisms of bioactive molecules on the differentiation of MSCs in chicken, which can help to address skeletal health problems in poultry. DA - 2020/11// PY - 2020/11// DO - 10.3390/genes11111360 VL - 11 IS - 11 SP - SN - 2073-4425 KW - adipogenesis KW - chicken KW - mesenchymal stem cells KW - myogenesis KW - osteogenesis KW - 20(s)-hydroxycholesterol KW - hedgehog signaling ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of the level of mixer-added water and mash conditioning temperature on parameters monitored during pelleting and phytase and xylanase thermostability AU - Pope, J. T. AU - Fahrenholz, A. C. T2 - ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AB - Exogenous enzymes have been used in broiler and swine rations to improve nutrient utilization and reduce feed costs, both of which improved the efficiencies of live production. Feed manufacturers have also utilized practices, such as warm mash conditioning temperatures (CT) and the addition of moisture at the mixer or mash conditioning chamber, to maintain adequate physical feed quality. While the impact of warm conditioning practices on enzyme thermostability had been well described, the impact of mixer-added water (MAW) on enzyme thermostability was scarcely investigated in previous literature. The present experiment intended to investigate the interaction of three mash CT and three levels of MAW on the thermostability of a phytase and xylanase mixer-added enzyme within a swine gestation diet in a 3 × 3 factorial randomized complete block design. The mash CT included 80, 86, and 92 °C and the levels of MAW included 0, 10, and 20 g/kg. Parameters monitored during the pelleting process included pellet durability index (PDI), pellet mill energy consumption (PMEC), and the change in temperature between hot pellets and conditioned mash (Δ T). Conditioning mash at 92 °C resulted in a 22.5 percentage-point reduction in phytase recovery in conditioned mash and a 70.1 percentage-point reduction in phytase recovery in pellets when compared to diets pelleted at 80 °C (P < 0.01). The xylanase, however, was not affected by mash CT. Phytase and xylanase recovery in pellets was not affected by the level of MAW. As PDI and PMEC increased, phytase recovery in pellets relative to unconditioned mash decreased (P < 0.01). As Δ T increased, phytase recovery in pellets relative to unconditioned mash increased (P < 0.01). Xylanase denaturation was poorly described by the parameters monitored during pelleting, likely because it was minimally denatured during pelleting. A robust multiple regression model was generated to predict phytase activity in pellets relative to unconditioned mash (R2 = 0.95; P < 0.01) when the controlled factors and monitored parameters were combined in a predictive model. In conclusion, the primary site of enzyme denaturation in a pilot scale pellet mill was the pellet mill die and MAW did not affect enzyme recovery. DA - 2020/11// PY - 2020/11// DO - 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114679 VL - 269 SP - SN - 1873-2216 KW - Phytase KW - Xylanase KW - Mixer-added water KW - Conditioning temperature KW - Thermostability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Histomonas meleagridis isolates compared by virulence and gene expression AU - Wei, Zehui AU - Abraham, Mathew AU - Chadwick, Elle V AU - Beckstead, Robert B. T2 - VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY AB - Pathology and putative virulence factor expression of three Histomonas meleagridis isolates differing in geographic origin, cell passage number (56 or 100), or cell populations grown from a monoculture were compared. Turkey poults inoculated with the high cell passage number isolates or monoculture isolates varied in gross lesion severity and weight gain (P<0.0001). Screening of a published H. meleagridis cDNA library identified forty- eight cysteine proteinases (CP) and one superoxide dismutase (Fe-SOD) proposed to function in either tissue damage and/or invasion and oxidative defense. The Fe-SOD and eight CPs were analyzed using real time polymerase chain reaction. CP2, CP3, and CP8 showed significant differences in expression among the field isolates (P ≤ 0.05). The high passage isolates had decreased CP2, CP3 and CP4 expression when compared with their field isolate. CP7 did not differ between field isolates or the 56-passaged isolate. The Fe-SOD gene showed significant differences in expression among the various isolates. When exposing cultured H. meleagridis to air, Fe-SOD expression decreased rapidly during the first hour of air exposure but increased progressively through the next 3 h. This study provides information on gross pathology and virulence factors associated with various isolates of Histomonas meleagridis which can aid in determining the pathogenetic mechanisms used by this organism. DA - 2020/10// PY - 2020/10// DO - 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109233 VL - 286 SP - SN - 1873-2550 KW - Histomonasmeleagridis KW - Blackhead disease KW - Turkeys KW - Trichomonas vaginalis KW - Entamoeba histolytica ER - TY - JOUR TI - Photoexcited state properties and antibacterial activities of carbon dots relevant to mechanistic features and implications AU - Dong, Xiuli AU - Ge, Lin AU - Abu Rabe, Dina I AU - Mohammed, Oluwayemisi O. AU - Wang, Ping AU - Tang, Yongan AU - Kathariou, Sophia AU - Yang, Liju AU - Sun, Ya-Ping T2 - CARBON AB - Carbon dots (CDots) are strongly absorptive over the visible spectrum, with the effective photon-harvesting driving rich excited state processes and properties. In this work, spectroscopic probing of these processes and properties is coupled with the evaluation of the photoinduced bactericidal function of CDots, aimed toward making correlations among the findings from the former and those from the latter on the inactivation of bacterial pathogens. Within the general mechanistic framework for CDots, the observed effective and efficient antibacterial activities of the CDots under visible light are attributed to major contributions by the initially photo-generated electrons and holes that are trapped at passivated surface defect sites of the dots, in addition to the traditional reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in the emissive excited states from the recombination of the redox pairs. Such major contributions to the inactivation of the bacteria by the separated redox species in CDots can not be quenched by ROS scavengers commonly used in the study of photodynamic effects with classical molecular photosensitizers, thus making light-activated CDots uniquely potent antimicrobial agents. The characteristic features of photoexcited CDots and their related mechanistic implications are discussed in reference to the similar behaviors and mechanistic model of conventional semiconductor quantum dots. DA - 2020/12// PY - 2020/12// DO - 10.1016/j.carbon.2020.08.025 VL - 170 SP - 137-145 SN - 1873-3891 KW - Carbon dots KW - Antibacterial KW - Light activation KW - Redox species KW - Photodynamic KW - Mechanism ER - TY - JOUR TI - A highly efficient hybrid peptide ameliorates intestinal inflammation and mucosal barrier damage by neutralizing lipopolysaccharides and antagonizing the lipopolysaccharide-receptor interaction AU - Wei, Xubiao AU - Zhang, Lulu AU - Zhang, Rijun AU - Wu, Rujuan AU - Si, Dayong AU - Ahmad, Baseer AU - Petitte, James N. AU - Mozdziak, Paul E. AU - Li, Zhongxuan AU - Guo, Henan AU - Zhang, Manyi T2 - FASEB JOURNAL AB - Intestinal inflammatory disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease, are major contributors to mortality and morbidity in humans and animals worldwide. While some native peptides have great potential as therapeutic agents against intestinal inflammation, potential cytotoxicity, anti-inciting action, and suppression of anti-inflammatory activity may limit their development as anti-inflammatory agents. Peptide hybridization is an effective approach for the design and engineering of novel functional peptides because hybrid peptides combine the advantages and benefits of various native peptides. In the present study, a novel hybrid anti-inflammatory peptide that combines the active center of Cecropin A (C) and the core functional region of LL-37 (L) was designed [C-L peptide; C (1-8)-L (17-30)] through in silico analysis to reduce cytotoxicity and improve the anti-inflammatory activity of the parental peptides. The resulting C-L peptide exhibited lower cytotoxicity than either C or L peptides alone. C-L also exerted a protective effect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages and in the intestines of a mouse model. The hybrid peptide exhibited increased anti-inflammatory activity compared to the parental peptides. C-L plays a role in protecting intestinal tissue from damage, LPS-induced weight loss, and leukocyte infiltration. In addition, C-L reduces the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), as well as reduces cell apoptosis. It also reduced mucosal barrier damage caused by LPS. The anti-inflammatory effects of the hybrid peptide were mainly attributed to its LPS-neutralizing activity and antagonizing the activation of LPS-induced Toll-like receptor 4-myeloid differentiation factor 2 (TLR4/MD2). The peptide also affected the TLR4-(nuclear factor κB) signaling pathway, modulating the inflammatory response upon LPS stimulation. Collectively, these findings suggest that the newly designed peptide, C-L, could be developed into a novel anti-inflammatory agent for animals or humans. DA - 2020/12// PY - 2020/12// DO - 10.1096/fj.201903263RRR VL - 34 IS - 12 SP - 16049-16072 SN - 1530-6860 KW - in silico KW - NF-kappa B signaling KW - peptide drug KW - proinflammatory cytokine KW - tight junction KW - Toll-like receptor ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of sodium bisulfate and coccidiostat on intestinal lesions and growth performance of Eimeria spp.-challenged broilers AU - Talghari, Mariam AU - Behnamifar, Alireza AU - Rahimi, Shaban AU - Torshizi, Mohammad Amir Karimi AU - Beckstead, Robert AU - Grimes, Jesse L. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Coccidiosis is a high-prevalence disease that annually entails huge costs for the poultry industry. Control of coccidiosis in poultry production is based on the use of coccidiostats and vaccines. However, along with the problem of drug resistance, there is a concern about food safety and drug residues in poultry products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium bisulfate (SBS) in comparison with monensin (M) and their combination (SBSM) effects on controlling coccidiosis in broilers. In a randomized design, 300 chickens (Ross 308) were divided into 5 treatments and 4 replications (15 birds per replicate). All birds, except the negative control (NC), were orally inoculated with 4 Eimeria species on 14 D of age. Treatments included were as follows: NC, an unsupplemented basal diet, nonchallenged; positive control, a basal diet unsupplemented, challenged with Eimeria spp; a basal diet supplemented with 5 g/kg of SBS; a basal diet supplemented with 1 g/kg of M; and a basal diet supplemented with 5 g/kg SBS and 1 g/kg M (SBSM). Oocyst shedding per gram (OPG) of the faecal sample from each experimental unit was counted on 5 to 14 D after inoculation. Two chicks from each experimental unit were euthanized to investigate intestinal lesions on day 5 after inoculation. The NC birds showed the highest BW gain and the lowest feed conversion ratio. The birds in the SBSM group had improved feed consumption compared with the M group in the prechallenge period (P < 0.05). All supplemented treatments resulted in a significant decrease in OPG. The M and SBSM treatments showed more efficacy than the SBS group (P < 0.05) in reducing OPG. There was a significant reduction in cecal lesions owing to supplementation with SBS, but the effect of SBS in the upper part of the intestine was lower than the M and SBSM groups (P < 0.05). Based on the results of this study, SBS has protective effects against coccidiosis in ceca, and the combination of M and SBS (SBSM) did not show any further improvement effect compared with M alone on the control of coccidiosis. DA - 2020/10// PY - 2020/10// DO - 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.060 VL - 99 IS - 10 SP - 4769-4775 SN - 1525-3171 KW - broiler KW - coccidiosis KW - lesion score KW - monensin KW - sodium bisulfate ER - TY - JOUR TI - CRISPR/Cas9 in Cancer Immunotherapy: Animal Models and Human Clinical Trials AU - Khalaf, Khalil AU - Janowicz, Krzysztof AU - Dyszkiewicz-Konwinska, Marta AU - Hutchings, Greg AU - Dompe, Claudia AU - Moncrieff, Lisa AU - Jankowski, Maurycy AU - Machnik, Marta AU - Oleksiewicz, Urszula AU - Kocherova, Ievgeniia AU - Petitte, Jim AU - Mozdziak, Paul AU - Shibli, Jamil A. AU - Izycki, Dariusz AU - Jozkowiak, Malgorzata AU - Piotrowska-Kempisty, Hanna AU - Skowronski, Mariusz T. AU - Antosik, Pawel AU - Kempisty, Bartosz T2 - GENES AB - Even though chemotherapy and immunotherapy emerged to limit continual and unregulated proliferation of cancer cells, currently available therapeutic agents are associated with high toxicity levels and low success rates. Additionally, ongoing multi-targeted therapies are limited only for few carcinogenesis pathways, due to continually emerging and evolving mutations of proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressive genes. CRISPR/Cas9, as a specific gene-editing tool, is used to correct causative mutations with minimal toxicity, but is also employed as an adjuvant to immunotherapy to achieve a more robust immunological response. Some of the most critical limitations of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology include off-target mutations, resulting in nonspecific restrictions of DNA upstream of the Protospacer Adjacent Motifs (PAM), ethical agreements, and the lack of a scientific consensus aiming at risk evaluation. Currently, CRISPR/Cas9 is tested on animal models to enhance genome editing specificity and induce a stronger anti-tumor response. Moreover, ongoing clinical trials use the CRISPR/Cas9 system in immune cells to modify genomes in a target-specific manner. Recently, error-free in vitro systems have been engineered to overcome limitations of this gene-editing system. The aim of the article is to present the knowledge concerning the use of CRISPR Cas9 technique in targeting treatment-resistant cancers. Additionally, the use of CRISPR/Cas9 is aided as an emerging supplementation of immunotherapy, currently used in experimental oncology. Demonstrating further, applications and advances of the CRISPR/Cas9 technique are presented in animal models and human clinical trials. Concluding, an overview of the limitations of the gene-editing tool is proffered. DA - 2020/8// PY - 2020/8// DO - 10.3390/genes11080921 VL - 11 IS - 8 SP - SN - 2073-4425 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/11/8/921 KW - genome editing KW - cancer KW - animal models KW - experimental oncology ER - TY - JOUR TI - New Gene Markers Involved in Molecular Processes of Tissue Repair, Response to Wounding and Regeneration Are Differently Expressed in Fibroblasts from Porcine Oral Mucosa during Long-Term Primary Culture AU - Bryja, Artur AU - Sujka-Kordowska, Patrycja AU - Konwerska, Aneta AU - Ciesiółka, Sylwia AU - Wieczorkiewicz, Maria AU - Bukowska, Dorota AU - Antosik, Paweł AU - Bryl, Rut AU - Skowronski, Mariusz AU - Jaśkowski, Jędrzej M. AU - mozdziak, AU - Volponi, Ana Angelova AU - Shibli, Jamil AU - Kempisty, Bartosz AU - Konwinska, Marta Dyszkiewicz T2 - Animals AB - The mechanisms of wound healing and vascularization are crucial steps of the complex morphological process of tissue reconstruction. In addition to epithelial cells, fibroblasts play an important role in this process. They are characterized by dynamic proliferation and they form the stroma for epithelial cells. In this study, we have used primary cultures of oral fibroblasts, obtained from porcine buccal mucosa. Cells were maintained long-term in in vitro conditions, in order to investigate the expression profile of the molecular markers involved in wound healing and vascularization. Based on the Affymetrix assays, we have observed three ontological groups of markers as wound healing group, response to wounding group and vascularization group, represented by different genes characterized by their expression profile during long-term primary in vitro culture (IVC) of porcine oral fibroblasts. Following the analysis of gene expression in three previously identified groups of genes, we have identified that transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1), ITGB3, PDPN, and ETS1 are involved in all three processes, suggesting that these genes could be recognized as markers of repair specific for oral fibroblasts within the porcine mucosal tissue. DA - 2020/10// PY - 2020/10// DO - 10.3390/ani10111938 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/11/1938 KW - primary culture KW - porcine KW - fibroblasts KW - microarray ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Role of Incubation Conditions in the Onset of Avian Myopathies AU - Oviedo-Rondon, Edgar Orlando AU - Velleman, Sandra G. AU - Wineland, Michael J. T2 - FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY AB - White striping, wooden breast, and spaghetti muscle have become common myopathies in broilers worldwide. Several research reports have indicated that the origin of these lesions is metabolic disorders. These failures in normal metabolism can start very early in life, and suboptimal incubation conditions may trigger some of the key alterations on muscle metabolism. Incubation conditions affect the development of muscle and can be associated with the onset of myopathies. A series of experiments conducted with broilers, turkeys, and ducks are discussed to overview primary information showing the main changes in breast muscle histomorphology, metabolism, and physiology caused by suboptimal incubation conditions. These modifications may be associated with current myopathies. Those effects of incubation on myopathy occurrence and severity have also been confirmed at slaughter age. The impact of egg storage, temperature profiles, oxygen concentrations, and time of hatch have been evaluated. The effects have been observed in diverse species, genetic lines, and both genders. Histological and muscle evaluations have detected that myopathies could be induced by extended hypoxia and high temperatures, and those effects depend on the genetic line. Thus, these modifications in muscle metabolic responses may make hatchlings more susceptible to develop myopathies during grow out due to thermal stress, high-density diets, and fast growth rates. DA - 2020/9/18/ PY - 2020/9/18/ DO - 10.3389/fphys.2020.545045 VL - 11 SP - SN - 1664-042X KW - incubation KW - myopathies KW - temperature KW - hypoxia KW - metabolism KW - chickens KW - ducks KW - turkeys ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transcriptome analysis of the hypothalamus and pituitary of turkey hens with low and high egg production AU - Brady, Kristen AU - Liu, Hsiao-Ching AU - Hicks, Julie A. AU - Long, Julie A. AU - Porter, Tom E. T2 - BMC GENOMICS AB - Abstract Background High egg producing hens ( HEPH ) show increased hypothalamic and pituitary gene expression related to hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal ( HPG ) axis stimulation as well as increased in vitro responsiveness to gonadotropin releasing hormone ( GnRH ) stimulation in the pituitary when compared to low egg producing hens ( LEPH ). Transcriptome analysis was performed on hypothalamus and pituitary samples from LEPH and HEPH to identify novel regulators of HPG axis function. Results In the hypothalamus and pituitary, 4644 differentially expressed genes ( DEGs ) were identified between LEPH and HEPH, with 2021 genes up-regulated in LEPH and 2623 genes up-regulated in HEPH. In LEPH, up-regulated genes showed enrichment of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid ( HPT ) axis. Beta-estradiol was identified as an upstream regulator regardless of tissue. When LEPH and HEPH samples were compared, beta-estradiol was activated in HEPH in 3 of the 4 comparisons, which correlated to the number of beta-estradiol target genes up-regulated in HEPH. In in vitro pituitary cell cultures from LEPH and HEPH, thyroid hormone pretreatment negatively impacted gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels in cells from both LEPH and HEPH, with the effect being more prominent in HEPH cells. Additionally, the effect of estradiol pretreatment on gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels in HEPH cells was negative, whereas estradiol pretreatment increased gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels in LEPH cells. Conclusions Up-regulation of the HPT axis in LEPH and upstream beta-estradiol activation in HEPH may play a role in regulating HPG axis function, and ultimately ovulation rates. Thyroid hormone and estradiol pretreatment impacted gonadotropin mRNA levels following GnRH stimulation, with the inhibitory effects of thyroid hormone more detrimental in HEPH and estradiol stimulatory effects more prominent in LEPH. Responsiveness to thyroid hormone and estradiol may be due to desensitization to thyroid hormone and estradiol in LEPH and HEPH, respectively, due to up-regulation of the HPT axis in LEPH and of the HPG axis in HEPH. Further studies will be necessary to identify possible target gene desensitization mechanisms and elicit the regulatory role of the HPT axis and beta-estradiol on ovulation rates in turkey hens. DA - 2020/9/21/ PY - 2020/9/21/ DO - 10.1186/s12864-020-07075-y VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1471-2164 KW - Turkey KW - HPT axis KW - HPG axis KW - Gonadotropin production KW - Egg production ER - TY - JOUR TI - The application of micro-CT in egg-laying hen bone analysis: introducing an automated bone separation algorithm AU - Chen, C. AU - Kim, W.K. T2 - Poultry Science AB - The application of micro-CT in small animal research, especially on bone health, has risen exponentially in recent years. However, its application in egg-laying hen bone analysis was still limited. This review introduces the technical aspects of micro-CT in egg-laying hen bone analysis, especially with the medullary bones presented in the cavity. In order to acquate application of micro-CT for laying hen bone research, image acquisition, reconstruction, and analysis settings need to be adjusted properly. The key difference regarding the application of micro-CT in laying hen bone compared to other small animals such as mice and rats was the larger bone size and more complex structures of medullary and trabecular bones. In order to analyze the details of laying hen bone structures, the volume of interest for laying hen should be selected at a region where all 3 bones are present (critical, trabecular, and medullary bone). Owing to the complexity of bone structures, the conventional techniques are not useful to distinguish the trabecular bone and medullary bone in laying hens accurately. In the current review, an automated segmentation algorithm is described to allow researchers to segment bone compartments without human bias. The algorithm is designed according to the morphology difference of medullary bones compared to trabecular and cortical bones. In this procedure, the loosely woven bones were separated by applying dual thresholds. The medullary calcium chunks were separated by opening or closing procedures, where we defined the diameter of medullary chunks being higher than the trabecular bone thickness as a separation trait. The application of micro-CT in laying hen bone health assessment will significantly expand our understanding of chicken bone physiology and osteoporosis, contributing to improve welfare in laying hens. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020/// DO - 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.047 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85092132897&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - micro-CT KW - laying hen bone KW - bone separation KW - 3D analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of long-term supplementation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on egg production and egg quality of laying hen AU - Chen, C. AU - Turner, B. AU - Applegate, T.J. AU - Litta, Gilberto AU - Kim, W.K. T2 - Poultry Science AB - A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD) on pullet and egg-laying hen growth performance, egg production, and egg quality. Three hundred and ninety 1-day-old Hy-Line W36 pullets were randomly allocated to 3 treatments with 10 replicated cages and 13 birds per cage. Dietary treatments were vitamin D3 at 2,760 IU/kg (D); vitamin D3 at 5,520 IU/kg (DD), and vitamin D3 at 2,760 IU/kg plus 25OHD at 2,760 IU (69 μg)/kg (25D). Body weight and feed intake were recorded at the end of each stage: starter 1 (0–3 wk), starter 2 (4–6 wk), grower (7–12 wk), developer (13–15 wk), prelay (15–17 wk), peaking (18–38 wk), layer 2 (39–48 wk), layer 3 (49–60 wk), layer 4 (61–75 wk), and layer 5 (76–95 wk). Egg production was recorded daily. Egg quality was evaluated every 8 wk starting from 25 wk. There was no difference in growth performance during the rearing period (0–17 wk). In the laying period (18–95 wk), DD showed lower feed intake at layer 2, but higher intake at layer 3 along with lower hen day production (HDP) from 22 to 48 wk compared to the other treatments. During the same period, the DD group laid smaller eggs with higher specific gravity and shell thickness compared with the other treatments or D alone at 40 wk, which may be partly due to the lower body weight. In contrast, 25D had better feed conversion ratio (feed intake per dozen of eggs) at layer 2, and higher overall (22–60 wk) HDP compared with DD. For the egg quality analysis, at 25 and 33 wk, both DD and 25D had higher Haugh unit compared with D. However, 25OHD has no effects on eggshell quality during the entire production period and no beneficial effects on egg production during the later laying period (after 60 wk). In summary, long-term and early supplementation of 25OHD has positive effects on egg production and egg quality, and the beneficial effects were mainly observed during the early laying stage. DA - 2020/9// PY - 2020/9// DO - 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.020 VL - 9 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.020 KW - 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 KW - laying hen KW - growth performance KW - egg production KW - egg quality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fatty Acid Composition and Regulatory Gene Expression in Late-Term Embryos of ACRB and COBB Broilers AU - Su, S. AU - Wang, Y. AU - Chen, C. AU - Suh, M. AU - Azain, M. AU - Kim, W.K. T2 - Frontiers in Veterinary Science AB - Cobb broilers (COBB) have been heavily selected for their production performance in the past several decades, while the Athens Canadian Random Bred (ACRB) chickens, a meat-type breed, have been kept as a non-selected control strain. The purpose of this study was to compare these two lines of chickens at late-embryonic development and identify the molecular markers and fatty acid profiles underlining their differences in growth performance due to selection. Fertilized eggs of the ACRB (n=6) and COBB (n=6) were used at 14 and 18 embryonic days. Genes involved in lipogenesis and myogenesis were measured using quantitative real-time RT-PCR, and fatty acid (FA) compositions of egg yolk, muscle, and liver were measured using gas-chromatography. COBB had higher egg weight, embryo weight, and breast and fat ratio. The gene expression in the liver showed an interaction between age and breed on FASN expression with the highest level in COBB at E18. ACRB had higher Apo-B and MTTP expression, but lower SREBP-1 expression compared to COBB. No difference was found in myogenesis gene expression in the muscle between two breeds. For the FA composition, muscle was largely affected by both breed and age. Yolk and liver were affected mainly by breed and age, respectively. Constant interaction effects in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), indicating the highest level in all the tested tissues of ACRB at E14 and the constant main effects with higher myristic, palmitic and gondoic, but lower linolenic acid in the liver and yolk of COBB compared to in those of ACRB. At last, fat accumulation in the liver had no obvious difference between the breeds but was higher when embryo was older. In conclusion, broiler breed affects egg, embryo and tissue weight, as well as FA composition in initial egg yolk and throughout the embryonic development. The highest docosahexaenoic percentage was observed in ACRB, indicating that genetic selection may result in fatty acid profile changes such as lower DHA content in chicken tissues and eggs. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020/// DO - 10.3389/fvets.2020.00317 VL - 7 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85087727044&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - breed KW - embryo KW - fatty acids KW - liver KW - muscle ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Inorganic Zn and Cu Supplementation on Gut Health in Broiler Chickens Challenged With Eimeria spp. AU - Santos, T.S.D. AU - Teng, P.-Y. AU - Yadav, S. AU - Castro, F.L.D.S. AU - Gould, R.L. AU - Craig, S.W. AU - Chen, C. AU - Fuller, A.L. AU - Pazdro, R. AU - Sartori, J.R. AU - Kim, W.K. T2 - Frontiers in Veterinary Science AB - An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of inorganic copper and zinc on growth performance, intestinal permeability, intestinal lesion scores, oocyst shedding, antioxidant properties and bone quality in broilers challenged with Eimeria spp. A total of 360 d-old male Cobb broiler chickens were housed in floor cages for 12 days at the Poultry Research Center. At 12 days of age, birds were placed in grower Petersime batteries and distributed in a completely randomized design with 10 birds per cage, six replicates per treatment, and six treatments. There were six corn-soybean meal-based dietary treatments: nonchallenged control (NC), challenged control (CC), 100 ppm Cu (100 Cu), 150 ppm Cu (150 Cu), 80 ppm Zn (80 Zn) and 100 ppm Zn (100 Zn). Broilers received the treatment diets for 9 days (12-20d). Birds, except NC, were challenged with Eimeria maxima (50,000 oocysts/bird), Eimeria tenella (50,000 oocysts/bird), and Eimeria acervulina (250,000 oocysts/bird) on 14d. On 20d, the growth performance was recorded, and one bird/cage was used for analysis of intestinal permeability, antioxidant properties and bone quality. Lesion score was recorded at 20 days of age in eight birds/cage. The means were subjected to ANOVA and, when significant, compared by Duncan’s test. Intestinal permeability was significantly improved when birds received the 100 Zn diet (P < 0.05). In addition, lesion scores on duodenum were reduced when broilers received diets 150 Cu as compared to CC diet (P < 0.05). However, growth performance was not positively influenced by inclusion of inorganic minerals as compared to the NC diet. Furthermore, activity of superoxide dismutase and bone quality were not affected, whereas glutathione status was improved with mineral supplementation in all groups. This study showed that Cu and Zn supplementation improves intestinal integrity during the Eimeria spp. infection, suggesting that Cu and Zn supplementation would be a potential strategy to reduce detrimental effects of Eimeria infection in broilers. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020/// DO - 10.3389/fvets.2020.00230 VL - 7 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85084462648&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - broilers KW - coccidiosis KW - copper KW - gut health KW - zinc ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of long-term supplementation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on laying hen bone 3-dimensional structural development AU - Chen, C. AU - Turner, B. AU - Applegate, T.J. AU - Litta, G. AU - Kim, W.K. T2 - Poultry Science AB - Egg-laying hens have a unique bone development pattern due to the medullary bone formation and high bone turnover rate. The role of long-term supplementation of an intermediate form of vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD), on skeletal development of pullets and laying hens is not well established. Exploring its effects on layer bone development will help develop a strategy for preventing laying hen osteoporosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of long-term supplementation of 25OHD in layer diets on bone 3-dimensional structural development. A total of 390 1-day-old Hy-Line W36 pullets were randomly allocated to 3 treatments with 10 replicate cages and 13 birds/cage. Dietary treatments were 1) vitamin D3 at 2,760 IU/kg, 2) vitamin D3 at 5,520 IU/kg, and 3) vitamin D3 at 2,760 IU/kg plus 25OHD at 2,760 IU (69 μg)/kg. The level of 25OHD in the serum was tested throughout the whole experimental period (0–95 wk). Bone growth rate (BGR) was measured at 10 wk using a calcein injection technique. Femurs were scanned using Micro-CT for 3D structural analysis, and the whole-body composition analysis was performed using a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry method at 17, 60, and 95 wk. Dietary supplementation of 25OHD significantly increased 25OHD level in the serum from 0 to 95 wk. During the rearing period (0–17 wk), 25OHD increased BGR, cortical tissue volume, and bone marrow area at 17 wk, simultaneously. 25OHD created more pores in cortical bone, which resulted in a lower cortical bone mineral density (BMD) but without alerting bone mineral content (BMC). This effect allowed more space for mineral deposition in bones during the later egg-laying period. At 60 wk, the 25OHD group had significantly greater BMD, which led to the highest total BMC, cortical volume, and trabecular bone connectivity. At 95 wk, the birds fed 25OHD had significantly higher cortical bone volume and lower porosity. The 25OHD group also had higher total BMD and medullary bone volume but a lower BMC and volume of trabecular bone than vitamin D3 or double dosage vitamin D3 treatment. This indicated that the bone resorption rate was lower in cortical bone than that in trabecular bone in the late laying period. In conclusion, supplementation with dietary 25OHD could stimulate bone growth and increase bone volume in pullets to provide more space for mineral deposition during the laying period with positive effects on laying hen bone quality. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020/// DO - 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.080 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85091713299&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - 25-hydroxyvitamin D-3 KW - 3-dimensional bone structure KW - pullet KW - laying hen ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of an alternate feeding program on broiler breeder pullet behavior, performance, and plasma corticosterone AU - Aranibar, C.D. AU - Chen, C. AU - Davis, A.J. AU - Daley, W.I. AU - Dunkley, C. AU - Kim, W.K. AU - Usher, C. AU - Webster, A.B. AU - Wilson, J.L. T2 - Poultry Science AB - Broiler breeders are commonly feed restricted using some variation of skip-a-day feeding to prevent excessive body weight (BW) gain and poor flock uniformity that results in lower production levels. However, the level of feed restriction has increased leading to negative effects on broiler breeder welfare. Research needs to be conducted to evaluate alternative feeding programs to diminish the negative impact of restricted feeding on bird welfare. This research examined pullets that were fed soybean hulls (alternate day feeding, ATD) on the off day of a traditional skip-a-day feeding program in comparison to the standard skip-a-day program (SAD). The 2 dietary feeding treatments each had 3 replicate pens of 210 pullets each and were fed from wk 5 to 21 of age. Nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy and digestible amino acid coefficients of soybean hulls were determined. Body weight in the ATD feed program was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than the birds on the SAD feed program until 16 wk of age. Feed allocations for the SAD feeding program was increased at 11 wk of age to achieve similar BW prior to photo stimulation. The ATD feed program significantly improved BW uniformity of the birds for weeks 8, 12, 16, and 20. Hens fed on the SAD feed program had a lower mean egg production than the hens fed on the ATD program. There were significant differences on plasma corticosterone concentrations between the feeding days (24 or 48 h after feeding) in both feed programs. There was a shift in the behavior of the birds with significant differences in the feeding, foraging, and comfort behaviors between the feeding programs on the same feed day. Overall, feeding the ATD females soybean hulls on the off feed day improved the BW uniformity and egg production, but further research will be needed to determine potential differences in nutrient utilization or behavior of the pullets that positively impacted this flock performance. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020/// DO - 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.025 VL - 99 IS - 2 SP - 829-838 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85078194382&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on the behavior, serum indicators, and bone quality of broilers under stocking density stress AU - Ma, Huihui AU - Xu, Bin AU - Li, Wenjia AU - Wei, Fengxian AU - Kim, Woo Kyun AU - Chen, Chongxiao AU - Sun, Quanyou AU - Fu, Chen AU - Wang, Gaili AU - Li, Shaoyu T2 - Poultry Science AB - The objective of present study was to investigate the effects of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) dietary supplementation on the behavior, physiological and oxidant stress indicators, and bone quality in broilers under high stocking density (HSD) stress. A total of one thousand eight hundred 22-day-old Arbor Acres male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 18 pens (2.97 × 2.03 m) in 3 groups: 14 birds/m2 (NSD, normal stocking density) or 18 birds/m2 (HSD) or 18 birds/m2 plus 300 mg/kg ALA dietary supplement (HSD + ALA, high stocking density + alpha-lipoic acid). Each treatment had 6 replicates, and the experiment lasted 3 wk. The HSD group was significantly lower than the NSD group (P < 0.05) in the frequency of eating, walking, and preening behavior. The alkaline phosphatase activity and serum calcium content were significantly higher, and the parathyroid hormone (PTH) level was significantly lower in the HSD group than in the NSD group (P < 0.05). When compared with the NSD group, the HSD group showed an increase (P < 0.05) in serum heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L ratio), corticosterone (CORT), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and catalase (CAT) activity, whereas a decrease (P < 0.05) in total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) concentrations. The HSD group was also significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the NSD group in the tibia and femur breaking strength, bone mineral density, and BMC. Importantly, the addition of ALA into the diets of the HSD group enabled the HSD + ALA group to recover to the levels of NSD group (P > 0.05) in the standing and preening behavior, alkaline phosphatase activity, PTH concentration, H/L ratio, CAT, T-AOC, MDA, SOD, and GSH-Px. These results indicate that the increase of stocking density lowered the bone quality, increased the physiological and oxidative stress indicators, and modified the behavior of broilers, whereas ALA dietary supplementation could counteract the reduction in the performance and physiological responses of broilers under high-density environmental stress. DA - 2020/10// PY - 2020/10// DO - 10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.007 VL - 99 IS - 10 SP - 4653-4661 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.007 KW - broilers KW - stocking density KW - alpha-lipoic acid KW - behavior KW - bone quality ER - TY - JOUR TI - 25-Hydroxycholesterol Inhibits Adipogenic Differentiation of C3H10T1/2 Pluripotent Stromal Cells AU - Moseti, Dorothy AU - Regassa, Alemu AU - Chen, Chongxiao AU - Karmin, O AU - Kim, Woo Kyun T2 - International Journal of Molecular Sciences AB - Understanding of adipogenesis is important to find remedies for obesity and related disorders. In addition, it is also critical in bone disorders because there is a reciprocal relationship between adipogenesis and osteogenesis in bone micro-environment. Oxysterols are pro-osteogenic and anti-adipogenic molecules via hedgehog activation in pluripotent bone marrow stomal cells. However, no study has evaluated the role of specific oxysterols in C3H10T1/2 cells, which are a good cell model for studying osteogenesis and adipogenesis in bone-marrows. Thus, we investigated the effects of specific oxysterols on adipogenesis and expression of adipogenic transcripts in C3H10T1/2 cells. Treatment of cells with DMITro significantly induced mRNA expression of Pparγ. This induction was significantly inhibited by 25-HC. The expression of C/cepα, Fabp4 and Lpl was also inhibited by 25-HC. To determine the mechanism by which 25-HC inhibits adipogenesis, the effects of the hedgehog signalling pathway inhibitor, cyclopamine and CUR61414, were evaluated. Treatment of C3H10T1/2 cells with DMITro + cyclopamine or DMITro + CUR61414 for 96h did not modulate adipocyte differentiation; cyclopamine and CUR61414 did not reverse the inhibitory effects of 25-HC, suggesting that the canonical hedgehog signalling may not play a role in the anti-adipogenic effects of 25-HC in C3H10T1/2 cells. In addition, LXR agonist did not inhibit adipogenesis, but 25-HC strongly inhibits adipogenesis of C3H10T1/2 cells. Our observations showed that 25-HC was the most potent oxysterol in inhibiting adipogenesis and the expression of key adipogenic transcripts in C3H10T1/2 cells among the tested oxysterols, suggesting its potential application in providing an intervention in osteoporosis and obesity. We also report that the inhibitory effects of 25-HC on adipogenic differentiation in C3H10T1/2 cells are not mediated by hedgehog signaling and LXR. DA - 2020/1// PY - 2020/1// DO - 10.3390/ijms21020412 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 412 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/2/412 KW - oxysterols KW - C3H10T1 KW - 2 stromal cells KW - differentiation KW - hedgehog signalling KW - PPAR gamma KW - ADD1 KW - SREBF1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Connecting the microbiome to host metabolites: understanding how the microbiome controls immune activity in birds AU - Koci, Matthew AU - Ballou, Anne AU - Wei, Xubiao AU - Zhang, Lulu AU - Liew, Zie AU - Ali, Rizwana T2 - FASEB JOURNAL AB - The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome plays an important role in the development and function not only of the GI, but also the immune system. Products such as probiotics represent promising treatments for improving animal health through the GI, but their modes of action are largely still unknown. Previous research in our laboratory has demonstrated supplementation with a lactic acid bacteria probiotic product alters host energy partitioning in immune tissues, including increased ATP production and consumption in circulating leukocytes; and was associated with a more rapid antibody response to antigen. To better understand the communication between probiotics and the immune system our laboratory has focused on characterizing how supplementation affects the microbiome and host systems. We hypothesized that the changes previously observed in immune tissue activity and energy metabolism were regulated by a probiotic‐stimulated factor in the serum. We examined the ability of serum isolated from probiotic‐fed animals to augment ATP production in vitro. Chicken lymphocyte cell lines were cultured for 4 days in media supplemented with serum from treated and control birds. Cells cultured in serum from probiotic‐fed birds had higher levels of ATP (P < 0.05) compared to controls. Transcriptomic analysis of these cells suggest an increase in genes associated with cell survival and differentiation, and signaling via TGF‐β, IFN‐γ, IL‐7, and IL‐1β. Analysis of the metabolites in serum and digesta from these animals identified several metabolite changes correlate with the change in ATP levels in lymphocytes and putative changes in pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokine production. DA - 2020/4// PY - 2020/4// DO - 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.00747 VL - 34 SP - SN - 1530-6860 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of grinding method and particle size of wheat grain on energy and nutrient digestibility in growing and finishing pigs AU - Acosta, Jesus A. AU - Petry, Amy L. AU - Gould, Stacie A. AU - Jones, Cassandra K. AU - Stark, Charles R. AU - Fahrenholz, Adam AU - Patience, John F. T2 - TRANSLATIONAL ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Abstract Feed grains are processed to improve their value in pig diets by exposing kernel contents to enzymatic and microbial action. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of reducing mean particle size (PS) of wheat grain ground with two different grinding methods (GMs) on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and energy in growing and finishing pigs. Forty-eight barrows were housed in individual pens for 11 d for two periods. Pigs were randomly assigned to a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial experimental design: three target mean PS of wheat grain (300, 500, and 700 µm), two GMs (roller mill and hammermill), and two body weight (BW) periods (growing period; initial BW of 54.9 ± 0.6 kg and finishing period; initial BW of 110.7 ± 1.4 kg). Diets contained one of six hard red wheat grain samples, vitamins, minerals, and titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. Feed allowance provided 2.5 (for the two lightest pigs in each treatment) or 2.7 (for the remaining six pigs in each treatment) times the estimated daily maintenance energy requirement for each growth stage. Fecal samples were collected for the last 3 d of each period. Data were analyzed as a linear mixed model with pig as a random effect and PS, GM, and BW period and their interactions as fixed effects utilizing the MIXED procedure of SAS. Growing pigs had greater (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), N, acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) by lowering mean PS from 700 to 500 μm using either a roller mill or a hammermill. However, digestibility did not increase when PS was reduced from 500 to 300 μm, except for AEE (P &lt; 0.05). Finishing pigs had greater ATTD of DM, GE, N, AEE, and NDF by lowering mean PS with a hammermill from 700 to 500 μm (P &lt; 0.05), but it was greater for 500 μm than for 300 μm (P &lt; 0.05). Using a roller mill reduced the ATTD of DM and NDF by lowering PS from 700 to 300 μm (P &lt; 0.05). The ATTD of GE decreased by lowering PS from 700 to 500 μm with a roller mill (P &lt; 0.05) for finishing pigs. The ATTD of N and AEE for finishing pigs were similar from 700 to 300 μm when ground by a roller mill. These data suggest that the PS that maximized digestibility for a hammermill is 500 μm for both growing and finishing pigs. However, for the roller mill, the PS resulting in the best digestibility were 500 and 700 μm for growing and finishing pigs, respectively. DA - 2020/4// PY - 2020/4// DO - 10.1093/tas/txaa062 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 682-693 SN - 2573-2102 KW - digestibility KW - feed processing KW - grinding KW - particle size KW - swine KW - wheat grain ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Effects of Sodium Chloride versus Sodium Bicarbonate at the Same Dietary Sodium Concentration on Efficacy of Dietary Phytase and a Carbohydrase-Protease Cocktail in Broilers AU - Arguelles-Ramos, M. AU - Brake, J. T2 - BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE AB - A trial was conducted to determine the effect of phytase (PHY) or a carbohydrase/protease cocktail (CPX) on broilers fed diets with two different levels of chloride (0.28% or 0.43%) created by altering dietary salt (NaCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). There were 6 combination dietary treatments (3 enzyme x 2 NaCl treatments) applied to 4 replicate pens. The treatments were as follows: Control diet (CON), CON+PHY and CON+CPX, with 0.5% or 0.25% NaCl. The 0.25% NaCl versions contained 0.35% sodium bicarbonate. The 0.5% salt versions had no sodium bicarbonate. Replicate pen BW, and feed consumption (FC) were measured at 1, 14, and 35 d, and mortality was weighed daily for feed conversion ratio (FCR) calculations. Feed consumption at 14 d tended to be lower (p<0.10) for CON+CPX diets compared to CON and CON+PHY diets. The birds fed CON+CPX diet consumed less feed but exhibited improved FCR in the presence of 0.5% NaCl at 14 d. The birds fed the CON, and CON+PHY diets exhibited higher BW at 14 d (p<0.05) and 35 d (p<0.01) of age than did CON+CPX birds. From 15 d to 35 d, birds fed the CON+CPX diet exhibited poorer BW gain (BWG) in the presence of 0.25% NaCl (p<0.05). In conclusion, Cl, as NaCl versus NaH2CO3, could affect CPX but not PHY feed enzyme function in broilers. Further, it may be suggested that certain feed enzymes may be best utilized at later broiler ages rather than in initial feeds. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020/// DO - 10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1192 VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - SN - 1806-9061 KW - Broilers KW - carbohydrase-protease cocktails KW - chloride KW - phytase KW - sodium bicarbonate ER - TY - JOUR TI - The role ofEnterococcus faecalisduring co-infection with avian pathogenicEscherichia coliin avian colibacillosis AU - Walker, Grayson K. AU - Suyemoto, M. Mitsu AU - Gall, Sesny AU - Chen, Laura AU - Thakur, Siddhartha AU - Borst, Luke B. T2 - AVIAN PATHOLOGY AB - Enterococcus spp. (ENT) are frequently co-isolated with avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) from poultry with colibacillosis, a leading cause of flock mortality. Although largely overlooked, ENT may play an active role in these infections. To assess the frequency of ENT co-isolation in colibacillosis, cultures were collected from birds with gross lesions of omphalitis, polyserositis, and septicaemia over a 3-year period from three turkey flocks and three broiler flocks. In birds diagnosed with colibacillosis based on gross findings and isolation of E. coli, ENT were co-isolated with APEC in 35.7% (n = 41/115) of colibacillosis mortality and 3.7% of total mortality (n = 41/1122). Co-isolated APEC and ENT pairs (n = 41) were further characterized using antimicrobial resistance phenotyping and in vitro co-culture assays. E. faecalis (EF) was the most commonly co-isolated species (68% n = 28/41) and tetracycline resistance was the resistance phenotype most commonly found among APEC (51% n = 21/41) and ENT (93% n = 38/41). Under iron-restricted conditions, EF enhanced APEC growth in a proximity-dependent manner and APEC grown in mixed culture with EF exhibited a significant growth and survival advantage (P ≤ 0.01). In an embryo lethality assay, APEC co-infection with EF resulted in decreased survival of broiler embryos compared to mono-infections (P ≤ 0.05). These data demonstrate that EF augmented APEC survival and growth under iron limiting conditions, possibly translating to the increased virulence of APEC in broiler embryos. Thus, ENT co-infections may be a previously unrecognized contributor to colibacillosis-related mortality. Further investigations into the mechanism of this interaction are warranted.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Enterococcus is frequently co-isolated with avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC).Enterococcus faecalis (EF) enhances survival of APEC in iron restricted conditions.EF co-infection increases APEC virulence in broiler embryos. DA - 2020/11/1/ PY - 2020/11/1/ DO - 10.1080/03079457.2020.1796926 VL - 49 IS - 6 SP - 589-599 SN - 1465-3338 KW - Colibacillosis KW - Enterococcus KW - E KW - coli KW - co-infection KW - antimicrobial resistance KW - broiler KW - turkey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Complete Genome Sequences of Lactobacillus Strains C25 and P38, Isolated from Chicken Cecum AU - Hassan, Hosni M. AU - Mendoza, Mary AU - Rezvani, Morvarid AU - Koci, Matthew D. AU - Dickey, Allison N. AU - Scholl, Elizabeth H. T2 - Microbiology Resource Announcements AB - We report the complete circular genome sequences of Lactobacillus crispatus strain C25, its plasmid, and Lactobacillus animalis strain P38; both strains were isolated from the cecum of 4-week-old chickens. These isolates represent potential probiotic strains for poultry. DA - 2020/9/24/ PY - 2020/9/24/ DO - 10.1128/MRA.00501-20 VL - 9 IS - 39 UR - https://doi.org/10.1128/MRA.00501-20 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thermophilic solid state anaerobic digestion of switchgrass for liquid digestate reuse and organic fertilizer production AU - Zang, Jianjun AU - Shih, Jason C. H. AU - Cheng, Jay J. AU - Liu, Zhimin AU - Liu, Ying AU - Lu, Wenqing T2 - RENEWABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS AB - Abstract Two solid state anaerobic digesters (SSADs), 15 L each, were set up for co-digestion of switchgrass with primary digestate of a liquid anaerobic digester (LAD) and the recirculating leachate. Both the LAD and two SSADs were operated at 50°C. The results showed that the bioreactors were not started up stably until day 16 and day 47 for reactors A and B, respectively. The supplement of LAD digestate or injection of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) into the recirculating leachate readily reinitiated the biogas production to normal daily high rates of the two individual SSADs, one on day 16 and the other on day 47. In contrast to reactor A, there was a longer lag phase for bioreactor B, however, it showed 46.2% [77.9 vs 53.3 L kg −1 volatile solid (VS)] more cumulative biogas yields, and higher reduction rate of total solid, VS, cellulose and hemicellulose of 29.5, 31, 40.6 and 15%, respectively, which was likely due to optimized pH and NaOH pretreated switchgrass during start-up period. Methane contents of biogas increased gradually and stabilized at 50% for both reactors, indicating a normal operation of anaerobic digestion lasted for at least 100 days. The determined parameters of digested residues met China organic fertilizer standard (NY 525-2012) except for high moisture and low total nutrient contents. Therefore, the product of SSAD has the potential value of organic fertilizer. It is concluded that the LAD digestate can be reused as inoculums by co-digestion with agricultural residues for biogas and organic fertilizer production in SSAD. DA - 2020/10// PY - 2020/10// DO - 10.1017/S1742170519000139 VL - 35 IS - 5 SP - 503-512 SN - 1742-1713 KW - Biogas KW - liquid digestate KW - organic fertilizer KW - reuse KW - solid state anaerobic co-digestion KW - switchgrass ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Potential of Guanidino Acetic Acid to Reduce the Occurrence and Severity of Broiler Muscle Myopathies AU - Oviedo-Rondon, Edgar Orlando AU - Cordova-Noboa, Hernan Alejandro T2 - FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY AB - Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is the biochemical precursor of creatine, which, in its phosphorylated form, is an essential high-energy carrier in the muscle. While creatine has limited stability in feed processing, GAA is well established as a source of creatine in the animal feed industry. Published data have demonstrated beneficial effects of GAA supplementation on muscle creatine, energy compounds, and antioxidant status leading to improvements in broiler body weight gain, FCR, and breast meat yield. Although increases in weight gain and meat yield are often associated with wooden breast (WB) and other myopathies, recent reports have suggested the potential of GAA supplementation to reduce the occurrence and severity of WB, while improving breast meat yield. This disorder increases the hardness of the Pectoralis major muscle and has emerged as a current challenge to the broiler industry worldwide by impacting meat quality. Genetic selection, fast-growth rates, and environmental stressors have been identified to be the main factors related to this myopathy, but the actual cause of this disorder is still unknown. Creatine supplementation has been used as a nutritional prescription in the treatment of several muscular myopathies in humans and other animals. Since GAA is a common feed additive in poultry production, the potential of GAA supplementation to reduce broiler myopathies has been investigated in experimental and commercial scenarios. Besides, a few studies have evaluated the potential of creatine in plasma and blood enzymes related to creatine to be used as potential markers for WB. The evidence indicates that GAA could potentially minimize the incidence of WB. More data are warranted to understand the factors affecting the potential efficacy of GAA to reduce the occurrence and severity of myopathies. DA - 2020/8/14/ PY - 2020/8/14/ DO - 10.3389/fphys.2020.00909 VL - 11 SP - SN - 1664-042X KW - guanidino acetic acid KW - myopathy KW - wooden breast KW - white striping KW - broiler chicken KW - meat yield KW - meat quality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of broiler genetics, age, and gender on performance and blood chemistry AU - Livingston, M. L. AU - Cowieson, A. J. AU - Crespo, R. AU - Hoang, V AU - Nogal, B. AU - Browning, M. AU - Livingston, K. A. T2 - HELIYON AB - A total of 640 broilers were used to determine the effects of strain, sex, and age on hematology and blood chemistry using rapid detection devices. Day old chicks from two genetic lines of common fast-growing and high-yield broiler strains were sexed and allocated to 40 pens (16 birds per pen) containing either male or female and Ross or Cobb strains (n = 10). Venous blood was analyzed weekly using 2 broilers from each pen (n = 20) using the i-STAT® Alinity Handheld Clinical Analyzer, Zoetis Vetscan VS2, and iCheck™ Carotene devices at 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 d, as well as growth performance. Post-mortem health tracking metrics were also recorded on 42 d. Broilers were deemed healthy based on posting data results and performed in accordance with industry standards with males presenting greater BW and reduced FCR than female broilers. Ross broilers displayed greater BW to 14 d with similar FCR compared with Cobb birds. Day of age had a highly significant impact on blood calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, carotene, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, bile acids, uric acid, total protein, albumin, globulin, total carbon dioxide, hematocrit, and malondialdehyde. Male broilers had reduced blood sodium, chloride, carotene, uric acid, albumin, and increased total protein, glucose, and total carbon dioxide. Ross broilers had greater blood potassium, and sodium, as well as reduced uric acid, total protein, globulin, and malondialdehyde, compared with Cobb birds. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of point-of-care devices in measuring blood chemistry and hematology in modern broilers. These data can be utilized to determine normal healthy blood ranges in these types of broilers when accounting for strain, sex, and age. DA - 2020/7// PY - 2020/7// DO - 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04400 VL - 6 IS - 7 SP - SN - 2405-8440 KW - Broiler KW - Biomarkers KW - Blood physiology KW - Rapid point-of-care detection KW - Animal breeding KW - Animal product KW - Biochemistry KW - Animal physiology KW - Veterinary science ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cortical Granule Distribution and Expression Pattern of Genes Regulating Cellular Component Size, Morphogenesis, and Potential to Differentiation are Related to Oocyte Developmental Competence and Maturational Capacity In Vivo and In Vitro AU - Kulus, Magdalena AU - Kranc, Wieslawa AU - Jeseta, Michal AU - Sujka-Kordowska, Patrycja AU - Konwerska, Aneta AU - Ciesiolka, Sylwia AU - Celichowski, Piotr AU - Moncrieff, Lisa AU - Kocherova, Ievgeniia AU - Jozkowiak, Malgorzata AU - Kulus, Jakub AU - Wieczorkiewicz, Maria AU - Piotrowska-Kempisty, Hanna AU - Skowronski, Mariusz T. AU - Bukowska, Dorota AU - Machatkova, Marie AU - Hanulakova, Sarka AU - Mozdziak, Paul AU - Jaskowski, Jedrzej M. AU - Kempisty, Bartosz AU - Antosik, Pawel T2 - GENES AB - Polyspermia is an adverse phenomenon during mammalian fertilization when more than one sperm fuses with a single oocyte. The egg cell is prepared to prevent polyspermia by, among other ways, producing cortical granules (CGs), which are specialized intracellular structures containing enzymes that aim to harden the zona pellucida and block the fusion of subsequent sperm. This work focused on exploring the expression profile of genes that may be associated with cortical reactions, and evaluated the distribution of CGs in immature oocytes and the peripheral density of CGs in mature oocytes. Oocytes were isolated and then processed for in vitro maturation (IVM). Transcriptomic analysis of genes belonging to five ontological groups has been conducted. Six genes showed increased expression after IVM (ARHGEF2, MAP1B, CXCL12, FN1, DAB2, and SOX9), while the majority of genes decreased expression after IVM. Using CG distribution analysis in immature oocytes, movement towards the cortical zone of the oocyte during meiotic competence acquisition was observed. CGs peripheral density decreased with the rise in meiotic competence during the IVM process. The current results reveal important new insights into the in vitro maturation of oocytes. Our results may serve as a basis for further studies to investigate the cortical reaction of oocytes. DA - 2020/7// PY - 2020/7// DO - 10.3390/genes11070815 VL - 11 IS - 7 SP - SN - 2073-4425 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/11/7/815 KW - pig KW - oocyte maturation KW - microarray KW - cortical granule KW - molecular markers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of Novel Genes Mediating Survival ofSalmonellaon Low-Moisture Foods via Transposon Sequencing Analysis AU - Jayeola, Victor AU - McClelland, Michael AU - Porwollik, Steffen AU - Chu, Weiping AU - Farber, Jeffrey AU - Kathariou, Sophia T2 - FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY AB - Salmonella enterica is the leading foodborne pathogen associated with outbreaks involving low-moisture foods (LMFs). However, the genes involved in Salmonella’s long-term survival on LMFs remain poorly characterized. In this study, in-shell pistachios were inoculated with Tn5-based mutant libraries of S. Enteritidis P125109, S. Typhimurium 14028s, and S. Newport C4.2 at approx. 108 CFU/g and stored at 25oC. Transposon sequencing analysis (Tn-seq) was then employed to determine the relative abundance of each Tn5 insertion site immediately after inoculation (T0), after drying (T1) and at 120 days (T120). In S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium and S. Newport mutant libraries, the relative abundance of 51, 80, and 101 Tn5 insertion sites, respectively, was significantly lower at T1 compared to T0, while in libraries of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium the relative abundance of 42 and 68 Tn5 insertion sites, respectively, was significantly lower at T120 compared to T1. Tn5 insertion sites with reduced relative abundance in this competition assay were localized in DNA repair, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and stringent response genes. Twelve genes among those under strong negative selection in the competition assay were selected for further study. Whole gene deletion mutants in ten of these genes, sspA, barA, uvrB, damX, rfbD, uvrY, lrhA, yifE, rbsR, and ompR, were impaired for individual survival on pistachios. The findings highlight the value of our combined mutagenesis and sequencing strategy to identify novel genes important for the survival of Salmonella in low-moisture foods. DA - 2020/5/15/ PY - 2020/5/15/ DO - 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00726 VL - 11 SP - SN - 1664-302X KW - Salmonella KW - mutants KW - survival KW - low-moisture foods KW - desiccation KW - transposon-sequencing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Early infection with Histomonas meleagridis has limited effects on broiler breeder hens' growth and egg production and quality AU - Chadwick, Elle AU - Malheiros, Ramon AU - Oviedo, Edgar AU - Noboa, Hernan Alejandro Cordova AU - Ospina, Gustavo Adolfo Quintana AU - Wisaquillo, Maria Camila Alfaro AU - Sigmon, Christina AU - Beckstead, Robert T2 - Poultry Science AB - A study was conducted to determine differences between Histomonas meleagridis–infected and control pullets based on disease signs, hen growth, and egg production and quality. Ross 708SF females were weighed and then placed in pens on the day of hatch (92 chicks/pen). At 25 D, 4 pens were infected with H. meleagridis in the cloaca, whereas 4 pens were control. At 5, 10, and 20 D after inoculation, 5 birds per pen (2 birds per pen at 20 D) were subjectively scored for blackhead disease. Birds were feed restricted based on BW and/or egg production. Individual BW were collected at 3, 5, 13, 15, 20, and 64 wk. Egg production was recorded at 24–63 wk. Egg quality was measured at 30, 34, 39, 42, and 56 wk and included shell and vitelline membrane strength, shell thickness, egg weight, and Haugh units. Hatchability was measured at 27, 37, and 60 wk and fertility at 27 and 37 wk. Treatment effects were determined by JMP Pro 14 using GLM with means separated using the Student t test (P ≤ 0.05). Cecal lesions were apparent on 5, 10, and 20 D and liver lesions on 10 and 20 D for the infected birds. The control had no histomoniasis lesions. Flock uniformity differed on wk 13 and 20 (P = 0.04; 0.04). Infected birds weighed less at 64 wk (P = 0.002). The onset of lay was not delayed. Infected birds produced more eggs during 1 period (P = 0.02). The infected birds produced heavier eggs at 30 wk (P = 0.04), eggs with a stronger and thicker shell at 42 wk (P = 0.05, 0.03), and eggs with a stronger vitelline membrane at 56 wk (P = 0.049). Hatchability and fertility did not differ (P > 0.05). H. meleagridis was observed in the infected birds' cecal samples at trial termination. This study indicates early infection with H. meleagridis has limited effects on pullet egg production and quality. DA - 2020/9// PY - 2020/9// DO - 10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.020 KW - Histomonas meleagridis KW - blackhead disease KW - broiler breeder KW - egg production ER - TY - JOUR TI - Early infection with Histomonas meleagridis has limited effects on broiler breeder hens' growth and egg production and quality AU - Chadwick, Elle AU - Malheiros, Ramon AU - Oviedo, Edgar AU - Cordova Noboa, Hernan Alejandro AU - Quintana Ospina, Gustavo Adolfo AU - Alfaro Wisaquillo, Maria Camila AU - Sigmon, Christina AU - Beckstead, Robert T2 - Poultry Science AB - A study was conducted to determine differences between Histomonas meleagridis–infected and control pullets based on disease signs, hen growth, and egg production and quality. Ross 708SF females were weighed and then placed in pens on the day of hatch (92 chicks/pen). At 25 D, 4 pens were infected with H. meleagridis in the cloaca, whereas 4 pens were control. At 5, 10, and 20 D after inoculation, 5 birds per pen (2 birds per pen at 20 D) were subjectively scored for blackhead disease. Birds were feed restricted based on BW and/or egg production. Individual BW were collected at 3, 5, 13, 15, 20, and 64 wk. Egg production was recorded at 24–63 wk. Egg quality was measured at 30, 34, 39, 42, and 56 wk and included shell and vitelline membrane strength, shell thickness, egg weight, and Haugh units. Hatchability was measured at 27, 37, and 60 wk and fertility at 27 and 37 wk. Treatment effects were determined by JMP Pro 14 using GLM with means separated using the Student t test (P ≤ 0.05). Cecal lesions were apparent on 5, 10, and 20 D and liver lesions on 10 and 20 D for the infected birds. The control had no histomoniasis lesions. Flock uniformity differed on wk 13 and 20 (P = 0.04; 0.04). Infected birds weighed less at 64 wk (P = 0.002). The onset of lay was not delayed. Infected birds produced more eggs during 1 period (P = 0.02). The infected birds produced heavier eggs at 30 wk (P = 0.04), eggs with a stronger and thicker shell at 42 wk (P = 0.05, 0.03), and eggs with a stronger vitelline membrane at 56 wk (P = 0.049). Hatchability and fertility did not differ (P > 0.05). H. meleagridis was observed in the infected birds' cecal samples at trial termination. This study indicates early infection with H. meleagridis has limited effects on pullet egg production and quality. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020/// DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.020 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579120303230 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stemness Potency of Human Gingival Cells—Application in Anticancer Therapies and Clinical Trials AU - Stefańska, Katarzyna AU - Mehr, Katarzyna AU - Wieczorkiewicz, Maria AU - Kulus, Magdalena AU - Volponi, Ana Angelova AU - Shibli, Jamil AU - mozdziak, AU - Skowronski, Mariusz Tomasz AU - Antosik, Paweł AU - Jaśkowski, Jędrzej M. AU - Piotrowska-Kempisty, Hanna AU - Kempisty, Bartosz AU - Konwinska, Marta Dyszkiewicz T2 - Cells AB - Gingivae, as the part of periodontium, are involved in tooth support and possess the ability to heal rapidly, without scar formation. Recently, dental tissues have been identified as a potential source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and several populations of MSCs were isolated from the orofacial region, including gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs). GMSCs exhibit robust immunomodulatory and differentiation potential and are easily obtainable, which make them promising candidates for cellular therapies. Apart from being tested for application in immunologic- and inflammatory-related disorders and various tissue regeneration, GMSCs promise to be a valuable tool in cancer treatment, especially in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) with the use of targeted therapy, since GMSCs are able to selectively migrate towards the cancerous cells both in vitro and in vivo. In addition to their ability to uptake and release anti-neoplastic drugs, GMSCs may be transduced with apoptosis-inducing factors and used for cancer growth inhibition. Moreover, GMSCs, as most mammalian cells, secrete exosomes, which are a subset of extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 40–160 nm, containing DNA, RNA, lipids, metabolites, and proteins. Such GMSCs-derived exosomes may be useful therapeutic tool in cell-free therapy, as well as their culture medium. GMSCs exhibit molecular and stem-cell properties that make them well suited in preclinical and clinical studies. DA - 2020/8// PY - 2020/8// DO - 10.3390/cells9081916 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/9/8/1916 KW - gingiva KW - gingival mesenchymal stem cells KW - mesenchymal stem cells KW - mesenchymal stromal cells KW - cancer KW - exosomes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of coccidial challenge and vaccination on the performance, veterinary postmortem scores, and blood biochemistry of broiler chickens AU - Cowieson, A. J. AU - Livingston, M. L. AU - Nogal, B. AU - Hoang, V AU - Wang, Y-T AU - Crespo, R. AU - Livingston, K. A. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - A total of 960 male Cobb 500 broilers were used in a growth performance study to explore the effect of coccidial vaccination and/or coccidial challenge on blood biochemistry and veterinary postmortem metrics. Day-old chicks were randomly divided into one of the 4 experimental treatments. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with the factors being without or with vaccination (administered on day 1) or coccidial challenge (oral gavage on day 7). Growth performance was monitored on a weekly basis. Blood sample collection, as well as full veterinary necropsies, were carried out on days 6, 8, 13, 20, 27, and 34. Birds that did not receive the vaccination but were challenged with coccidiosis had higher feed conversion ratio, lower body weights, and higher mortality than the other experimental groups, and this effect was particularly evident from day 13 to day 20. Birds challenged with coccidiosis had lower plasma sodium and total carotenoid concentrations and higher potassium and globulin concentrations than nonchallenged birds. Significant interactions between age and experimental treatment for these blood parameters were observed, particularly on day 13. The necropsy results confirmed the effectiveness of the challenge and vaccination treatments, wherein birds that were challenged had higher coccidiosis scores on day 13 and day 27 than birds that were not challenged. These results demonstrate the potential for plasma sodium, potassium, total protein, total carbon dioxide, globulin, and carotenoid analysis for early diagnosis of coccidiosis in growing broiler chickens. Further work is necessary to establish whether the changes in blood biochemistry observed in the present study are transferable to alternative flocks of chicken and whether early diagnosis and intervention may mitigate performance losses associated with this disease. DA - 2020/8// PY - 2020/8// DO - 10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.018 VL - 99 IS - 8 SP - 3831-3840 SN - 1525-3171 KW - coccidiosis KW - broiler KW - blood KW - vaccination KW - performance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Salicylanilide Analog Minimizes Relapse of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Mice AU - Blake, Steven AU - Thanissery, Rajani AU - Rivera, Alissa J. AU - Hixon, Mark S. AU - Lin, Mingliang AU - Theriot, Casey M. AU - Janda, Kim D. T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY AB - Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) causes serious and sometimes fatal symptoms like diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. Although antibiotics for CDI exist, they are either expensive or cause recurrence of the infection due to their altering the colonic microbiota, which is necessary to suppress the infection. Here, we leverage a class of known membrane-targeting compounds that we previously showed to have broad inhibitory activity across multiple Clostridioides difficile strains while preserving the microbiome to develop an efficacious agent. A new series of salicylanilides was synthesized, and the most potent analog was selected through an in vitro inhibitory assay to evaluate its pharmacokinetic parameters and potency in a CDI mouse model. The results revealed reduced recurrence of CDI and diminished disturbance of the microbiota in mice compared to standard-of-care vancomycin, thus paving the way for novel therapy that can potentially target the cell membrane of C. difficile to minimize relapse in the recovering patient. DA - 2020/7/9/ PY - 2020/7/9/ DO - 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00123 VL - 63 IS - 13 SP - 6898-6908 SN - 1520-4804 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Novel Cecropin-LL37 Hybrid Peptide Protects Mice Against EHEC Infection-Mediated Changes in Gut Microbiota, Intestinal Inflammation, and Impairment of Mucosal Barrier Functions AU - Wei, Xubiao AU - Zhang, Lulu AU - Zhang, Rijun AU - Koci, Matthew AU - Si, Dayong AU - Ahmad, Baseer AU - Cheng, Junhao AU - Wang, Junyong AU - Aihemaiti, Maierhaba AU - Zhang, Manyi T2 - FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY AB - Intestinal inflammation can cause impaired epithelial barrier function and disrupt immune homeostasis, which increases the risks of developing many highly fatal diseases. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 causes intestinal infections worldwide and is a major pathogen that induces intestinal inflammation. Various antibacterial peptides have been described as having the potential to suppress and treat pathogen-induced intestinal inflammation. Cecropin A (1–8)-LL37 (17–30) (C-L), a novel hybrid peptide designed in our laboratory that combines the active center of C with the core functional region of L, shows superior antibacterial properties and minimized cytotoxicity compared to its parental peptides. Herein, to examine whether C-L could inhibit pathogen-induced intestinal inflammation, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of C-L in EHEC O157:H7-infected mice. C-L treatment improved the microbiota composition and microbial community balance in mouse intestines. The hybrid peptide exhibited improved anti-inflammatory effects than did the antibiotic, enrofloxacin. Hybrid peptide treated infected mice demonstrated reduced clinical signs of inflammation, reduced weight loss, reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interferon-gamma (IFN-)), reduced apoptosis, and reduced markers of jejunal epithelial barrier function. The peptide also affected the MyD88–nuclear factor B signaling pathway, thereby modulating inflammatory responses upon EHEC stimulation. Collectively, these findings suggest that the novel hybrid peptide C-L could be developed into a new anti-inflammatory agent for use in animals or humans. DA - 2020/6/30/ PY - 2020/6/30/ DO - 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01361 VL - 11 SP - SN - 1664-3224 KW - enrofloxacin KW - Escherichia coli KW - hybrid peptide KW - inflammation KW - microflora KW - mucosal barrier KW - O157 KW - H7 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Avian Satellite Cell Plasticity AU - Jankowski, Maurycy AU - Mozdziak, Paul AU - Petitte, James AU - Kulus, Magdalena AU - Kempisty, Bartosz T2 - Animals AB - Adult myogenesis is dependent on a population of precursor cells, located between the sarcolemma and the basal lamina of the muscle fiber. These satellite cells, usually present in a quiescent state, become activated in response to mechanical muscle strain, differentiating and fusing to add new nuclei to enlarging muscles. As their myogenic lineage commitment is induced on demand, muscle satellite cells exhibit a certain amount of plasticity, possibly being able to be directed to differentiate into non-myogenic fates. In this study, myosatellite cells were isolated from chicken muscle samples, characterized in vitro and introduced into developing blastoderms. They were further investigated using fluorescence microscopy, immunohistochemistry and PCR, to determine their location in embryos after three and eighteen days. The results of the in vitro analysis confirmed that the cells obtained from the Pectoralis thoracicus are highly myogenic, based on the expression of Pax7, Myogenin, MyoD, Desmin and the myotube assay. Furthermore, the investigation of satellite cells within the embryo showed their migration to the regions of Pectoralis thoracicus, heart, liver, gizzard, proventriculus, intestine and brain. Overall, the results of the study proved the high myogenicity of chicken Pectoralis thoracicus cell isolates, as well as provided new information about their migration pathways following introduction into the blastocyst. The presence of the introduced LacZ or eGFP transgenes across the embryo, even 20 days after myosatellite cell injection, further supports the notion that satellite cells exhibit significant plasticity, potentially transdifferentiating into non-muscle lineages. DA - 2020/7/31/ PY - 2020/7/31/ DO - 10.3390/ani10081322 VL - 10 IS - 8 SP - 1322 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10081322 KW - satellite cells KW - plasticity KW - stem cells KW - chicken KW - embryo ER - TY - JOUR TI - Histomoniasis outbreaks in commercial turkeys in the southeastern United States: Proximity of broiler breeder farms as a potential risk factor in disease development AU - Jones, R. E. AU - Rives, D. V. AU - Fletcher, O. J. AU - Martin, M. P. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - Histomoniasis, an infectious disease of turkeys and other gallinaceous birds, has significant impacts on the health and welfare of infected turkey flocks. No preventatives or treatments for the disease are available. In the current study, the proximity of broiler breeder farms as a potential risk factor for histomoniasis in grow-out tom flocks was assessed using 2015 retrospective data provided by a commercial turkey integrator located in North and South Carolina. Company grow-out tom farms were grouped into potential “at risk” categories based on distance from broiler breeder farms. Presence of a broiler breeder flock within 1 mile of a grow-out tom farm placed that tom farm at a higher relative risk (RR) (RR = 3.45; 95% CI = 1.7519–6.8121; P-value = 0.0196) for occurrence of histomoniasis. There was no increased RR of histomoniasis at tom farms in distance categories beyond 1 mile from a broiler breeder flock. These results are consistent with variable transmission of Heterakis eggs harboring Histomonas from broiler breeder houses to susceptible turkey farms based on distance between farms. DA - 2020/6// PY - 2020/6// DO - 10.1016/j.japr.2019.12.006 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 496-501 SN - 1537-0437 KW - Histomonas meleagridis KW - histomoniasis KW - blackhead disease KW - turkeys KW - broiler breeders KW - epidemiology KW - risk factors ER - TY - JOUR TI - In Vitro Cultures of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: An Overview of Methods, Molecular Analyses, and Clinical Applications AU - Jankowski, Maurycy AU - Dompe, Claudia AU - Sibiak, Rafał AU - Wąsiatycz, Grzegorz AU - mozdziak, AU - Jaśkowski, Jędrzej M. AU - Antosik, Paweł AU - Kempisty, Bartosz AU - Konwinska, Marta Dyszkiewicz T2 - Cells AB - Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) exhibiting mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) characteristics, have been extensively studied in recent years. Because they have been shown to differentiate into lineages such as osteogenic, chondrogenic, neurogenic or myogenic, the focus of most of the current research concerns either their potential to replace bone marrow as a readily available and abundant source of MSCs, or to employ them in regenerative and reconstructive medicine. There is close to consensus regarding the methodology used for ASC isolation and culture, whereas a number of molecular analyses implicates them in potential therapies of a number of pathologies. When it comes to clinical application, there is a range of examples of animal trials and clinical studies employing ASCs, further emphasizing the advancement of studies leading to their more widespread use. Nevertheless, in vitro studies will most likely continue to play a significant role in ASC studies, both providing the molecular knowledge of their ex vivo properties and possibly serving as an important step in purification and application of those cells in a clinical setting. Therefore, it is important to consider current methods of ASC isolation, culture, and processing. Furthermore, molecular analyses and cell surface properties of ASCs are essential for animal studies, clinical studies, and therapeutic applications of the MSC properties. DA - 2020/7// PY - 2020/7// DO - 10.3390/cells9081783 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/9/8/1783 KW - adipose-derived stem cells KW - clinical trials KW - molecular studies KW - in vitro ER - TY - JOUR TI - Myogenic Response to Increasing Concentrations of Ammonia Differs between Mammalian, Avian, and Fish Species: Cell Differentiation and Genetic Study AU - Miramontes, Emily AU - Kempisty, Bartosz AU - Petitte, James AU - Dasarathy, Srinivasan AU - Kulus, Magdalena AU - Wieczorkiewicz, Maria AU - Mozdziak, Paul T2 - Genes AB - Ammonia is very toxic to the body and has detrimental effects on many different organ systems. Using cultured myoblast cells, we examined ammonia’s effect on myostatin expression, a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth, and myotube diameters. The objective of this study was to examine how murine, avian, and fish cells respond to increasing levels of ammonia up to 50 mM. The murine myoblast cell line (C2C12), primary chick, and primary tilapia myoblast cells were cultured and then exposed to 10, 25, and 50 mM ammonium acetate, sodium acetate, and an untreated control for 24 h. High levels of ammonia were detrimental to the C2C12 cells, causing increased Myostatin (MSTN) expression and decreased myotube diameters between 10 and 25 mM (p < 0.002). Ammonia at 10 mM continued the positive myogenic response in the chick, with lower MSTN expression than the C2C12 cells and larger myotube diameters, but the myotube diameter at 50 mM ammonium acetate was significantly smaller than those at 10 and 25 mM (p < 0.001). However, chick myotubes at 50 mM were still significantly larger than the sodium acetate-treated and untreated control (p < 0.001). The tilapia cells showed no significant difference in MSTN expression or myotube diameter in response to increasing the concentrations of ammonia. Overall, these results confirm that increasing concentrations of ammonia are detrimental to mammalian skeletal muscle, while chick cells responded positively at lower levels but began to exhibit a negative response at higher levels, as the tilapia experienced no detrimental effects. The differences in ammonia metabolism strategies between fish, avian, and mammalian species could potentially contribute to the differences between species in response to high levels of ammonia. Understanding how ammonia affects skeletal muscle is important for the treatment of muscle wasting observed in liver failure patients. DA - 2020/7/24/ PY - 2020/7/24/ DO - 10.3390/genes11080840 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11080840 KW - muscle KW - ammonia KW - avian KW - mammals KW - fish KW - myostatin ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Proliferation and Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Neovascularization and Angiogenesis AU - Hutchings, Greg AU - Janowicz, Krzysztof AU - Moncrieff, Lisa AU - Dompe, Claudia AU - Strauss, Ewa AU - Kocherova, Ievgeniia AU - Nawrocki, Mariusz J. AU - Kruszyna, Lukasz AU - Wasiatycz, Grzegorz AU - Antosik, Pawel AU - Shibli, Jamil A. AU - Mozdziak, Paul AU - Perek, Bartlomiej AU - Krasinski, Zbigniew AU - Kempisty, Bartosz AU - Nowicki, Michal T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES AB - Neovascularization and angiogenesis are vital processes in the repair of damaged tissue, creating new blood vessel networks and increasing oxygen and nutrient supply for regeneration. The importance of Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (ASCs) contained in the adipose tissue surrounding blood vessel networks to these processes remains unknown and the exact mechanisms responsible for directing adipogenic cell fate remain to be discovered. As adipose tissue contains a heterogenous population of partially differentiated cells of adipocyte lineage; tissue repair, angiogenesis and neovascularization may be closely linked to the function of ASCs in a complex relationship. This review aims to investigate the link between ASCs and angiogenesis/neovascularization, with references to current studies. The molecular mechanisms of these processes, as well as ASC differentiation and proliferation are described in detail. ASCs may differentiate into endothelial cells during neovascularization; however, recent clinical trials have suggested that ASCs may also stimulate angiogenesis and neovascularization indirectly through the release of paracrine factors. DA - 2020/6// PY - 2020/6// DO - 10.3390/ijms21113790 VL - 21 IS - 11 SP - SN - 1422-0067 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/11/3790 KW - adipose KW - stem KW - differentiation KW - vascularization KW - angiogenesis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of functional oils on the growth, carcass and meat characteristics, and intestinal morphology of commercial turkey toms AU - Ferket, P.R. AU - Malheiros, R.D. AU - Moraes, V.M.B. AU - Ayoola, A.A. AU - Barasch, I. AU - Toomer, O.T. AU - Torrent, J. T2 - Poultry Science AB - Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of functional oils containing cashew nutshell and castor oil on turkey performance and intestinal morphology. In experiment 1, 585 hatchlings were randomly placed in 15 replicate floor pens, (13 poults/pen) with recycled litter and provided feed and water ad libitum. Birds were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments from 1 to 12 wk: nonmedicated control, 0.15% functional oils, and 66-ppm monensin. From wk 13 to 20, each initial treatment group was further divided into 3 treatments—control (no additive), 0.15% of functional oils, or 20 ppm of virginiamycin to produce 9 different treatments, 5 replicate pens per treatment. Data on feed weights were collected weekly, and body weight bi-weekly. At termination (20 wk), birds were euthanized, and their meat was processed to determine mass of carcass sections and meat quality, while intestinal samples were collected for histology. In experiment 1, toms fed monensin or functional oils were 10.5 and 4.5% heavier (P < 0.05), respectively, than the controls at 12 wk. Birds fed monensin had a 4% improvement (P < 0.05) in feed conversion as compared to the other treatments. Neither virginiamycin nor the functional oils affected bird performance when fed from 13 to 20 wk. The jejunum villi surface area at 3 wk was most enhanced (P < 0.05) for the poults fed monensin. Supplementation with functional oils significantly reduced leg yield and thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances of white meat after 7 D of storage (P < 0.05). There were no effects on performance or carcass characteristics in experiment 2. While additional confirmatory studies are needed, functional oils in the diet of turkey toms may be a viable alternative to antibiotic growth promotants. DA - 2020/7// PY - 2020/7// DO - 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.050 VL - 99 IS - 7 SP - 3752-3760 J2 - Poultry Science LA - en OP - SN - 0032-5791 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.050 DB - Crossref KW - functional oil KW - growth promoter KW - growth performance KW - antioxidant KW - turkey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhancing digestibility of corn fed to pigs at two stages of growth through management of particle size using a hammermill or a roller mill AU - Acosta, Jesus A. AU - Petry, Amy L. AU - Gould, Stacie A. AU - Jones, Cassandra K. AU - Stark, Charles R. AU - Fahrenholz, Adam C. AU - Patience, John F. T2 - TRANSLATIONAL ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Abstract The experimental objective was to determine the role of mean particle size (PS), grinding method, and body weight (BW) category on nutrient, fiber, and energy digestibility of corn. A total of 48 barrows were housed in individual pens and randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments for 11 d at two BW categories (55 kg and 110 kg). The six treatments consisted of corn ground at three different targeted mean PSs (300, 500, and 700 µm) using either a roller mill or a hammermill. Fecal samples were collected for the last 3 d of each feeding period. Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker. Digestibility data were analyzed as a linear mixed model using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Finishing pigs had greater apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and N than growing pigs (P = 0.02, P = 0.01, and P &lt;0.01, respectively). The ATTD of DM, GE, and N was similar in pigs fed hammermilled corn across all PS treatments. However, in roller-milled corn, they increased as PS was reduced (P &lt; 0.05). The ATTD of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) in growing pigs was similar between corn ground at 700 and 500 µm, but it was increased by further reducing PS to 300 µm (P &lt; 0.05). In finishing pigs, the ATTD of AEE increased as mean PS decreased from 700 to 300 µm (P &lt; 0.05). The ATTD of AEE was similar in hammermilled corn at all three PS treatments. On the other hand, the ATTD of AEE was similar in corn ground in a roller mill to 700 and 500 µm, but it increased when PS was reduced to 300 µm (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, reducing PS of corn with a roller mill increased digestibility of energy and nutrients, but there was less effect using a hammermill. It is possible that differences in SD, distribution, chemical composition, and the shape of the particles resulting from the two grinding processes help to explain the different response. DA - 2020/1// PY - 2020/1// DO - 10.1093/tas/txz146 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 10-21 SN - 2573-2102 KW - body weight KW - grinding KW - hammermill KW - roller mill KW - swine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feeding low dietary levels of organic trace minerals improves broiler performance and reduces excretion of minerals in litter AU - Vieira, R. AU - Ferket, P. AU - Malheiros, R. AU - Hannas, M. AU - Crivellari, R. AU - Moraes, V. AU - Elliott, S. T2 - British Poultry Science AB - 1. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic and inorganic trace minerals in diets fed to 1872, one-day-old male Ross 708 broiler chicks. Two sources of supplemental trace minerals (inorganic or organic) and four trace minerals levels (12.5%, 25.0%, 37.5% or 50.0%) plus a positive control containing inorganic minerals at 100% of recommended levels according to Brazilian industry standards, were used in the diets.2. When analysed with mineral source as the main factor, broilers fed diets containing organic minerals had better feed conversion (FCR) throughout the trial, until 48 d of age (1.754 organic vs. 1.783 inorganic; P < 0.05), improved liveability at 48 d (95.8% organic vs. 93.6% inorganic; P < 0.05) and higher weight gain at 48 d (3.941 kg organic vs. 3.881 kg inorganic; P < 0.05) compared to the inorganic trace mineral diets. At lower dietary inclusion levels (12.5% and 25%) the organic mineral-fed birds had a four-point improvement in FCR (P < 0.05).3. Feeding organic minerals improved tibial ash at 48 d from 49.5% to 51.25% (P < 0.05). The P and Ca in the tibia at 48 d were significantly (P < 0.05) higher for the birds fed organic minerals (Ca: 17.4% vs. 18.7%; P: 8.8% vs. 9.4%, respectively). The lower levels of trace minerals in feed reduced the mineral concentration of Zn, Cu and Mn in the faeces and, hence, in the litter (P < 0.05).4. Feeding organic minerals promoted a small, but statistically significant, drop in pH of breast meat compared to inorganic minerals at 48 d (5.83 vs. 5.86, respectively; P < 0.05). The organic mineral diets reduced drip loss in breast meat compared to inorganic trace mineral supplementation at 32 d of age, but not in older birds (2.46% vs. 3.77%, respectively; P < 0.05).5. Oxidation status, measured by superoxide dismutase activity in breast muscle at 48 d of age, significantly increased with mineral inclusion levels (P < 0.001), irrespective of source.6. It was concluded that the use of organic minerals, even at low levels in the diet, is beneficial for broiler performance and reduces the excretion of minerals in litter. DA - 2020/6/8/ PY - 2020/6/8/ DO - 10.1080/00071668.2020.1764908 VL - 61 IS - 5 SP - 574-582 J2 - British Poultry Science LA - en OP - SN - 0007-1668 1466-1799 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2020.1764908 DB - Crossref KW - Broiler KW - organic trace mineral KW - meat quality KW - leg problem KW - bone ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pooling of Laying Hen Environmental Swabs and Efficacy of Salmonella Detection AU - Jones, Deana R. AU - Gast, Richard K. AU - Regmi, Prafulla AU - Ward, Garrett E. AU - Anderson, Kenneth E. AU - Karcher, Darrin M. T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - Environmental testing for Salmonella Enteritidis is required for U.S. shell egg producers with ≥3,000 hens on a farm. The egg producer assumes all costs for the mandatory testing. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Egg Rule, either manure scraper or drag swabs can be collected according to published guidelines and requirements. The present study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of Salmonella detection with one-, two-, and four-swab pools of either manure scraper or drag swabs. Resistant isolates of Salmonella serovars Enteritidis (1,000 ppm of streptomycin), Heidelberg (200 ppm of nalidixic acid [NA]), Typhimurium (200 ppm of NA), and Kentucky (200 ppm of NA) were utilized. Low (approximately 8.4 CFU) and high (approximately 84 CFU) levels of inocula were introduced onto a single swab within a pool. Single flocks from each conventional cage (manure scraper swabs) and cage-free barn (drag swabs) were monitored throughout the study at the ages required under the FDA Egg Rule. The highest and most consistent recovery of inoculum was found in single swab samples. For low dose inocula, recovery of isolates was low from single manure scraper swabs (57.9 to 29.2%) and decreased as more swabs were added to the pool. Recovery of isolates from manure scraper swabs was higher for high dose inocula, although Salmonella Heidelberg was outcompeted by the naturally occurring flora and had the lowest rate of recovery among the isolates tested. One- and two-swab pools of drag swabs had similar rates of recovery at both low and high doses for Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Heidelberg, and Salmonella Typhimurium. When Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Kentucky were combined in an inoculum, Salmonella Enteritidis was recovered at a much higher rate than was Salmonella Kentucky for all types of swabs and doses of inocula. Pooling of two drag swabs allowed for similar detection of low and high dose Salmonella, but the pooling of manure scraper swabs decreased detection of low dose Salmonella. Analysis of single swabs resulted in the most consistent detection of Salmonella. Addition of more manure scraper swabs in a sample decreased Salmonella detection. Pooling of four drag swabs reduced the recovery of Salmonella after low dose inoculation. DA - 2020/6// PY - 2020/6// DO - 10.4315/JFP-19-467 VL - 83 IS - 6 SP - 943-950 SN - 1944-9097 KW - Detection KW - Environmental KW - Pooling KW - Salmonella KW - Swab ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of 1-alpha-Hydroxycholecalciferol Supplementation in Young Broiler Feed Suggests Reducing Calcium Levels at Grower Phase AU - Warren, Matthew F. AU - Vu, Thien C. AU - Toomer, Ondulla T. AU - Fernandez, Juan David AU - Livingston, Kimberly A. T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Increasing biopotency of cholecalciferol (D3) from vitamin sources is essential in the poultry industry to meet nutritional demands and counter stressors. D3 exhibits hormonal traits and is responsible for calcium (Ca) absorption. 1-α-Hydroxycholecalciferol (1α) is a synthetic form of D3 that has equal efficacy and is cheaper to synthesize than 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (active form of D3), on broilers. However, 1α bypasses a critical regulatory point, the kidney, and may consequently lead to toxicity levels of Ca via Ca absorption. This study examined 1α supplementation in broiler diets with different Ca inclusion levels to determine if 1α at higher Ca levels caused Ca toxicity at starter and grower phases with Ross 708 male broiler chicks. In Experiment 1 (1-15 days of age), chicks were assigned to one of 10 treatment starter diets with five levels of Ca inclusion (0.80, 0.95, 1.10, 1.25, and 1.40%) with or without 1α supplementation (5 μg 1α/kg in feed) and eight replicate cages per treatment. In Experiment 2, chicks were fed common starter diet until 16 days of age, and then they were assigned to one of eight treatment diets with four levels of Ca inclusion (0.54, 0.76, 0.98, or 1.20%) with or without 1α supplementation (5 μg 1α/kg in feed). At the end of both experiments, blood was collected from broilers to determine blood chemistry, including concentrations of vitamin D metabolites. Intestinal tissues were also collected to examine gene expression. In Experiment 1, broilers not fed 1α exhibited a quadratic effect in ionized blood Ca (iCa) as dietary Ca inclusion levels increased; 1α-fed broilers displayed an increase in iCa as Ca inclusion levels increased (p = 0.0002). For Experiment 2, 1α-fed broilers displayed a decrease in 25-hydroxycholecalciferol plasma concentration as dietary Ca inclusion levels increased (p = 0.035); also, increasing Ca inclusion in diets increased expression of duodenal sodium phosphate cotransporter type II b (NPTIIb, p = 0.03). Our findings imply that inclusion of 1α was beneficial because 1α enhanced Ca absorption during the starter phase; however, to avoid potential Ca toxicity or antagonism while using 1α during the grower phase, there should be consideration with reducing dietary Ca levels. DA - 2020/6/10/ PY - 2020/6/10/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2020.00245 VL - 7 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol KW - vitamin D-3 KW - calcium KW - broiler KW - blood chemistry KW - sodium phosphate cotransporter type IIb KW - calbindin d28k KW - 25-hydroxycholecalciferol ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transcriptomic analysis of expression of genes regulating cell cycle progression in porcine ovarian granulosa cells during short-term in vitro primary culture AU - Kulus, Magdalena AU - Kranc, Wieslawa AU - Sujka-Kordowska, Patrycja AU - Celichowski, Piotr AU - Konwerska, Aneta AU - MaurycyJankowski AU - Jeseta, Michal AU - Skowronski, Mariusz T. AU - Piotrowska-Kempisty, Hanna AU - Bukowska, Dorota AU - Zabel, Maciej AU - Bruska, Malgorzata AU - Mozdziak, Paul AU - Kempisty, Bartosz AU - Antosik, Pawel T2 - HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY AB - Abstract The primary function of ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) is the support of oocytes during maturation and development. Molecular analyses of granulosa cell-associated processes, leading to improvement of understanding of the cell cycle events during the formation of ovarian follicles (folliculogenesis), may be key to improve the in vitro fertilization procedures. Primary in vitro culture of porcine GCs was employed to examine the changes in the transcriptomic profile of genes belonging to “cell cycle”, “cell division”, “cell cycle process”, “cell cycle phase transition”, “cell cycle G1/S phase transition”, “cell cycle G2/M phase transition” and “cell cycle checkpoint” ontology groups. During the analysis, microarrays were employed to study the transcriptome of GCs, analyzing the total RNA of cells from specific periods of in vitro cultures. This research was based on material obtained from 40 landrace gilts of similar weight, age and the same living conditions. RNA was isolated at specific timeframes: before the culture was established (0 h) and after 48 h, 96 h and 144 h in vitro. Out of 133 differentially expressed genes, we chose the 10 most up-regulated ( SFRP2 , PDPN , PDE3A , FGFR2 , PLK2 , THBS1 , ETS1 , LIF , ANXA1 , TGFB1 ) and the 10 most downregulated ( IGF1 , NCAPD2 , CABLES1 , H1FOO , NEK2 , PPAT , TXNIP , NUP210 , RGS2 and CCNE2 ). Some of these genes known to play key roles in the regulation of correct cell cycle passage (up-regulated SFRP2, PDE3A, PLK2, LIF and down-regulated CCNE2, TXNIP, NEK2). The data obtained provide a potential reference for studies on the process of mammalian folliculogenesis, as well as suggests possible new genetic markers for cell cycle progress in in vitro cultured porcine granulosa cells. DA - 2020/6// PY - 2020/6// DO - 10.1007/s00418-020-01860-2 VL - 153 IS - 6 SP - 397-412 SN - 1432-119X KW - Pig KW - Ovarian follicle KW - Granulosa cells KW - Primary culture KW - Microarray ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Phytase Inclusion in Broiler Breeder Diets During Early Lay on their Fecal and Egg Characteristics AU - Arguelles-Ramos, M. AU - Nusairat, B. AU - Qudsieh, R. AU - Brake, J. T2 - BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE AB - This study investigated the effects of phytase inclusion in broiler breeder diets on fecal and egg characteristics. A total of 48 female broiler breeders were evaluated in this study from 21 to 31 weeks of age. The dietary treatments were fed from 30 to 31 wks of age, and included a Positive Control (PosCon) diet, containing 3.0% calcium and 0.50% available phosphorus (AvP); a Negative Control (NegCon) diet, with 3.0% calcium and 0.25% AvP; Negative Control diet + 275 FTU/kg phytase (NegCon+275), and Negative control diet + 550 FTU/kg phytase (NegCon+550). Egg, yolk, albumin, and eggshell weight, albumin height, and eggshell thickness were measured. Fecal parameters included fecal moisture, liquid portion, and mineral content. After 14 d on the experimental diets during the onset of lay, the NegCon+550 diet increased (p<0.01) fecal moisture content. In general, hens fed the highest enzyme level (NegCon+550) excreted fewer (p<0.05) divalent and trivalent cations, which included Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn. Fecal Na and K levels were not affected by dietary treatments. The NegCon+550 diet increased fecal P when compared with the NegCon and the NegCon+275 diets. The NegCon+550 and PosCon diets exhibited similar fecal P. No significant effects on egg characteristics were observed. It was concluded that during early lay, various signs of fecal changes would probably be observed at phytase dosages above approximately 500 FTU/kg characterized by increased fecal moisture content and excretion of P in broiler breeders. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020/// DO - 10.1590/1806-9061-2018-0890 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1806-9061 KW - Broiler breeders KW - fecal minerals KW - fecal moisture KW - liquid portion KW - phytase ER - TY - JOUR TI - Skeletal Muscle and the Effects of Ammonia Toxicity in Fish, Mammalian, and Avian Species: A Comparative Review Based on Molecular Research AU - Miramontes, Emily AU - Mozdziak, Paul AU - Petitte, James N. AU - Kulus, Magdalena AU - Wieczorkiewicz, Maria AU - Kempisty, Bartosz T2 - International Journal of Molecular Sciences AB - Typically, mammalian and avian models have been used to examine the effects of ammonia on skeletal muscle. Hyperammonemia causes sarcopenia or muscle wasting, in mammals and has been linked to sarcopenia in liver disease patients. Avian models of skeletal muscle have responded positively to hyperammonemia, differing from the mammalian response. Fish skeletal muscle has not been examined as extensively as mammalian and avian muscle. Fish skeletal muscle shares similarities with avian and mammalian muscle but has notable differences in growth, fiber distribution, and response to the environment. The wide array of body sizes and locomotion needs of fish also leads to greater diversity in muscle fiber distribution and growth between different fish species. The response of fish muscle to high levels of ammonia is important for aquaculture and quality food production but has not been extensively studied to date. Understanding the differences between fish, mammalian and avian species’ myogenic response to hyperammonemia could lead to new therapies for muscle wasting due to a greater understanding of the mechanisms behind skeletal muscle regulation and how ammonia effects these mechanisms. This paper provides an overview of fish skeletal muscle and ammonia excretion and toxicity in fish, as well as a comparison to avian and mammalian species. DA - 2020/6/30/ PY - 2020/6/30/ DO - 10.3390/ijms21134641 VL - 21 IS - 13 SP - 4641 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134641 KW - muscle KW - fish KW - avian KW - mammal KW - ammonia KW - myostatin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Muscle Cell Morphogenesis, Structure, Development and Differentiation Processes Are Significantly Regulated during Human Ovarian Granulosa Cells In Vitro Cultivation AU - Dompe, Claudia AU - Kranc, Wiesława AU - Jopek, Karol AU - Kowalska, Katarzyna AU - Ciesiolka, Sylwia AU - Chermuła, Błażej AU - Bryja, Artur AU - Jankowski, Maurycy AU - Perek, Joanna AU - Józkowiak, Małgorzata AU - Moncrieff, Lisa AU - Hutchings, Greg AU - Janowicz, Krzysztof AU - Pawelczyk, Leszek AU - Bruska, Małgorzata AU - Petitte, James AU - mozdziak, AU - Kulus, Magdalena AU - Piotrowska-Kempisty, Hanna AU - Spaczynski, Robert Zygmunt AU - Nowicki, Michal AU - Kempisty, Bartosz T2 - Journal of Clinical Medicine AB - Granulosa cells (GCs) have many functions and are fundamental for both folliculogenesis and oogenesis, releasing hormones and communicating directly with the oocyte. Long-term in vitro cultures of GCs show significant stem-like characteristics. In the current study, RNA of human ovarian granulosa cells was collected at 1, 7, 15 and 30 days of long-term in vitro culture. Understanding the process of differentiation of GCs towards different cell lineages, as well as the molecular pathways underlying these mechanisms, is fundamental to revealing other possible stemness markers of this type of cell. Identifying new markers of GC plasticity may help to understand the aetiology and recurrence of a wide variety of diseases and health conditions and reveal possible clinical applications of the ovarian tissue cells, affecting not only the reproductive ability but also sex hormone production. Granulosa cells were the subject of this study, as they are readily available as remnant material leftover after in vitro fertilisation procedures and exhibit significant stem-like characteristics in culture. The change in gene expression was investigated through a range of molecular and bioinformatic analyses. Expression microarrays were used, allowing the identification of groups of genes typical of specific cellular pathways. This candidate gene study focused on ontological groups associated with muscle cell morphogenesis, structure, development and differentiation, namely, “muscle cell development”, “muscle cell differentiation”, “muscle contraction”, “muscle organ development”, “muscle organ morphogenesis”, “muscle structure development”, “muscle system process” and “muscle tissue development”. The results showed that the 10 most upregulated genes were keratin 19, oxytocin receptor, connective tissue growth factor, nexilin, myosin light chain kinase, cysteine and glycine-rich protein 3, caveolin 1, actin, activating transcription factor 3 and tropomyosin, while the 10 most downregulated consisted of epiregulin, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, transforming growth factor, interleukin, collagen, 5-hydroxytryptmine, interleukin 4, phosphodiesterase, wingless-type MMTV integration site family and SRY-box 9. Moreover, ultrastructural observations showing heterogeneity of granulosa cell population are presented in the study. At least two morphologically different subpopulations were identified: large, light coloured and small, darker cells. The expression of genes belonging to the mentioned ontological groups suggest the potential ability of GCs to differentiate and proliferate toward muscle lineage, showing possible application in muscle regeneration and the treatment of different diseases. DA - 2020/6// PY - 2020/6// DO - 10.3390/jcm9062006 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/6/2006 KW - human GCs KW - in vitro culture KW - proliferation KW - muscle differentiation ER - TY - PCOMM TI - COVID-19 spotlights medical diagnostics AU - Jankowski, Maurycy AU - Mozdziak, Paul AU - Kempisty, Bartosz AB - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlights the importance of the field of medical diagnostics. Governments are trying to avert crisis conditions by opening makeshift testing units and recruiting nonclinical research staff to conduct testing (1), but this strategy is not a long-term solution. To increase the number of medical diagnosticians, this career path should be encouraged, valued, and adequately funded. Diagnostic expertise will likely become even more vital as our rapidly aging societies continue to challenge a strained health care system (2, 3). DA - 2020/5/22/ PY - 2020/5/22/ DO - 10.1126/science.abb8952 SP - 839-839 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA) Mitigates the Host Inflammatory Response during Clostridioides difficile Infection by Altering Gut Bile Acids AU - Winston, Jenessa A. AU - Rivera, Alissa J. AU - Cai, Jingwei AU - Thanissery, Rajani AU - Montgomery, Stephanie A. AU - Patterson, Andrew D. AU - Theriot, Casey M. T2 - INFECTION AND IMMUNITY AB - Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality posing an urgent threat to public health. Recurrence of CDI after successful treatment with antibiotics is high, thus necessitating discovery of novel therapeutics against this enteric pathogen. Administration of the secondary bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA; ursodiol) inhibits the life cycles of various strains of C. difficile in vitro , suggesting that the FDA-approved formulation of UDCA, known as ursodiol, may be able to restore colonization resistance against C. difficile in vivo . DA - 2020/5// PY - 2020/5// DO - 10.1128/IAI.00045-20 VL - 88 IS - 6 SP - SN - 1098-5522 KW - C. difficile KW - FXR KW - UDCA KW - bile acids KW - inflammation KW - microbiome KW - ursodiol ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Stemness of Human Ovarian Granulosa Cells and the Role of Resveratrol in the Differentiation of MSCs—A Review Based on Cellular and Molecular Knowledge AU - Jozkowiak, Malgorzata AU - Hutchings, Greg AU - Jankowski, Maurycy AU - Kulcenty, Katarzyna AU - mozdziak, AU - Kempisty, Bartosz AU - Spaczynski, Robert Z. AU - Piotrowska-Kempisty, Hanna T2 - Cells AB - Ovarian Granulosa Cells (GCs) are known to proliferate in the developing follicle and undergo several biochemical processes during folliculogenesis. They represent a multipotent cell population that has been differentiated to neuronal cells, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts in vitro. However, progression and maturation of GCs are accompanied by a reduction in their stemness. In the developing follicle, GCs communicate with the oocyte bidirectionally via gap junctions. Together with neighboring theca cells, they play a crucial role in steroidogenesis, particularly the production of estradiol, as well as progesterone following luteinization. Many signaling pathways are known to be important throughout the follicle development, leading either towards luteinization and release of the oocyte, or follicular atresia and apoptosis. These signaling pathways include cAMP, PI3K, SMAD, Hedgehog (HH), Hippo and Notch, which act together in a complex manner to control the maturation of GCs through regulation of key genes, from the primordial follicle to the luteal phase. Small molecules such as resveratrol, a phytoalexin found in grapes, peanuts and other dietary constituents, may be able to activate/inhibit these signaling pathways and thereby control physiological properties of GCs. This article reviews the current knowledge about granulosa stem cells, the signaling pathways driving their development and maturation, as well as biological activities of resveratrol and its properties as a pro-differentiation agent. DA - 2020/6// PY - 2020/6// DO - 10.3390/cells9061418 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/9/6/1418 KW - mesenchymal stem cells KW - granulosa cells KW - differentiation KW - resveratrol KW - SIRT1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Photobiomodulation—Underlying Mechanism and Clinical Applications AU - Dompe, Claudia AU - Moncrieff, Lisa AU - Matys, Jacek AU - Grzech-Leśniak, Kinga AU - Kocherova, Ievgeniia AU - Bryja, Artur AU - Bruska, Małgorzata AU - Dominiak, Marzena AU - mozdziak, AU - Skiba, Tarcio AU - Shibli, Jamil AU - Volponi, Ana Angelova AU - Kempisty, Bartosz AU - Konwinska, Marta Dyszkiewicz T2 - Journal of Clinical Medicine AB - The purpose of this study is to explore the possibilities for the application of laser therapy in medicine and dentistry by analyzing lasers’ underlying mechanism of action on different cells, with a special focus on stem cells and mechanisms of repair. The interest in the application of laser therapy in medicine and dentistry has remarkably increased in the last decade. There are different types of lasers available and their usage is well defined by different parameters, such as: wavelength, energy density, power output, and duration of radiation. Laser irradiation can induce a photobiomodulatory (PBM) effect on cells and tissues, contributing to a directed modulation of cell behaviors, enhancing the processes of tissue repair. Photobiomodulation (PBM), also known as low-level laser therapy (LLLT), can induce cell proliferation and enhance stem cell differentiation. Laser therapy is a non-invasive method that contributes to pain relief and reduces inflammation, parallel to the enhanced healing and tissue repair processes. The application of these properties was employed and observed in the treatment of various diseases and conditions, such as diabetes, brain injury, spinal cord damage, dermatological conditions, oral irritation, and in different areas of dentistry. DA - 2020/6// PY - 2020/6// DO - 10.3390/jcm9061724 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/6/1724 KW - laser KW - low-level laser therapy KW - photobiomodulation KW - stem cells KW - tissue regeneration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Research Note: Repetitive element-based polymerase chain reaction genotyping improves efficiency of Salmonella surveillance in a model broiler production system AU - Walker, G. K. AU - Suyemoto, M. M. AU - Borst, L. B. AU - Brake, J. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The genetic relatedness and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Salmonella isolated from poultry and their environment were determined. One broiler breeder flock (BBF1) and 2 broiler flocks (BF1 and BF2) were reared over a 1.75-year period on the same poultry research farm. Hatching eggs were obtained from BBF1 to produce BF1 chicks, while BF2 chicks were progeny of a separate, unsampled broiler breeder flock. BF1 and BF2 were reared in the same housing facilities but 6 mo apart. Salmonella isolates were collected via litter sock sampling (BF1), cecal excision (BF1 and BF2), or cloacal swabs (BBF1). Serotyping identified Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Altona (SA) in BBF1 and S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Senftenberg (SS) in BF1 and BF2. Genotypic fingerprinting was achieved with Rep-PCR using the (GTG)5 primer and revealed sequence homology among Senftenberg isolates from BF1 and BF2. For each isolate, the minimum inhibitory concentration was determined for 27 antimicrobial agents using Sensititre plates with formularies specific to antimicrobials used in poultry production or those used to control gram negative pathogens. Isolates from the 3 flocks were resistant to clindamycin, erythromycin, novobiocin, penicillin, and tylosin tartrate and demonstrated intermediate resistance to azithromycin, florfenicol, and spectinomycin. These data demonstrated that serovar Altona and Senftenberg were harbored by poultry, the latter appeared to persist in broiler flocks, and both serotypes shared similar patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility in an integrated research operation. In the case of multiple Salmonella isolates, combining genotypic fingerprinting methods with serotyping of representative isolates would reduce the number of samples required for serotyping and more clearly identify relatedness of isolates. These methods facilitate effective surveillance in poultry production systems, thus allowing for implementation of precise Salmonella control measures. DA - 2020/5// PY - 2020/5// DO - 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.048 VL - 99 IS - 5 SP - 2684-2689 SN - 1525-3171 KW - Salmonella KW - antimicrobial resistance KW - broiler KW - microbiology KW - genetic characterization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Human Cumulus Cells in Long-Term In Vitro Culture Reflect Differential Expression Profile of Genes Responsible for Planned Cell Death and Aging—A Study of New Molecular Markers AU - Chermuła, Błażej AU - Kranc, Wiesława AU - Jopek, Karol AU - Joanna AU - Hutchings, Greg AU - Dompe, Claudia AU - Moncrieff, Lisa AU - Janowicz, Krzysztof AU - Józkowiak, Małgorzata AU - Jeseta, Michal AU - Petitte, James AU - mozdziak, AU - Pawelczyk, Leszek AU - Spaczynski, Robert Zygmunt AU - Kempisty, Bartosz T2 - Cells AB - In the ovarian follicle, maturation of the oocyte increases in the presence of somatic cells called cumulus cells (CCs). These cells form a direct barrier between the oocyte and external environment. Thanks to bidirectional communication, they have a direct impact on the oocyte, its quality and development potential. Understanding the genetic profile of CCs appears to be important in elucidating the physiology of oocytes. Long-term in vitro culture of CCs collected from patients undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation during in vitro fertilization procedure was conducted. Using microarray expression analysis, transcript levels were assessed on day 1, 7, 15, and 30 of culture. Apoptosis and aging of CCs strictly influence oocyte quality and subsequently the outcome of assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Thus, particular attention was paid to the analysis of genes involved in programmed cell death, aging, and apoptosis. Due to the detailed level of expression analysis of each of the 133 analyzed genes, three groups were selected: first with significantly decreased expression during the culture; second with the statistically lowest increase in expression; and third with the highest significant increase in expression. COL3A1, SFRP4, CTGF, HTR2B, VCAM1, TNFRSF11B genes, belonging to the third group, were identified as potential carriers of information on oocyte quality. DA - 2020/5// PY - 2020/5// DO - 10.3390/cells9051265 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/9/5/1265 KW - cumulus cells KW - human KW - programmed cell death KW - gene expression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of Dietary Organic Acids and Humic Substance Supplementation on Performance, Immune Response and Gut Morphology of Broiler Chickens AU - Aristimunha, P. C. AU - Mallheiros, R. D. AU - Ferket, P. R. AU - Cardinal, K. M. AU - Moreira Filho, A. L. B. AU - Santos, E. T. AU - Cavalcante, D. T. AU - Ribeiro, A. M. L. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - This study evaluated the additive effects of a commercial feed supplementation blend (Ava Cid P)—consisting of humic substances, coated sodium butyrate, and a small acidifier portion—on the growth, immune response, and gut health of broiler chickens. A total of 540 female and 540 male broilers were raised from 1–49 d. On the first day, the animals were distributed in a completely randomized 2 × 5 factorial design (2 sexes and 5 treatments) with 7 replications of 15 birds each. The 5 treatments were 1) birds did not receive Ava Cid P (control); 2) birds received 0.91 kg/t of Ava Cid P from 1–21 d (AVA1–21); 3) birds received 0.91 kg/t of Ava Cid P from 1–21 d and 0.45 kg/t from 22–35 d (AVA1–35); 4) birds received 0.91 kg/t of Ava Cid P from 1–21 d and 0.45 kg/t from 22–42 d (AVA1–42); and 5) birds received 0.91 kg/t of Ava Cid P from 1–21 d, 0.45 kg/t from 22–35 d, and 0.23 kg/t from 36–49 d (AVA1–49). ANOVA and Tukey's tests were applied to compare the means (P < 0.05) between treatments. The Ava Cid P showed no effect on male or female growth performance or goblet cell density. However, the supplement modified gut morphometry, and jejunum villi were 32% higher at 9 and 35 d in the AVA1–35 birds compared with those of the control group. The apparent villus surface and villus height increased by 87% and 46%, respectively, in the AVA1–49 birds compared with the AVA1–21 birds. The expression of mucin 2 (MUC2) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were 1.6% and 0.9% lower in the AVA1–21 birds than in the control birds, but no effects were observed for interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-10. The Ava Cid P altered the mRNA expression of MUC2 and TNF-α and some characteristics of intestinal morphometry, but did not change the performance of broilers. DA - 2020/3// PY - 2020/3// DO - 10.3382/japr/pfz031 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 85-94 SN - 1537-0437 KW - animal performance KW - sodium butyrate KW - gut morphometry KW - humic acid ER - TY - JOUR TI - The processes of cellular growth, aging, and programmed cell death are involved in lifespan of ovarian granulosa cells during short-term IVC - Study based on animal model AU - Kulus, Magdalena AU - Kranc, Wieslawa AU - Sujka-Kordowska, Patrycja AU - Mozdziak, Paul AU - Jankowski, Maurycy AU - Konwerska, Aneta AU - Kulus, Jakub AU - Bukowska, Dorota AU - Skowronski, Mariusz AU - Piotrowska-Kempisty, Hanna AU - Nowicki, Michal AU - Kempisty, Bartosz AU - Antosik, Pawel T2 - THERIOGENOLOGY AB - Abstract The oogenesis and folliculogenesis are closely linked and occur simultaneously in the growing ovarian follicles. Biochemical and morphological changes in oocytes (OC) and surrounding granulosa cells (GCs) are highly complex and depend on many factors, including intercellular communication. GCs are cells with many functions, often crucial for the proper viability of the oocyte and subsequent positive fertilization. The purpose of this study was to analyze gene expression in porcine GCs, to define differentially expressed genes belongs to the “cell growth”, “aging”, “positive regulation of death”, “apoptotic process”, “regulation of death”, cell death and negative regulation of death ontology groups during the short – term primary in vitro culture. Microarrays were employed to study the transcriptome contained in the total RNA of the cultured GCs. Ovaries were obtained after slaughter, from 40 gilts of swine aged 170 days. The cells were obtained through puncture of the ovaries, collection of follicular fluid, removal of the cumulus - oocyte complexes and centrifugation. The cells were then cultured in vitro. The RNA material was obtained before the culture was established (0h) and then after 48h, 96h and 144h of its course. From 182 differently expressed genes belonging to the these ontology groups, we have selected POSTN, FN1, FMOD, ITGB3, DCN, SERPINB2, SFRP2, IGFBP5, EMP1, and CCL2 which were upregulated, as well as DAPL1, ESR1, IHH, TGFBR3, PPARD, PDK4, TXNIP, IFIT3, CSRNP3, and TNFSF10 genes whose expression was downregulated during the time of in vitro culture of the GCs. The significance of the differential gene expression is to provide new information on the molecular aspects of in vitro granulosa culture. DA - 2020/5// PY - 2020/5// DO - 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.044 VL - 148 SP - 76-88 SN - 1879-3231 KW - Pig KW - Ovarian follicle KW - Granulosa cells KW - Primary culture KW - Microarray ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation via Supervised Machine Learning of the Broiler Pectoralis Major and Liver Transcriptome in Association With the Muscle Myopathy Wooden Breast AU - Phillips, Chelsea A. AU - Reading, Benjamin J. AU - Livingston, Matthew AU - Livingston, Kimberly AU - Ashwell, Chris M. T2 - FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY AB - The muscle myopathy wooden breast (WB) has recently appeared in broiler production and has a negative impact on meat quality. WB is described as hard/firm consistency found within the pectoralis major (PM). In the present study, we use machine learning from our PM and liver transcriptome dataset to capture the complex relationships that are not typically revealed by traditional statistical methods. Gene expression data was evaluated between the PM and liver of birds with WB and those that were normal. Two separate machine learning algorithms were performed to analyze the data set including the sequential minimal optimization (SMO) of support vector machines (SVMs) and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Machine learning algorithms were compared to identify genes within a gene expression data set of approximately 16,000 genes for both liver and PM, which can be correctly classified from birds with or without WB. The performance of both machine learning algorithms SMO and MLP was determined using percent correct classification during the cross-validations. By evaluating the WB transcriptome datasets by 5× cross-validation using ANNs, the expression of nine genes ranked based on Shannon Entropy (Information Gain) from PM were able to correctly classify if the individual bird was normal or exhibited WB 100% of the time. These top nine genes were all protein coding and potential biomarkers. When PM gene expression data were evaluated between normal birds and those with WB using SVMs they were correctly classified 95% of the time using 450 of the top genes sorted ranked based on Shannon Entropy (Information Gain) as a preprocessing step. When evaluating the 450 attributes that were 95% correctly classified using SVMs through Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) there was an overlap in top genes identified through MLP. This analysis allowed the identification of critical transcriptional responses for the first time in both liver and muscle during the onset of WB. The information provided has revealed many molecules and pathways making up a complex molecular mechanism involved with the progression of wooden breast and suggests that the etiology of the myopathy is not limited to activity in the muscle alone, but is an altered systemic pathology. DA - 2020/2/25/ PY - 2020/2/25/ DO - 10.3389/fphys.2020.00101 VL - 11 SP - SN - 1664-042X KW - wooden breast KW - machine learning KW - poultry transcriptomics KW - support vector machines KW - artificial neural networks KW - transforming growth factor ER - TY - JOUR TI - Epigenetic Research in Stem Cell Bioengineering—Anti-Cancer Therapy, Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine in Human Clinical Trials AU - Dompe, Claudia AU - Janowicz, Krzysztof AU - Hutchings, Greg AU - Moncrieff, Lisa AU - Jankowski, Maurycy AU - Nawrocki, Mariusz J. AU - Józkowiak, Małgorzata AU - Mozdziak, Paul AU - Petitte, Jim AU - Shibli, Jamil A. AU - Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska, Marta AU - Bruska, Małgorzata AU - Piotrowska-Kempisty, Hanna AU - Kempisty, Bartosz AU - Nowicki, Michał T2 - Cancers AB - The epigenome denotes all the information related to gene expression that is not contained in the DNA sequence but rather results from chemical changes to histones and DNA. Epigenetic modifications act in a cooperative way towards the regulation of gene expression, working at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level, and play a key role in the determination of phenotypic variations in cells containing the same genotype. Epigenetic modifications are important considerations in relation to anti-cancer therapy and regenerative/reconstructive medicine. Moreover, a range of clinical trials have been performed, exploiting the potential of epigenetics in stem cell engineering towards application in disease treatments and diagnostics. Epigenetic studies will most likely be the basis of future cancer therapies, as epigenetic modifications play major roles in tumour formation, malignancy and metastasis. In fact, a large number of currently designed or tested clinical approaches, based on compounds regulating epigenetic pathways in various types of tumours, employ these mechanisms in stem cell bioengineering. DA - 2020/4/21/ PY - 2020/4/21/ DO - 10.3390/cancers12041016 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12041016 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Placental Lactogen as a Marker of Maternal Obesity, Diabetes, and Fetal Growth Abnormalities: Current Knowledge and Clinical Perspectives AU - Sibiak, Rafał AU - Jankowski, Maurycy AU - Gutaj, Paweł AU - mozdziak, AU - Kempisty, Bartosz AU - Wender-Ożegowska, Ewa T2 - Journal of Clinical Medicine AB - Placental lactogen (PL) is a peptide hormone secreted throughout pregnancy by both animal and human specialized endocrine cells. PL plays an important role in the regulation of insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells, stimulating their proliferation and promoting the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins. Cases of pregnancy affected by metabolic conditions, including obesity and diabetes, are related to alterations in the PL secretion pattern. Whereas obesity is most often associated with lower PL serum concentrations, diabetes results in increased PL blood levels. Disruptions in PL secretion are thought to be associated with an increased prevalence of gestational complications, such as placental dysfunction, diabetic retinopathy, and abnormalities in fetal growth. PL is believed to be positively correlated with birth weight. The impaired regulation of PL secretion could contribute to an increased incidence of both growth retardation and fetal macrosomia. Moreover, the dysregulation of PL production during the intrauterine period could affect the metabolic status in adulthood. PL concentration measurement could be useful in the prediction of fetal macrosomia in women with normal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results or in evaluating the risk of fetal growth restriction, but its application in standard clinical practice seems to be limited in the era of ultrasonography. DA - 2020/4// PY - 2020/4// DO - 10.3390/jcm9041142 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/4/1142 KW - diabetes KW - fetal growth KW - placental lactogen KW - obesity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Human Wharton’s Jelly—Cellular Specificity, Stemness Potency, Animal Models, and Current Application in Human Clinical Trials AU - Stefańska, Katarzyna AU - Ożegowska, Katarzyna AU - Hutchings, Greg AU - Popis, Małgorzata AU - Moncrieff, Lisa AU - Dompe, Claudia AU - Janowicz, Krzysztof AU - Pieńkowski, Wojciech AU - Gutaj, Paweł AU - Shibli, Jamil AU - Prado, Walterson Mathias AU - Piotrowska-Kempisty, Hanna AU - mozdziak, AU - Bruska, Małgorzata AU - Zabel, Maciej AU - Kempisty, Bartosz AU - Nowicki, Michal T2 - Journal of Clinical Medicine AB - Stem cell therapies offer a great promise for regenerative and reconstructive medicine, due to their self-renewal and differentiation capacity. Although embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, their utilization involves embryo destruction and is ethically controversial. Therefore, adult tissues that have emerged as an alternative source of stem cells and perinatal tissues, such as the umbilical cord, appear to be particularly attractive. Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous connective tissue contained in the umbilical cord, is abundant in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that express CD105, CD73, CD90, Oct-4, Sox-2, and Nanog among others, and have the ability to differentiate into osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, and other lineages. Moreover, Wharton’s jelly-derived MSCs (WJ-MSCs) do not express MHC-II and exhibit immunomodulatory properties, which makes them a good alternative for allogeneic and xenogeneic transplantations in cellular therapies. Therefore, umbilical cord, especially Wharton’s jelly, is a promising source of mesenchymal stem cells. DA - 2020/4// PY - 2020/4// DO - 10.3390/jcm9041102 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/4/1102 KW - stem cells KW - Wharton's jelly KW - umbilical cord ER - TY - JOUR TI - Parameters monitored during the pelleting process and their relationship to xylanase activity loss AU - Pope, J. T. AU - Brake, J. AU - Fahrenholz, A. C. T2 - ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AB - Exogenous enzymes have been regularly used in broiler diets to improve the value of raw ingredients by enhancing their digestibility. Broiler feed has also been most commonly pelleted, which has exposed mixer-added exogenous enzymes to pressure and heat. These conditions have often resulted in mixer-added exogenous enzyme denaturation and inactivation. The present experiment was intended to define the relationship between parameters monitored during the pelleting process, such as change in temperature between hot pellets and conditioned mash (ΔT), pellet durability index (PDI), and pellet mill energy consumption (PMEC) and the stability of a mixer-added xylanase throughout the pelleting process. To generate a range in values for ΔT, PDI, and PMEC, diets were pelleted with varying concentrations of fat and degrees of saturation of fat through two pellet mill dies with varying length-to-diameter ratios at a constant temperature of 82 °C. It was determined that as ΔT, PDI, and PMEC increased, xylanase recovery in pellets relative to unconditioned and conditioned mash decreased (P = 0.001). When select parameters monitored during the pelleting process were combined with select controlled factors, a multiple regression model was generated (P = 0.001; R2 = 0.84). These data indicated that practices implemented to improve PDI may negatively affect the stability of heat sensitive mixer-added exogenous enzymes during the pelleting process and that predictive models could be generated to better predict the impact of implementing feed manufacturing practices to improve pellet durability on enzyme thermostability. DA - 2020/1// PY - 2020/1// DO - 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114344 VL - 259 SP - SN - 1873-2216 KW - Xylanase KW - Pellet durability KW - Pelleting KW - Enzyme recovery KW - Mixer-added fat KW - Thermostability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genes regulating hormone stimulus and response to protein signaling revealed differential expression pattern during porcine oocyte in vitro maturation, confirmed by lipid concentration AU - Chermula, Blazej AU - Jeseta, Michal AU - Sujka-Kordowska, Patrycja AU - Konwerska, Aneta AU - Jankowski, Maurycy AU - Kranc, Wieslawa AU - Kocherova, Ievgeniia AU - Celichowski, Piotr AU - Antosik, Pawel AU - Bukowska, Dorota AU - Milakovic, Irena AU - Machatkova, Marie AU - Pawelczyk, Leszek AU - Izycki, Dariusz AU - Zabel, Maciej AU - Mozdziak, Paul AU - Kempisty, Bartosz AU - Piotrowska-Kempisty, Hanna T2 - HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Genes influencing oocyte maturation may be valuable for predicting their developmental potential, as well as discerning the mechanistic pathways regulating oocyte development. In the presented research microarray gene expression analysis of immature and in vitro matured porcine oocytes was performed. Two groups of oocytes were compared in the study: before (3 × n = 50) and after in vitro maturation (3 × n = 50). The selection of viable oocytes was performed using the brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) test. Furthermore, microarrays and RT-qPCR was used to analyze the transcriptome of the oocytes before and after IVM. The study focused on the genes undergoing differential expression in two gene-ontology groups: “Cellular response to hormone stimulus” and “Cellular response to unfolded protein”, which contain genes that may directly or indirectly be involved in signal transduction during oocyte maturation. Examination of all the genes of interest showed a lower level of their expression after IVM. From the total number of genes in these gene ontologies ten of the highest change in expression were identified: FOS , ID2 , BTG2 , CYR61 , ESR1 , AR , TACR3 , CCND2 , EGR2 and TGFBR3 . The successful maturation of the oocytes was additionally confirmed with the use of lipid droplet assay. The genes were briefly described and related to the literature sources, to investigate their potential roles in the process of oocyte maturation. The results of the study may serve as a basic molecular reference for further research aimed at improving the methods of oocyte in vitro maturation, which plays an important role in the procedures of assisted reproduction. DA - 2020/7// PY - 2020/7// DO - 10.1007/s00418-020-01866-w VL - 154 IS - 1 SP - 77-95 SN - 1432-119X KW - Pig KW - Oocyte maturation KW - Microarray KW - Mitochondrial activity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dissemination and conservation of cadmium and arsenic resistance determinants in Listeria and other Gram-positive bacteria AU - Parsons, Cameron AU - Lee, Sangmi AU - Kathariou, Sophia T2 - MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY AB - Metal homeostasis in bacteria is a complex and delicate balance. While some metals such as iron and copper are essential for cellular functions, others such as cadmium and arsenic are inherently cytotoxic. While bacteria regularly encounter essential metals, exposure to high levels of toxic metals such as cadmium and arsenic is only experienced in a handful of special habitats. Nonetheless, Listeria and other Gram-positive bacteria have evolved an impressively diverse array of genetic tools for acquiring enhanced tolerance to such metals. Here, we summarize this fascinating collection of resistance determinants in Listeria, with special focus on resistance to cadmium and arsenic, as well as to biocides and antibiotics. We also provide a comparative description of such resistance determinants and adaptations in other Gram-positive bacteria. The complex coselection of heavy metal resistance and other types of resistance seems to be universal across the Gram-positive bacteria, while the type of coselected traits reflects the lifestyle of the specific microbe. The roles of heavy metal resistance genes in environmental adaptation and virulence appear to vary by genus, highlighting the need for further functional studies to explain the mystery behind the array of heavy metal resistance determinants dispersed and maintained among Gram-positive bacteria. DA - 2020/3// PY - 2020/3// DO - 10.1111/mmi.14470 VL - 113 IS - 3 SP - 560-569 SN - 1365-2958 KW - antibiotic KW - arsenic KW - biocide KW - cadmium KW - coselection KW - Enterococcus KW - Gram-positive bacteria KW - lactic acid bacteria KW - Listeria KW - resistance KW - Staphylococcus KW - Streptococcus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transgenic chicken/poultry birds: serving us for survival AU - Golkar-Narenji, Afsaneh AU - Petitte, James N. AU - Mozdziak, Paul E. T2 - GENOMICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN VETERINARY, POULTRY, AND FISHERIES AB - Avian transgenesis has been considered as a useful tool for many purposes including improvement of the poultry industry, production of recombinant proteins and developmental biology. Due to the importance of the poultry industry in human nutrition, many efforts have been made for the improvement of the poultry industry in the aspect of egg and meat production for higher quantity or quality. After the development of transgenic technology the idea of transgenic poultry was raised for the application of this technology in the poultry industry. Due to the important role of recombinant proteins and humanized antibodies for medical and diagnostic purposes, mass production of these biological macromolecules is very important in human health. Development of transgenic technology in poultry science possibly helps to improve the efficiency of poultry industry productions and it may cause the development of different branches of avian industry with novel productions. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020/// DO - 10.1016/B978-0-12-816352-8.00009-6 SP - 211-221 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expression of Selected Connexin and Aquaporin Genes and Real-Time Proliferation of Porcine Endometrial Luminal Epithelial Cells in Primary Culture Model AU - Wojtanowicz-Markiewicz, Katarzyna AU - Kulus, Magdalena AU - Knap, Sandra AU - Kocherova, Ievgenia AU - Jankowski, Maurycy AU - Stefanska, Katarzyna AU - Jeseta, Michal AU - Piotrowska-Kempisty, Hanna AU - Bukowska, Dorota AU - Zabel, Maciej AU - Mozdziak, Paul AU - Nowicki, Michal AU - Kempisty, Bartosz AU - Antosik, Pawel T2 - BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL AB - Luminal epithelial cells are the first embryonic-maternal contact site undergoing very specific changes associated with reproductive processes. Cells prepare for embryo development by increasing their volume, with the help of aquaporins that provide a transcellular path of rapid water movement during the secretion and absorption of fluids, as well as connexins enabling the flow of inorganic ions and small molecules. In this work, we have examined how AQPs and Cx’s behave in luminal epithelium primary cell culture. Cells obtained from porcine specimen during slaughter were primarily in vitro cultured for 7 days. Their proliferation patterns were then analyzed using RTCA, with the expression of genes of interest evaluated with the use of immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR. The results of these changes of gene of interest expression were analyzed on each of the seven days of the porcine luminal primary cell culture. Our study showed that the significant changes were noted in the case of Cx43, whose level of protein expression and distribution increases after 120 hours of culture, when the cells enter the lag phase, and maintains an upward trend until the end of the culture. We noted an increase in AQP4, AQP7, AQP8, and AQP11 levels throughout the entire culture period, while the largest differences in expression were found in AQP3, AQP4, and AQP10. The obtained results could become a point of reference for further in vivo and clinical research. Experiments conducted with these proteins showed that they influence the endometrial fluid content during the oestrous cycle and participate in the process of angiogenesis, which intensifies during endometrial development. DA - 2020/2/3/ PY - 2020/2/3/ DO - 10.1155/2020/7120375 VL - 2020 SP - SN - 2314-6141 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of dietary supplementation of whey powder and Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, gut and hepatic function, and muscle antioxidant capacity of Japanese quail AU - Jazi, Vahid AU - Farahi, Majid AU - Khajali, Fariborz AU - Abousaad, Shaymma AU - Ferket, Peter AU - Assadi Soumeh, Elham T2 - Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition AB - Abstract This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of whey powder (WP), Bacillus subtilis (BAS), and their combination (MIX) on growth performance, intestinal morphology, caecal microflora, hepatic gene expression, blood metabolites, and skeletal muscle antioxidant capacity in Japanese quails. A total of 400 one‐day‐old Japanese quails were randomly distributed to 20‐floor pens (4 dietary treatments, 5 replications per treatment, 20 birds per pen). The birds were fed a basal diet (control, CON) or the basal diet supplemented with 40 g/kg WP, 1 g/kg BAS probiotic or 40 g/kg WP plus 1 g/kg BAS probiotic for five weeks. Feed intake was not affected by the treatments at any stage of the trial. However, the WP, BAS, and MIX feed had better weight gain and feed conversion ratio compared to the CON during the entire production period (day 1–35; p < .05). Feeding the WP, BAS, and MIX diets caused no significant difference in morphometric measures in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum other than the villus height to crypt depth ratio in the ileum ( p < .05). The expression of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) and growth hormone genes was highly upregulated in the liver of the birds fed the MIX diet ( p < .05). Feeding birds with the diets containing WP, BAS, and MIX increased the population of caecal lactic acid bacteria and reduced serum cholesterol concentration compared to the CON diet ( p < .05). Likewise, the tested feed additives increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activities in the thigh muscle ( p < .05). No synergistic effect was found between WP and BAS in studied parameters other than IGF‐1 gene expression. Improved growth performance of Japanese quails by feeding the WP, BAS, and the MIX feed could be linked to improved absorptive capacity of the small intestine as well as over‐expression of anabolic growth factors. In conclusion, WP with or without BAS could be considered as a beneficial dietary supplement to enhance productive performance, gut functionality, and antioxidant capacity of Japanese quail. DA - 2020/2/18/ PY - 2020/2/18/ DO - 10.1111/jpn.13323 VL - 104 IS - 3 SP - 886-897 J2 - J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr LA - en OP - SN - 0931-2439 1439-0396 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13323 DB - Crossref KW - antioxidant capacity KW - enteric ecosystem KW - Japanese quail KW - probiotic KW - whey powder ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immunoglobulin J chain as a non-invasive indicator of pregnancy in the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) T2 - PLOS ONE AB - The North American cheetah population serves as a reservoir for the species, and acts as a research population to help understand the unique biology of the species. Little is known about the intrauterine physiology of the cheetah, including embryo differentiation, implantation, and the development of the placenta. After mating, cheetah females frequently experience (30–65% of matings) a non-pregnant luteal phase where progestogen metabolite levels match those found in pregnant females for the first ~55 days of gestation, but parturition does not occur. Immunoglobulin J chain (IgJ) is a molecule that is involved in the activation of the secretory immune response and has been found to be indicative of pregnancy in the cheetah using fecal monitoring. In this study, western blotting was employed to track IgJ abundance in pooled weekly fecal samples following natural breeding or exogenous stimulation to ovulate, and IgJ levels were compared between individuals undergoing a pregnant (n = 12) and non-pregnant (n = 19) luteal phase. It was revealed that IgJ abundance was increased in pregnant females compared to non-pregnant females at week 4 and week 8 post-breeding, indicating the potential modulation of maternal immunity in response to sensitive events such as implantation and the increased secretory activity of the placenta. IgJ levels also tended to be higher early after breeding in females that were bred naturally with intact males compared to exogenously stimulated females with no exposure to seminal plasma, potentially indicating a response to the act of intromission or the stress of breeding, or possibly demonstrating an immune response resulting in the promotion of maternal tolerance to seminal antigens present upon embryonic implantation. Monitoring fecal IgJ may be a potential method to determine gestational status in the cheetah and will aid future conservation efforts of the species. DA - 2020/2/10/ PY - 2020/2/10/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0225354 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225354 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inclusion Biogenesis, Methods of Isolation and Clinical Application of Human Cellular Exosomes AU - Tschuschke, Max AU - Kocherova, Ievgeniia AU - Bryja, Artur AU - mozdziak, AU - Volponi, Ana Angelova AU - Janowicz, Krzysztof AU - Sibiak, Rafał AU - Piotrowska-Kempisty, Hanna AU - Iżycki, Dariusz AU - Bukowska, Dorota AU - Antosik, Paweł AU - Shibli, Jamil AU - Konwinska, Marta Dyszkiewicz AU - Kempisty, Bartosz T2 - Journal of Clinical Medicine AB - Exosomes are a heterogenous subpopulation of extracellular vesicles 30-150 nm in range and of endosome-derived origin. We explored the exosome formation through different systems, including the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) and ESCRT-independent system, looking at the mechanisms of release. Different isolation techniques and specificities of exosomes from different tissues and cells are also discussed. Despite more than 30 years of research that followed their definition and indicated their important role in cellular physiology, the exosome biology is still in its infancy with rapidly growing interest. The reasons for the rapid increase in interest with respect to exosome biology is because they provide means of intercellular communication and transmission of macromolecules between cells, with a potential role in the development of diseases. Moreover, they have been investigated as prognostic biomarkers, with a potential for further development as diagnostic tools for neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. The interest grows further with the fact that exosomes were reported as useful vectors for drugs. DA - 2020/2// PY - 2020/2// DO - 10.3390/jcm9020436 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/2/436 KW - exosome KW - neurodegenerative disease KW - cancer KW - biomarker KW - clinical application ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential Transfer of Peanut and/or Soy Proteins from Poultry Feed to the Meat and/or Eggs Produced AU - Toomer, Ondulla T. AU - Sanders, Elliot AU - Vu, Thien C. AU - Livingston, Matthew L. AU - Wall, Brittany AU - Malheiros, Ramon D. AU - Carvalho, Luiz Victor AU - Livingston, Kim A. AU - Ferket, Peter R. AU - Anderson, Kenneth E. T2 - ACS Omega AB - Previous studies have demonstrated that allergenic feed proteins from peanuts in the diets of layer hens are not detected in the eggs produced. Hence, in this study, we aimed to determine if soy and/or peanut proteins in poultry feed rations of broiler chickens or layer hens would be transferred or detectable in the meat or eggs produced. To meet this objective, 99 layer hens and 300 broiler chickens were equally divided into treatment groups and fed one of three experimental diets: control soybean meal and corn diet, whole unblanched high-oleic peanut and corn diet (HO PN), or a control diet spiked supplemented with oleic acid (OA) oil. At termination, broiler chickens were processed, and chicken breast samples of the left pectoralis muscle were collected, and eggs were collected from layers. Total protein extracts from pooled egg samples and chicken breast samples were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods and immunoblotting analysis with rabbit antipeanut agglutinin antibodies and rabbit antisoy antibodies for the detection of peanut and soy proteins. Peanut and soy proteins were undetected in all pooled egg samples and individual chicken breast meat samples using immunoblotting techniques with rabbit antipeanut agglutinin and rabbit antisoy antibodies. Moreover, quantitative ELISA allergen detection methods determined all pooled egg samples and individual meat samples as "not containing" peanut or soy allergens. Therefore, this study helps to evaluate the risk associated with the potential transfer of allergenic proteins from animal feed to the products produced for human consumption. DA - 2020/1/9/ PY - 2020/1/9/ DO - 10.1021/acsomega.9b03218 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - 1080-1085 J2 - ACS Omega LA - en OP - SN - 2470-1343 2470-1343 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b03218 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bone Regeneration, Reconstruction and Use of Osteogenic Cells; from Basic Knowledge, Animal Models to Clinical Trials AU - Hutchings, Greg AU - Moncrieff, Lisa AU - Dompe, Claudia AU - Janowicz, Krzysztof AU - Sibiak, Rafał AU - Bryja, Artur AU - Jankowski, Maurycy AU - mozdziak, AU - Bukowska, Dorota AU - Antosik, Paweł AU - Shibli, Jamil A. AU - Konwinska, Marta Dyszkiewicz AU - Bruska, Małgorzata AU - Kempisty, Bartosz AU - Piotrowska-Kempisty, Hanna T2 - Journal of Clinical Medicine AB - The deterioration of the human skeleton’s capacity for self-renewal occurs naturally with age. Osteoporosis affects millions worldwide, with current treatments including pharmaceutical agents that target bone formation and/or resorption. Nevertheless, these clinical approaches often result in long-term side effects, with better alternatives being constantly researched. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow and adipose tissue are known to hold therapeutic value for the treatment of a variety of bone diseases. The following review summarizes the latest studies and clinical trials related to the use of MSCs, both individually and combined with other methods, in the treatment of a variety of conditions related to skeletal health. For example, some of the most recent works noted the advantage of bone grafts based on biomimetic scaffolds combined with MSC and growth factor delivery, with a greatly increased regeneration rate and minimized side effects for patients. This review also highlights the continuing research into the mechanisms underlying bone homeostasis, including the key transcription factors and signalling pathways responsible for regulating the differentiation of osteoblast lineage. Paracrine factors and specific miRNAs are also believed to play a part in MSC differentiation. Furthering the understanding of the specific mechanisms of cellular signalling in skeletal remodelling is key to incorporating new and effective treatment methods for bone disease. DA - 2020/1// PY - 2020/1// DO - 10.3390/jcm9010139 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/1/139 KW - bone KW - regeneration KW - reconstruction KW - osteogenesis KW - stem KW - cells ER - TY - JOUR TI - Designing A Transgenic Chicken: Applying New Approaches toward A Promising Bioreactor AU - Bahrami, Salahadin AU - Amiri-Yekta, Amir AU - Daneshipour, Abbas AU - Jazayeri, Seyedeh Hoda AU - Mozdziak, Paul Edward AU - Sanati, Mohammad Hossein AU - Gourabi, Hamid T2 - CELL JOURNAL AB - Specific developmental characteristics of the chicken make it an attractive model for the generation of transgenic organisms. Chicken possess a strong potential for recombinant protein production and can be used as a powerful bioreactor to produce pharmaceutical and nutritional proteins. Several transgenic chickens have been generated during the last two decades via viral and non-viral transfection. Culturing chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) and their ability for germline transmission ushered in a new stage in this regard. With the advent of CRISPR/Cas9 system, a new phase of studies for manipulating genomes has begun. It is feasible to integrate a desired gene in a predetermined position of the genome using CRISPR/Cas9 system. In this review, we discuss the new approaches and technologies that can be applied to generate a transgenic chicken with regards to recombinant protein productions. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020/// DO - 10.22074/cellj.2020.6738 VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 133-139 SN - 2228-5814 KW - Chickens KW - CRISPR/Cas9 KW - Ovalbumin KW - Recombinant Protein KW - Transgenes ER -